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  • Springer  (200,583)
  • American Institute of Physics  (28,066)
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)  (19,432)
  • National Academy of Sciences  (11,799)
  • 2015-2019  (143,809)
  • 1985-1989  (66,546)
  • 1980-1984  (49,525)
  • 2015  (143,809)
  • 1986  (66,546)
  • 1980  (49,525)
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  • 2015-2019  (143,809)
  • 1985-1989  (66,546)
  • 1980-1984  (49,525)
Year
  • 1
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    Geological Storage of CO2 - long term security aspects (2015)
    Springer
    In:  Geotechnologien science report | Advanced Technologies in Earth Sciences
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-12
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/book
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  • 2
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    Long-Term Disaster-Prevention Strategies Based on Education (2015)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-12-23
    Description: Although human behavior is the crucial factor in the degree of vulnerability and the likelihood of disasters taking place, preparedness and prevention programs are not mandatory in all countries around the world. Within the framework of UPStrat-MAFA (Urban disaster Prevention Strategies using MAcroseismic FAults), we have defined the disaster prevention strategies based on education management information and actions taken in Iceland, Portugal, Spain, and Italy. A detailed comparative study shows that compulsory school in these four participating countries is greatly unprepared with regard to hazard education, and these results are in line with worldwide studies. Moreover, when hazards are addressed, this is not done at an early age, which results in a missed chance to intervene in the noncognitive side of awareness, which decreases at later ages. To comply with the urge to take actions towards training and education at an early age, we used hands-on tools and learn-by-playing approaches in an informal learning environment. To reach the older population, the audio- visual media appears to be the best and lowest cost alternative to promote risk perception, awareness and education.
    Description: Published
    Description: 77-80
    Description: 3T. Pericolosità sismica e contributo alla definizione del rischio
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Disaster prevention ; Education ; Seismic hazard ; Information strategies ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 3
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    The European experience of educational seismology (2015)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-25
    Description: This chapter provides an overview of last two decades, European experiences in educational seismology and describes the different contexts in which they have been developed. The basic idea of these educational projects is that Seismology may represent an efficient communication vehicle for teaching a wide range of basic Earth sci-ence topics through laboratory practices and educational activities. Moreover it is also an effective tool to raise in the young citizens the awareness on the earthquake risk and possible mitigation actions. In this frame several seismic stations with different technologies were installed in schools across Europe. The scientific support of re-searchers and the need to establish strong links between teachers and researchers attribute to the school an active role in the knowledge process using the scientific laboratory practice by adopting the “learning by doing” modern approach of science communication (R. Schank and C. Cleary, 1995, Engines for Education, Ed. Routledge, 248 pp). Some educational activities correlated with seismological projects are presented, following different strategies depending on the country, but all aimed at building a new way to communicate science in the schools. The new vogue is the opening toward social networks and blogs. This generalizes the concept of an educational Geoscience website making it an e-platform for science communication and multimedia data sharing, where researchers, teachers, students and education op-erators can interact and constantly be kept informed of ongoing activities and relevant events. All of these 'seismology at school' initiatives rely on the concept of school networking and will merge in the European project NERA (Network of European Research Infrastructures for Earthquake Risk Assessment and Mitigation, http://www.nera-eu.org/) where a spe-cific workpackage is dedicated to networking school seismology programs.
    Description: Published
    Description: 145-170
    Description: 3T. Pericolosità sismica e contributo alla definizione del rischio
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: educational seismology ; educational projects ; learning by doing ; science communication ; school seismology ; 05. General::05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues::05.03.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 4
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    Applying the Disruption Index Procedure to Evaluate the Urban Seismic Risk in the Mt. Etna Area (Italy) (2015)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-12-23
    Description: The Disruption Index is used here for the assessment of urban disruption in the Mt. Etna area after a natural disaster. The first element of the procedure is the definition of the seismic input, which is based on information about the historical seismicity and seismogenic faults. The second element is the computation of the seismic impact on the building stock and infrastructure in the region considered. Information on urban-scale vulnerability was collected and a geographic information system was used to organize the data relating to buildings and network systems (e.g., typologies, schools, strategic structures, lifelines). The central idea underlying the definition of the Disruption Index is the identification and evaluation of the impacts on a target community, considering the physical elements that contribute most to the severe disruption. The results of this study are therefore very useful for earthquake preparedness planning and for the development of strategies to minimize the risks from earthquakes. This study is a product of the European “Urban Disaster Prevention Strategies using Macroseismic Fields and Fault Sources” project (UPStrat-MAFA European project 2013).
    Description: Published
    Description: Torino
    Description: 3T. Pericolosità sismica e contributo alla definizione del rischio
    Description: open
    Keywords: Seismic impact ; Disruption index ; Urban system ; Risk measures ; Mt. Etna area (Italy) ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: Conference paper
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  • 5
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    Towards multi-resolution global climate modeling with ECHAM6–FESOM. Part I: model formulation and mean climate (2015)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Climate Dynamics, Springer, 44(3), pp. 757-780, ISSN: 0930-7575
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-01-27
    Description: A new climate model has been developed that employs a multi-resolution dynamical core for the sea ice-ocean component. In principle, the multi-resolution approach allows one to use enhanced horizontal resolution in dynamically active regions while keeping a coarse-resolution setup otherwise. The coupled model consists of the atmospheric model ECHAM6 and the finite element sea ice-ocean model (FESOM). In this study only moderate refinement of the unstructured ocean grid is applied and the resolution varies from about 25 km in the northern North Atlantic and in the tropics to about 150 km in parts of the open ocean; the results serve as a benchmark upon which future versions that exploit the potential of variable resolution can be built. Details of the formulation of the model are given and its performance in simulating observed aspects of the mean climate is described. Overall, it is found that ECHAM6–FESOM realistically simulates many aspects of the observed climate. More specifically it is found that ECHAM6–FESOM performs at least as well as some of the most sophisticated climate models participating in the fifth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project. ECHAM6–FESOM shares substantial shortcomings with other climate models when it comes to simulating the North Atlantic circulation.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , isiRev
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 6
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    Laboratory activities for seismic and volcanic hazards education: a challenge for scientists (2015)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Balanced information and education are fundamental prerequisites for risk prevention and preparedness. Among others, children embody our best chance to implant appropriate behaviors that will be recalled during hazardous situations and to involve adults according to a knowledge chain reaction. In this work, scientists challenge their communication skills to built a set of hands-on and learn-by-play based laboratory activities, for primary and secondary schools, addressing three major issues: (1) the location of earthquakes and volcanoes on Earth; (2) earthquakes and eruptions mechanisms; (3) earthquakes unpredictability. Students are asked to place volcanoes and earthquakes epicenters (issue 1) on a wooden plate puzzle according to Plate dynamics. To addresses eruption mechanisms (issue 2) and related hazard, we use backing soda forced blowing out from a volcano vent and suggest that a pyroclastic flow is fast, it can spread over a large area and raise high up to the stratosphere. Earthquake mechanisms (issue 2) are discussed describing the energy buildup, release, and transfer, using a wooden sticks bendand- break analogy. The display of acoustic waves caused by the breakage in different situations allows understanding of both the rupture energy and the wave attenuation. Earthquakes occurrence (issue 3) is addressed using steadily pulled blocks sliding on a frictional surface, where pins simulate asperities. These activities were tested, involving thousands of students. Discussions with students and teachers and the analysis of the answers to specific questionnaires gave us confidence that we proposed proper tools to raise risk awareness
    Description: Published
    Description: 89-93
    Description: 3T. Pericolosità sismica e contributo alla definizione del rischio
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Seismic and volcanic hazards, Outreach, Education ; 05. General::05.09. Miscellaneous::05.09.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 7
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    Cloudy with a Chance of ideas! ( Piovono idee!): an interactive learning experience on hydrogeological risk and climate change (2015)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: On October 25th 2011 a devastating flood hit the Vara and Magra valleys in Italy and left an unforgettable scratch in the inhabitants’ minds. Cloudy with a Chance of ideas! (Piovono idee!) is an active journey of discovery and training on hydrogeological risk and climate change. Land preservation and safety of people living on it are issues, which we would like to help citizens get perception about, in order to instill awareness on the actions that can be taken towards risk mitigation. Cloudy with a Chance of ideas! stemmed from this belief, and it is the result of a collaborative planning in which primary and secondary school students, living within cities heavily hit by the flood, took actively part. Children were helped by experts and scientists to build an exhibition devoted to hydrogeological risk. Here interactive workspaces, games and educational laboratories, allow visitors explore concepts, phenomena and their consequences on land and inhabitants. Issues are addressed from a daily actions perspective, where everybody might make the difference towards sustainability and trigger good practices on natural hazards risk reduction.
    Description: Published
    Description: 121-124
    Description: 4A. Clima e Oceani
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: hydrogeological risk, climate change, prevention, environmental impact, territory. ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.02. Climate
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 8
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    Prediction of the shear wave velocity Vs from CPT and DMT at research sites (2015)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The paper examines the correlations to obtain rough estimates of the shear wave velocity VS from nonseismic dilatometer tests (DMT) and cone penetration tests (CPT). While the direct measurement of VS is obviously preferable, these correlations may turn out useful in various circumstances. The experimental results at six international research sites suggest that the DMT predictions of VS from the parameters ID (material index), KD (horizontal stress index), MDMT (constrained modulus) are more reliable and consistent than the CPT predictions from qc (cone resistance), presumably because of the availability, by DMT, of the stress history index KD.
    Description: Published
    Description: 83-92
    Description: 3T. Pericolosità sismica e contributo alla definizione del rischio
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: horizontal stress index ; shear wave velocity ; flat dilatometer test ; cone penetration test ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 9
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    Perception of risk for volcanic hazard in Indian Ocean: La Réunion Island case study. (2015)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-24
    Description: In 2011 a research project on volcanic risk assessment at La Réunion Island (Project Aléa, Institute de Physique du Globe de Paris, France) was conducted in order to determine more efficient strategies to manage future volcanic crises. The project included the evaluation of volcanic scenarios through field and historical data analysis, as well as a survey on volcanic risk perception in resident population. A clear scientific information and an effective communication with public play a crucial role in risk mitigation strategies. In particular, the evaluation of the public perception during both volcanic crises and dormant periods is an important element in developing actions focused on specific social and cultural contexts. A questionnaire was developed based on the ones used in similar researches conducted on Italian active volcanoes. Items were designed to measure variables connected with personal perception of hazard and risk, trust in mitigation actions and in information received about these aspects. In addition, specific items related to the peculiarities of La Réunion Island environment were included. A total of 2,000 questionnaires were distributed taking into account factors such as the proximity to the volcano and the involvement of communities in recent volcanic emergencies. Main results coming out from this survey, if on the one hand show an adequate residents’ perception of natural hazards, on the other hand highlight their poor knowledge of the island’ active volcano, a similar lacking knowledge of emergency plan for volcanic crises, but also a high confidence in scientists to provide accurate and reliable information on volcanic risk and hazards in contrast with Local Authorities. Remarkable findings of this study assess some key elements that should be considered by the institutions in charge for defining policies aimed to volcanic risk mitigation and management of future volcanic crises.
    Description: Unpublished
    Description: 1V. Storia e struttura dei sistemi vulcanici
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: risk perception, volcanic hazards ; 05. General::05.09. Miscellaneous::05.09.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 10
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    Engineering Geology for Society and Territory - Volume 7: Education, Professional Ethics and Public Recognition of Engineering Geology (2015)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: This book is one out of 8 IAEG XII Congress volumes, and deals with education and the professional ethics, which scientists, regulators, and practitioners of engineering geology inevitably have to face through the purposes, methods, limitations, and findings of their works. This volume presents contributions on the professional responsibilities of engineering geologists; the interaction of engineering geologists with other professionals; recognition of the engineering geological profession and its particular contribution to society, culture, and economy; and implications for the education of engineering geologists at tertiary level and in further education schemes. Issues treated in this volume are: the position of engineering geology within the geo-engineering profession; professional ethics and communication; resource use and re-use; managing risk in a litigious world; engineering and geological responsibility; and engineering geology at tertiary level. The Engineering Geology for Society and Territory volumes of the IAEG XII Congress held in Torino from September 15-19, 2014, analyze the dynamic role of engineering geology in our changing world and build on the four main themes of the congress: Environment, processes, issues, and approaches.
    Description: Published
    Description: 3T. Pericolosità sismica e contributo alla definizione del rischio
    Description: 5A. Energia e georisorse
    Description: 6A. Monitoraggio ambientale, sicurezza e territorio
    Description: open
    Keywords: Geoethics ; Geoeducation ; Professional Ethics ; Engineering Geology ; Communication ; Society ; Risks management ; Georesources ; Geological responsibility ; 05. General::05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues::05.03.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.09. Miscellaneous::05.09.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book
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  • 11
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    Natural Gas Seepage (2015)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Published
    Description: 7A. Geofisica di esplorazione
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Gas seepage, methane ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.12. Fluid Geochemistry
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book
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  • 12
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    Geosystemics, entropy and criticality of earthquakes: a vision of our planet and a key of access (2015)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Earth is a system of interconnected systems, whose complexity is far from being fully understood by a reductionist approach alone. In this chapter we introduce the concept of geosystemics and the use of the entropy to characterize some aspects of the phenomena under study. We will show how entropy and criticality of the system are central to better understand the most important general features of earthquakes. We will analyze two recent seismic sequences culminated with a main-shock (2009 L’Aquila and 2012 Emilia, both in Italy) to show the potential of this approach and to understand some important characteristics of the seismicity under scrutiny.
    Description: Published
    Description: 3-20
    Description: 4T. Fisica dei terremoti e scenari cosismici
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: geosystemics, earthquake, complexity ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 13
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    Geoethical aspects in the natural hazards management (2015)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The defence against natural hazards involves many actors with different roles: geoscientists, decision makers, local authorities, mass media, citizens. A proper management of georisks requires that each role is well-defined and governed by shared operational protocols, especially during the emergency phase, so that overlapping and misunderstanding don’t jeopardize population safety and economic activities. To achieve good results in this direction, it is necessary to undertake a careful evaluation of the limits and expectations of each component of society and the respect of legitimate aspirations and prerogatives. An effective defence system against natural hazards should be planned rationally and based on scientific data, in order to avoid alarmism among citizens, misleading sensationalism by media, careless decisions by politicians, as well as approximation in managing different phases of the risk cycle. Taking into consideration geoethical aspects related to natural hazards can be helpful to make geoscientists aware of their responsibilities towards society and to clarify the role they can play in the interaction with other actors, aiming at more efficacious actions for georisk mitigation.
    Description: Published
    Description: 59-62
    Description: 4T. Fisica dei terremoti e scenari cosismici
    Description: 4V. Vulcani e ambiente
    Description: 4A. Clima e Oceani
    Description: 6A. Monitoraggio ambientale, sicurezza e territorio
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Geoethics ; Natural hazards ; Risks ; Society ; Responsibility ; 05. General::05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues::05.03.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.08. Risk::05.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.09. Miscellaneous::05.09.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 14
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    What’s the seismic risk perception in Italy? (2015)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Risk perception is a fundamental element in the definition and the adoption of preventive counter-measures. In order to develop effective information and risk communication strategies, the perception of risks and the influencing factors should be known. This paper presents preliminary results of a survey on seismic risk perception in Italy. The research design combines a psychometric and a cultural theoretic approach. More than 5,000 on-line tests have been compiled from January 23rd till July 25th, 2013. The data collected show that in Italy seismic risk perception is strongly underestimated; 86 on 100 Italian citizens, living in the most dangerous zone (namely Zone 1), do not have a correct perception of seismic hazard. From these observations we deem that extremely urgent measures are required in Italy to reach an effective way to communicate seismic risk"This study has benefited from funding provided by the Italian Presidenza del Consiglio dei Ministri - Dipartimento di Protezione Civile (DPC). This paper does not necessarily represent DPC official opinion and policies".
    Description: Published
    Description: 69-75
    Description: 3T. Pericolosità sismica e contributo alla definizione del rischio
    Description: open
    Keywords: Risk perception ; Seismic hazard ; Hazard communication ; Seismic risk ; 05. General::05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues::05.03.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 15
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    Natural tritium determination in groundwater on Mt. Etna (Sicily, Italy) (2015)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Tritium is a naturally occurring radionuclide, due to interactions of cosmic-rays with the upper layers of the atmosphere; but its presence in the environment is mainly due to residual fallout from nuclear weapons atmosphere tests, carried out from 1952 till 1980. Tritium reaches the Earth’s surface mainly in the form of precipitation, becoming part of the hydrological cycle, then the interest of tritium content analysis in drinking water is both for dosimetry and health-risk and for using tritium as a natural tracer in the groundwater circulation system. This paper presents results from a survey carried out in the Mt. Etna area (east and west flanks) and in the southern side of Nebrodi in Sicily (Italy), in order to determine tritium activity concentrations in water samples by using liquid scintillation counter. The investigated areas show quite low tritium concentrations, much below the Italian limit of 100 Bq L-1 for drinking water and even comparable with the minimum detectable activity value. The effective dose due to tritium for public drinking water consumption was also evaluated.
    Description: Published
    Description: 861-866
    Description: 6A. Monitoraggio ambientale, sicurezza e territorio
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Tritium ; Tritiated water ; Liquid scintillation ; Mt. Etna ; Drinking water ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.07. Radioactivity and isotopes
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 16
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    Archeoseismology in Sicily: past earthquakes and effects on society (2015)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: This work presents a review of archeological evidence of strong earthquakes occurring in Sicily at a time of Greek and Roman colonization, a period of considerable political, economic and social instability. In this historical context, the earthquake effects may have been obscured or overlooked to some extent and consequently the documentary information on ancient earthquakes, when available, is often sparse and lacking objectivity. The studied cases combine historical and archaeological data together with the evidence of structural damage to archaeological sites. Looking into past, the vocation of archaeoseismology lies in the identification of past seismic events, and particularly what the ancient society knew on earthquakes, and what kind of seismic effects produced on buildings and sites.
    Description: Unpublished
    Description: 491-504
    Description: 2T. Tettonica attiva
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Archaeoseismology ; Historical seismicity ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 17
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    A comparison of surface and underground array measurements of ambient noise recorded in Naples (Italy). (2015)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-24
    Description: Abstract In this study, we describe two experiments of seismic noise measurements carried out in Naples, Italy. The site allowed measurements to be obtained both at the surface and in a tunnel that is 120-m-deep. The main goal was to compare the seismic response evaluated at the surface to the in-tunnel response, through spectral, polarization, and resonance directivity analyses. In the 1 to 20 Hz frequency band, the noise level was up to 15 dB higher at the surface than in the tunnel. The polarization properties and horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratios appear not to be influenced by the tunnel geometry or by the topography. Some preferential alignments were observed in the polarization azimuths computed at the surface, which are likely to be due to local sources, rather than morphological features. The absence of directivity effects and the low noise levels in the tunnel make this site suitable for installing seismic stations. We also studied how the subsoil structure affects the seismic motion at the surface. The dispersive properties of the Rayleigh waves were investigated using the spatial autocorrelation method. A joint inversion of the dispersion data and the horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratios provided the subsurface Vs profile. The derived model has a low velocity contrast at depth, such as to generate moderate and broad H/V spectral ratio peak amplitude. The normalized spectral ratio appears more appropriate to identify the soil-resonance frequencies.
    Description: Published
    Description: 385 - 400
    Description: 4T. Fisica dei terremoti e scenari cosismici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: seismic noise ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.09. Waves and wave analysis
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 18
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    Seismic Microzonation in a Small Municipality: The Canazei Case Study (Trentino, N Italy) (2015)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-24
    Description: The results of a detailed seismic microzonation study performed at Canazei (Trentino—Northern Italy) are here presented. We investigated the local seismic response of this small village using a Level 3 seismic microzonation, the most accurate according to the Italian Code of Seismic Microzonation. This method consists of gradual steps of knowledge to consider different aspects of the amplification phenomena. A multidisciplinary approach has been performed, including a local geological study, geophysical investigations, geotechnical characterization of lithologies and numerical analyses. The obtained elastic response spectra were compared to the spectra prescribed by the Italian Building Code. Our results show the geologic and geophysical subsoil heterogeneities, responsible for different local seismic responses in terms of acceleration spectra and amplification factors.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1085-1089
    Description: 3T. Pericolosità sismica e contributo alla definizione del rischio
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Seismic microzonation ; Response spectra ; Amplification factor ; Canazei ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.04. Ground motion ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.06. Surveys, measurements, and monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 19
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    Geoscientific Communication Problem with Communities for Disaster Prevention and Land Planning in Peru (2015)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-02-24
    Description: The communication process between the geoscientists and native communities in risk areas can significantly affect disaster prevention and land use planning. In Peru, the problem of disaster prevention is a fundamental policy due to unfamiliarity and deficiency of the associate information on the population. It is possible that talk of disaster prevention it will be an unlikely ideal in a country where most towns have settled on unplanned projects by the constant change and the lack of interest from the authorities in such topics. However, it is anachronistic that the rural communities and towns continue to live without a plan to enable them to improve their quality of life. The correct use of geoscience information in the mass media can help in this work. The characteristics of the enterprise in Peru require more training by professionals in the geosciences and support communication specialists. In this paper, we analyze the problem of communication for disaster prevention in Peru, with the aim of contributing to the articulation of a disaster prevention strategy.
    Description: Published
    Description: 81-83
    Description: 3T. Pericolosità sismica e contributo alla definizione del rischio
    Description: 4V. Vulcani e ambiente
    Description: 6A. Monitoraggio ambientale, sicurezza e territorio
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Communication process ; Disaster prevention ; Risk management ; Peru ; Geoethics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues::05.03.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.08. Risk::05.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.09. Miscellaneous::05.09.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    The Kongsfjorden Channel System offshore NW Svalbard: downslope sedimentary processes in a contour-current-dominated setting (2015)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Arktos, Springer, 1(1), ISSN: 2364-9453
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-01-03
    Description: Submarine channel systems on and off glaciated continental margins can be up to hundreds of kilometres long, tens of kilometres wide and hundreds of metres deep. They result from repeated erosion and various downslope processes predominantly during glacial periods and can, therefore, provide valuable tools for the reconstruction of past ice-sheet dynamics. The Kongsfjorden Channel System (KCS) on the continental slope off northwest Svalbard provides evidence that downslope sedimentary processes are locally more dominant than regional along-slope sedimentation. It is a relatively short channel system (*120 km) that occurs at a large range of water depths (*250–4000 m) with slope gradients varying between 0 and 20. Multiple gullies on the Kongsfjorden Trough Mouth Fan merge to small channels that further merge to a main channel. The overall location of the channel system is controlled by variations in slope gradients and the ambient regional bathymetry. The widest and deepest incisions occur in areas of the steepest slope gradients. The KCS has probably been active since *1 Ma when glacial activity on Svalbard increased and grounded ice expanded to the shelf break off Kongsfjorden repeatedly. Activity within the system was probably highest during glacials. However, reduced activity presumably took place also during interglacials.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Recent foraminifera in the Arctic Ocean and Kara Sea continental margin (2015)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Arktos, Springer, pp. 0-17
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-02-28
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Pteropod sedimentation patterns in different water depths observed with moored sediment traps over a 4-year period at the LTER station HAUSGARTEN in eastern Fram Strait (2015)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Polar Biol, Springer, ISSN: 0722-4000
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-02-10
    Description: Pteropods are important organisms in highlatitude ecosystems, and they are expected to severely suffer from climate change in the near future. In this study, sedimentation patterns of two pteropod species, the polar Limacina helicina and the subarctic boreal L. retroversa, are presented. Time series data received by moored sediment traps at the Long-Term Ecological Research (LTER) Observatory HAUSGARTEN in eastern Fram Strait were analyzed during the years 2008 to 2012. Results were derived from four different deployment depths (200, 1,250, 2,400, and 2,550 m) at two different sites (79°N 04'200E; 79°430N 04'300E). A species-specific sedimentation pattern was present at all depths and at both sites showing maximal flux rates during September/October for L. helicina and in November/December for L. retroversa. The polar L. helicina was outnumbered by L. retroversa (55–99 %) at both positions and at all depths supporting the recently observed trend toward the dominance of the subarctic boreal species. The largest decrease in pteropod abundance occurred within the mesopelagic zone (*200–1,250 m), indicating loss via microbial degradation and grazing. Pteropod carbonate (aragonite) amounted up to *75 % of the total carbonate flux at 200 m and 2–13 % of the aragonite found in the shallow traps arrived at the deep sediment traps (*160 m above the seafloor), revealing the significance of pteropods in carbonate export at Fram Strait. Our results emphasize the relevance and the need for continuation of long-term studies to detect and trace changes in pteropod abundances and community composition and thus in the vertical transport of aragonite.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 23
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    Annual changes of aerosol optical depth and Ångström exponent over Spitsbergen (2015)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Free Preview Impact of Climate Changes on Marine Environments, Book, Springer, 15 p., pp. 23-37, ISBN: 978-3-319-14282-1
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-03-05
    Description: This book contributes to the current discussion on global environmental changes by discussing modifications in marine ecosystems related to global climate changes. In marine ecosystems, rising atmospheric CO2 and climate changes are associated with shifts in temperature, circulation, stratification, nutrient input, oxygen concentration and ocean acidification, which have significant biological effects on a regional and global scale. Knowing how these changes affect the distribution and abundance of plankton in the ocean currents is crucial to our understanding of how climate change impacts the marine environment. Ocean temperatures, weather and climatic changes greatly influence the amount and location of nutrients in the water column. If temperatures and currents change, the plankton production cycle may not coincide with the reproduction cycle of fish. The above changes are closely related to the changes in radiative forcing, which initiate feedback mechanisms like changes in surface temperature, circulation, and atmospheric chemistry.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Inbook , peerRev
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    Mineral dust variability in Antarctic ice for different climate conditions (2015)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Integrated Analysis of Interglacial Climate Dynamics, Springer Briefs in Earth System Sciences, Heidelberg, Springer, pp. 89-95, ISBN: 978-3-319-00692-5
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-04-07
    Description: This study aims to understand the dust deposition changes on the Antarctic ice sheet in different climatic stages. To this end high resolution dust concentration and size profiles from the EPICA-DML ice core over the transition from the last Glacial to the Holocene (T1) were combined with model experiments for four interglacial time slices and the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). A strong decrease in dust concentration (factor 46) and a slight increase in dust size was observed during T1. A strong coupling between transport and intensified sources during the Glacial could be derived from the seasonal variability of concentration and size and its phase-lag. This strong coupling vanishes during the Holocene. The model simulates increased dust deposition in Antarctica for all past interglacial time slices compared to the pre-industrial period. The major cause for the increase is enhanced Southern Hemisphere dust emission, but changes in atmospheric transport are also relevant. The maximum dust deposition in Antarctica is simulated for the LGM, showing a 10-fold increase compared to preindustrial conditions.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Cell-vertex discretization of shallow water equations on mixed unstructured meshes (2015)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Ocean Dynamics, Springer, 65(1), pp. 33-47, ISSN: 1616-7341
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-02-10
    Description: Finite-volume discretizations can be formulated on unstructured meshes composed of different polygons. A staggered cell-vertex finite-volume discretization of shallow water equations is analyzed on mixed meshes composed of triangles and quads. Although triangular meshes are most flexible geometrically, quads are more efficient numerically and do not support spurious inertial modes of triangular cell- vertex discretization. Mixed meshes composed of triangles and quads combine benefits of both. In particular, triangular transitional zones can be used to join quadrilateral meshes of differing resolution. Based on a set of examples involving shallow water equations, it is shown that mixed meshes offer a viable approach provided some background biharmonic viscosity (or the biharmonic filter) is added to stabilize the triangular part of the mesh.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Snow Accumulation In North Greenland Over The Last Millenium (2015)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Towards an Interdisciplinary Approach in Earth System Science, Springer Earth System Sciences, Heidelberg, Springer, 9 p., pp. 197-205, ISBN: 978-3-319-13864-0
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-11-14
    Description: Knowledge of snow accumulation rates of the large polar ice sheets and their variability over time is crucial for mass budget studies and sea level predictions. Here we present mean long-term snow accumulation rates of 12 shallow ice cores drilled by the North Greenland traverse in the northern part of Greenland. The ice core records cover the last 500 to 1000 years. We find a trend of decreasing accumulation rate from the southwest (~180 mmWE/a) to northeast (~95 mmWE/a). Ice divide sites show higher accumulation rates but also higher variability (up to 20%) than sites off the ice divides (less than 10%). Unlike a recent modeling study our results indicate no change in the accumulation in the north of Greenland during the last 400 years
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Bivalve Shells—Unique High-Resolution Archives of the Environmental Past (2015)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Towards an Interdisciplinary Approach in Earth System Science, (Springer Earth System Sciences), Heidelberg [u.a.], Springer, 251 p., pp. 173-182, ISBN: 978-3-319-13864-0
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-02-11
    Description: Understanding the climate of the past is essential for anticipating future climate change. Palaeoclimatic archives are the key to the past, but few marine archives (including tropical corals) combine long recording times (decades to centuries) with high temporal resolution (decadal to intra-annual). In temperate and polar regions carbonate shells can perform the equivalent function as a proxy archive as corals do in the tropics. The bivalve Arctica islandica is a particularly unique bio-archive owing to its wide distribution throughout the North Atlantic and its extreme longevity (up to 500 years). This paper exemplifies how information at intra-annual and decadal scales is derived from A. islandica shells and combined into a detailed picture of past conditions. Oxygen isotope analysis (δ18O) provides information on the intra-annual temperature cycle while frequency analysis of shell growth records identifies decadal variability such as a distinct 5-year signal, which might be linked to the North Atlantic Oscillation.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    A Sediment Budget for the Transkei Basin, Southwest Indian Ocean (2015)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Marine Geophysical Reseach, Springer, 36, pp. 281-291
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-11-06
    Description: Deep sea sediment budgets can be used to constrain erosion rates in the neighboring continents from which the material was derived. Here we construct a sediment budget for the Transkei Basin, offshore South Africa using an existing seismic reflection survey and dated by correlation of seismic attributes to dated sections in nearby basins. Backstripping of the sections reveals that sediment accumulation rates fell from 110 to 11 Ma, with a possible period of rapid accumulation from 36 to 34 Ma that may be driven by strengthening of the Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW). The long term trend is linked to erosional degradation of the onshore continental escarpment, formed as a consequence of continental break-up. No change is noted at 30 Ma, coincident with proposed uplift of southern Africa driven by plume activity. The basin shows a significant increase in sediment accumulation after 11 Ma, which we interpret to reflect strengthening and rerouting of the AABW from the south into Transkei Basin, as a far field effect of the start of closure of the Indonesian Throughflow.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Evaluation of Eemian and Holocene Climate Trends: Combining Marine Archives with Climate Modelling (2015)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Integrated Analysis of Interglacial Climate Dynamics (INTERDYNAMIC), SpringerBriefs in Earth System Sciences, Germany, Springer, 5 p., pp. 31-35, ISBN: 978-3-319-00693-2
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-06-05
    Description: In an attempt to assess trends of Holocene sea-surface temperature (SST), two proxies have been compiled and analyzed in light of model simulations. The data reveal contrasting SST trends, depending upon the proxy used to derive Holocene SST history. To reconcile these mismatches between proxies in the estimated Holocene SST trends, it has been proposed that the Holocene evolution of orbitally-driven seasonality of the incoming radiation is the first-order driving mechanism of the observed SST trends. Such hypothesis has been further tested in numerical models of the Earth system with important implications for SST signals ultimately recorded by marine sediment cores. The analysis of model results and alkenone proxy data for the Holocene indicate a similar pattern in temperature change, but the simulated SST trends underestimate the proxy-based SST trends by a factor of two to five. SST trends based on Mg/Ca show no correspondence with model results. We explore whether the consideration of different growing seasons and depth habitats of the planktonic organisms used for temperature reconstruction could lead to a better agreement of model results with alkenone data on a regional scale. We found that invoking shifts in the living season and habitat depth can remove some of the model–data discrepancies in SST trends. Our results indicate that modeled and reconstructed temperature trends are to a large degree only qualitatively comparable, thus providing at present a challenge for the interpretation of proxy data as well as the model sensitivity to orbital forcing.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Social recognition in amphipods: An overview (2015)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Social recognition in invertebrates - The knowns and the unknowns, Springer, 16 p., pp. 85-100, ISBN: 978-3-319-17599-7
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-06-02
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Character, distribution, and ecological significance of storm wave-induced scour in Rhode Island Sound, USA (2015)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: This paper is not subject to U.S. copyright. The definitive version was published in Geo-Marine Letters 35 (2015): 135-144, doi:10.1007/s00367-014-0392-0.
    Description: Multibeam bathymetry, collected during NOAA hydrographic surveys in 2008 and 2009, is coupled with USGS data from sampling and photographic stations to map the seabed morphology and composition of Rhode Island Sound along the US Atlantic coast, and to provide information on sediment transport and benthic habitats. Patchworks of scour depressions cover large areas on seaward-facing slopes and bathymetric highs in the sound. These depressions average 0.5–0.8 m deep and occur in water depths reaching as much as 42 m. They have relatively steep well-defined sides and coarser-grained floors, and vary strongly in shape, size, and configuration. Some individual scour depressions have apparently expanded to combine with adjacent depressions, forming larger eroded areas that commonly contain outliers of the original seafloor sediments. Where cobbles and scattered boulders are present on the depression floors, the muddy Holocene sands have been completely removed and the winnowed relict Pleistocene deposits exposed. Low tidal-current velocities and the lack of obstacle marks suggest that bidirectional tidal currents alone are not capable of forming these features. These depressions are formed and maintained under high-energy shelf conditions owing to repetitive cyclic loading imposed by high-amplitude, long-period, storm-driven waves that reduce the effective shear strength of the sediment, cause resuspension, and expose the suspended sediments to erosion by wind-driven and tidal currents. Because epifauna dominate on gravel floors of the depressions and infauna are prevalent in the finer-grained Holocene deposits, it is concluded that the resultant close juxtaposition of silty sand-, sand-, and gravel-dependent communities promotes regional faunal complexity. These findings expand on earlier interpretations, documenting how storm wave-induced scour produces sorted bedforms that control much of the benthic geologic and biologic diversity in Rhode Island Sound.
    Description: This work was supported by the Coastal and Marine Geology Program of the U.S. Geological Survey and the Atlantic Hydrographic Branch of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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    Heaving modes in the world oceans (2015)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2015. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Climate Dynamics 45 (2015): 3563-3591, doi:10.1007/s00382-015-2557-6.
    Description: Part of climate changes on decadal time scales can be interpreted as the result of adiabatic motions associated with the adjustment of wind-driven circulation, i.e., the heaving of the isopycnal surfaces. Heat content changes in the ocean, including hiatus of global surface temperature and other phenomena, can be interpreted in terms of heaving associated with adjustment of wind-driven circulation induced by decadal variability of wind. A simple reduced gravity model is used to examine the consequence of adiabatic adjustment of the wind-driven circulation. Decadal changes in wind stress forcing can induce three-dimensional redistribution of warm water in the upper ocean. In particular, wind stress change can generate baroclinic modes of heat content anomaly in the vertical direction; in fact, changes in stratification observed in the ocean may be induced by wind stress change at local or in the remote parts of the world oceans. Intensification of the equatorial easterly can induce cooling in the upper layer and warming in the subsurface layer. The combination of this kind of heat content anomaly with the general trend of warming of the whole water column under the increasing greenhouse effect may offer an explanation for the hiatus of global surface temperature and the accelerating subsurface warming over the past 10–15 years. Furthermore, the meridional transport of warm water in the upper ocean can lead to sizeable transient meridional overturning circulation, poleward heat flux and vertical heat flux. Thus, heaving plays a key role in the oceanic circulation and climate.
    Keywords: Adiabatic motions ; Heaving ; Subtropical and subpolar gyres ; Southern oceans ; Baroclinic modes of heating content anomaly ; Wind-driven circulation ; Climate variability of heat content
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    Quantifying the residence time and flushing characteristics of a shallow, back-barrier estuary : application of hydrodynamic and particle tracking models (2015)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: This paper is not subject to U.S. copyright. The definitive version was published in Estuaries and Coasts 38 (2015): 1719-1734, doi:10.1007/s12237-014-9885-3.
    Description: Estuarine residence time is a major driver of eutrophication and water quality. Barnegat Bay-Little Egg Harbor (BB-LEH), New Jersey, is a lagoonal back-barrier estuary that is subject to anthropogenic pressures including nutrient loading, eutrophication, and subsequent declines in water quality. A combination of hydrodynamic and particle tracking modeling was used to identify the mechanisms controlling flushing, residence time, and spatial variability of particle retention. The models demonstrated a pronounced northward subtidal flow from Little Egg Inlet in the south to Pt. Pleasant Canal in the north due to frictional effects in the inlets, leading to better flushing of the southern half of the estuary and particle retention in the northern estuary. Mean residence time for BB-LEH was 13 days but spatial variability was between ∼0 and 30 days depending on the initial particle location. Mean residence time with tidal forcing alone was 24 days (spatial variability between ∼0 and 50 days); the tides were relatively inefficient in flushing the northern end of the Bay. Scenarios with successive exclusion of physical processes from the models revealed that meteorological and remote offshore forcing were stronger drivers of exchange than riverine inflow. Investigations of water quality and eutrophication should take into account spatial variability in hydrodynamics and residence time in order to better quantify the roles of nutrient loading, production, and flushing.
    Description: Funding was provided by the New Jersey Department of Environmental Protection and the Coastal and Marine Geology Program of the U.S. Geological Survey.
    Keywords: Hydrodynamic modeling ; Residence time ; Particle tracking ; Back-barrier estuaries ; Eutrophication
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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    Ontology-based mediation of OGC catalogue service for the Web requests: a virtual solution for integrating coastal web atlases. (2015)
    Springer | Berlin
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-05-19
    Description: In recent years significant momentum has occurred in the development of Internet resources for decision makers and scientists interested in the coast. Chief among these has been the development of coastal web atlases (CWAs). While multiple benefits are derived from these tailor-made atlases (e.g., speedy access to multiple sources of coastal data and information), the potential exists to derive added value from the integration of disparate CWAs, to optimize decision making at a variety of levels and across themes. This paper describes the development of a semantic mediator prototype to provide a common access point to coastal data, maps and information from distributed CWAs. The prototype showcases how ontologies and ontology mappings can be used to integrate different heterogeneous and autonomous atlases, using the Open Geospatial Consortium’s Catalogue Services for the Web.
    Description: Published
    Keywords: Coastal web atlas ; Coastal atlas ; Data semantics ; Semantic web technologies ; Information retrieval ; GIS ; Ontologies ; Catalogue services for the web (CSW) ; Mediation
    Repository Name: AquaDocs
    Type: Conference Material , Refereed
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    North-West African Hydrologic Changes in the Holocene: A Combined Isotopic Data and Model Approach (2015)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Integrated Analysis of Interglacial Climate Dynamics (INTERDYNAMIC), (SpringerBriefs in Earth System Sciences), Heidelberg, Springer, 139 p., pp. 109-114, ISBN: 978-3-319-00692-5, ISSN: 2191-589X
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-02-04
    Description: To achieve a better understanding of the hydrologic evolution of the North-West (NW) African monsoon system during the Holocene, in particular during inferred abrupt climate changes at the end of the African Humid Period (AHP), we investigated terrigenous plant lipids deposited in marine sediments offshore NW Africa. Changes in rainfall amount were estimated by compound-specific hydrogen isotope (δD) analyses. The spatial gradient of rainfall isotopic compositions is reflected in marine surface sediments. δD changes in plant waxes covering the last 100 years confirm the observed decrease in rainfall during the late twentieth century Sahel drought, and thus can be used for a quantitative calibration of δD and pre- cipitation. δD changes in sedimentary plant waxes show no abrupt change at the end of the AHP suggesting a gradual precipitation decline. These results are supported by Holocene climate simulations using a coupled atmosphere-land surface model, which includes an explicit modeling of isotopic fractionation within the hydrological cycle.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Introduction to Modern Fortran for Earth System Sciences (2015)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Heidelberg, Springer, 250 p., ISBN: 978-3-642-37008-3
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-06-05
    Description: This work provides a short "getting started" guide to Fortran 90/95. The main target audience consists of newcomers to the field of numerical computation within Earth system sciences (students, researchers or scientific programmers). Furthermore, readers accustomed to other programming languages may also benefit from this work, by discovering how some programming techniques they are familiar with map to Fortran 95.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Holocene Environmental Variability in the Arctic Gateway (2015)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Integrated Analysis of Interglacial Climate Dynamics (INTERDYNAMIC), Integrated Analysis of Interglacial Climate Dynamics (INTERDYNAMIC), Heidelberg, Springer, pp. 37-42, ISBN: 978-3-319-00692-5, ISSN: 2191-589X
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-05-13
    Description: Environmental changes in the region connecting the Arctic Ocean and the northern North Atlantic were studied for the last 9,000 years (9 ka) by a combination of proxy-based paleoceanographic reconstructions as well as transient and time-slice simulations with climate models. Today, the area is perennially ice-covered in the west and ice-free in the east. Results show that sea-ice conditions were highly variable on short timescales in the last 9 ka. However, sea-ice proxies reveal an overall eastward movement of the sea-ice margin, in line with a decreasing influence of warm Atlantic Water advected to the Arctic Ocean. These cooling trends were rapidly reversed 100 years ago and replaced by the general warming in the Arctic. Model results show a consistently high freshwater input to the Arctic Ocean during the last 7 ka. The signal is robust against the Holocene cooling trend, however sensitive towards the warming trend of the last century. These results may play a role in the observed Arctic changes.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Evolution of Lightweight Structures: Analyses and Technical Applications (2015)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Springer, 206 p., ISBN: 9401793972
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-11-10
    Description: This volume contains studies on the evolution and function of lightweight constructions of planktonic and other organisms, and examples of how they can be used to create new solutions for radical innovations of lightweight constructions for technological application. The principles and underlying processes responsible for evolution and biodiversity of marine plankton organisms are highly relevant and largely unresolved issues in the field of marine science. Amongst the most promising objects for the study of evolution of stable lightweight constructions are marine organisms such as diatoms or radiolarians. Research in these fields requires interdisciplinary expertises such as in evolutionary modelling, paleontology, lightweight optimization, functional morphology, and marine ecology. Considerable effort and expert knowledge in production engineering or lightweight optimization is necessary to transfer knowledge on biogenic structures and evolutionary principles into new lightweight solutions. This book shows methods and examples of how this can be achieved efficiently.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Marine Anthropogenic Litter (2015)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Berlin, Springer, 447 p., ISBN: 978-3-319-16510-3
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-21
    Description: This book describes how manmade litter, primarily plastic, has spread into the remotest parts of the oceans and covers all aspects of this pollution problem from the impacts on wildlife and human health to socio-economic and political issues. Marine litter is a prime threat to marine wildlife, habitats and food webs worldwide. The book illustrates how advanced technologies from deep-sea research, microbiology and mathematic modelling as well as classic beach litter counts by volunteers contributed to the broad awareness of marine litter as a problem of global significance. The authors summarise more than five decades of marine litter research, which receives growing attention after the recent discovery of great oceanic garbage patches and the ubiquity of microscopic plastic particles in marine organisms and habitats. In 16 chapters, authors from all over the world have created a universal view on the diverse field of marine litter pollution, the biological impacts, dedicated research activities, and the various national and international legislative efforts to combat this environmental problem. They recommend future research directions necessary for a comprehensive understanding of this environmental issue and the development of efficient management strategies. This book addresses scientists, and it provides a solid knowledge base for policy makers, NGOs, and the broader public.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Impact of Sea-Ice Bottom Topography on the Ekman Pumping (2015)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Towards an Interdisciplinary Approach in Earth System Science, (Springer Earth System Sciences), Heidelberg [u.a.], Springer, Toward, 251 p., pp. 139-148, ISBN: 978-3-319-13865-7
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-21
    Description: Sea-ice elevation profiles and thickness measurements have been collected during summer 2011 in the Central Arctic. These two different data sets have been combined in order to obtain surface and bottom topography of the sea-ice. From the bottom profile, the keels of ridges are detected. Then, a parameterization of oceanic drag coefficients that accounts for the keels depth and density is applied. The calculated oceanic drag coefficients are highly variable (between about 2 × 10−3 and about 8 × 10−3) within the range of observed values. In order to estimate the contribution of variable drag coefficients on the Ekman pumping, the calculated drag coefficients are used in an idealized model experiment, where sea ice is drifting at constant velocity on an ocean at rest. The resulting variations of the Ekman vertical velocity are in the same order of magnitude as for variable ice velocity at the surface. In most state-of-the-art general circulation models, the variations of drag coefficients are not taken into account. The simple experiment carried out in the present study suggests that neglecting this contribution can lead to an incorrect representation of the momentum exchange between ice and ocean and to an underestimation of the Ekman pumping, with consequences for the large scale ocean circulation.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Earth System Science—Past Experiences and Future Trends (2015)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Towards an Interdisciplinary Approach in Earth System Science, Earth System Science—Past Experiences and Future Trends, Heidelberg, Springer, pp. 3-7, ISBN: 978-3-319-13864-0, ISSN: 2197-9596
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-21
    Description: Earth System Science has developed over the last two decades from an interesting concept in Earth sciences education to a fully integrative science focussed on understanding the complex system Earth. This evolution is partially due to the radical and far reaching anthropogenic changes and the general feeling of helplessness with regards to the possible consequences and future impacts on the Earth System. This paper proposes that a paradigm shift in undergraduate and graduate education is needed to further develop Earth System Science. Graduate programs such as the Earth System Science Research School (ESSReS), which are intrinsically trans- and interdisciplinary will help to change rigid subject specific mind-set among faculty and students. The health and sustainability of our planet is at stake
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    Integration of Passive Tracers in a Three-Dimensional Ice Sheet Model (2015)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Towards an Interdisciplinary Approach in Earth System Science, Towards an Interdisciplinary Approach in Earth System Science, Heidelberg, Springer, pp. 161-170, ISBN: 978-3-319-13864-0, ISSN: 2197-9596
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-21
    Description: Components of the climate system, such as ice sheets and marine sediments serve as invaluable archives, which can be tapped into, to reconstruct paleoclimate conditions. The relative abundance of hydrogen and oxygen isotopes in ice cores is a proxy for past local temperature evolution. However the translation of these proxies into temperature is not straightforward. Complex interdependencies in the climate system can hide or override the local climate signal at which the ice core was drilled. Using 3D ice sheet modelling in concert with passive tracer advection one can simulate the isotopic distribution in ice sheets and compare them to ice core data. Combining this method in a coupled climate model environment, containing atmosphere and ocean components, one can theoretically simulate the isotopic cycle from the source to the actual ice record. Such an approach would greatly support the interpretation of proxy data whilst constraining the output of 3D ice sheet models (ISMs). We present the implementation of passive tracer advection in our 3D ISM RIMBAY (Thoma et al. in Geosci Model Dev 1:1–21, 2014, Goeller et al. in Cryosphere 7:1095–1106, 2014) and asses the potential of the method to reproduce chronologies of the polar ice sheets
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Seismostratigraphic analysis and glacial history of the Weddell Sea region, Antarctica (2015)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Towards an Interdisciplinary Approach in Earth System Science, (Springer Earth System Sciences), Heidelberg [u.a.], Springer, 251 p., pp. 207-217, ISBN: 978-3-319-13864-0
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-21
    Description: The Weddell Sea basin is of particular significance for understanding climate processes, including the generation of ocean water masses and their influence on ocean circulation as well as the dynamics of the Antarctic ice sheets. The sedimentary record, preserved below the basin floor, serves as an archive of the pre-glacial to glacial development of these processes, which were accompanied by tectonic processes in its early glacial phase. Three multichannel seismic reflection transects, in total nearly 5,000 km long, are used to interpret horizons and define a seismostratigraphic model for the basin. We expand this initial stratigraphy model to the greater Weddell Sea region through a network of more than 50 additional seismic lines. Information from few boreholes are used to constrain sediment ages in this stratigraphy, supported by magnetic anomalies indicating decreasing oceanic basement ages from southeast to northwest. Using these constraints, we calculate grids to depict the depths, thicknesses and sedimentation rates of pre-glacial (145–34 Ma), transitional (34–15 Ma) and full-glacial (15 Ma to present) units. Sedimentation thicknesses and sedimentation rates were calculated at the 12 selected points in the entire basin to give a brief overview of the deposition history, which will contribute to the understanding of the Antarctic ice sheet development and dynamics from the greenhouse to icehouse world in the Cenozoic.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Methodology Used for the Detection and Identification of Microplastics—A Critical Appraisal (2015)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Marine Anthropogenic Litter, Marine Anthropogenic Litter, Berlin, Springer, 447 p., pp. 201-227, ISBN: 978-3-319-16510-3
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-21
    Description: Microplastics in aquatic ecosystems and especially in the marine environment represent a pollution of increasing scientific and societal concern, thus, meanwhile a substantial number of studies on microplastics exist. Although first steps towards a standardisation of methodologies used for the detection and identification of microplastics in environmental samples are made, the comparability of data on microplastics is currently hampered by a huge variety of different methodologies which result in the generation of data of extremely different quality and resolution. This chapter reviews the methodology presently used for assessing the concentration of microplastics in the marine environment with focus on the most convenient techniques and approaches. After an overview of non-selective sampling approaches, sample processing and treatment in the laboratory, the reader is introduced to the currently applied techniques for the identification and quantification of microplastics. The subsequent case study on microplastics in sediment samples from the North Sea measured with focal plane array (FPA)-based micro-Fourier transform infrared (micro-FTIR) spectroscopy shows that only 1.4 % of the particles visually resembling microplastics were of synthetic polymer origin. This finding emphasizes the importance of verifying the synthetic polymer origin of potential microplastics. Thus, a burning issue concerning current microplastic research is the generation of standards that allow for the assessment of reliable data on concentrations of microscopic plastic particles and the involved polymers with analytical laboratory techniques such as micro-FTIR or micro-Raman spectroscopy.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    Progress in Earth System Science: What Does It Take to Make Our Ideas Clear? (2015)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Towards an Interdisciplinary Approach in Earth System Science, Towards an Interdisciplinary Approach in Earth System Science, Heidelberg, Springer, pp. 25-35, ISBN: 978-3-319-13864-0, ISSN: 2197-9596
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-21
    Description: To describe the progress in Earth System Science, a conceptual framework is proposed which includes hypothesis testing, the formulation of models with different complexity as well as expressing discoveries in terms of metaphors. The later approach is demonstrated by the conveyor belt concept in oceanography which influenced the discussion about abrupt climate changes where the ocean circulation may be involved. It is argued that the combination of different methodologies/complexities and independent results is necessary to prevent over-simplistic views in each discipline of Earth System Science. Emphasis is given on typical steps to obtain new ideas for a new discovery. Examples for over-simplistic views are mentioned for past climate information from proxy data. The recorder system of the proxy has to be taken into account, otherwise the climate information can be misinterpreted. It is concluded that in the field of Earth System Science, basic knowledge and true collaborative problem solving is necessary to make scientists aware of the underlying principles, the limitations and open questions. This is furthermore necessary to develop and sharpen our ideas about the complex Earth System.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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    The educational program of the Earth System Science Research School (ESSReS) (2015)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Towards an Interdisciplinary Approach in Earth System Science, Towards an Interdisciplinary Approach in Earth System Science, Heidelberg, Springer, pp. 9-17, ISBN: 978-3-319-13864-0
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-21
    Description: The Earth System Science Research School (ESSReS) is an international and interdisciplinary research school for 23 PhD students at the Alfred Wegener Institute Helmholtz Centre for Polar and Marine Research (AWI) and their partner universities: University of Bremen and Jacobs University Bremen. ESSReS combines observations, modelling, and data analysis in order to decipher the Earth’s complex climate system. Structured training, international exchange and supervision support interdisciplinary research at an early stage of the scientific career.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 47
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    Marine Litter as Habitat and Dispersal Vector (2015)
    Springer
    In:  EPIC3Marine Anthropogenic Litter, Marine Anthropogenic Litter, Berlin, Springer, 447 p., pp. 141-181, ISBN: 978-3-319-16509-7
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-06-21
    Description: Floating anthropogenic litter provides habitat for a diverse community of marine organisms. A total of 387 taxa, including pro- and eukaryotic micro-organisms, seaweeds and invertebrates, have been found rafting on floating litter in all major oceanic regions. Among the invertebrates, species of bryozoans, crustaceans, molluscs and cnidarians are most frequently reported as rafters on marine litter. Microorganisms are also ubiquitous on marine litter although the composition of the microbial community seems to depend on specific substratum characteristics such as the polymer type of floating plastic items. Sessile suspension feeders are particularly well-adapted to the limited autochthonous food resources on artificial floating substrata and an extended planktonic larval development seems to facilitate colonization of floating litter at sea. Properties of floating litter, such as size and surface rugosity, are crucial for colonization by marine organisms and the subsequent succession of the rafting community. The rafters themselves affect substratum characteristics such as floating stability, buoyancy, and degradation. Under the influence of currents and winds marine litter can transport associated organisms over extensive distances. Because of the great persistence (especially of plastics) and the vast quantities of litter in the world’s oceans, rafting dispersal has become more prevalent in the marine environment, potentially facilitating the spread of invasive species.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 48
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    Mathematical aspects of quantum fluids. II. Nonrotating 4He and Clebsch representations of symplectic two-cocycles (1986)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Mathematical Physics 27 (1986), S. 2437-2444 
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    ISSN: 1089-7658
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: For nonrotating and rotating 4He, the formulas for the Poisson brackets and their canonical representations are shown to be particular cases of general Hamiltonian maps associated to symplectic two-cocycles on semidirect product Lie algebras of the type g(semidirect product)(W⊕V*⊕V).
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    Superunitary reduction of the orthosymplectic supertableaux (1986)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Mathematical Physics 27 (1986), S. 1980-1986 
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    ISSN: 1089-7658
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: The supertableaux of the orthosymplectic groups OSP(2ν||2p) and OSP(2ν+1||2p) are decomposed in sums of supertableaux of the superunitary group SU(ν||p).
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    Closed, analytic, boson realizations for Sp(4) (1986)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Mathematical Physics 27 (1986), S. 1987-1993 
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    ISSN: 1089-7658
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: The problem of determing a boson realization for an arbitrary irrep of the unitary simplectic algebra Sp(2d) [or of the corresponding discrete unitary irreps of the unbounded algebra Sp(2d,R)] has been solved completely in recent papers by Deenen and Quesne [J. Deenen and C. Quesne, J. Math. Phys. 23, 878, 2004 (1982); 25, 1638 (1984); 26, 2705 (1985)] and by Moshinsky and co-workers [O. Castaños, E. Chacón, M. Moshinsky, and C. Quesne, J. Math. Phys. 26, 2107 (1985); M. Moshinsky, "Boson realization of symplectic algebras,'' to be published]. This solution is not known in closed analytic form except for d=1 and for special classes of irreps for d〉1. A different method of obtaining a boson realization that solves the full problem for Sp(4) is described. The method utilizes the chain Sp(2d)&supuline;SU(2)×SU(2) ×⋅⋅⋅×SU(2) (d times), which, for d≥4, does not provide a complete set of quantum numbers. Though a simple solution of the missing label problem can be given, this solution does not help in the construction of a mapping algorithm for general d.
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    Erratum: Functional integrals for spin-Bose systems [J. Math. Phys. 27, 221 (1986)] (1986)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Mathematical Physics 27 (1986), S. 1492-1492 
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    ISSN: 1089-7658
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Mathematics , Physics
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  • 52
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    Is there action-at-a-distance linear confinement? (1986)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Mathematical Physics 27 (1986), S. 1015-1022 
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    ISSN: 1089-7658
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: The possilibity of constructing an action-at-a-distance form of linear confinement is demonstrated. Using the Fokker–Wheeler–Feynman action principle, known from classical action-at-a-distance electrodynamics, with an action containing the relativistically invariant two-particle Heaviside step function, equations of motion and appropriate potentials exhibiting the linearity of their behavior are derived. The plausibility of the generators of motion describing dynamics with the linear potentials is verified on the simple circular-orbit model of a two-component system, and the expected energy spectrum in terms of semiclassical quantization is obtained.
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  • 53
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    Action-at-a-distance linear potentials and conformal conservation laws (1986)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Mathematical Physics 27 (1986), S. 1023-1026 
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    ISSN: 1089-7658
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: As a consequence of invariance under the full conformal group of transformations, 15 proper conserved quantities are derived for the system of two massive particles interacting via classical action-at-a-distance linear potentials that have been found in the preceding paper [J. Weiss, J. Math. Phys. 27, 1015 (1986)] in terms of the step θ function Lagrangian.
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    Group-related coherent states (1986)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Mathematical Physics 27 (1986), S. 2282-2289 
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    ISSN: 1089-7658
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: Coherent states defined with respect to an irreducible ray representation u: g→ug, g∈G, of an arbitrary locally compact separable group G are examined. It is shown that the following conditions (a)–(d) are equivalent: (a) u admits coherent states, (b) u is square integrable, (c) the W*-system implemented by u is integrable, and (d) u is a subrepresentation of the left regular c-representation, where c is the respective multiplier of u. Furthermore, the group theoretical background of what is called the "P-representation of observables'' associated with coherent states is investigated: It is shown that the P-representation (which corresponds to a covariant semispectral measure) fulfills a certain maximality requirement. The P-representation can be used to represent the quantum system in question on the Hilbert space L2(G,dg) of square-integrable functions (with respect to Haar measure dg) on the kinematical group G.
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    Conformal transformations and viscous fluids in general relativity (1986)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Mathematical Physics 27 (1986), S. 2336-2339 
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    ISSN: 1089-7658
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: It is shown that viscous fluid solutions can be obtained by performing conformal transformations of vacuum solutions of Einstein's field equations. The solutions obtained by such a procedure can be matched, under certain conditions, to their respective original vacuum metrics.
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  • 56
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    An example of affine collineation in the Robertson–Walker metric (1986)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Mathematical Physics 27 (1986), S. 2360-2361 
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    ISSN: 1089-7658
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: An affine collineation for the Robertson–Walker metric is found. It implies a condition on the metric that is compatible with Einstein's equations for a perfect fluid satisfying the Hawking–Ellis energy conditions. It is shown how the geodesics of the metric are obtained from the constant of motion associated to the affine collineation.
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  • 57
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    Four-dimensional boson field theory. II. Existence (1986)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Mathematical Physics 27 (1986), S. 2379-2393 
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    ISSN: 1089-7658
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: The existence of the continuum, quantum field theory found by Baker and Johnson [G. A. Baker, Jr. and J. D. Johnson, J. Phys. A 18, L261 (1985)] to be nontrivial is proved rigorously. It is proved to satisfy all usual requirements of such a field theory, except rotational invariance. Currently known information is consistent with rotational invariance however. Most of the usual properties of other known Euclidean boson quantum field theories hold here, in a somewhat weakened form. Summability of the sufficiently strongly ultraviolet cutoff bare coupling constant perturbation series is proved as well as a nonzero radius of convergence for high-temperature expansions of the corresponding continuous-spin Ising model. The description of the theory by these two series methods is shown to be equivalent. The field theory is probably not asymptotically free.
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  • 58
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    Conformal quantum Yang–Mills (1986)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Mathematical Physics 27 (1986), S. 2409-2414 
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    ISSN: 1089-7658
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: Conformally covariant quantization of non-Abelian gauge theory is presented, and the invariant propagators needed for perturbative calculations are found. The vector potential acquires a richer gauge structure displayed in the larger Gupta–Bleuler triplet whose center is occupied by conformal QED. Path integral formulation and BRS invariance are shown on a formal level in one covariant gauge.
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    The Schwinger–DeWitt proper-time method for odd-dimensional gauge theory (1986)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Mathematical Physics 27 (1986), S. 2434-2436 
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    ISSN: 1089-7658
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: The Schwinger–DeWitt proper-time method (WKB expansion) is applied to calculate the anomaly in odd-dimensional gauge theories. The parity violating part of effective action for gauge theory in odd dimensions with massless fermion is calculated explicitly and efficiently by this method. It is shown to be precisely the local Chern–Simons term.
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    Mobility and measurements in nonlinear wave mechanics (1986)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Mathematical Physics 27 (1986), S. 1796-1799 
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    ISSN: 1089-7658
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: The theory based on the nonlinear Schrödinger equation with an additional term λ(ψ¯ψ)αψ is investigated. The standard quantum mechanical interpretation of ψ is assumed at the beginning of the considerations. It turns out that every finite set of pure states can be transformed with the aid of an adequate time sequence of external potentials into a set of pairwise nearly orthogonal states. As a consequence, there exist measurements more selective than quantum ones. In particular, it is possible to discriminate between various mixtures of states that are equivalent in quantum mechanics. The possibility of existence of deterministic measurements is also discussed.
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  • 61
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    On the summation of the Birkhoff–Gustavson normal form of an anharmonic oscillator (1986)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Mathematical Physics 27 (1986), S. 1806-1812 
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    ISSN: 1089-7658
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: The classical Birkhoff–Gustavson normal form (BGNF) has played an important role in finding approximate constants of motion, and semiclassical energies. In this paper, this role is examined in detail for the well-known anharmonic oscillator H=1/2(p2+x2+gx4). It is shown that, with appropriate restrictions, this is the only perturbation series that preserves the period of this system. This series has a nonzero radius of convergence in contrast to the zero radius of convergence of its quantum analog, the Rayleigh–Schrödinger perturbation series. In addition, the BGNF is generated to high order, and a technique is given based on Padé approximants for summing this series. The summation of this series makes possible an accurate comparison of torus quantization energies with the known quantum energies over the entire range of quantum numbers. This example also demonstrates that divergence of the BGNF series of a Hamiltonian is not sufficient to refute its global integrability.
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    Generalized conditions for the decoupling theorem of quantum field theory in Minkowski space with particles of vanishingly small masses (1986)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Mathematical Physics 27 (1986), S. 1879-1882 
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    ISSN: 1089-7658
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: The proof of the decoupling theorem of quantum field theory given earlier [E. B. Manoukian, J. Math. Phys. 26, 1065 (1985)] in Minkowski space, in the distributional sense, for theories involving particles with vanishingly small masses as well is extended under more general conditions, thus being applicable to a larger class of graphs. All subtractions of renormalization are carried out at the origin of momentum space with the degree of divergence of a subtraction coinciding with the dimensionality of the corresponding subdiagram.
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    Simple waves for equation of potential, nonstationary flow of compressible gas (1986)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Mathematical Physics 27 (1986), S. 1906-1915 
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    ISSN: 1089-7658
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: Certain classes of the exact solution of the equation of nonstationary potential flow of a compressible gas are found. The method described by Kalinowski [M. W. Kalinowski, J. Math. Phys. 25, 2620 (1984); Lett. Math. Phys. 6, 17 (1983); 7, 479 (1983)] is applied. These considerations are carried out locally at an established point of space of a hodograph. Some algebraic properties of simple integral elements are analyzed, and certain exact classes of solutions are constructed. Finally a certain physical analysis of the achieved results is carried out.
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    Erratum: Structural analysis and elementary representations of SL(4, R) and GL(4, R) and their covering groups [J. Math. Phys. 27, 883 (1986)] (1986)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Mathematical Physics 27 (1986), S. 1927-1927 
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    ISSN: 1089-7658
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Mathematics , Physics
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    Generalized Burgers equations and Euler–Painlevé transcendents. I (1986)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Mathematical Physics 27 (1986), S. 1506-1522 
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    ISSN: 1089-7658
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: Initial-value problems for the generalized Burgers equation (GBE) ut+u βux+λuα =(δ/2)uxx are discussed for the single hump type of initial data—both continuous and discontinuous. The numerical solution is carried to the self-similar "intermediate asymptotic'' regime when the solution is given analytically by the self-similar form. The nonlinear (transformed) ordinary differential equations (ODE's) describing the self-similar form are generalizations of a class discussed by Euler and Painlevé and quoted by Kamke. These ODE's are new, and it is postulated that they characterize GBE's in the same manner as the Painlevé equations categorize the Kortweg–de Vries (KdV) type. A connection problem for some related ODE's satisfying proper asymptotic conditions at x=±∞, is solved. The range of amplitude parameter is found for which the solution of the connection problem exists. The other solutions of the above GBE, which display several interesting features such as peaking, breaking, and a long shelf on the left for negative values of the damping coefficient λ, are also discussed. The results are compared with those holding for the modified KdV equation with damping.
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    Compatibility of weak rigidity with some types of elastic schemes (1986)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Mathematical Physics 27 (1986), S. 1048-1055 
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    ISSN: 1089-7658
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: The behavior of the hypoelastic-Synge, hypoelastic-Maugin, and hypoelastic-Carter and Quintana almost-thermodynamic material schemes, under weak rigidity hypotheses, is studied. In every case, the absence of principal transverse shock waves (or the vanishing of the corresponding speeds) is obtained. The same result follows for the longitudinal shock waves when the Lamé coefficient μ does not vanish. A definition of an elastic almost-thermodynamic material scheme based on the Fermi–Walker transport is proposed and compared with the above elastic schemes. The speeds of the principal shock waves associated are attained and its compatibility with the Ferrando–Olivert incompressibility condition is proved. In the presence of weak rigidity the elastic schemes here defined lead (assuming μ≠0) to the Born-rigidity condition.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.527146
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    A generalization of Penrose's helicity theorem for space-times with nonzero dual mass (1986)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Mathematical Physics 27 (1986), S. 1059-1065 
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    ISSN: 1089-7658
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: An algebraic definition of the helicity operator H is proposed for vacuum stationary and asymptotically flat wormholes (i.e., space-times where the manifold of orbits of the stationary Killing field has S2×R topology). The definition avoids the use of momentum space or Fourier decomposition of the gravitational degrees of freedom into positive and negative frequency parts, and is essentially geared to emphasize the role of nontrivial topology. It is obtained via the introduction of a total spin vector Sα derived from the dual Bondi four-momentum *Pα, both vectors originating in the presence of nontrivial homotopy groups. (Space-times with nonzero dual mass can be characterized by a conformal null boundary I having the topology of an S1 fiber bundle over S2 with possible identifications along the fiber—lens space—or equivalently vanishing Bondi–News.) It is shown that Sα is a constant multiple of Pα, the total Bondi four-momentum, and if in addition the space-time admits a point at spacelike infinity, there is strong support for the past limit of Sα to be a null vector. This can be viewed as a generalization of Penrose's result on the Pauli–Lubanski vector for classical zero rest-mass particles. The helicity operator at null infinity is rooted in the topology and turns out to be essentially the Hodge duality operator(*). The notion of duality appears as a global concept. Under such conditions, self- and anti-self-dual modes of the Weyl curvature could be viewed as states originating in the nontrivial topology. These results depend crucially on the presence of topological charges; it is tempting to speculate that such wormholes might be basic building blocks.
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    Birkhoff-type theorem in self-creation cosmology (1986)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Mathematical Physics 27 (1986), S. 1074-1075 
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    ISSN: 1089-7658
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    Topics: Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: It is shown that an analog of Birkhoff's theorem of general relativity exists in a self-creation theory of gravitation, proposed by Barber, when the scalar field is independent of time.
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    Conformally Ricci-flat perfect fluids (1986)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Mathematical Physics 27 (1986), S. 1076-1081 
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    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: Classes of inhomogeneous perfect fluid solutions can be obtained by requiring that the associated Weyl tensor corresponds to a nonflat vacuum solution of Einstein's field equations. It is shown how one derives from this assumption useful information on the Newman–Penrose variables. Some particular classes of shear-free perfect fluid solutions are discussed, which all turn out to be locally rotationally symmetric.
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    Global techniques, dual mass, and causality violation (1986)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Mathematical Physics 27 (1986), S. 1066-1073 
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    ISSN: 1089-7658
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: A mathematical framework is presented for the description of (magnetic) monopoles or their gravitational analogs. Using Penrose's global techniques, a proof of a theorem to the effect that, for vacuum space-times with wormhole and an everywhere timelike and complete Killing vector field, the topology must be that of a principal S1 fiber bundle over S2×R (topology of the manifold of orbits of the stationary Killing vector field) if the dual mass (the gravitational analog of the magnetic monopole) does not vanish, is presented. Hence the presence of this magnetic charge induces a causality violation: it is shown that it measures the number of windings of the space-time bundle around its fiber, or the periodicity of the timelike closed loops. If, in addition, the manifold of orbits of the stationary Killing field is asymptotically flat, or if a rotational Killing field is present, the resulting expressions of the dual mass reinsure the fact that it should be viewed as a monopole source of angular momentum. The NUT solution is presented as an example of space-time exhibiting the above features. The role of dual mass solutions in quantum gravity is considered.
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    Exact Bogoliubov limits for the Bassichis–Foldy model and continued fractions (1986)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Mathematical Physics 27 (1986), S. 1093-1098 
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    Topics: Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: The critical values of coupling for the Bassichis–Foldy model are explained. For a finite number of bosons N they are associated with changes in the bounded above and below properties of the Hamiltonian. Exact N → ∞ spectral properties are obtained using continued fractions and a duality in terms of competing Bogoliubov-type limits is exhibited. The critical coupling limits are then associated with transitions from either a discrete to a continuous spectrum or from one Bogoliubov-type limit to another.
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    Solution of a generalized Chandrasekhar H-equation (1986)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Mathematical Physics 27 (1986), S. 1110-1112 
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    Topics: Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: The Chandrasekhar H-equations are generalized to problems relevant to multigroup transport equations that have nondiagonal cross-section matrices. These equations are shown to have a unique solution in a ball of a Banach space, which satisfies the necessary analyticity properties.
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    On the microscopic derivation of the finite-temperature Josephson relation in operator form (1986)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Mathematical Physics 27 (1986), S. 1082-1092 
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    ISSN: 1089-7658
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: As a microscopic description of the Josephson junction, two BCS models, are studied in the strict pair formulation with quite an arbitrary weak coupling potential. The modular formalism, the separate gauge transformations, and the limiting dynamics are analyzed for the interacting system in terms of the GNS representation of the uncoupled limiting Gibbs state. By means of the Connes theory the condensed Cooper pair and the quasiparticle spectrum is shown to be stable against weak perturbations. The modular formalism is used to construct a local approximation to the renormalized particle number operator and, by this, its time dependence, in spite of this observable not being affiliated with the von Neumann algebra of the temperature representation. The time derivation from this unbounded operator-valued function coincides with the limit of the local currents and splits under a natural assumption into a sum of the Josephson and the quasiparticle current operator extending the two-fluid picture also to the coupled model.
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    Thermodynamics and molecular freedom of dimers on plane triangular lattices (1986)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Mathematical Physics 27 (1986), S. 1099-1109 
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    ISSN: 1089-7658
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    Topics: Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: This is an extension of three previous papers dealing with dimers on rectangular lattices (one, two, and three dimensions). The technique presented in the first paper in this series continues to be fruitful for dimers on plane triangular lattices. Entropy, isothermal compressibility, constant pressure heat capacity, and molecular freedom per dimer at close packing are obtained exactly for lattices infinite in one direction and finite in the other. Observations made in the third paper of the series concerning molecular freedom per dimer at close packing on rectangular lattices are used to extrapolate our results to infinite plane triangular lattices. At close packing, the molecular freedom per dimer on an infinite plane triangular lattice is calculated to be 2.356 527... in agreement with the value obtained by Nagle. Based on our earlier findings, the value of 2.356 527... was used to obtain the analytic fit for the thermodynamic quantities in terms of the normalized number density.
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    Creating and annihilating Lie–Bäcklund transformations of the Federbush model (1986)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Mathematical Physics 27 (1986), S. 1139-1144 
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    ISSN: 1089-7658
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    Topics: Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: Using software developed for symbolic integration, infinitesimal symmetries, conserved currents, and first- and second-order Lie–Bäcklund transformations for the Federbush model are established. Moreover four (x,t)-dependent Lie–Bäcklund transformations are constructed leading to infinite hierarchies of Lie–Bäcklund transformations.
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    Unbounded representations of symmetry groups in gauge quantum field theory. II. Integration (1986)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Mathematical Physics 27 (1986), S. 1113-1127 
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    ISSN: 1089-7658
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    Topics: Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: Within the gauge quantum field theory of the Wightman–Gårding type, the integration of representations of Lie algebras is investigated. By means of the covariance condition (substitution rules) for the basic fields, it is shown that a form skew-symmetric representation of a Lie algebra can be integrated to a form isometric and in general unbounded representation of the universal covering group of a corresponding Lie group provided the conditions (Nelson, Sternheimer, etc.), which are well known for the case of Hilbert or Banach representations, hold. If a form isometric representation leaves the subspace from which the physical Hilbert space is obtained via factorization and completion invariant, then the same is proved to be true for its differential. Conversely, a necessary and sufficient condition is derived for the transmission of the invariance of this subspace under a form skew-symmetric representation of a Lie algebra to its integral.
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    Gravitational anomalies in two dimensions: A cohomological approach (1986)
    College Park, Md. : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Mathematical Physics 27 (1986), S. 1128-1138 
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    ISSN: 1089-7658
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    Topics: Mathematics , Physics
    Notes: The spectral sequences method is employed to study the cohomology space of the Becchi–Rouet–Stora (BRS) operator, which describes the general coordinate transformations in a two-dimensional polynomial Lagrangian field theory. A pure external gravitational model is considered. In the Fadeev–Popov charge-one sector, two classes of elements are found: the first represents the ordinary trace anomalies, in the second the presence of the anomalies recently calculated by Bardeen and Zumino are pointed out.
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    Low-temperature deposition of high-quality silicon dioxide by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 60 (1986), S. 3136-3145 
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    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Thin films of high-quality silicon dioxide have been deposited at low temperatures by plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition. A deposition rate much lower than that used in conventional plasma-enhanced processes is found to be crucial in obtaining material with reproducible, good properties. Controlled, slow deposition is achieved by using very low flow rates of reactive gases, together with a much higher flow of inert carrier gas to ensure uniformity. Films deposited at usual high deposition rates (∼500 A(ring)/min) exhibit irreproducible and poor electrical properties and are porous. Those deposited slowly (∼60 A(ring)/min) have very reproducible properties, are relatively dense and exhibit very good electrical integrity. Oxides deposited using a substrate temperature of 350 °C compare favorably with those deposited at 700°C using atmospheric-pressure chemical vapor deposition and can be deposited routinely over a wide range of oxide thickness. Deposition at 275 °C results in similar properties but with increased electron capture associated with deep bulk traps. Thicker layers can be deposited onto polycrystalline metal (sputtered films on glass substrates) without any deterioration in film properties. The as-deposited Si:SiO2 interface state density is quite high (∼1012 eV−1 cm−2), although it is reduced to very respectable levels (in the mid 1010–1011 eV−1 cm−2 range) by conventional postmetallization anneals. The suitability of these low-temperature oxides for thin film transistor applications is discussed.
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    Nitridation of Si (100) made by radio frequency plasma as studied by in situ angular resolved x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 60 (1986), S. 3162-3166 
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    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy with variable takeoff angles has been used to study the nitridation of Si(100). The air-oxidized layer on the silicon film has been cleaned off by an Ar radio frequency (rf) plasma, and nitridation was obtained at temperatures around 400 °C in a rf plasma of a NH3 (5%)-N2(95%) mixture. N(1s) and Si(2p) photoelectrons lines have been analyzed as function of the angle θ between the surface of the sample and the detector slit at each step of nitridation to obtain depth profile. These lines have both been decomposed into two components due, on one hand, to the Si–N and the metallic bonds and, on the other hand, to the chemisorbed nitrogen and the N–Si bond. From the integrated intensities of these lines, concentration dependencies on depth and nitridation time have been studied; a nitridation kinetics has been deduced.
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    Deposition of the unreactive metal Au onto sputtered and cleaved Hg1−xCdxTe surfaces (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 60 (1986), S. 3157-3161 
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    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The interaction between thin layers of Au and both cleaved and sputtered p-type Hg0.72Cd0.28Te and sputtered p-type Hg0.79Cd0.21Te surfaces has been investigated with ultraviolet photoelectron spectroscopy using synchrotron radiation. Only a small loss of Hg from the interface was observed during Au deposition, in contrast to that seen during Al and In deposition reported elsewhere. The retention of Hg is explained by the lower stability of AuTe2 compared with HgTe, which makes the exchange reaction between Au and Hg unfavorable. Small differences in the Hg/Cd ratio following Au deposition with different surface preparations and material were noted. They were attributed to reduced stability of the ion-bombarded surface caused by sputter-induced defects and reduced strength of the Hg–Te bond, which resulted from the increased local CdTe concentration. Although Au diffused into the semiconductor to partially compensate for the cleavage-induced defects (which act as donors), it was not able to compensate appreciably for the larger number of sputter-induced defects.
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    Local epitaxy of TiSi2 on (111)Si: Effects due to rapid thermal annealing and to the annealing atmosphere (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 60 (1986), S. 3172-3175 
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    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Localized epitaxial TiSi2 was grown on (111)Si by rapid thermal annealing (RTA) in Ar ambient. The best epitaxy was obtained in samples annealed at 1100 °C for 20 s. Almost full coverage of TiSi2 (epitaxial and nonepitaxial) on silicon surface was found. The epitaxial regions, about 20 μm in average size, were observed to cover 70% of the surface area. Some of the epitaxial regions were observed to be as large as 40 μm in size. Dominant mode and average size of TiSi2 epitaxy in RTA samples were found to be different from those in vacuum furnace annealed specimens. Ambient gas induced silicide surface and/or silicide/Si interface energy changes are suggested to promote the growth of differently oriented grains. The main advantages of RTA in inducing TiSi2 epitaxy appear to be better control of the annealing ambient, temperature, and time for short-time anneals in the small RTA apparatus than in a furnace.
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    The localized density of states in amorphous silicon determined by electrophotography (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 60 (1986), S. 3176-3181 
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    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The localized density of states g(E) near midgap for undoped, B2H6-doped, and PH3-doped hydrogenated amorphous silicon is evaluated from the electrophotographic (xerographic) method. The density of hole traps decreases with increasing B2H6 concentration and that of electron traps decreases with increasing PH3. These features are qualitatively similar to those deduced from the deep-level transient spectroscopy, the photothermal deflection spectroscopy, the time-of-flight measurements, and the isothermal capacitance transient spectroscopy. The energy positions of neutral dangling bonds D0 and doubly occupied D− are estimated to be 0.85–0.88 eV from the valence band and 0.62–0.67 eV from the conduction band, respectively. Comparison of the energy peaks of electron and hole traps shows that the positive correlation energy of dangling bonds is about 0.3–0.4 eV.
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    "New donors'' in silicon: An interface effect due to internal oxidation (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 60 (1986), S. 3192-3195 
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    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The analysis of Czochralski-silicon annealed in the range 500–800 °C is performed using infrared transmission, electron paramagnetic resonance and admittance spectroscopy measurements. It is shown that the experimental data and especially, new original data obtained with the pulsed admittance spectroscopy technique are consistent with a new model. The "new donors'' effect would in fact be the result of the inversion layer around silica precipitates. This model is demonstrated taking in account the known properties of the Si/SiO2 interface (between precipitates and the silicon crystal). The electrical conduction is shown to be a percolation process through an inhomogeneously conducting material.
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    Ohmic, superconducting, shallow AuGe/Nb contacts to GaAs (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 60 (1986), S. 3204-3210 
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    ISSN: 1089-7550
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    Topics: Physics
    Notes: An emerging new class of superconductor-semiconductor devices requires Ohmic superconducting contacts which do not diffuse deeply into a semiconductor. We developed a contact to GaAs based on ∼150 A(ring) of AuGe covered with ∼2000 A(ring) of Nb annealed in reducing atmosphere at 390–420 °C for 1–5 s. The resulting contact has linear I-V characteristics at all temperatures down to 4.2 K, resistivity of ∼2×10−6 Ω cm2 (∼0.1 Ω mm), and superconducting transition temperature Tc (approximately-greater-than)8 K. Secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) studies revealed very shallow penetration of the active dopant Ge into GaAs; the upper limit for the thickness of the doped layer with Ge concentration over 1017 cm−3 is estimated as 200–300 A(ring). Gold, a nonactive dopant (deep level) drops to below 1018 cm−3 within the same distance, with the possible tail extending further. Morphology and uniformity of a contact, as revealed in TEM and optical microscopy, is good, owing to the Nb overlayer which prevents AuGe from "balling up'' upon melting. These contacts can be used in low-temperature devices and conventional devices based on GaAs.
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    Optical properties of zinc phosphide (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 60 (1986), S. 3282-3288 
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    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The optical absorption edge of Zn3P2 has been measured by transmittance and photoconductivity at 300 K. The absorption coefficient in both polarizations is shown to follow the expected behavior for indirect gaps at 1.39 and 1.41 eV in parallel and perpendicular configurations. The high-absorption region has been measured in thin single crystals and the absorption coefficient is shown to agree with the optical constants derived from reflectivity for values of the absorption coefficient up to 105 cm−1. The optical properties and the behavior of photoconductivity are discussed in view of possible applications of Zn3P2 to solar energy conversion.
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    Hydrogen out-diffusion suppression effect of overlayers in H+2 -implanted magnetic bubble garnet (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 60 (1986), S. 3269-3274 
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    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Hydrogen out-diffusion suppression effect of overlayer deposited on H+2 -implanted magnetic bubble garnet has been investigated using gas mass spectroscopy and secondary ion mass spectroscopy. It has been found that oxide films such as SiO2, SiO, TiO2, and Al2O3 or nitride film such as Si3N4 effectively suppress out-diffusion of hydrogen during annealing, keeping a large anisotropy field change induced by hydrogen implantation after the annealing. Hydrogen depth profiles have also been found to have a sharp peak at the boundary between overlayer and garnet which can suppress out-diffusion of hydrogen. Metal films such as Au, Mo, and Ni–Fe alloy have been found not to act as suppressors of hydrogen out-diffusion. Annealing hydrogen-implanted garnet with an oxide overlayer on the surface is useful for ion-implanted bubble device fabrication because of thermal stability of large anisotropy change induced by implantation.
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    Finite-size effects on Raman scattering from GaAs-AlAs superlattices (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 60 (1986), S. 3289-3292 
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    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We have investigated finite-size (total number of periods) effects on Raman scattering by longitudinal acoustic (LA) and longitudinal optic (LO) phonon modes in GaAs-AlAs superlattices. Every superlattice has the same period (10-monolayer GaAs and 10-monolayer AlAs), while the total number of periods ranges from 3 to 100 periods. Even in the superlattice with three periods, folded LA phonon modes are induced by the superlattice period. Raman linewidths of folded LA phonon modes increase as the total number of periods decreases. The Raman linewidth broadening becomes remarkable below 20 periods. The dependence of linewidth broadening on the total number of periods results from the relaxation of the Raman selection rule for phonon wave vectors induced by the finiteness of superlattices. On the other hand, for LO phonon modes the finite size does not affect Raman line shapes; this originates in the confinement of LO phonon modes in individual layers.
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    Variable angle of incidence spectroscopic ellipsometry: Application to GaAs-AlxGa1−xAs multiple heterostructures (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 60 (1986), S. 3293-3302 
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    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The sensitivity of spectroscopic ellipsometry data to multilayer model parameters is shown to be a strong function of the angle of incidence. A quantitative study of sensitivity versus angle of incidence is performed for a GaAs-AlxGa1−xAs-GaAs substrate structure, showing that maximum sensitivity to layer thicknesses and AlGaAs composition occurs near the wavelength-dependent principal angle. These results are verified by experimental measurements on two molecular-beam epitaxy grown samples. New spectral features, not found in previous ellipsometry studies of similar structures, are also reported.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.337695
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  • 89
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    Time-resolved Raman scattering measurement of photoexcited plasmon in GaP crystals (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 60 (1986), S. 3303-3308 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: An overdamped plasmon-LO phonon coupled mode in undoped GaP crystals has been observed under high excitation condition. We have studied the relaxation process of the coupled mode in the time range of nonoseconds using a time-resolved Raman scattering technique at 81 K. The decay time of photocreated free carriers has been estimated from line-shape fitting of the coupled mode in the time-resolved Raman spectra. The decay time obtained from the Raman study has been compared with the value obtained from luminescence measurements. The plasmon hybridized with the LO phonon is found to be a gaslike electron-hole plasma.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.337696
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  • 90
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    Effects of rapid thermal processing on thermal oxides of silicon (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 60 (1986), S. 3360-3363 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The effects of rapid thermal processing (RTP) on the electrical properties of thin gate oxides in metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) devices have been studied. MOS capacitors have been analyzed by current-voltage (I-V) and constant current stress techniques. MOS field-effect transistors (MOSFETs) have been fabricated using RTP for the post-implant anneal, and the transistor degradation due to hot carrier injection has also been investigated. No significant RTP-induced degradation was detected in any category of the device properties considered here. An abnormal trapping behavior was observed on the wafer annealed at high temperature and/or long duration.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.337704
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  • 91
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    Determination of dynamic release curves of manganin stress gauges from their resistive hysteresis (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 60 (1986), S. 3369-3371 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We extend our previous analytical modeling of the dynamic response of shock loaded piezoresistance gauges to the unloading region. We present a new approach in which we use the measured resistive hysteresis of manganin gauges to get their release stress-strain characteristics. This procedure is especially suited for manganin gauges because their resistive response depends only on the stresses and strains which prevail in them. Other gauge materials which are sensitive to the temperature rise and/or shock generated defects would not lend themselves to this direct analysis. We present an example in which we calculate the unloading stress-strain curve for manganin from a shock level of 120 kb down to zero longitudinal stress. Various aspects of this curve are discussed and compared to data obtained by other techniques.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.337707
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  • 92
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    Photoluminescence of Si-doped AlAs grown by molecular-beam epitaxy (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 60 (1986), S. 3371-3373 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Low-temperature photoluminescence (PL) spectra for Si-doped AlAs grown by molecular-beam epitaxy is reported for the first time. It is revealed that a sharp emission which is 63 meV below the indirect excitonic band gap Eg,ind(X) is related to the Si-donor level. From the dependence of PL spectra upon Si dosage, it is suggested that a broad emission band which is 135 meV below Eg,ind(X) is due to donor-acceptor (SiAl-SiAs) pair recombinations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.337708
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  • 93
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    Zn diffusion in GaAs obtained by a simple open-tube technique (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 60 (1986), S. 3379-3380 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Zn diffusion into 2-in.-diam semi-insulating GaAs wafers has been carried out by a simple, open-tube diffusion method using a commercially available GaAsZn solid source and without surface coating or encapsulation. High-quality (μ=75–100 cm2/V s) layers with a flat carrier concentration and sharp cutoff Zn distribution have been obtained. The p-type layers obtained by this method are uniform across the wafer, and the technique can be easily scaled up. Selective diffusion of Zn was also demonstrated with this technique, using a plasma-deposited Si3N4 as a diffusion mask.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.337711
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  • 94
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    Photochemical vapor deposition of hydrogenated amorphous silicon films from hydrogen diluted monosilane (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 60 (1986), S. 3364-3366 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Mercury-photosensitized photochemical vapor deposition of hydrogenated amorphous silicon films was carried out for H2-diluted SiH4 source material using 2537-A(ring) light excitation. The deposition rate of the amorphous silicon film increased with increasing H2 volume in the source and exhibited a maximum for a 30% SiH4 source. Substrate temperature dependence in the deposition rate increased for a large amount of H2 in the source as compared with a pure SiH4 source. This result was applied to prevent transparency loss in a quartz window used to introduce the excitation light into the reaction zone.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.337705
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  • 95
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    Effects of impurities on radiation damage in InP (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 60 (1986), S. 935-940 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Strong impurity effects upon introduction and annealing behavior of radiation-induced defects in InP irradiated with 1-MeV electrons have been found. The main defect center of 0.37-eV hole trap H4 in p-InP, which must be due to a point defect, is annealed even at room temperature. Its annealing rate is found to be proportional to the 2/3 power of the preirradiation carrier concentration in InP. Moreover, the density of the hole trap H5 (Ev+0.52 eV) in p-InP, which must be due to a point defect–impurity complex, increases with increase in the InP carrier concentration. These results suggest that the radiation-induced defects in InP must recover through long-range diffusion mediated by impurity atoms. A model is proposed in which point defects diffuse to sinks through impurities so as to disappear or bind impurities so as to form point defect–impurity complexes. In addition to the long-range diffusion mechanism, the possibility of charge-state effects responsible for the thermal annealing of radiation-induced defects in InP is also discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.337334
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  • 96
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    Determination of the chain segment lengths involved in γ relaxation of low-density polyethylene by thermostimulated depolarization measurements (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 60 (1986), S. 946-954 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: We determined the chain segment lengths involved in the γ process of low-density polyethylene by introducing linear alkanes of different chain lengths into the polymer. These alkanes possess at one end of the chain an electric dipole constituted by an ester group. Their influence on the γ relaxation of low-density polyethylene was observed by thermostimulated depolarization measurements. We found a correlation between the γ temperature peak position and the alkane chain length, while the activation parameters distributions determined by the thermal sampling technique were only slightly modified. This was explained by considering that the distribution in activation parameters is partly induced by a distribution in the chain segment length of the relaxing species. Adding a linear alkane to the polyethylene modifies the population of the mobile chain segments of a given length. We deduced that the γ1 subrelaxation is induced by the motion of chain segments having approximately between 10 and 20 carbon atoms. A compensation law was evidenced in the γ process of all samples studied. The slight modifications of the preexponential factor of relaxation time and the variation of compensation temperature with the alkane chain length are discussed considering a local order in the amorphous phase of low-density polyethylene.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.337335
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  • 97
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    Profiling of defects using deep level transient spectroscopy (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 60 (1986), S. 973-979 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Deep level transient spectroscopy of p–n junctions, Schottky barriers, or metal-oxide-semiconductor (MOS) capacitors is widely used to obtain the concentrations of defects and their profiles in semiconductors. The use of this technique for profiling presents several difficulties, some of which have not been taken into account in the works previously published. The aim of this paper is to describe the exact analysis which should be performed to obtain correct profiles. The analysis is tested on a constant defect profile, induced by electron irradiation in n-GaAs, in order to illustrate the effect of each correction. It is then applied to defect profiling of a silicon MOS capacitor and on the EL2 defect in annealed GaAs.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.337340
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  • 98
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    Interfacial reactions between Ni films and GaAs (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 60 (1986), S. 991-1001 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The metallurgical examination of solid-state reaction between nickel thin films and single-crystal GaAs substrates and the resultant electrical properties of the contacts are reported. Annealing at 100–300 °C in forming gas led to formation of a metastable hexagonal phase Ni2GaAs which was stabilized due to its epitaxial growth on (001) and (111) GaAs substrates, as follows: (101¯1)Ni2GaAs(parallel)(001)GaAs and (0001)Ni2GaAs(parallel)(111)GaAs. Nickel atoms were found to be the dominant diffusing species during the ternary phase growth. Ni2GaAs is stable on (111)GaAs up to at least 600 °C, compared to 350 °C on (001)GaAs. The larger stability on (111) is explained by the better epitaxial match found in this case. Reaction on (001)GaAs in the temperature range of 350–550 °C resulted in decomposition of Ni2GaAs by NiAs precipitation. After annealing at 600 °C the reacted film was composed of two phases: NiGa and NiAs. The electrical properties of the contacts were correlated to the phase interfacing the substrate. The Ni2GaAs formed rectifying contact with a barrier height of 0.84 eV, whereas when NiGa and NiAs were at the interface an ohmic behavior was observed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.337343
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  • 99
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    Zinc-oxide thin-film ammonia gas sensors with high sensitivity and excellent selectivity (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 60 (1986), S. 482-484 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A sensor with a high sensitivity and an excellent selectivity for ammonia gas was prepared by using sputtered ZnO thin films. The sensor exhibited an increase of resistance for exposure to ammonia gas whereas it exhibited a decrease of resistance for exposure to many other gases such as inflammable and organic gases. The resistance change and the selectivity of the sensor were enhanced by doping group III metal impurities such as Al, In, and Ga. The lower limit of the detection for ammonia gas was about 1 ppm at a working temperature of 350 °C.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.337435
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  • 100
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    Measurements of thermal conductivity of materials using a transient technique. I. Theoretical background (1986)
    [S.l.] : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Journal of Applied Physics 60 (1986), S. 485-492 
    Details
    ISSN: 1089-7550
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: A method of measuring the thermal conductivity of materials during transient heating or cooling is proposed based on the continuous recording of the temperature difference between sample surfaces when known heat flux is supplied to one of the sample surfaces by a heater. The analysis of the solution of the heat conduction equation for a measuring system consisting of two platelike samples separated by a heater shows that the transient heating or cooling significantly influences the temperature distribution within the samples. It follows from the theoretical consideration that this effect as well as the effects resulting from heat generation or absorption in the samples during phase transitions can be eliminated by subtracting the results of two measurements conducted with different powers supplied by the heater. The condition for validity of this procedure is the small temperature difference between sample surfaces which can be achieved by the selection of appropriate temperature change rate or sample thickness.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.337436
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