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  • Ultrastructure  (80)
  • CR: 5.17  (24)
  • Wheat  (20)
  • Springer  (124)
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  • 1980-1984  (124)
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  • 1980  (124)
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  • Springer  (124)
  • American Geophysical Union (AGU)
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  • 1980-1984  (124)
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  • 1
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    Computing 25 (1980), S. 317-335 
    ISSN: 1436-5057
    Keywords: AMS (MOS): 65L65 ; CR: 5.17 ; AMS (MOS): 65L65 ; CR: 5.17
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Computer Science
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract In this paper a general procedure to obtain spline approximations for the solutions of initial value problems for ordinary differential equations is presented. Several well-known spline approximation methods are included as special cases. It is common practice to partition the interval for which the initial value problem is defined into equidistant subintervals and to construct successively the spline approximation; thereby the spline function has to satisfy certain conditions at the knots. In the general procedure presented here additional knots are admitted in every subinterval. At these points which need not be equally spaced the spline approximation has to fulfill analogous conditions as at the original knots. Convergence and divergence theorems are proved; especially the influence of the additional knots on convergence and divergence of the method is investigated.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In dieser Arbeit wird ein allgemeines Verfahren zur Erzeugung von Splineapproximationen für die Lösungen von Anfangswertproblemen bei gewöhnlichen Differentialgleichungen vorgestellt. Einige der bekannten Spline-approximationsmethoden sind als Spezialfälle enthalten. Eine gängige Vorgehensweise besteht darin, das Intervall, über dem das Anfangswertproblem gegeben ist, in äquidistante Teilintervalle zu zerlegen und dann sukzessive die Splineapproximation zu definieren. Hierbei wird gefordert, daß die Spline-approximation in den Knoten gewisse Bedingungen erfüllt. Bei dem hier betrachteten allgemeinen Verfahren werden in den einzelnen Teilintervallen noch zusätzliche Zwischenknoten eingeführt. In diesen Punkten, die nicht äquidistant sein müssen, werden für die Splineapproximation analoge Bedingungen wie in den Hauptknoten vorgeschrieben. Konvergenz- und Divergenzsätze werden bewiesen, insbesondere wird der Einfluß der Zwischenknoten auf Konvergenz und Divergenz des Verfahrens untersucht.
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  • 2
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    Numerische Mathematik 34 (1980), S. 235-246 
    ISSN: 0945-3245
    Keywords: AMS(MOS): 65L05 ; CR: 5.17
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Summary A class of extended backward differentiation formulae suitable for the approximate numerical integration of stiff systems of first order ordinary differential equations is derived. An algorithm is described whereby the required solution is predicted using a conventional backward differentiation scheme and then corrected using an extended backward differentiation scheme of higher order. This approach allows us to developL-stable schemes of order up to 4 andL(α)-stable schemes of order up to 9. An algorithm based on the integration formulae derived in this paper is illustrated by some numerical examples and it is shown that it is often superior to certain existing algorithms.
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  • 3
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    Numerische Mathematik 35 (1980), S. 127-142 
    ISSN: 0945-3245
    Keywords: AMS (MOS): 34G05, 65L05 ; CR: 5.17
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Summary A class of approximation schemes of arbitrary accuracy, generated by a two-step recurrence relation, is devised for evolution equations of the second order. The schemes are effected via a specially constructed family of rational approximations to cos τ for τ≧0 and yield computationally efficient methods for systems of second-order ordinary differential equations and semidiscrete approximations for initial-boundary value problems for second-order hyperbolic equations.
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  • 4
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    Numerische Mathematik 35 (1980), S. 143-162 
    ISSN: 0945-3245
    Keywords: AMS(MOS): 65M15, 65N30 ; CR: 5.17
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Summary We study the error due to the discretization in time of a nonlinear parabolic problem by a multistep method. Error estimates are obtained if the method is of the orderp (p〉1) and stronglyA(Θ)-stable $$\left( {0〈 \Theta〈 \frac{\pi }{2}} \right)$$ . The method is also applied to the Navier-Stokes equations in two dimensions.
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  • 5
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    Numerische Mathematik 35 (1980), S. 231-240 
    ISSN: 0945-3245
    Keywords: AMS(MOS): 65L10 ; CR: 5.17
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Summary The homotopy method is a frequently used technique in overcoming the local convergence nature of multiple shooting. In this paper sufficient conditions are given that guarantee the homotopy process to be feasible. The results are applicable to a class of two-point boundary value problems. Finally, the numerical solution of two practical problems arising in physiology is described.
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  • 6
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    Numerische Mathematik 35 (1980), S. 257-276 
    ISSN: 0945-3245
    Keywords: AMS(MOS) ; 65M10 ; CR: 5.17
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Considérons une équation d'évolution parabolique linéaire associée à un opérateur linéaireA(t) dépendant du tempst. Nous développons dans cet article une méthode de discrétisation, basée sur les méthodes linéaires à pas multiples, traitant de manière implicite une partie de l'opérateurA(t) indépendante du temps, l'autre partie est traitée de manière explicite. Nous étudions la stabilité et la convergence de cette méthode.
    Notes: Summary Let us consider a linear parabolic equation which is associated with a time dependent operatorA(t). In this paper, we present a method, which is founded on linear multistep methods, which discretize a time-independent part of the operatorA(t) in an implicit way, and the other part in an explicit way. We study stability and convergence for this method.
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  • 7
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    Numerische Mathematik 35 (1980), S. 315-341 
    ISSN: 0945-3245
    Keywords: AMS(MOS) ; 65N30 ; CR: 5.17
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Summary We present here some new families of non conforming finite elements in ℝ3. These two families of finite elements, built on tetrahedrons or on cubes are respectively conforming in the spacesH(curl) andH(div). We give some applications of these elements for the approximation of Maxwell's equations and equations of elasticity.
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  • 8
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    Numerische Mathematik 35 (1980), S. 381-404 
    ISSN: 0945-3245
    Keywords: AMS(MOS): 65N30 ; CR: 5.17
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Summary We study in this paper the convergence of a new mixed finite element approximation of the Navier-Stokes equations. This approximation uses low order Lagrange elements, leads to optimal order of convergence for the velocity and the pressure, and induces an efficient numerical algorithm for the solution of this problem.
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  • 9
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    Development genes and evolution 188 (1980), S. 65-73 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Nuclear migration ; Cleavage ; Microtubules ; Ultrastructure ; Gall midge
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In the eggs ofWachtliella persicariae the cleavage nuclei move relative to the surrounding ooplasm. This ‘active’ migration is caused by an organelle whose ultrastructure was studied throughout the mitotic cycle. It consists of a greatly enlarged polar cytaster derived from the mitotic apparatus, linked to the nucleus by 100 Å filaments. The microtubules of the cytaster were found only during periods of active nuclear migration, i.e., from the onset of anaphase to the early prophase of the next mitotic cycle. They are always solitary and follow the course of the astral rays, which are known to temporarily adhere to peripheral structures of the egg cell and to exert tractive forces. In contrast to the cytaster microtubules, the microtubules in the spindle are bundled and persist from early metaphase through late telophase. During ontogenesis the first migration cytaster is built up between 3 and 12 min after oviposition near the anterior egg pole, in the vicinity of the sperm nucleus. In non-inseminated eggs time lapse films show a migration cytaster to develop autonomously in a region free from nuclei, but it does not follow the normal path of the male pronucleus. In several cases the female pronucleus, which remains without a cytaster of its own, was observed to move to the cytaster generated in the absence of the male pronucleus. Whether or not it is adhering to a nucleus, the cytaster divides into two at the correct time, i.e, corresponding to the first cleavage division in fertilized eggs. In some non-inseminated eggs this type of ‘pseudocleavage’ has been observed to occur repeatedly, giving rise to an increasing number of anucleate cytasters.
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  • 10
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    Development genes and evolution 188 (1980), S. 163-177 
    ISSN: 1432-041X
    Keywords: Yolk sac ; Ultrastructure ; Embryogenesis ; Drosophila
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Changes at the ultrastructural level during germ band extension in the embryo ofDrosophila melanogaster are described. Cytoplasmic connections between cells and the yolk sac are present during initial cellular movements. At this time, a continuous system of microfilaments is present adjacent to the membranes in the connections and at the periphery of the yolk sac. As germ band extension progresses, this system becomes discontinuous, and microfilaments are apparent only in the immediate vicinity of the connections. Cytoplasmic connections are disassembled at approximately the midpoint of extension; at the same time, extensive membrane associations develop between germ band cells and between these cells and adjacent yolk sac membranes. Positioning and orientation of cytoplasmic connections suggest that the yolk sac, via these connections, is actively involved in the cellular movements of early germ band extension.
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  • 11
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    Numerische Mathematik 34 (1980), S. 171-187 
    ISSN: 0945-3245
    Keywords: AMS(MOS): 65N05 ; CR: 5.17
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Summary Difference methods for the numerical solution of linear partial differential equations may often be improved by using a weighted right hand side instead of the original right hand side of the differential equation. Difference formulas, for which that is possible, are called “Mehrstellenformeln’ or Hermitian formulas. In this paper the Hermitian formulas for the approximation of Laplace's operator are characterized by a very simple condition. We prove, that in two-dimensional case for a Hermitian formula of ordern at leastn+3 discretization points are necessary. We give examples of such optimal formulas of arbitrary high-order.
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  • 12
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    Numerische Mathematik 34 (1980), S. 457-467 
    ISSN: 0945-3245
    Keywords: AMS(MOS): 65L05, 65Q05 ; CR: 5.17
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Summary By employing a numerical method which uses only rather classical tools of Numerical Analysis such as Newton's method and routines for ordinary differential equations, unstable periodic solutions of differential-difference equations can be computed. The method is applied to determine bifurcation diagrams with backward bifurcation.
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  • 13
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    Numerische Mathematik 35 (1980), S. 13-20 
    ISSN: 0945-3245
    Keywords: AMS (MOS): primary 65M05 ; 65M10 ; 65M15 ; secondary: 35M05 ; CR: 5.17
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Summary We consider the numerical solution of the Tricomi problem. Using a weak formulation based on different spaces of test and trial functions, we construct a new Galerkin procedure for the Tricomi problem. Existence, uniqueness, and uniform stability of the approximate solution is proven, and a priori error bounds are given.
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  • 14
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    Numerische Mathematik 35 (1980), S. 21-33 
    ISSN: 0945-3245
    Keywords: AMS(MOS): 65B05 ; CR: 5.17
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Summary The trapezoidal rule with deferred corrections using uncentered end formulas is shown to converge. While the proof technique is more specialized than the standard asymptotic expansion approach, it has some advantages. In addition to providing a more complete theoretical justification for current implementations of deferred corrections with the trapezoidal rule, the approach given here will hopefully apply for several other discretization methods.
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  • 15
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    Numerische Mathematik 35 (1980), S. 57-68 
    ISSN: 0945-3245
    Keywords: AMS(MOS): 65L05 ; 65M20 ; CR: 5.17
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Summary This paper discussesrational Runge-Kutta methods for stiff differential equations of high dimensions. These methods are explicit and in addition do not require the computation or storage of the Jacobian. A stability analysis (based onn-dimensional linear equations) is given. A second orderA 0-stable method with embedded error control is constructed and numerical results of stiff problems originating from linear and nonlinear parabolic equations are presented.
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  • 16
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    Numerische Mathematik 36 (1980), S. 253-266 
    ISSN: 0945-3245
    Keywords: AMS(MOS): 65LO5 ; CR: 5.17
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Summary Single step exponentially fitted integration formulae of orders 4 and 6 are derived. The final approximation to the required solution is obtained via a linear combination of asymptotically less accurate solutions obtained using conventional implicit integration formulae. This linear combination is performed in such a way that the final integration formula, as well as having an increased order of accuracy, integrates a certain pre-determined ordinary differential equation exactly. The algorithms developed are illustrated by means of some numerical examples.
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  • 17
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    Numerische Mathematik 34 (1980), S. 29-40 
    ISSN: 0945-3245
    Keywords: AMS(MOS): 65N25 ; CR: 5.17
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Summary A method is constructed which yields a strip containing the full solution sets of nonlinear eigenvalue problems of the formu=λTu. The strip can be narrowed iteratively, and the method applies for both stable and unstable branches. Its high degree of accuracy is demonstrated by numerical examples. In particular, a lower bound is given for the critical value at which criticality is lost in the thermal ignition problem for the unit ball.
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  • 18
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    Numerische Mathematik 34 (1980), S. 41-62 
    ISSN: 0945-3245
    Keywords: AMS(MOS): 65N30 ; CR: 5.17
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract This paper presents a new approach to the analysis of finite element methods based onC 0-finite elements for the approximate solution of 2nd order boundary value problems in which error estimates are derived directly in terms of two mesh dependent norms that are closely ralated to theL 2 norm and to the 2nd order Sobolev norm, respectively, and in which there is no assumption of quasi-uniformity on the mesh family. This is in contrast to the usual analysis in which error estimates are first derived in the 1st order Sobolev norm and subsequently are derived in theL 2 norm and in the 2nd order Sobolev norm — the 2nd order Sobolev norm estimates being obtained under the assumption that the functions in the underlying approximating subspaces lie in the 2nd order Sobolev space and that the mesh family is quasi-uniform.
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  • 19
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    Numerische Mathematik 34 (1980), S. 143-154 
    ISSN: 0945-3245
    Keywords: AMS(MOS): 65L65 ; CR: 5.17
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Summary In the first part [1] a general procedure is presented to obtain polynomial spline approximations for the solutions of initial value problems for ordinary differential equations; furthermore a divergence theorem is proved there. Sufficient conditions for convergence of the method are given in the second part [2]. The remaining case which has not been considered in [1] and [2] is treated in the present paper. In this special case the procedure is equivalent to an unstable two-step method with special initial values; nevertheless, convergence can be proved. Finally,A 0-stability of the method as well as the influence of rounding errors are investigated.
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  • 20
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    Numerische Mathematik 34 (1980), S. 1-13 
    ISSN: 0945-3245
    Keywords: AMS(MOS): 34A45, 34A50, 65L05 ; CR: 5.17
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Summary In this paper Lie series are presented in Chebyshev form and applied to the iterative solution of initial value problems in differential equations. The resulting method, though algebraically complicated, is of theoretical interest as a generalisation of Taylor series methods and iterative Chebyshev methods. The theory of the method is discussed and the solutions of some simple scalar equations are analysed to illustrate the behaviour of the process.
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  • 21
    ISSN: 0945-3245
    Keywords: AMS(MOS): 65M25, 35L20 ; CR: 5.17
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Summary The ALGOL-procedure1 char2 presented in this paper can be applied to the initial or initial-boundary value problem of a quasilinear hyperbolic differential equation of second order. A method of characteristics is combined with extrapolation to the limit. Thus, the results are very accurate. The same accuracy can also be obtained if the initial values are only piecewise smooth.
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    Numerische Mathematik 36 (1980), S. 1-25 
    ISSN: 0945-3245
    Keywords: AMS(MOS): 65 N 30 ; CR: 5.17
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Summary We begin in this paper the study of a general method of approximation of solutions of nonlinear equations in a Banach space. We prove here an abstract result concerning the approximation of branches of nonsingular solutions. The general theory is then applied to the study of the convergence of two mixed finite element methods for the Navier-Stokes and the von Kármán equations.
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  • 23
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    Numerische Mathematik 36 (1980), S. 33-52 
    ISSN: 0945-3245
    Keywords: AMS(MOS): 65N30 ; CR: 5.17
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Summary A modified variational formulation, recently introduced by Taylor, Beresford and Wilson for solving second order problems, using the nonconforming Wilson element is here analysed. It is shown that the Patch Test is satisfied and that stresses and displacements are respectively first and second order accurate for arbitrary quadrilateral meshes.
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  • 24
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    Numerische Mathematik 36 (1980), S. 73-98 
    ISSN: 0945-3245
    Keywords: AMS: 35R35, 65P05, 76S05 ; CR: 5.17
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Summary A new numerical method is used to solve stationary free boundary problems for fluid flow through porous media. The method also applies to inhomogeneous media, and to cases with a partial unsaturated flow.
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  • 25
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    Numerische Mathematik 36 (1980), S. 267-290 
    ISSN: 0945-3245
    Keywords: AMS(MOS): 65N30 ; CR: 5.17
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Summary In this paper, we present a finite element lumped mass scheme for eigenvalue problems of circular arch structures, and give error estimates for the approximation. They assert that approximate eigenvalues and eigenfuctions converge to the exact ones. Some numerical examples are also given to illustrate our results.
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    Numerische Mathematik 36 (1980), S. 319-331 
    ISSN: 0945-3245
    Keywords: AMS (MOS) ; 65L05 ; CR: 5.17
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mathematics
    Notes: Summary Burrage and Butcher [1, 2] and Crouzeix [4] introduced for Runge-Kutta methods the concepts ofB-stability,BN-stability and algebraic stability. In this paper we prove that for any irreducible Runge-Kutta method these three stability concepts are equivalent.
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    Calcified tissue international 31 (1980), S. 93-108 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calculus ; Ultrastructure ; Apatite ; Transmission ; Scanning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Using transmission and scanning electron microscopy, we have studied the ultrastructure of a number of urinary calculi, mainly composed of calcium phosphate. Three fundamental kinds of calcium phosphates were detected: nonstoichiometric carbonate apatite, nonhexagonal octacalcium phosphate, and calcium-magnesium whitlockite. The influence that the organic matter, substitutions in the phosphate lattice of CO3 and Mg, and apatitic stoichiometry have on the ultrastructure of the calcium phosphate calculi has been detailed. An originating apatitic unity named U2 is assumed to be the responsible for all the different structures of calcium apatites appearing in renal calculi. On the basis of our observations, a mechanism whereby apatites grow is postulated; magnesium functions as an inhibitor for the growing mechanism.
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    Calcified tissue international 30 (1980), S. 27-34 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Calcium ; Cartilage ; Vesicles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary The potassium pyroantimonate technique was utilized for the selective subcellular localization of calcium in the mandibular condylar cartilage of 1-day-old rats. Electron dense calcium pyroantimonate precipitates were localized principally in mitochondria and at the cell membrane of the chondrocytes. In addition, small intracellular vesicles 0.1–0.2µm in diameter were observed in proximity to the cell membrane of chondrocytes of the mid-hypertrophic zone. The results suggest that these vesicles were being extruded from the cell into the extracellular matrix. Energy-dispersive analysis by X-rays confirmed that calcium is the principal cation of the electron-dense precipitates.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Mating tube ; Microtubule ; Tremella ; Ultrastructure ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Ultrastructure of the mating tube formed in yeast haplont of the heterobasidiomycete Tremella mesenterica was studied by electron microscopy. Cell wall of the mating tube emerged as evagination of the inner layers, rupturing outer layers of the mother cell wall. Comparison with budding cells suggested that the tube emergence place at bud scar and the process of tube emergence was the same as that of bud emergence. Electron transparent vesicles of 0.1 μm diameter were scattered in the cytoplasm of the mating tube. Nucleus-associated organelle was located at one side of the nuclear envelope which extended towards the mating tube. A few microtubules were detected in the mating tube, but their association with a nucleus was not clear. The cytoplasmic structure of the mating tube was discussed in comparison with that of hyphae of the filamentous fungi.
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  • 30
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Claviceps purpurea ; Ultrastructure ; Development ; Sclerotium ; Oleosomes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The development of sclerotia of Claviceps purpurea was investigated by light and electron microscopy. During the first days after infection sterigma and conidiospores are formed. The spores show a moderately developed vacuolar system, they are thick walled and contain about 20% lipid (related to the cell volume) embedded in glycogen. The sterigma are cylindrical unicellular hyphae with electron dense cytoplasm and isolated strongly contrasted lipid droplets. In maturing sclerotia the hyphae become septated with increasingly thick cell walls and a large lipid content. The lipid forms small droplets in young cells, while in the mature sclerotium it occurs in the form of very large drops, occupying the major part of the cell. Simultaneously the composition of the lipid is changed. The mature cells have several nuclei. They are partially connected by osmiophilic substances, forming a network of intercellular spaces.
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 58 (1980), S. 107-111 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Glutenin ; Wheat ; Bread-making ; Chromosomal control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The subunit composition of glutenin from 47 European wheat cultivars was studied using SDS-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. These cultivars are genetically related since they originate from the same stock. Moreover, the diversity of sample, containing cultivars with very different French bread-making qualities, makes it possible to investigate the relationship between glutenin subunit composition and bread-making quality. 16 electrophoretic types of glutenin subunits could be distinguished: these were grouped into four classes. Depending on the cultivar, six to eight glutenin subunits with MW more than or equal to 62,000 were detected. Subunits 3 and 5, with an approximate MW of 122,000 and 108,000 respectively, seem to play a prominent role on bread-making quality; they were found in cultivars of good quality and were absent in those unsuitable for making French bread. Two other subunits (9 and 10; MW: 71,000 and 66,000, respectively) have a less defined influence but may be needed in some types of glutenin structure. Aneuploid analysis shows that in ‘Chinese Spring’, subunit 5 is coded by a gene on the long arm of chromosome 1B. The location of genes coding for subunits 3, 9 and 10 could not be determined.
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 56 (1980), S. 17-23 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Wheat ; Rye ; Triticale ; Highly repeated ; DNA sequences ; Heterochromatin ; Translocations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Using in situ hybridization techniques, we have been able to identify the translocated chromosomes resulting from whole arm interchanges between homoeologous chromosomes of wheat and rye. This was possible because radioactive probes are available which recognize specific sites of highly repeated sequence DNA in either rye or wheat chromosomes. The translocated chromosomes analysed in detail were found in plants from a breeding programme designed to substitute chromosome 2R of rye into commercial wheat cultivars. The distribution of rye highly repeated DNA sequences showed modified chromosomes in which (a) most of the telomeric heterochromatin of the short arm and (b) all of the telomeric heterochromatin of the long arm, had disappeared. Subsequent analyses of these chromosomes assaying for wheat highly repeated DNA sequences showed that in type (a), the entire short arm of 2R had been replaced by the short arm of wheat chromosome 2B and in (b), the long arm of 2R had been replaced by the long arm of 2B. The use of these probes has also allowed us to show that rye heterochromatin has little effect on the pairing of the translocated wheat arm to its wheat homologue during meiosis. We have also characterized the chromosomes resulting from a 1B-1R translocation event. From these results, we suggest that the observed loss of telomeric heterochromatin from rye chromosomes in wheat is commonly due to wheat-rye chromosome translocations.
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 56 (1980), S. 65-69 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Wheat ; Gliadins ; Chromosomal control ; Aneuploid analysis
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The chromosomal location of genes affecting five components from the low molecular weight gliadin (LMWG) fraction from wheat endosperm has been investigated by aneuploid analysis. Genes controlling these proteins were assigned to chromosomes 4B, 7A and 7D. Chromosomes from homoeologous groups 1, 2 and 6, where genes controlling classical gliadins are located, are not involved in the control of LMWG.
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  • 34
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 58 (1980), S. 247-252 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Maternal tissues ; Grain weight ; Wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; Caryopsis ; Pericarp ; Endosperm ; Embryo
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Reciprocal crosses were made between semi dwarf spring wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.) differing in grain weight. The weights of the F1 grains (on maternal spikes), from intact as well as from defoliated plants, and those of the F2 grains (on f1 spikes), were examined. Grain weight was controlled primarily by the genotype of the maternal tissues (pericarp, testa or other floret or spikelet organs, including the vascular system), with complete dominance of heaviness. No indications suggesting maternal inheritance were obtained. The frequency distribution of the weights of the F2 grains indicated the presence of genotypic effects exerted by the endosperm or embryo. The embryo or endosperm factors for heaviness also seemed to be dominant.
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  • 35
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    Cell & tissue research 206 (1980), S. 95-114 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lateral eyes ; Scorpion ; Ultrastructure ; Retina ; Arhabdomeric cells
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The dioptric apparatus of the lateral eyes of the scorpion, Androctonus austrails, consists of a cuticular lens, but lacks a vitreous body. The retina is formed by (1) retinula cells displaying a contiguous network of rhabdoms; (2) arhabdomeric cells bearing a distal dendrite that contacts retinula cells via numerous projections and ends before the rhabdomere of the retinula cells; (3) pigment cells that ensheath retinula and arhabdomeric cells with the exception of the contact regions; and (4) neurosecretory fibres possibly originating in the supraesophageal ganglion. The ratio of the number of retinula to arhabdomeric cells is determined to be close to 2 ∶ 1 in the three larger anterolateral eyes, in contrast to the median eyes where the ratio is 5 ∶ 1. The construction of the dioptric apparatus as well as the anatomy of the retina imply that in the lateral eyes of Androctonus australis visual acuity is reduced. A certain degree of spatial discrimination, however, may be retained by the presence of a relatively high number of arhabdomeric cells. It is suggested that the lateral eyes of A. australis mainly function as light detectors, e.g., for Zeitgeber stimuli.
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  • 36
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    Cell & tissue research 206 (1980), S. 123-138 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Sense organs ; Compound eyes ; Interfacetal mechanoreceptor ; Coleoptera
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The structure of the compound eyes of adult Cicindela tranquebarica Herbst was examined by use of light, scanning, and transmission electron microscopy. Each ommatidium of these photopic eyes is eucone and has a “subcorneal layer” situated between the corneal lens and crystalline cone. A distal rhabdomere consisting only of microvilli from retinula cell seven, a more proximal, rectangular, fused rhabdom formed from six retinula cells, and a basal, eighth retinula cell with a spherical rhabdomere comprise the light sensitive portions of the ommatidium. The “subcorneal layer” consists of lamellae of endocuticular microfibrils and, in surface view, shows 11 concave polygons. Proximal extensions of the crystalline thread form inter-retinular fibres containing microtubules between retinula cells 1/2, 3/4, 5/6, and 7/1. The primary pigment cells are devoid of pigment granules, but are rich in rough endoplasmic reticulum. Proximal to each retinula cell nucleus are two basal bodies, one perpendicular to the other. The more proximal basal body extends two fibrillar feet proximally which fuse to form a horizontally-banded ciliary rootlet extending the length of the retinula peripheral to the rhabdom. Each ommatidium is surrounded by 16 secondary pigment cells. Interfacetal mechanoreceptors between some adjacent lenses each have a single bipolar neuron, with a dendritic sheath, tubular body, cilium, outer and inner sheath cells, and an axon surrounded by a neurilemma sheath cell.
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  • 37
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    Keywords: Somatostatin cells ; Calcitonin cells ; Ontogeny ; Ultrastructure ; Thyroid (rat)
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    Notes: Summary Calcitonin cells are relatively numerous in the thyroid gland of the rat. In contrast, somatostatin cells are very scarce except at the time of birth and a few days thereafter, when they are conspicuously numerous. Somatostatin cells of the thyroid gland, which are ultrastructurally similar to somatostatin cells in gut and pancreas, also contain immunoreactive calcitonin. It is not clear whether somatostatin cells in the rat thyroid gland produce calcitonin or accumulate calcitonin from the environment.
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  • 38
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Preputial glands ; Nude mice ; Ultrastructure ; Gas chromatography
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    Notes: Summary The preputial glands of male nude (nu/nu) mice were analyzed by a combination of electron microscopy and gas chromatography to determine whether or not they are affected, like developing hairs and nails, by the nu/nu genotype. Results of the analyses revealed no differences between the glands of nude and normal male mice in either their ultrastructural characteristics or lipid secretory products.
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  • 39
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Rat ; Preovulatory follicle ; Ultrastructure ; Degeneration ; Atresia
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary To identify and describe ovarian follicles committed to undergo follicular degeneration (atresia), immature rats were primed with pregnant mare serum gonadotropin (PMSG). After PMSG treatment, preovulatory follicles develop but subsequently degenerate. Prior to the appearance of pyknotic nuclei (Stage I of atresia), degenerative changes were observed in focal areas of the granulosa cell layer. These changes include “blebbing” of the cytoplasm and alterations in the shape of the granulosa cells. The appearance of these degenerative changes coincides with a decrease in ovarian concentrations of estradiol and testosterone. Since estrogens and androgens maintain the follicle, the decline in estradiol and testosterone could be responsible for the further degenerative alterations that lead to complete deterioration of the preovulatory follicle. In Stage I atretic follicles, lysosome-derived autophagic vacuoles develop and macrophages invade both the thecal and granulosa cell layers. The combined actions of the autophagic vacuoles and macrophages could destroy both the granulosa-cell and thecal layers and thereby transform the preovulatory follicle into an ovarian cyst.
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  • 40
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    Cell & tissue research 212 (1980), S. 241-255 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Glomerulogenesis ; Glomerular capillaries ; Kidney development ; Corrosion casts ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Kidneys of 2 to 10 day-old rats of Wistar and Sprague-Dawley strains were fixed with glutaraldehyde by retrograde vascular perfusion and then prepared for observation in TEM and SEM. In addition methacrylate casts of differentiating glomerular capillaries were examined by SEM. Although the glomerular vascular pattern differs from one glomerulus to another, its differentiation proceeds according to the following general plan. First the glomerular capillary splits longitudinally, finally to form 3 to 5 lobules consisting of a capillary network, sustained centrally by the mesangium. In the present study the differentiation of glomerular capillaries is described in five successive arbitrarily selected stages. At Stage I a capillary loop penetrates between the lower limb and the middle segment of the S-shaped body, the rudimentary nephron. At Stage II the capillary undergoes a first subdivision, establishing the primitive lobulation of the glomerulus. At Stage III the vascular and urinary poles differentiate. At Stage IV the glomerulus assumes the aspect of a spherical body, and the capillaries in each lobule undergo subdivision. In Stage V the glomerular vascular pattern approaches its adult appearance, although the maturation processes continue for an extended period of time. Hence in the 10 day-old rat the best-differentiated glomeruli are half the size of adult glomeruli, and their capillary loops are proportionally less well-developed. The capillaries of adjacent lobules may communicate with each other, but a direct vascular shunt between the afferent and efferent vessels cannot be demonstrated.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Stannius bodies ; Secretory cell types ; Teleosts (Fundulus, Carassius) ; Ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The Stannius bodies of killifish and goldfish were ultrastructurally investigated after exposure of the fish to media of different osmolality and calcium content. In both species two structurally different secretory cell types are found. Type-1 cells predominate. They contain an extensive granular endoplasmic reticulum, some large Golgi areas, and secretory granules with a mean diameter of about 0.4 μm. These cells are activated by transfer of freshwater fish to seawater, but not by transfer to low-calcium seawater. Type-2 cells often contain cytoplasmic processes that penetrate between the type-1 cells and are ending on the basal lamina. In this contact area granule release takes place. Type-2 cells contain some strands of granular endoplasmic reticulum, several small Golgi areas, and secretory granules with a mean diameter between 0.15 and 0.20 μm. Type-2 cells are not activated after transfer of fish to seawater. In killifish seawater exposure leads to a reduction of type-2 cells. The differences between the reactions of both cell types to different media point to functional differences between their secretory products. Type-1 cells may produce a hypocalcemic factor. It is concluded that type-2 cells are typical for freshwater fish or euryhaline fish spending part of their life cycle in freshwater. The proper function of these cells is unclear.
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  • 42
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    Cell & tissue research 212 (1980), S. 307-314 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Thymus (Mammalia) ; Erythropoiesis ; Macrocytes ; Anaemia ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The thymus of wild young and adult bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus) was examined by histological methods for the presence of developing erythroid cells. Nucleated erythroid cells were observed in 26% of the glands examined by light microscopy and in 69% of the glands examined by electron microscopy. The largest number of developing erythroid cells was observed in the thymus of pregnant females, also showing raised reticulocyte counts (3.1–10.2%). However, erythropoiesis could also be found in breeding and non-breeding, first year and older animals. Erythroid cells were mainly located in the cortex, sometimes in small groups interspersed between lymphoid cells, and also randomly scattered in the cortex. Occasionally, macrocytic erythroid cells were also present. Pyknotic cells were commonly present, and granulopoiesis was frequently observed.
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  • 43
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    Cell & tissue research 208 (1980), S. 123-133 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lesioned axons ; Ultrastructure ; Crayfish
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The distal stumps of severed medial giant axons (MGAs) and of non-giant axons (NGAs) in the CNS of the crayfish Procambarus clarkii show long-term (5–9 months) survival associated with disorientation of mitochondria and thickening of the glial sheath. However, the morphological responses of the two axonal types differ in that neither the proximal nor the distal stump of severed MGAs ever fills with mitochondria as is observed in some severed NGAs. Furthermore, the adaxonal glial layer never completely encircles portions of MGA axoplasm as occurs in many severed NGAs; in fact, ultrastructural changes in the adaxonal layer around severed MGAs are often difficult to detect. No multiple axonal profiles are ever seen within the glial sheath of the proximal or distal stumps of severed MGAs whereas these structures are easily located within severed NGAs.
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  • 44
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    Cell & tissue research 211 (1980), S. 223-234 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurosecretion, insect ; Median neurosecretory cells ; Melanogryllus desertus ; Ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Based on the nature of their granules, eight principal types of neurons, six of which are thought to be neurosecretory, are recognized in the median neurosecretory cell group of the brain of Melanogryllus desertus. Most of the neurosecretory cells contain granules with diameters of 200–300 nm. In a few the granules are smaller with diameters varying from 60–100 nm. Most of the cells have well developed Golgi areas and dense bodies of different sizes. Dense bodies are closely associated with neurosecretory granules. Accumulations of electron-dense granular material occur in expanded cisterns of endoplasmic reticulum, particularly in type-I cells.
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  • 45
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Fluorescence histochemistry ; Prevertebral ganglia ; Ageing ; 5-hydroxydopamine
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Sympathetic post-ganglionic neurones in the coeliac-superior mesenteric ganglion (CSMG) complex of aged (24 month) rats have been studied by glyoxylic acid-induced fluorescence and electron microscopy. Comparisons have been made with the CSMG of young adult (4 month) rats. In the aged rats the noradrenaline fluorescence of the majority of neuronal perikarya was very low or absent and few intraganglionic fluorescent varicosities were seen. Lipofuscin pigment was very prominent at the nuclear pole region of neurones and also in dendrites and axonal processes. Ultrastructural studies revealed large accumulations of residual bodies at the nuclear poles and in axons and dendritic profiles. Within the perikarya many mitochondria were distorted or swollen, the rough endoplasmic reticulum was disarranged and much dilated as were Golgi cisternae. Primary lysosomes were encountered throughout the neurone perikaryon and its axonal or dendritic processes. In contrast to the young adult CSMG, no evidence for loading of transmitter storage vesicles with an identical dose level of 5-hydroxydopamine was detected in any part of the neurones of aged rats. This might reflect an impairment of the uptake mechanisms and/or storage of noradrenaline in aged sympathetic neurones and their axonal and dendritic processes.
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  • 46
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    Cell & tissue research 205 (1980), S. 273-287 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Human neurohypophysis ; Ultrastructure ; Pituicytes ; Ependyma ; Choristoma
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pars nervosa of the neurohypophysis from 12 patients undergoing hypophysectomy for palliative treatment of advanced carcinoma was studied electron microscopically. Special attention was given to the cellular elements, the pituicytes. Five different classes of pituicytes, with various transitional forms, were elucidated based on their ultrastructural characteristics: (1) The most common type, referred to as “major pituicytes”, is reminiscent of astrocytes. (2) “Dark pituicytes” are thought to represent different functional stages of the “major pituicytes”. (3) “Ependymal pituicytes” are believed to provide ultrastructural evidence that human pituicytes are phylogenetically derived from ependymal cells. (4) “Oncocytic pituicytes” were observed in all cases and are of unknown significance. (5) The ultrastructural features of “granular pituicytes” suggest the existence of an active uptake and catabolism of extracellular material by pituicytes, probably through “ultraphagocytosis” or “endocytosis”. These five classes of pituicytes are considered to represent different functional forms of one cell line that originates phylogenetically from the ependyma.
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  • 47
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    Cell & tissue research 205 (1980), S. 361-370 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Enamel organ ; Human foetus ; Tooth germ ; Ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of external enamel epithelium, stellate reticulum and stratum intermedium in primary tooth germs (bell stage) from four human foetuses was investigated. Characteristically, the cells of the differentiated external enamel epithelium, stellate reticulum and stratum intermedium exhibit many free ribosomes, few rough endoplasmic reticulum cisterns, well-developed Golgi complexes, many coated and smooth vesicles, often in relation to the cell membranes, and many bundles of tonofilaments. The cells are connected by numerous desmosomes and gap junctions. A parallel differentiation of stratum intermedium — external enamel epithelium, and the ameloblast layer is demonstrated. The morphology of the cells of the three layers indicates that these have secretory, transport and supporting functions.
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  • 48
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    Keywords: Trophamnion ; Coelenterate, Polypodium hydriforme ; Ultrastructure ; Planula ; Parasitism
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The larval stage of Polypodium hydriforme is planuliform and parasitic inside the growing oocytes of acipenserid fishes. The larva has inverted germ layers and a special envelope, the trophamnion, surrounding it within the host oocyte. The trophamnion is a giant unicellular provisory structure derived from the second polar body and performing both protective and digestive functions, clearly a result of adaptation to parasitism. The trophamnion displays microvilli on its inner surface, and irregular protrusions anchoring it to the yolk on its outer surface. Its cytoplasm contains long nuclear fragments, ribosomes, mitochondria, microtubules, microfilaments, prominent Golgi bodies, primary lysosomes, and secondary lysosomes with partially digested inclusions. The cells of the larva proper are poorly differentiated. No muscular, glandular, neural, interstitial, or nematocyst-forming cells have been found. The entodermal (outer layer) cells bear flagella and contain rough endoplasmic reticulum; the ectodermal (inner layer) cells lack cilia and contain an apical layer of acid mucopolysaccharid granules. The cells of both layers contain mitochondria, microtubules, and Golgi bodies; their nuclei display large nucleoli with nucleolonema-like structure, decondensed chromatin, and some perichromatin granules. At their apical rims, the ectodermal cells form septate junctions; laterally, the cells of both layers form simple contacts and occasional interdigitations. The lateral surfaces of entodermal cells are strengthened by microtubules.
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  • 49
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    Cell & tissue research 210 (1980), S. 257-267 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Smooth muscle ; Connective tissue ; Portal vein ; Rabbit
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The smooth muscle of rabbit portal vein was studied by electron microscopy with particular emphasis on the mechanical linkage between the muscle cells and on the distribution of connective tissue. The media of this vein is composed of inner circular and outer longitudinal muscle layers which are orientated almost perpendicularly to each other. The muscle of the inner circular layer shows very irregular contours with much branching and anastomosing of the cytoplasmic processes, which often make membrane contacts with neighbouring cells to form an extensive network of cytoplasmic processes. The muscle cells of the outer longitudinal layer are arranged in densely packed bundles and are spindle-shaped, with no branching processes. Opposing dense areas from neighbouring cells, with variable gap distances (30–100 nm) and close membrane contacts (intermediate junctions) with a gap of 11 nm were observed in both circular and longitudinal muscle layers. In the terminal regions of muscle cells in both circular and longitudinal layers a specialized anchoring structure was present which was closely related to extracellular elastic tissue. Muscle cells in the longitudinal layer showed the most elaborate structure, the tapering end of the muscle cell showing a honeycomb-like structure penetrated by columns of connective tissue compounds. The functional implications of these structures are discussed.
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  • 50
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    Cell & tissue research 210 (1980), S. 339-347 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Seasonal breeding ; Leydig cells ; Ultrastructure ; Bat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Leydig cells of the bat, Myotis adversus, have been examined by electron microscopy throughout fourteen months. During the breeding season the Leydig cells become hypertrophied and are characterised by prominent areas of agranular endoplasmic reticulum and numerous small, membrane-bound granules. Microperoxisomes are also observed. During the period of testicular regression. Leydig cell size and the number of membrane-bound granules are greatly reduced. Lipid droplets and dense bodies are more numerous.
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  • 51
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    Cell & tissue research 210 (1980), S. 417-433 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pinealocytes ; Ultrastructure ; Malaysian rat
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les pinéalocytes d'un Rat de Malaisie (Rattus sabanus), un animal vivant près de l'équateur donc dans une zone où les variations annuelles de la longueur des jours sont minimes, examinés au microscope électronique ont été comparés à ceux d'autres Mammifères. Une seule population de pinéalocytes a été observée. La présence d'un grand nombre de vésicules granulaires et de rubans circonscrits par des vésicules est la caractéristique premi`ere des pinéalocytes de cette espèce. Les rubans circonscrits par des vésicules ont été plus spécialement observés dans les terminaisons des prolongements des pinéalocytes où ils sont nombreux et la plus souvent en contact directe avec l'espace périvasculaire. L'importance physiologique de ces rubans circonscrits par des vésicules et des vésicules granulaires est discuté.
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the pinealocytes of the Malaysian rat (Rattus sabanus), a mammal inhabiting a zone near the equator where the annual variations of daylength are inconspicuous, was examined and compared with that of pinealocytes of other mammals. On the basis of the presence of granular vesicles, only one population of pinealocytes was found. A large number of granular vesicles and vesicle-crowned rodlets is characteristic of the pinealocytes of this equatorial species. Vesicle-crowned rodlets are especially numerous in the endings of the pinealocyte processes and; they most often found in direct topographical connection with the perivascular spaces. The physiological significance of the presence of such large amounts of vesicle-crowned rodlets and of the secretory process characterized by the formation of granular vesicles is discussed.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Growth hormone-release-inhibiting factor (somatostatin) ; Sympathetic ganglia ; Ultrastructure ; Guinea pig
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    Notes: Summary The superior cervical ganglia (SCG), celiac superior mesenteric ganglia (CMG), and splanchnic nerve of unoperated guinea pigs, as well as both proximal and distal stumps of a previously transected branch of the postganglionic plexus of the CMG, were immunostained for somatostatin (SS). In addition, the PAP technique was adapted for fine-structural visualization of SS. A greater proportion of cells were labeled for SS in the CMG than in the SCG. PAP molecules were present in one type of intraganglionic axons. Only two labeled axons were found in the splanchnic nerve. Neither proximal nor the distal stump of the transected CMG postganglionic nerve contained labeled axons. The present results support the hypothesis that the intraganglionic axons labeled for SS arise from SS-containing intraganglionic neurons.
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  • 53
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sturgeon ; Muscle fibres ; Ultrastructure ; Morphometry ; Vascularisation
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    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure and vascular supply of the different fibre types in the lateral muscles of the sturgeon Acipenser stellatus were studied by light- and electron microscopy and morphometry. Three fibre types form separate layers without intermingling. The red fibres are superficial, the white fibres deep and the intermediate fibres between them. From morphometric analyses, the mitochondrial volume fraction in red fibres is 30%, in intermediate fibres 3.7% and in white fibres 0.7%. Z lines are most fuzzy in the red fibres. Triads of the sarcotubular system are always situated at the level of the Z discs. In red fibres the three elements are arranged in a series along the myofibrils, whereas in white fibres they are arranged transversely and in the intermediate fibres they are aligned obliquely. The number of capillaries surrounding each fibre is 2.3, 0.9 and 0.2 for the red, intermediate and white fibres, respectively. In red fibres 16% of the surface is directly covered by capillaries. The corresponding percentages for intermediate and white fibres are 5 and 1, respectively. Per unit volume of the fibre, the directly vascularised fibre surface in red fibres is about ten times larger than that of white fibres. The degree of vascularisation of the fibre types is directly related to the volume fraction of mitochondria, and thus to their aerobic capacities.
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  • 54
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Calcergy ; Calcification ; Cutaneous calcinosis ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary In rats a subcutaneous injection of KMnO4 leads to the calcification of the connective tissue. During mineral deposition, both intra- and extracellular changes are observed in the connective tissue. The intracellular phase is characterized by the formation of intramitochondrial granules and cytoplasmic vesicles, both in fibroblastic and extrinsic cells. In the extracellular phase, numerous heterogeneous matrix vesicles appear in the extracellular matrix. At the same time, globular particles which are resistant to microincineration, are observed between the collagen fibrils. The mineralization of the extracellular matrix takes place in two stages. The first stage comprises the appearance of needle-like structures and round aggregates. The needle-like structures are observed occasionally in the matrix vesicles and often in the extracellular matrix where they appear isolated or diverging from a central point. The round aggregates, composed of dense particles, are seen in the ground substance between the collagen fibrils. The second stage is characterized by a progressive mineralization of the collagen fibrils and the elastic fibers, without formation of extended calcified plaques.
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  • 55
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    Cell & tissue research 213 (1980), S. 221-235 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Peripheral blood lymphocyte ; Density separation ; T cell depleted rabbits ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Density separation of purified peripheral blood leucocytes from T-cell depleted rabbits on a linear Ficoll-metrizoate gradient has been applied to obtain different leucocyte fractions. Two lymphocyte fractions separated on density seem to have different characteristics, both morphologically and immunologically. In this study these two fractions have been characterized ultrastructurally by using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and a relationship has been established between the surface architecture (SEM), the cell size (SEM/TEM) and surface-Ig/C3-receptors (LM, light microscopy). Finally three types of lymphocytes have been described in the two lymphocyte fractions separated on density. Morphometric information such as cell size, cell shape, eu-/heterochromatin ratio in the nucleus and the nucleus-/cell ratio have been correlated to the stage of activation of the B lymphocyte in a representative density separation.
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  • 56
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    Cell & tissue research 208 (1980), S. 183-196 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Sinus node ; Atrium ; Ultrastructure ; Caveolae ; Freeze fracture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Caveolae or membrane vesicles are commonly observed in smooth and skeletal muscle as well as in working heart muscle. Using sections of fixed tissue and replicas of freeze-cleaved material, we show in this study that caveolae are also very numerous in sinus node cells of the rabbit, and to a lesser degree, in the atrial cells. Caveolae increase the plasma membrane surface area by 115% in the leading sinus node, and by 56% in the atrial cells. In these two cell types, the membrane of the caveolae contains four times fewer intramembranous particles than the rest of the plasma membrane, and this difference applies to both PF and EF faces. The role of the caveolae is still unclear, but it does not seem that they have a pinocytotic function.
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  • 57
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    Cell & tissue research 207 (1980), S. 171-182 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nephridia ; Anatomy ; Ultrastructure ; Tardigrada
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The excretory system of Macrobiotus richtersi consists of one dorsal and two lateral components and shows a high degree of structural complexity. In each of these a tricellular external lobe and a column can be distinguished, the two parts being connected distally. The surface of the lobe cells is increased by deep basal infoldings and fingerlike processes which form a labyrinth next to the basal lamina. Their cytoplasm contains numerous mitochondria, a well developed rough endoplasmic reticulum, dictyosomes, and granules in amounts depending on the physiological state of the animal. Excretory crystals occur in caveolae located in the lobe: between the fingershaped processes of the cell and in the space enclosed by the basal lamina on one side and the column on the other. The column faces an extracellular channel meandering along its whole length which is surrounded on the outside by a basal lamina. Morphologically the column is similar to the protonephridial channel of Rotifera. At the ultrastructural level, the cytoplasm of the column shows numerous mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, and a well developed Golgi apparatus. The lumen of the channel is coated by glycocalyx. At the base of the column several small cells form the proximal part of a duct that communicates with the gut. The morphology and ultrastructure of the excretory system of M. richtersi have been compared with similar a system in Isohypsibius megalonyx (Greven, 1979), and on these grounds a proposal is put forward to call the excretory organs of Tardigrada “nephridia” instead of “Malpighian tubules”.
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  • 58
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    Cell & tissue research 210 (1980), S. 85-94 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamus ; Domestic fowl ; Preoptic area ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Numerous secretory parvocellular perikarya were found in the preoptic region of the domestic fowl (Gallus gallus). The dense-core secretory vesicles belong to two categories: vesicles with a diameter of (i)80–90 nm and (ii) 110–140nm. Scattered magnocellular elements display larger dense-core granules. The parvocellular neurons form unit-like clusters, showing also zones of direct apposition of neuronal membranes. The surrounding neuropil is rich in synaptic structures, formed by at least three types of axon terminals, distinguishable on the basis of vesicular morphology. These observations confirm the findings in other avian species. The hypothetical function of this system of peptidergic neurons in the rostral hypothalamus of birds is discussed.
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  • 59
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    Cell & tissue research 210 (1980), S. 121-132 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Glycoproteins ; Ultrastructure ; Tunicamycin ; Colonic epithelium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Glycoproteins are associated with several structures of colonic absorptive cells of the mouse. These include the cell coat, Golgi apparatus and vesicles that transport the glycoproteins from the apparatus to the cell surface (Michaels and Leblond 1976). In many in vitro systems, the antibiotic tunicamycin inhibits the glycosylation of asparagine residues yielding carbohydrate-poor glycoproteins. In the present in vivo study, tunicamycin was injected into mice. The murine colonic epithelial cells were prepared routinely for electron microscopy and cytochemistry. Cells from the experimental and control animals were similar morphologically. However, staining by the periodic acid-chromic acid-silver methenamine technique, revealed differences in the distribution of glycoproteins. In animals that received the higher dosages of tunicamycin there was a substantial reduction in silver staining in both the Golgi apparatus and the vesicles of colonic epithelial cells compared to these structures in cells of identically treated control tissues, whereas the staining over the cell coat was not significantly altered. Possible explanations for the staining of the cell coat in the treated animals were provided in the text. This report demonstrates the feasibility of using tunicamycin in vivo and detection of the changes obtained by the silver methenamine method.
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  • 60
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Transmitter-dualism ; Multipotential neuron ; Heart innervation ; Ultrastructure ; SEM
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The segmental heart nerves of Caligo beltrao Illiger (Brassolidae) were examined by transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Heart and alary muscles are innervated by branching processes of single multinucleate neurons (MNNs). There is one MNN situated at each segmental fan-shaped group of alary muscles. The main nerve of the MNN consists of a bundle of processes. This nerve extends centripetally toward the CNS and corresponds to the dorsal portion of the transverse nerve. However, neither axo-somatic nor axo-axonic synapses were found, the presence of which might suggest that this nerve contains axons of different neuronal origin. The synaptic contacts of the MNN with axons originating from the CNS are therefore assumed to be established beyond the spiracular region. In addition to the neuro-muscular junctions of the smaller centrifugal axon branches there are neurohaemal release sites along the entire length of all MNN axon bundles. Axon terminals are packed with either dense-cored or multigranular vesicles. Both morphological types of vesicles are, however, found side by side in the large axons and in the perikaryon, often at the same Golgi element. These morphological findings may support the concept that more than one transmitter is produced in a single neuron. Questions that arise in reference to dual or polyfunctional neurons and to the control of cardiac activity are discussed.
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  • 61
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cerebellum ; Purkinje axon ; Ultrastructure ; Axotomy ; Rat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Transection of Purkinje cell axons in adult male rats made 1.5 mm or further from the cell body does not lead to the death of the neuron and results in compensatory structural alterations of the surviving axonal portions of the nerve cell. Near to, and at the emergence of recurrent collaterals of Purkinje cell axons, huge varicosities filled with filaments, granular material, lysosomes and mitochondria develop. Terminals of recurrent axon collaterals also exhibit different degrees of structural changes. Most striking of the morphological alterations is the regular presence of nematosomes in the hypertrophic axonal branches, especially in synaptic terminals. Since nematosomes were shown to contain RNA in other types of neurons, their presence in recurrent collaterals may indicate an enhanced synthetic activity in Purkinje axonal processes and endings after axotomy.
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  • 62
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ecdysteroids ; Moulting hormones ; Xyleborus ferrugineus pupae ; Ultrastructure ; Prothoracic gland
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The prothoracic glands of female pupae of Xyleborus ferrugineus at three ages (0-h, 48-h and 72-h-old) were examined for ultrastructural changes that correlate with high titers of ecdysteroids in the entire pupa. In all three ages, the prothoracic gland cells appear compact with a prominent nucleus. Lysosome-like structures with concentrically oriented internal membrane are observed in both 0-h and 72-h-old gland cells. Mitochondria are abundant in the glands of both ages, and rough endoplasmic reticulum is relatively sparse. Numerous microtubules are present in the prothoracic gland cells of 48-h-old female pupae that contain relatively high titers of ecdysteroids. Rough endoplasmic reticulum also is especially abundant at this age of the pupa. Ecdysone titers, estimated by the radioimmunoassay method (RIA), were 161.04±22.61 pg/mg, 704.25±69.02 pg/mg and 298.72±26.80pg/mg body weight in 0-h, 48-h and 72-h-old female pupae, respectively.
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  • 63
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    Cell & tissue research 213 (1980), S. 149-157 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Trophic chamber ; Nutritive cord ; Ultrastructure ; Homoptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Each ovariole of the coccidian Aspidiotus hederae contains a single oocyte connected by means of a nutritive cord to the trophic chamber. The trophic chamber consists of three nurse cells characterized by an enlarged, ramified nucleus with a prominent nucleolus. The perinuclear cytoplasm contains nuage material, large amounts of free ribosomes, and scattered mitochondria. Occasional cisternae of the rough endoplasmic reticulum and bacteroids are found in trophocyte cytoplasm. The nutritive cord contains many microtubules in parallel array interspersed with numerous free ribosomes and a few mitochondria. The nutritive cord is strengthened by trophocyte projections which surround it. Microtubules in the projections are oriented perpendicular to the long axis of the cord.
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  • 64
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    Protoplasma 103 (1980), S. 105-114 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Colchicine ; Lumicolchicine ; Microtubules ; Mitosis ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Lumicolchicine was purified by preparative thin-layer chromatography. Tests for purity were ultraviolet absorption spectrophotometry, analytical thin-layer chromatography, and a bioassay using wheat roots. Wheat roots treated for 3 days with 10−3 M lumicolchicine showed no c-mitosis, but had reduced growth compared with controls.
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  • 65
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    Plant and soil 55 (1980), S. 55-59 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Assimilation ; Deficiency ; Irrigation ; Soil ; Tomato ; Toxicity ; Uranium concentration ; Wheat ; Yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Greenhouse conditions have been used for the study of uptake of uranium by wheat and tomato plants as affected by its concentration in soil and irrigation applied. The highest yield of wheat was obtained at 3.0 ppm of uranium whereas the tomato yield decreased with the increase of uranium in the soil. The analysis shows that Uranium uptake by wheat and tomato not only depends upon the uranium concentration in the soil but also on the amount of irrigation applied.
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  • 66
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    Plant and soil 54 (1980), S. 77-94 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Nutrients ; Oxygen ; Roots ; Soil ; Toxins ; Waterlogging ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effects of waterlogging on concentrations of gases and various solutes dissolved in the soil water were investigated in the laboratory, to determine whether the early disruption to the growth of wheat was most closely associated with depletion of dissolved oxygen, accumulation of toxins, or changes in concentrations of nutrient ions in the soil water. Waterlogging slowed shoot fresh weight accumulation, leaf extension and nodal root growth; it also caused death of the seminal root system and early senescence of the lower leaves. However, the shoot dry weight initially increased above that of the non-waterlogged controls, and thus was not a reliable indicator of the early restriction to plant growth and development. The symptoms of damage to shoots and roots were attributed to the fall in soil oxygen concentrations, rather than to any decrease in concentration of inorganic nutrients in the soil water, or to the accumulation of any other measured solutes to toxic concentrations.
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  • 67
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    Plant and soil 57 (1980), S. 69-83 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Bacteria ; Concentration gradient ; Exudates ; Pseudomonas putida ; Root exudation ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The release of substances from wheat roots was found to be directly related to the growth of the root system. Plants whose root system did not grow released almost no exudates. When exudate concentration in the vicinity of the roots was lowered by frequent replacements of the nutrient solution or by a simultaneous cultivation of exudate-utilizing bacteria, the release of exudates was enhanced. In axenic wheat cultures, the amount of exudates during a 12-day cultivation with 2- or 4-day intervals between medium replacements represented 50% of root dry weight and 12% of whole plant dry weight. Wheat plants cultivated in the presence of the bacteriumPseudomonas putida released up to double the amount of exudates compared with axenic variants.
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  • 68
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Mulch ; Polyethylene sheet ; Seedling emergence ; Soil temperature ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A field study was conducted to evaluate the effect of soil temperature altered by various ways of soil coveringviz control (T1), transparent polyethylene (T2), black polyethylene (T3), rice straw (T4), rice straw applied only during night (T5) and farm yard manure (T6) on seedling emergence of wheat sown on November 30, 1978 and January 6, 1979. Maximum increase in soil temperature occurred under transparent polyethylene cover. Temperature alterations were relatively smaller under other treatments and was minimum under farm yard manure cover. With both sowings, the effect of various ways of soil covering on seedling emergence depended on the magnitude of soil temperature alteration caused by them. It was hastened markedly under transparent polyethylene cover and only slightly under black polyethylene cover. Continuous soil covering with rice straw slowed down seedling emergence while covering only during night hastened it slightly. Farm yard manure cover showed negligible effect on seedling emergence. Seedling emergence response to an increase in soil temperature was higher with second sowing when temperature was relatively lower than with first sowing. The result suggests the possibility of expediting seedling emergence of wheat sown under low temperature condition by transparent polyethylene cover. Seedling emergence was only slightly influenced by other soil covers.
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  • 69
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Barley ; Cereals ; Root distribution ; Root growth ; Soil ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A study was made of the relationship between the number of roots (Nr) observed on unit area of the freshly exposed, horizontal faces of soil cores, and the amounts of roots (per unit volume) present in the same cores. Soil cores, 7 cm diameter, were extracted to depths of 1 m from cereal crops in 1976 at three field sites located on clay soils. Sampling was either at the start of stem elongation, or at anthesis. Estimates of root length per unit soil volume (L) were derived from Nr by assuming random orientation of roots in the soil. Values of L were found to be highly correlated with the measured lengths of both the main roots (root axes) and the total roots (axes and laterals) washed from the soil at a given growth stage, for each of the soils. On average, L was 3.3 times the length of root axes washed from the soil, and was 0.42 times the length of total roots, but there was appreciable variation between different growth stages and field sites. Possible factors giving rise to differences between L and the measured lengths of roots are discussed. Estimates of root length from observation of soil cores may nonetheless provide a suitable basis for rapidly comparing therelative distribution of roots down the soil profile under field conditions.
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  • 70
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    Euphytica 29 (1980), S. 727-736 
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; bread wheat ; Triticum durum ; durum wheat ; drought tolerance ; germination ; seedling growth ; water stress selection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A series of experiments was performed in order to evaluate the significance of seed germination and seedling growth in osmotic media as screening methods for drought tolerance. Ten spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L. em Thell.) and one durum wheat (Triticum durum Desf.) were tested under controlled environments, using polyethylene glycol-6000 (PEG) solutions as the moisture stress inducing media. Tolerance in the rate of endosperm utilization, under stress, prior to the onset of germination varied among cultivars. Germination rate or injury to germination at various concentrations of PEG differed significantly among cultivars. Cultivar rating with respect to injury to germination changed with stress levels. Injury to germination did not correlate with endosperm utilization rate in PEG or in water. Germinating seedlings were tolerant to extreme desiccation up to the stage of emergence of the first leaf from the coleoptile. Growth of photosynthesizing seedlings was monitored as they were carried through an increasing concentration gradient of PEG solutions, ranging from −5.9 to −11.3 bars of water potential. Cultivars significantly differed in seedling growth tolerance to increasing levels of water stress. Seedling growth tolerance across cultivars was not correlated with their germination responses under srress. It is concluded that tolerance to water stress in growing seedlings can be screened for by using PEG-containing nutrient solutions. It can not be predicted from germination tests in osmotica. Work was done under a US-Israel Binational Science Foundation (BSF) Grant no. 1654/78.
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  • 71
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    Plant and soil 55 (1980), S. 235-242 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Decomposition ; Groundnut ; Soil properties ; Wheat ; Wheat straw ; Yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The incorporation of undecomposed wheat straw in the soil along-with the micro-organisms favourably increased the yield of groundnut crop. An increase of 37 per cent in yield was recorded when wheat straw was inoculated withPenicillium digitatum and the C:P ratio was adjusted to 65. Inoculated treatments of narrower C:P ratio gave a higher yield than wider C:P ratio treatments inoculated with the same cultures. An increase in nitrogen uptake by groundnut plants was recorded due to incorporation of straw alongwith the micro-organisms in soil. The organic carbon and nitrogen content of the soil increased with all the treatments except control. The highest increase in organic carbon and nitrogen of the soil was observed with a treatment of wheat straw of 65 C:P ratio inoculated withS. coccosporum. The yield of wheat crop after groundnut was significantly more with several treatments than control plots. The highest increase of 79 per cent in grain yield of wheat was observed in the plots previouslq received with wheat straw of 200 C:P ratio.
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  • 72
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Clay soils ; Cultivations ; Direct drilling ; Earthworms ; Root growth ; Root sampling ; Soil water content ; Soil structure ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A method is described for rapidly estimating the depth of penetration and density of roots of cereal crops under field conditions. Counts of living roots, traversing horizontal faces of soil cores, were made for winter wheat growing on direct-drilled and ploughed land. The rate of penetration of roots of winter wheat in a clay and a sandy loam soil averaged 5 mm per day throughout winters without extremes of cold or wet. Death of roots near the soil surface occurred wilst others continued downward penetration. The rate of root elongation was slower during prolonged periods when the soil was wet and faster,i.e. to greater depths, during dry conditions. Damage sustained to roots during adverse winter conditions ofter varied between direct drilling and ploughing. More roots at depth were consistently recorded on direct-drilled than on ploughed land when measured in spring after a soil water deficit had developed during the preceding month. After prolonged wet soil conditions during the winter on a soil with a large clay fraction and low hydraulic conductivity, root growth and penetration in spring, before the development of a soil water deficit, was more restricted on direct-drilled than on ploughed land.
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  • 73
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Infection intensity ; Loamy soil ; N fertilizer ; P fertilizer ; Sandy soil ; VA-mycorrhiza ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Soil samples, roots and shoots were collected from barley crops at three locations which had received different combinations of N and P for 10 years, and from long-term fertilizer experiments on barley in a sandy soil and on barley and wheat in a loamy soil. Soils were analysed for available P by an anion exchange resin procedure, roots were examined for intensity of VAM infection, and shoots wee analysed for N and P. Vesicualr-arbuscular mycorrhizal infection was found at all locations. It was most abundant at the three locations with least soil-P and lightest at the two locations high in soil-P. Within loocations an inverse relation was found between soil-P level and intensity of infection. Infection was also intensity. by increasing N-fertilizer. Spore counts from selected samples correlated well with infection intensity. Shoot-P did not differ significantly between treatments in spite of significant differences in soil-P. This points to the significance of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza: a lower soil-P level accompanied by a higher infection intensity seem to counterbalance each other to a certain extent.
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  • 74
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    Plant and soil 54 (1980), S. 339-357 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Calcium ; Cassava ; Chemical composition ; Control of solution pH ; Copper ; Flowing solution culture ; French bean ; Ginger ; Hydrogen ion injury ; Magnesium ; Maize ; Manganese ; Nitrogen ; Optimum pH range ; pH ; Plant growth ; Root weight ratio ; Tomato ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Ginger, cassava, maize, wheat, french bean and tomato were grown for periods up to six weeks in continuously flowing nutrient solutions at seven constant pH values ranging from 3.3 to 8.5. All species achieved maximum or near-maximum growth in the pH range 5.5 to 6.5. However, there were substantial differences in the ability of species to grow outside this range. Ginger and cassava were the most tolerant species to low solution pH, while ginger and tomato were the only species to show no yield depression at the highest solution pH. Roots of all species at pH 3.3 and some species at pH 4.0 exhibited symptoms of hydrogen ion injury. In addition, the concentrations of magnesium in the tops of all six species, of nitrogen in the tops of tomato and cassava, and of manganese in the tops of maize at these pH values were inadequate for optimal growth. Growth depression at high solution pH was associated with iron deficiency in maize and wheat and with nitrogen and/or copper deficiency in cassava. The relevance of the present results to crop growth under field conditions is discussed. The complex interplay of plant and soil characteristics militates against precise definition of an optimum pH range for the growth of a particular crop unless the soil is also specified.
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  • 75
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Boron concentration ; Boron deficiency ; Greenhouse ; Irrigation ; Tomato ; Uptake ; Wheat ; Yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A study was conducted under greenhouse conditions to know the effects of irrigation levels on the uptake of B by wheat and tomato at different levels of B concentrations. The uptake was found to increase with increase in concentrations as well as with increase in amount of water applied. The highest yield of tomato was obtained at 1.5 ppm of B, whereas that of wheat was obtained at 3 ppm of B at the highest level of irrigation. The boron uptake by tomato and wheat is a function of both boron concentration in the soil and the amount of irrigation.
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  • 76
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    Plant and soil 56 (1980), S. 93-98 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acetic acid ; Barley ; Diffusion ; Silt loam ; Straw ; Water absorption ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Freshly harvested wheat straw contained 0.096 g water g−1 dry straw and 180 mM acetic acid. The straw absorbed water more rapidly from wet soil. The concentration of acetic acid fell to about 10 mM within 6 h of incorporation of straw in the soil and then remained relatively constant for a period of 12 days, irrespective of soil moisture content. In soil at its maximum water holding capacity after gravitational drainage, the decline in acetic acid concentration (c) with distance (d) from wheat or barley straw was exponential, with c=co e−nd where co is the concentration of acetic acid at the straw surface and n is a constant (0.46 for barley and 0.42 for wheat straw). The presence of acetic acid seems to be a major cause of poor establishment and growth when seeds and seedling roots come into contact with straw.
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  • 77
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    Plant and soil 57 (1980), S. 167-175 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Accumulation ; Barley ; Cations ; Electrical conductivity ; K/Na ratio ; Proline ; Saline water ; Stress ; Tolerance ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In a micro-plot experiment it was observed that free proline accumulation in barley and wheat crops increased with the salt stress. But in sensitive strains of both the crops it did not accumulate in accordance with the preceding values after their tolerance limit and at this point yield of barley was reduced by 25.8% and wheat by 23.2% over control while significant yield reductions were not observed with tolerant strains. Proline accumulation was also found to be related to tissue K/Na ratio and the critical limits of this ratio were observed between 0.60 and 0.34 for barley and 4.2 and 1.4 for wheat.
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  • 78
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    Plant and soil 57 (1980), S. 467-470 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Aluminum concentration ; Aluminum toxicity ; Calcium ; Magnesium ; Nutrient solution ; Phosphorus ; Potassium ; Triticale ; Rye ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effects of A1 on the growth and mineral composition of different cultivars of triticale (X Triticosecale, Wittmack), wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and rye (Secale cereale L.) growing in 1/5 strength Steinberg solutions containing 0 or 6 ppm A1 were evaluated after 32 days. Aluminum increased the concentrations of P and K in the roots and K in the tops of most of the cultivars tested. A1 tolerant triticale retained a lower concentration of Mg in the roots and tops than the A1 sensitive triticale, when subjected to A1 stress. In addition, A1 treatments resulted in smaller increases in root P for the A1 tolerant triticale than for the A1 sensitive cultivars. The concentration of root Ca and P of the A1 tolerant wheat cultivars were significantly below that of the more sensitive plants. Aluminum tolerance in rye appeared to be associated with lower Ca and higher Mg concentrations in the tops. The accumulation of P and A1 in the roots was characteristic of sensitivity in triticale, wheat and rye.
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  • 79
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    Plant and soil 57 (1980), S. 487-490 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Exchangeable sodium percentage ; Restricted root growth ; Sodic ; Soil ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Greenhouse experiment conducted on Ghabdan loam (a Salic Natraqualf), varying in ESP distribution of soil profile showed that wheat roots could develop having an ESP of 45. Above an ESP of 51 absolutely no root growth was observed.
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  • 80
    ISSN: 1432-1955
    Keywords: Flagellates ; Spironucleus ; Mouse ; Ultrastructure ; Systematics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Using light and electron microscopy, we studied the ultrastructure ofSpironucleus muris (syn.Hexamita muris) from spontaneously and experimentally infected normal and athymic mice. Kinetosomes and cytoskeletal fibers arranged in two-fold rotational symmetry are similar to the speciesSpironucleus elegans from amphibians. Taxonomic proposals and a possible evolutionary scheme for diplomonad genera accepted at the last International Congress of Parasitology are given. The genusHexamita should be divided into two new genera:Hexamita (usually free-living) andSpironucleus (exclusively parasitic). We consider previous descriptions of hexamitiasis in rodents as dealing with spironucleosis. We distinguish a fresh and an old cyst of the parasite on the basis of structure, light refraction, location in the host, and infectivity. The transition from a fresh to an old cyst paralles the dessication of feces. The trophozoites can damage the microvilli and penetrate into the epithelium. We explain the differences in findings concerning intestinal lesions and forms of the disease (from acute to chronic to latent) by differences in the virulence of different parasite strains and by differences in inherent host resistance.
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  • 81
    ISSN: 1432-1955
    Keywords: Cestoda ; Proteocephalus tidswelli ; Ultrastructure ; Microtriches
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Ultrastructural observations on adultProteocephalus tidswelli revealed a marked microtrichial polymorphism. Structural and dimensional variations of microtriches between different regions of the strobila and scolex, as well as within the same region, were observed. The authors suggest that microtriches are involved in a diversity of functions, and possible functional activities are discussed.
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  • 82
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    Parasitology research 63 (1980), S. 33-46 
    ISSN: 1432-1955
    Keywords: Parorchis acanthus ; Redia ; Ultrastructure ; Migration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Rediae ofParorchis acanthus were examined by scanning electron microscopy and the ultrastructure of the surface related to migration through the digestive gland ofNucella lapillus. The median ventral birth papilla, ventro-lateral processes, and posterior papilliform process, of young active rediae, apparently serve to anchor the body during migration. The honeycomb-like apex of the birth papilla and ventro-lateral processes may be a strengthening device. Uniciliate sensory receptors around the mouth, on the birth papilla, and posterior terminal papilla are probably touch receptors or chemoreceptors concerned with feeding and orientation during migration. After the formation of the birth pore, and with increase in size and in the number of contained cercariae, the redia becomes less active, loses its characteristic shape, and is eventually immobile.
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  • 83
    ISSN: 1432-1955
    Keywords: Schistosoma mansoni ; Mother sporocyst ; Daughter sporocyst ; Biomphalaria pfeifferi ; Ultrastructure
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The development of the mother sporocyst and the differentiation of the daughter sporocyst ofSchistosoma mansoni inBiomphalaria pfeifferi are described. The tegumental structure of the mother sporocyst, consisting of an outer layer connected to internally situated nucleated cell bodies, forms extensions which enwrap the germinal cells. The parenchyma cells, in which the germinal cells were embedded before, degenerate. When daughter sporocyst embryos develop from germinal cells they are enveloped by a primitive epithelium which is formed by fusion of the extensions of the tegumental structure of the mother sporocyst. Somatic cells located peripherally in the developing daughter sporocyst expand and coalesce beneath the primitive epithelium to form the future outer layer of the tegumental structure of the daughter sporocyst. The primitive epithelium degenerates, the newlyformed layer looses its nuclei, and becomes connected to internally situated nucleated cell bodies. Further developments in the tegumental structure of the daughter sporocyst include the formation of microvillus-like projections, a surface coat, spines, and a basement membrane.
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  • 84
    ISSN: 1432-1955
    Keywords: Ultrastructure ; Microsporidia ; Simuliidae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Abstract During an investigation of the parasites of simuliid larvae in a defined area in Southern Germany six species of Microsporidia were found. These parasites infect larvae of six different species of Simuliidae. Using light and scanning electron microscopic techniques the microsporidians were identified asAmblyospora bracteata, Thelohania fibrata, T. varians, Pleistophora multispora, P. simulii, andP. debaisieuxi. The arrangement of membranes in the cyst as well as the surface structure of the spores are described.
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  • 85
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    Parasitology research 62 (1980), S. 63-74 
    ISSN: 1432-1955
    Keywords: Insect salivary gland ; Trypanosoma rangeli ; Penetration ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Ultrastructural studies of the mechanism of penetration of the salivary gland of the reduviid bugRhodnius prolixus byTrypanosoma rangeli showed that trypanosomes from the haemocoele penetrate the outer “membranes” of the gland flagellum foremost, disrupting the inner layers, to pass between the muscle cells to reach the gland cell basement membrane. This latter is also penetrated flagellum foremost, the parasite invaginating the gland cell plasmalemma beneath, to create a vacuole in which the trypanosome crosses the gland cells to reach the central lumen, often only losing its containing vacuole just before leaving the cell. The structure of the outer “membranes” surrounding the salivary gland appeared similar to, and often actually part of, the basement membrane of the gland cells. These outer “membranes” were found to enclose large numbers of multinuleate “giant form” trypanosomes, whose significance is as yet unknown, but could perhaps represent a stage in the life cycle of the parasite where genetic interchange could take place.
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  • 86
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    Parasitology research 63 (1980), S. 233-239 
    ISSN: 1432-1955
    Keywords: Siphonaptera ; Leptomonas ; Ultrastructure ; Cysts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Ultrastructural studies onLeptomonas ctenocephali ofCtenocephalides canis andLeptomonas species ofOrchopeas h. howardi andPalaeopsylla m. minor have demonstrated the presence of characteristic round and oval parasites with a regularly indented plasma membrane. Such forms were found only as unattached parasites in the lumen of the pylorus, hindgut, and rectum amongst parasites which showed a normal kinetoplastid plasmalemma. The plasmalemma indentations are regular in their distribution around the periphery of the parasite, being separated usually by a fixed number of subpellicular microtubules in each “cyst-like form”, some subpellicular microtubules are displaced from the periphery at the point where the plasmalemma is indented furthest into the cytoplasm. It is suggested that these forms meet the criteria necessary to be characterised as “cyst-like forms” despite the apparent absence of a true cyst wall.
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  • 87
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    Parasitology research 64 (1980), S. 1-15 
    ISSN: 1432-1955
    Keywords: Intersexuality ; Pedicel of antennae ; Chironomus ; Limnomermis rosea ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der normale Bau der Scolopidialorgane in den Pedicelli der Antennen vonChironomus entspricht dem vonAedes, mit Ausnahme folgender Besonderheiten: a) Der Geschlechtsdimorphismus des Organes ist ausgeprägter als beiAedes. b) Das Pedicelluslumen ist lateral und ventral größer als medial und dorsal. c) Der Bau des Geißelgelenkes ist einfacher, die innere Pedicelluswand massiv. d) Die Spangen des männlichen Pedicellus sind abwärts gebogen, die Scolopidien des proximalen Ringes setzen von oben und unten an den Spangen an, 2–4 der unteren Scolopidien jeder Spange haben größeren Durchmesser. Die Scolopidienzahl im proximalen Ring der ♀ ist viel geringer als beiAedes. e) Das Zentralorgan ist bei beiden Geschlechtern gleich, seine Scolopidien entsprechen Typ D vonAedes (Boo und Richards 1975a, b). Bei ♂ vonC. anthracinus Zett., die vonLimnomermis rosea Hagm. parasitiert sind, entspricht der Pedicellus völlig dem normaler und parasitierter ♀ (Tabelle 1). Werden ♂ vonC. riparius Meig. oderC. luridus Str. mit dem gleichen Parasiten infiziert, so kann der Pedicellus intersex abgewandelt sein: Der Grad der distalen Einsenkung, der Bau des Flagellum-Pedicellus-Gelenkes, die Spangenzahl und die Scolopidienzahl im proximalen Ring können offenbar alle Zwischenstufen zwischen männlicher und weiblicher Ausprägung erreichen. Der Übergang männchenähnlicher und weibchenähnlicher Bereiche in solchen Pedicelli erscheint abrupt. Die Ultramorphologie der Scolopidien bleibt vom Parasiten unbeeinflußt.
    Notes: Abstract The normal morphology of the scolopidial organs in pedicels ofChironomus antennae corresponds to that ofAedes, with the following exceptions: (a) The sexual dimorphism of the organ is more pronounced than inAedes. (b) The lumen of the pedicel is larger at its lateral and ventral side than at its median and dorsal side. (c) The construction of the flagellar side than at its median and dorsal side. (c) The construction of the flagellar prongs in male pedicels are directed downwards. The scolopidia of the proximal ring are attached to the upper and lower side of the prongs, 2–4 of the lower scolopidia of each prong have a greater diameter. The number of scolopidia in the proximal ring of females is much less than inAedes. (e) The central organ is identical in both sexes, its scolopidia correspond to type D ofAedes (Boo and Richards 1975 a, b). Pedicel structures inChironomus anthracinus males parasitized byLimnomermis rosea are identical to those of normal and parasitized females (Table 1). IfC. riparius orC. luridus males are parasitized by the same nematode, pedicels are often intersexual: The degree of the distal depression, construction of the flagellar articulation, number of prongs, and number of scolopidia in the proximal ring may attain all intergrades between maleness and femaleness. The transition between male- and female-like parts of the pedicel is abrupt. The ultramorphology of the scolopidia, however, is not influenced by the parasite.
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    Cell & tissue research 205 (1980), S. 67-76 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Starfish egg ; Cortical reaction ; Vitelline coat ; Fertilization envelope ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The egg coats of a starfish (Patiria miniata) are examined before, during, and after the cortical reaction by scanning and transmission electron microscopy. The unfertilized egg is closely invested by a vitelline coat about 300 μm thick, and cortical granules are scattered in the peripheral cytoplasm. After insemination, as the cortical granules undergo exocytosis, the cortical reaction sweeps over the egg surface. Much of the material ejected from the cortical granules adheres to the inner surface of the vitelline coat as a dense layer about 40 μm thick and as scattered spheres and hemispheres, each about 1 μm in diameter. Together, the vitelline coat and the adherent cortical granule material form the fertilization envelope, which becomes separated from the plasma membrane of the egg by a perivitelline space. The perivitelline space contains some flocculent material, which is too diffuse and discontinuous to be considered a hyaline layer. Possible functions of the starfish egg coats are discussed.
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    Cell & tissue research 205 (1980), S. 85-94 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Plasma cells ; Lymphocytes ; Macrophages ; Harderian gland ; Ultrastructure ; Birds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the subepithelial layer of the Harderian gland of some birds, macrophages, lymphocytes, plasma cells, as well as granulocytes are found. These cells are often densely aggregated in the central regions of the lobules, while individual cells occur near the periphery. Pre-plasma cells form desmosome-like contacts with macrophages and junctional complexes with each other. The lymphoid cells are sometimes embedded in a dense homogeneous material, which is also found in the intercellular spaces of the secretory epithelium. The present findings are discussed with reference to immunological aspects.
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    Cell & tissue research 205 (1980), S. 133-145 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lung ; Amphibia ; Ultrastructure ; Morphometry ; Atypical mitochondria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The lungs of Triturus alpestris Laur. were investigated with the scanning and transmission electron microscopes. Dimensions of the cell bodies of pneumocytes and ciliated cells, as well as the thickness of the air-blood barrier, were determined. The lungs of the newt form two simple sacs without septa. A ciliated epithelium containing goblet cells lines the pulmonary vein and partially the pulmonary artery. The remainder of the lung surface is covered internally by respiratory epithelium consisting of one type of cell and only occasionally showing the presence of single ciliated cells. All cells, ciliated, goblet and pneumocytes, contain in their cytoplasm lamellar bodies. Multivesicular bodies and numerous vesicles of variable electron density also occur in the cytoplasm of pneumocytes. Atypical mitochondria can be found in all cell types of the lung. Fixation with addition of tannic acid reveals the surface lining film. Tubular myelin figures were not observed.
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  • 91
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    Cell & tissue research 205 (1980), S. 253-271 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurohypophysis ; Neurosecretory axons ; Neurosecretorygranules ; Ultrastructure ; Man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Neurosecretory axons and their dilatations in the pars nervosa of the human neurohypophysis were studied electron microscopically. The axons are of two different types based on their content of neurosecretory granules (NSGs): (i) NSGs of Type A are 100–300 nm, and (ii) NSGs of type B are 50–100 nm in diameter. While fibers (or axons) of type B were scarce, showing simple swellings and terminal formations, fibers of type A were ubiquitous in the human pars nervosa, exhibiting numerous dilatations with a diversity of internal structure, apparently representing the ultrastructural manifestation of intraaxonal turnover of neurohypophysial hormones. Based on the predominating aspect of their internal structure, dilatations of type A-fibers were classified into six different types, with various transitional forms: Type I is characterized by abundant NSGs; type II by prominent mitochondria; type III by abundant lysosomal bodies; type IV by an electron-lucent matrix with few organelles; type V by prominent tubuloreticular profiles; and type VI by numerous microvesicles. The functional significance of each type is discussed and a scheme of possible interrelationships between these dilatations is proposed.
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  • 92
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    Cell & tissue research 205 (1980), S. 371-382 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ameloblast ; Amelogenesis ; Human foetus ; Tooth germ ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of internal enamel epithelium, preameloblasts and secretory ameloblasts in primary tooth germs (bell stage) from four human foetuses was investigated. The characteristics of the differentiation of internal enamel epithelium via preameloblasts to secretory ameloblasts are described. The internal enamel epithelium consists of a row of low differentiated prismatic cells separated from the dental papilla by a distinct even basal lamina. In the preameloblasts the rough endoplasmic reticulum cisterns and mitochondria increase in number, the Golgi complexes become extensive and take up a distal position, and secretory granules are formed. Furthermore, the basal lamina is removed by coated vesicles, and proximally and distally in the cells a complex of zonulae adhaerentes, terminal webs and gap junctions is formed. The secretory ameloblasts make up a layer of highly differentiated cells demonstrating typical merocrine secretion.
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  • 93
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    Cell & tissue research 205 (1980), S. 493-511 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Aphids ; Scolopidia ; Sensilla ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An electron microscopical study of aphid antennal sensilla has revealed two types of trichoid sensilla. Type I, innervated by a single neuron is mechanoreceptive; type II, innervated by three to five neurons is both mechanoreceptive and chemoreceptive with possibly a third function. Johnston's organ in the pedicel comprises a peripheral ring of scolopidia inserted into the joint with the flagellum; two non-peripheral groups of scolopidia lie in the lumen with attachment points in the wall of the third segment. The fine structure of a campaniform sensillum on the pedicel is described together with two homologous and previously unknown sense organs at the joint between the fifth and sixth antennal segments. An unusually placed scolopidium in the lumen of the sixth segment has also been found. The function of this scolopidium is unknown but Johnston's organ, the campaniform sensillum and joint receptors are suggested to act as antennal proprioceptors.
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    Cell & tissue research 206 (1980), S. 211-223 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Enameloid ; Lophius ; Ultrastructure ; X-ray analysis ; Electron diffraction ; Electron microprobe analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La microscopie électronique à transmission, la microscopie électronique à balayage, la diffraction X, la diffraction électronique et l'analyse par microsonde ont prouvé l'existence d'un émailoïde, ultrastructuralement et chimiquement différent de la dentine, chez la baudroie. La microscopie électronique à balayage et la microscopie électronique à transmission ont mis en évidence un chapeau d'émailoïde, d'environ 50 μm d'épaisseur, et une couche fine (1 μm) d'émailoïde du collet. L'émailoïde du collet, dont l'ultrastructure différente de celle de la dentine a été mise en évidence en microscopie électronique à transmission et en microscopie électronique à balayage, apparaît, après analyse par microsonde, moins minéralisé que le chapeau. Le chapeau d'émailoïde diffère de la dentine par (i) sa densité aux électrons en microscopie électronique à transmission; (ii) sa structure perpendiculaire à celle de la dentine sous-jacente, visible en microscopie électronique à transmission et en microscopie électronique à balayage et confirmée par la diffraction électronique, qui montre une orientation préférentielle des cristaux; (iii) son contenu en fluor plus élevé, qui diminue progressivement de l'apex à la jonction avec la dentine et chute brutalement au-dessous de cette jonction; (iv) sa teneur plus basse en magnésium. Les auteurs proposent que soit établie une classification des émailoïdes analogue à celle des dentines et dans laquelle l'émailoïde de Sélaciens constituerait un standard de référence.
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural and chemical differences between mature enameloid and dentine in the teleost fish Lophius were demonstrated using transmission (TEM) and scanning (SEM) electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction analysis, electron diffraction analysis and electron microprobe analysis. An enameloid cap (about 50 μm thick) and a thin layer (1 μm thick) of collar enameloid were revealed in the scanning (SEM) and transmission (TEM) electron microscopes. Collar enameloid, structurally different from dentine both in SEM and TEM, proved to be less mineralized than the cap as revealed by electron microprobe analysis. The enameloid cap was seen to differ from dentine by (i) its electron density in TEM; (ii) the structural arrangement perpendicular to the underlying dentine, observed in SEM and TEM and corroborated by electron diffraction data, which showed a preferred orientation of enameloid crystallites; (iii) its higher F content decreasing gradually from the apex of the tooth to the junction with dentine and falling suddenly below this junction; and (iv) its lower Mg content. Establishment of a classification of enameloids is proposed, similar to that for dentines, in which selachian enameloid would be a reference standard.
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    Cell & tissue research 206 (1980), S. 291-302 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurohypophysis ; Perivascular space ; Pericytes ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The vascular and perivascular regions of the human neurohypophysis were studied electron microscopically. The abluminal basement membrane, perivascular space, luminal basement membrane and endothelium are interposed between the neural parenchyma and the blood stream. The capillaries are fenestrated, with pores measuring 30 to 50 nm in diameter. The perivascular and intercellular spaces form prominent networks that penetrate between rows of neurohypophysial parenchymal cells. The perivascular space contains pericytes, histiocytes, fibroblasts and mast cells, with ultrastructural features typical of each cell type. No transitional forms between histiocytes and pericytes were observed. A schema for the extracellular flow of neurohypophysial hormones through the sinusoidal and perivascular spaces is proposed, suggesting an important role for the pituicytes and their intercellular junctions in the control of hormone release.
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    Cell & tissue research 206 (1980), S. 417-430 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pinealocyte ; Fetus ; Mole ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the pinealocytes in the fetal mole (Talpa europaea) was examined and compared with that in the adult mole. The parenchyma of the fetal pineal gland consists primarily of pinealocytes with very few dispersed “glial” cells. Three different morphological types of pinealocytes (I, II and III) were observed. Pinealocytes of types I and II, homologous to the rudimentary photoreceptor cells of lacertilians and birds, were commonly found, especially around the pineal lumen, which is still present in the fetus. These results support the concept of the phylogenetic origin of mammalian pinealocytes from the pineal photoreceptor cells of the non-mammalian vertebrates. Considering their synthetic/secretory activity, the pinealocytes of the mole fetus are characterized by the presence of accumulations of proteinaceous material (APM) in the cisternae of the granular endoplasmic reticulum (GER). Two types of APM were also found. One type shows a paracrystalline organization as described in the adult mole. In the fetus, however, the paracrystalline-organized APM occur only infrequently. A progressive transformation, via an increase in size or fusion of vacuoles containing material originating from the cisternae of the GER in APM, free of a paracrystalline structure, has been observed. Granular vesicles (GV) originating from the Golgi saccules were rarely observed. Sometimes GV and APM were found to be present in the same cell.
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    Cell & tissue research 206 (1980), S. 441-449 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Protonephridium ; Planarian ; Configuration of flame cell ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The protonephridial flame cell of the freshwater planarian Bdellocephala brunnea was studied by electron microscopy. This basketlike cell with luminal cilia and fenestrae is known as a cyrtocyte. Careful examination revealed the actual continuity of the fenestrae over the surface of the cell and the microvillous nature of thin cytoplasmic rods composing the fenestrae. On the basis of these findings, a new interpretation was given for the threedimensional configuration of a single cell: this cell is essentially stellate in shape, with several irregular cytoplasmic processes adjoining one another, thus bearing a basic resemblance to the podocyte of a mammalian renal corpuscle. The cytoplasmic features strongly suggest its great capability of reabsorbing substances from the filtrate and of carrying out intracellular digestion. Some additional structural specialization of the fenestra, serving for enlargement of the filtration surface, was observed.
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    Cell & tissue research 206 (1980), S. 451-458 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Protonephridium ; Planarian ; Regional differentiation of tubules ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary A systematic electron microscopic investigation was undertaken to elucidate the regional differentiation of the protonephridial tubules of the freshwater planarian Bdellocephala brunnea. The excretory system consists of many independent protonephridia, each made up of the repeatedly branching “proximal tubules,” and highly tortuous “distal tubule.” The proximal tubules are composed of a simple ciliated epithelium except in the trunk which lacks ciliation. The cytoplasmic features of the ciliated cell closely resemble those of the flame cell, indicating highly active protein reabsorption by pinocytosis. Pinocytosis seems also active in the trunk of the proximal tubules and in the distal tubule, resulting in cytoplasmic vesicles of typical appearance. Salient features of the distal tubule cell are the increased density of the cytoplasmic matrix and the presence of many basal compartments of cytoplasm with mitochondria, a pattern common to many epithelia with osmoregulatory function. The morphology and possible functions of the planarian protonephridium are discussed in comparison with the vertebrate nephron.
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    Cell & tissue research 206 (1980), S. 505-508 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ticks ; Ultrastructure ; Synapses ; Muscles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Peripheral nerve axons synapse with somatic muscle fibres in the tropical bont tick Amblyomma variegatum. Each fibre is innervated by numerous terminals; some of the axons synapse more than once. The nerve terminals on coxal muscle fibres contain agranular electron lucent vesicles 50 to 58 nm in size and have the specialised synaptic membranes characteristic of chemically transmitting nerve-muscle junctions. Some of the terminals on trochanteral muscle fibres additionally contain larger vesicles (90 nm) with electron dense cores, suggesting that these junctions operate with a different kind of neurotransmitter.
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    Cell & tissue research 207 (1980), S. 109-121 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pineal region ; Opossum ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the pineal region of the opossum, Didelphis virginiana, two types of cells predominate: 1) pinealocytes, and 2) fibrous astrocytes. Pinealocytes are characterized by the presence of prominent Golgi bodies, numerous clear and dense-cored vesicles, sensory cilia (9+0), vesicle-crowned rods, and condensation of a material that was always associated with the rough endoplasmic reticulum. In addition, two other cell types are occasionally seen. These include 1) neuron-like cells, and 2) darker staining cells of unknown identity. The endoplasmic reticulum of the darker staining cells is typically expanded and filled with an amorphous substance. Although the pineal region is small in size, the present findings suggest that pinealocytes in this species are metabolically active cells displaying a secretory function. Moreover, the presence of sensory cilia (9+0) and vesicle-crowned rods indicates that pinealocytes of the opossum are phylogenetically related to the photoreceptor cells found in the pineal organ of lower vertebrates.
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