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  • LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION  (726)
  • EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING  (671)
  • 1995-1999
  • 1980-1984
  • 1975-1979  (1,397)
  • 1955-1959
  • 1976  (1,397)
Collection
Keywords
Years
  • 1995-1999
  • 1980-1984
  • 1975-1979  (1,397)
  • 1955-1959
Year
  • 1
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    Earth observations and photography experiment MA-136 (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: The primary objectives of the earth observations and photography experiment of the Apollo Soyuz Test Project were to photograph various terrestrial structures and to use the capabilities of man as a trained observer in visually studying earth features and phenomena. Man's special capabilities include the sensitivity of the eye to subtle color variations and the speed with which the eye/brain system can interpret what is seen and select targets for photography. Real time astronaut observations constitute a useful complement to orbital photographs and greatly aid in their interpretation. Targets for mapping and hand held photography were selected on the basis of their value to specialists in the earth sciences including geology, oceanography, desert study, hydrology, meteorology, and environmental science.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center Apollo-Soyuz Test Project; 64 p
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  • 2
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    Exploration of the giant planets by infrared spectroscopy (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The infrared spectrometer and radiometer for the Mariner-Jupiter-Saturn mission is described. Results of Nimbus and Mariner 9 IR spectroscopy of earth and Mars are used as examples to demonstrate the power and diversity of the technique. Determinations of planetary surface compositions, surface temperatures, vertical temperature profiles, surface pressures, and atmospheric constituents are summarized. Applications to Jupiter and Saturn are briefly mentioned.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
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  • 3
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    Earth-atmosphere system and surface reflectivities in arid regions from Landsat MSS data (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Previously developed programs for computing atmospheric transmission and scattering of the solar radiation are used to compute the ratios of the earth-atmosphere system (space) directional reflectivities in the nadir direction to the surface Lambertian reflectivity, for the four bands of the Landsat multispectral scanner (MSS). These ratios are presented as graphs for two water vapor levels, as a function of the surface reflectivity, for various sun elevation angles. Space directional reflectivities in the vertical direction are reported for selected arid regions in Asia, Africa, and Central America from the spectral radiance levels measured by the Landsat MSS. From these space reflectivities, surface reflectivities are computed applying the pertinent graphs. These surface reflectivities are used to estimate the surface albedo for the entire solar spectrum. The estimated albedos are in the range 0.34-0.52, higher than the values reported by most previous researchers from space measurements, but are consistent with laboratory and in situ measurements.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 5; 4, 19; 1976
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  • 4
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    The impact of earth resources exploration from space (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Remote sensing of the earth from satellite systems such as Landsat, Nimbus, and Skylab has demonstrated the potential influence of such observations on a number of major human concerns. These concerns include the management of food, water and fiber resources, the exploration and management of mineral and energy resources, the protection of the environment, the protection of life and property, and improvements in shipping and navigation.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 5
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    Structure of Mars' atmosphere up to 100 kilometers from the entry measurements of Viking 2 (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Viking 2 entry data on the structure of Mars' atmosphere up to 100 kilometers define a morning atmosphere with an isothermal region near the surface; a surface pressure 10% greater than that recorded simultaneously at the Viking 1 site; and a thermal structure to 100 kilometers at least qualitatively consistent with pre-Viking modeling of thermal tides. The temperature profile exhibits waves whose amplitude grows with altitude, to about 25 K at 90 kilometers. The atmosphere is stable against convection, except possibly in some very local regions. Temperature is everywhere appreciably above the carbon dioxide condensation boundary at both landing sites, precluding the occurrence of carbon dioxide hazes in northern summer at latitudes to at least 50 deg N. Thus, ground-level mists seen in these latitudes would appear to be condensed water vapor.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 194; Dec. 17
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  • 6
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    Scientific results of the Viking missions (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The two Viking missions to Mars have been extraordinarily successful. Thirteen scientific investigations yielded information about the atmosphere and surface. Two orbiters and landers operating for several months photographed the surface extensively from 1500 kilometers and directly on the surface. Measurements were made of the atmospheric composition, the surface elemental abundance, the atmospheric water vapor, temperature of the surface, and meteorological conditions; direct tests were made for organic material and living organisms. The question of life on Mars remains unanswered. The Viking spacecraft are designed to continue the investigations for at least one Mars year.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 194; Dec. 17
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  • 7
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    Estimated grain saltation in a Martian atmosphere (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Mariner 9 spacecraft images showing evidence of variable surface features and surface erosion resulting from atmospheric wind on Mars have caused a renewed interest in the eolian mechanics of saltating grains. To study this phenomenon, both experimental investigation in an atmospheric wind tunnel and numerical solutions of the equations of motion of a single grain under Martian surface conditions were conducted. The numerical solutions for earth were used and empirically adjusted to correlate with existing experimental data for Mars. These modified equations were then solved to estimate grain motion for Mars. These calculations show the importance of a lifting force on the grain to initiate motion in both earth and Mars calculations. Major findings include a comparison of earth and Mars grain trajectories that show Mars length scales to be longer and to fall with a higher terminal grain velocity. The grains in the Mars calculation also made a smaller collision angle with the surface on rebound.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; Nov. 10
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  • 8
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    Al-26 in Kenna and other ureilites (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A description is presented of the results of a nondestructive analysis conducted with a 42-g slice of the Kenna ureilite. The sample was analyzed in a gamma-gamma coincidence counting system, using a dual-parameter, 4096-channel pulse height analyzer. Data concerning Al-26 and Ne-22/Ne-21 in ureilites and Chassigny are presented in a table. A graph shows the ratio of measured Al-26 activity to that calculated from elemental production rates vs spallation Ne-22/Ne-21 for ureilites and Chassigny. The significance of the data with respect to findings reported by Wilkening et al. (1973) is discussed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta; 40; Dec. 197
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  • 9
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    On the energy deposition of photoelectrons in the atmosphere of Venus (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Vertical components of photoelectron fluxes in the atmosphere of Venus are computed by solving an appropriate form of the Boltzmann equation in the cases where there is no flux of either photoelectrons or solar-wind particles across the ionopause and where photoelectrons are free to escape from the atmosphere. It is assumed that Venus has no magnetic field and that the atmosphere is composed of carbon dioxide, atomic oxygen, and helium. The results are plotted as a function of altitude for several energies in the range from 100 eV to a cutoff of the order of 1 eV. Heating rates for the two upper boundary conditions and the case of no spatial transport are determined which show that transport effects dominate at altitudes greater than about 200 km. Electron temperatures are calculated for the adopted model atmosphere and ionosphere by solving the pertinent conservation equation, and excitation rates are computed for the CO Cameron band as well as the CO2(+) A and B bands.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; Oct. 1
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  • 10
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    Thermographic mosaic of Yellowstone National Park (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An uncontrolled aerial thermographic mosaic of Yellowstone National Park was assembled from the videotape record of 13 individual thermographs obtained with linescan radiometers. Post mission processing of the videotape record rectified the nadir line to a topographic map base, corrected for v/h variations in adjacent flight lanes, corrected for yaw and pitch distortions, and distortions produced by nonlinearity of the side-wise scan. One of the purposes of the thermographic study was to delineate the areas of thermal emission (hot springs, geysers, etc.) throughout the Park, a study which could have great value in reconnaissance surveys of geothermal areas in remote regions or regions of high relief.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 42; Oct. 197
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  • 11
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    Satellite measurement of mass of Sahara dust in the atmosphere (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Landsat 1 measurements of nadir radiance are used to obtain the mass of particulates in a vertical column of dust from the Sahara Desert. A radiative transfer model, constructed with knowledge of a few values of optical parameters measured from a ship, is developed to account for the measured radiance values. Measurement and model accuracies are discussed. It is found that the mass of particulates with smaller than a 10 micron radius in a vertical column is 1.6 g/sq m.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Applied Optics; 15; Oct. 197
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  • 12
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    The 'soil' of Mars /Viking 1/ (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The immediate environs of the Viking 1 lander are described, and the techniques employed to deduce the properties of the two different 'soil' types there are summarized. It is shown that the surface in the immediate vicinity of the lander consists of an area with fine-grained materials ('Sandy Flats') and a rocky area set in a matrix of finer-grained material ('Rocky Flats'). Estimates are given for the bulk density, particle density, particle size distribution, cohesion, angle of internal friction, and penetration resistance of the surface layer in each area. Footpad penetration into the surface layer is discussed, and wind removal of particles is examined. It is concluded that the surface layer of the Viking 1 landing site contains loess, dune sand, lunar nominal soil, lag gravel, and bare rock.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 194; Oct. 1
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  • 13
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    Status of the Viking missions (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A chronology of Viking 1 lander activities is presented for the first 43 sols (Martian days) of surface sampling and analysis. The orbital insertion of the second Viking spacecraft is reviewed along with the search for the second landing site. A general assessment of the planet is made on the basis of the data thus far obtained. Some of the findings reported are that: (1) there is extensive evidence of volcanism, fluvial and aeolian erosion, and deposition over the entire surface; (2) the floor of Vallis Marineris is significantly younger than the planet's surface; (3) the morphology of Martian crater ejecta is indicative of surface flow rather than ballistic deposition; (4) the rocks in the immediate vicinity of the lander are all covered by a layer of fine red dust; (5) the atmosphere is optically thick and well mixed, with suspended particles giving the sky a pink color; (6) the N and Ar isotopic ratios are different from those on earth; (7) atmospheric water vapor varies with both time of day and location; (8) the summer northern polar regions have a high water concentration in the atmosphere; (9) a large fraction of magnetic material resides in the surface; and (10) no complex organic compounds have been detected in the two samples analyzed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 194; Oct. 1
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  • 14
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    Venus' night side ionosphere - Its origin and maintenance (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A substantial nightside ionosphere has been observed on Venus by both Mariner 5 and Mariner 10. Major dayside ionic species such as O2(+) and other molecular ions have chemical lifetimes much shorter than the 244.3-day rotation period of the planet. Rapid transport of ions from the dayside to the nightside to the extent required seems most unlikely. Consequently, possibilities are investigated for local production of ions on the nightside itself. Constraints imposed by chemical lifetimes require atomic ions with low ionization potentials. It is suggested that metallic ions of meteoric origin are the positive charge carriers, and the plausibility of this mechanism is demonstrated. Other possibilities are examined and shown to be less likely. Meteor ablation on Venus, the aeronomy of metallic species, and the role of negative ions near the electron peaks of the atmosphere are discussed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; Sept. 1
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  • 15
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    The Viking landing sites - Selection and certification (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: During the past several years the Viking project developed plans to use Viking orbiter instruments and earth-based radar to certify the suitability of the landing sites selected as the safest and most scientifically rewarding using Mariner 9 data. During June and July 1976, the earth-based radar and orbital spacecraft observations of some of the prime and backup sites were completed. The results of these combined observations indicated that the Viking 1 prime landing area in the Chryse region of Mars is geologically varied and possibly more hazardous than expected, and was not certifiable as a site for the Viking 1 landing. Consequently, the site certification effort had to be drastically modified and lengthened to search for a site that might be safe enough to attempt to land. The selected site considered at 47.5 deg W, 22.4 deg N represented a compromise between desirable characteristics observed with visual images and those inferred from earth-based radar. It lies in the Chryse region about 900 kilometers northwest of the original site.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 193; Aug. 27
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  • 16
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    The Halley rendezvous via solar sailing mission description (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The possibility of using solar sails to achieve a rendezvous with Halley's Comet is explored. Rendezvous trajectories are calculated.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Proc. of the Shuttle-Based Cometary Sci. Workshop; p 251-256
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  • 17
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    QH observations (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A model of the dissociative lifetime of the hydroxyl radical is computed where the H2O and OH velocities are vectorially added. A lifetime of approximately 3 x 100,000 seconds is determined.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Proc. of the Shuttle-Based Cometary Sci. Workshop; p 222-226
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  • 18
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    Flooding of Monroe County, Michigan - A comparison of three remote sensor data sets (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: During the spring of 1973, three techniques were used to obtain remotely sensed data pertaining to the flooded shoreline of Monroe County, Michigan. Although digitized data from the Earth Resources Technology Satellite were available on magnetic tapes, analysis was based on interpretation methods normally used for aerial photography, since the black and white IR photography and side-looking airborne radar (SLAR) data were available only as images. Using IR photography as the standard, it was found that ERTS-1 Band 7 imagery had a 93% accuracy in detecting areas in the combined category of open water and flooded fields. X(HH) data from SLAR detected that built-up and wet areas were built-up (89 to 100% accuracy), but not that they were wet. It is suggested that these two sensors used in concert from orbital heights could provide information useful to relief organizations in flooded areas. It is considered likely that SLAR data will improve as higher resolution becomes available.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Michigan Academician; 8; Spring 1
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  • 19
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    High resolution spectral analysis of the Jovian decametric radiation. II - The band-like emissions (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Analysis of the bandlike Jovian decametric emission is presented. A model for the active region that accounts for the observed radiation characteristics is described using the measured parameters of the bandlike emission and a model of the Jovian magnetic field. The active region is characterized not only by the fact that an upward-flowing electron stream is caused to radiate in this region, but the stream itself is broken into radiating electron bunches within the active region. Observed undulations of the emission band on the time-frequency plane are interpreted as motions of the active region along a flux tube. The instantaneous location of the active region along the flux tube shows a dependence on the density of the stream entering the active region. The mechanism responsible for density modulation of the stream appears to be common to both the bandlike and simple-S-burst emission types.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 29; Dec. 197
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  • 20
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    High resolution spectral analyses of the Jovian decametric radiation. I - Burst morphology and drift rates (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Morphological analyses of high-resolution spectral recordings of Jovian decametric radiation show a regime of phenomena not seen at lower resolutions. Observed emissions range from narrow-band (50 kHz) simple quasi-periodic bursts to wide-band emissions (extending over a 500-kHz passband) exhibiting complex structural detail. Assuming gyroemission from electrons in a dipole field for which the magnetic moment is 10 Gauss Jupiter-radius-cubed, drift-rate measurements of the bursts indicate that the source size is of the order of 600 km and its location is near 1.3 Jupiter radii at a colatitude of 27.3 deg. The measurements suggest that the emitting electrons belong to a population having a very specific equatorial pitch angle near 3.5 deg. This study concludes that it may be possible to verify gyroemission as the mechanism responsible for the decametric radiation.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 29; Dec. 197
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  • 21
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    The occultation of Mariner 10 by Mercury (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Analysis of Mariner 10 dual-frequency radio-occultation recordings has yielded new information on the radius and atmosphere of Mercury. The ingress measurements, which were conducted near 1.1 deg north latitude and 67.4 deg east longitude on the night side of the planet, gave a value for the radius of 2439.5 + or - 1 km. Egress near 67.6 deg north latitude and 258.4 deg east longitude on the sunlit side yielded a radius of 2439.0 + or - 1 km. The atmospheric measurements showed the electron density to be less than 1000 per cu cm on both sides of the planet. From the latter result one may infer an upper limit to the dayside surface gas density of 1 million molecules per cu cm.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 29; Dec. 197
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  • 22
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    Relation of a contracting earth to the apparent accelerations of the sun and moon (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: It has been concluded that the theoretical ratio of the apparent secular accelerations of the moon and the sun implied by tidal theory is far higher than the ratio of observed values. This paper shows that the discrepancy can be entirely removed within the range of uncertainty of the various quantities involved if terms making allowance for a secularly decreasing terrestrial moment of inertia are included in the dynamical equations for the apparent secular accelerations. Such a decrease has already been predicted on the basis of the phase-change hypothesis for the nature of earth's core. The development of this hypothesis is reviewed, the modified dynamical equations are derived, and values of tidal couples implied by existing observational data are examined. The numerically determined rate of decrease of earth's moment of inertia is found to be in close agreement with that predicted by the phase-change hypothesis. The results indicate that a diminishing gravitational constant is unlikely, that the moon would have been in close proximity to earth only 1 billion years ago, and that earth's rotation period at that time would have been about 5 hr.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: The Moon; 16; Dec. 197
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  • 23
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    Observational and theoretical temperatures for a total lunar eclipse (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Temperature profiles from seven regions of the moon were recorded during a total eclipse using an infrared radiometer and telescope. The eclipse was visible from beginning to end. Target areas chosen range from mare areas to mountainous highlands. Theoretical temperature curves were calculated using a thermophysical model in which the lunar material properties are variable. These curves are compared with the experimental data. A description of the instrumentation, observations, calibration, signal reduction, and the theoretical model is given. The results show excellent agreement between the observational and theoretical temperatures during the eclipse. The apparent differences between the observed and calculated temperatures during pre- and post-eclipse are minimal after directional radiation is taken into account.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: The Moon; 15; June-Jul
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  • 24
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    Floor-fractured lunar craters (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Observational data concerning floor-fractured craters on the lunar near and far sides are examined, including the morphologic classification of the craters, their spatial and size distributions, and their floor, peak, and rim elevations relative to the maria. Six morphologic classes and two subclasses are delineated on the basis of fracture pattern, crater floor depth, and floor type. These data are used to reconstruct a history of crater modification which accounts for the large differences in affected crater size and age, the small peak-rim elevation differences, remnant central peaks within mare-flooded craters and ringed plains, ridged and flat-topped rim profiles of heavily modified craters and ringed plains, as well as the absence of positive gravity anomalies in most floor-fractured craters and some large mare-filled craters. The results indicate that: (1) impact craters became centers of intrusions and volcanism generally related to periods of basin inundation by mare basalts; (2) some light-plains units in the highlands may be due to both impact ejecta and extrusions of light-colored lava or ash; (3) floor-fractured craters may have become important volcanic vents that contributed to the inundation of the lunar surface by mare basalts; and (4) the lunar highlands probably did not fully escape the epochs of mare flooding.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: The Moon; 15; June-Jul
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  • 25
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    The chemistry of planetary atmospheres (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Present knowledge concerning the chemistry of planetary atmospheres is reviewed along with the theories which attempt to explain observational data. The known gross atmospheric compositions of the terrestrial and giant planets are listed, differences between the atmospheres of earth and Venus are discussed, and the atmospheres of the giant planets are described. The origin and evolution of the atmospheres of earth, Venus, Mars, Jupiter, Saturn, and Uranus are outlined, and chemical processes in the atmospheres are examined, particularly cloud formation. The question of organic synthesis and evolution in the reducing atmospheres of the giant planets is considered. It is noted that laboratory work on the individual chemical processes and reactions involved in the evolution of organic compounds in planetary atmospheres, comets, and interstellar space points to the inevitability of organic-compound synthesis in all these situations and to the pervasiveness of organic chemistry throughout the universe.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Chemical Education; 53; Apr. 197
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  • 26
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    Mars dynamics, atmospheric and surface properties - Determination from Viking tracking data (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Approximately three months of radio tracking data from the Viking landers have been analyzed to determine the lander locations, the orientation of the spin axis of Mars, and a first estimate from Viking data of the planet's spin rate. Preliminary results have also been obtained for atmospheric parameters and radii at occultation points and for properties of the surface in the vicinity of lander 1.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 194; Dec. 17
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  • 27
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    Viking magnetic properties investigation - Further results (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The amounts of magnetic particles held on the reference test chart and backhoe magnets on lander 2 and lander 1 are comparable, indicating the presence of an estimated 3 to 7 percent by weight of relatively pure, strongly magnetic particles in the soil at the lander 2 sampling site. Preliminary spectrophotometric analysis of the material held on the backhoe magnets on lander 1 indicates that its reflectance characteristics are indistinguishable from material within a sampling trench with which it has been compared. The material on the RTC magnet shows a different spectrum, but it is suspected that the difference is the result of a reflectance contribution from the magnesium metal covering on the magnet. It is argued that the results indicate the presence, now or originally, of magnetite, which may be titaniferous.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 194; Dec. 17
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  • 28
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    Spiral structure as an explanation for the asymmetric brightness of Saturn's A ring (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Nature; 264; Nov. 25
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  • 29
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    Tektites and their origin (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Questions concerning the tektite distribution are examined, taking into account the Australasian strewn field, the Ivory Coast strewn field, the Moldavite strewn field, the North American strewn field, the Libyan desert glass, the Aouelloul crater glass, and amerikanites. Attention is given to the shapes of tektites, the internal structure of tektites, the physical properties of tektite glass, the chemical composition of tektites, isotopes, fission tracks, cosmic ray tracks, and arguments in favor and against the terrestrial origin of tektites. It is concluded that tektites cannot be terrestrial in origin. They are probably volcanic ejects, of geologically recent epochs, from one or a number of lunar volcanoes.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
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    Viking to Mars - Profile of a space expedition (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The Viking spacecraft, operations, and findings are reviewed and numerous pictures are presented in an attempt to capture the atmosphere of the Viking expedition. The details of the two Viking spacecraft, each consisting of an orbiter and lander combination launched a Titan III/Centaur are described and illustrated, along with the Viking ground-data and communications system. The principal conclusions of the Viking mission to date are: detection of nitrogen, argon, krypton, and xenon; determination of isotopic ratios of carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and argon; uniform diurnal meteorological conditions; determination of major elemental abundances; complex surface chemistry; no ubiquitous organic material; 4 to 7% of the sampled surface material is magnetic; discovery of ancient extensive fluvial activity; north permanent polar cap made of water ice; and significant variations of the atmospheric water vapor, the summer hemisphere being much more humid than the winter hemisphere.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Astronautics and Aeronautics; 14; Nov. 197
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    An example of a thermally metamorphosed agglutinate (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The nature and properties of lunar agglutinates in relation to the kind of metamorphism described by Albee et al. (1973) are briefly considered. The properties of the agglutinates are compared with those of a lunar metaclastic particle which is believed to be the product of the extreme thermal metamorphism of an agglutinate. The results of electronprobe microanalyses of selected agglutinitic glasses are presented in a table. Attention is also given to the bulk chemical composition of some noritic metaclastic rocks and several highland rock types.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Meteoritics; 11; Sept. 30
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    Unlimbering Viking's scoop (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A number of difficulties which were encountered in deploying the Viking 1 lander's surface-sampler arm are discussed. When the surface sampler jammed during its initial operation, the problem was studied with the aid of tests on a full-scale lander mock-up. It was found that the difficulty was caused by a boom latch pin which had failed to fall clear. The surface-sampler arm could subsequently be freed by modifying the original command sequence. Another difficulty could be overcome by a similar approach.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: IEEE Spectrum; 13; Oct. 197
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    A radar study of the backup Martian landing sites (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The Goldstone radar system at DSS 14 was used to probe the Martian surface at 8495 MHz in a narrow strip between -6 deg and -2 deg latitude. The Viking C landing sites lie in this strip, and their altitudes, rms surface slope, and reflectivity are presented.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: The Deep Space Network; p 49-52
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    A geological basis for the exploration of the planets: Introduction (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The geological aspects of solar-system exploration were considered by first showing how geologic data are related to space science in general, and, second, by discussing the approach used in planetary geology. The origin, evolution, and distribution of matter condensed in the form of planets, satellites, comets, and asteroids were studied. Terrestrial planets, comets, and asteroids, and the solid satellites of the outer planets are discussed. Jupiter and Saturn, in particular, have satellites of prime importance. Geophysics, geochemistry, geodesy, cartography, and other disciplines concerned with the solid planets were all included.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: A Geol. Basis for the Exploration of the Planets; p 1-12
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    Viking magnetic properties investigation - Preliminary results (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Three permanent-magnet arrays are aboard the Viking lander. By sol 35, one array, fixed on a photometric reference test chart on top of the lander, has clearly attracted magnetic particles from airborne dust; two other magnet arrays, one strong and one weak, incorporated in the backhoe of the surface sampler, have both extracted considerable magnetic mineral from the surface as a result of nine insertions associated with sample acquisition. The loose Martian surface material around the landing site is judged to contain 3 to 7 per cent highly magnetic mineral which, pending spectrophotometric study, is thought to be mainly magnetite.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 194; Oct. 1
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    Search for the Viking 2 landing site (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The search for the landing site of Viking 2 is reviewed, emphasizing the characteristics of the various candidate sites and reasons for rejecting unsuitable sites. It is shown that the B3 site in Utopia Planitia was selected because the B latitude band (40 to 50 deg N) was of the highest scientific interest, the site appeared to be smoothed by uniform mantling, and the additional data analysis and acquisition required to land at any other site could have resulted in a landing delay and significant additional operational complexity. It is tentatively concluded that the Viking 2 lander rests in a deflation hollow.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 194; Oct. 1
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    Don't waste waterweeds (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Experiments carried out at the NASA National Space Technology Laboratories indicate that water hyacinths can absorb organic chemicals, heavy metals, nutrients, and other materials from waste water while producing large quantities of biomass, which can be used to produce a gas containing 60-80% methane. When grown in sewage free of toxic materials, the biomass can be used as a potential source of fertilizer or animal feed supplements. The use of hot water from nuclear power plants to grow water hyacinths during the winter months is particularly attractive, since the hyacinths could act as an added safety filtration system for the removal of radioactive elements.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: New Scientist; 71; Aug. 12
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  • 38
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    Paragenesis and petrogenesis of a corundum-bearing marble at Hunza /Kashmir/ (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Mineralium Deposita; 11; 1976
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  • 39
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    Mapping of lunar surface from side-looking orbital radar images (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Side-looking spacecraft radar imagery has thus far been produced only from an orbit around the moon. This was a part of the Apollo Lunar Sounder Experiment (ALSE) of the Apollo 17 mission in December 1972. This paper reports results of a radargrammetric evaluation of overlapping Apollo 17 synthetic-aperture radar images (wavelength 2 m). The potential to map from single images and to reconstruct three-dimensional stereoscopic models is studied. The relative height accuracy achieved is about + or - 100 m and is thus competitive with that obtained with the vidicon camera presently used for planetary exploration.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: The Moon; 15; June-Jul
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  • 40
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    Imaging radar applications to mapping and charting (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper outlines the major actual and potential radar mapping applications, gives an account of the present state of satellite radar imaging, and reviews the radargrammetric work achieved since 1972. Attention is focused on the mapping methods and accuracy regarding single-image radar mapping, stereo radargrammetry, and mapping from blocks of overlapping imagery. It is recommended that more radargrammetric expertise be applied in radar mapping projects so that full advantage may be taken of the metric information potential of imaging radar.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 41
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    Martian north pole summer temperatures - Dirty water ice (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Broadband thermal and reflectance observations of the Martian north polar region in late summer yield temperatures for the residual polar cap near 205 K with albedos near 43 percent. The residual cap and several outlying smaller deposits are water ice with included dirt; there is no evidence for any permanent carbon dioxide polar cap.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 194; Dec. 17
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  • 42
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    The Viking seismic experiment (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A three-axis short-period seismometer is now operating on Mars in the Utopia Planitia region. The noise background correlates well with wind gusts. Although no quakes have been detected in the first 60 days of observation, it is premature to draw any conclusions about the seismicity of Mars. The instrument is expected to return data for at least 2 years.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 194; Dec. 17
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  • 43
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    Discovering Jupiter. I (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The current state of knowledge regarding the planet Jupiter is examined, taking into account data obtained with the aid of the spacecraft Pioneer 11. A description is given of Jupiter's weather. The Pioneer 11 pictures show that the planet's banded cloud structure breaks down above 50 deg latitude, and turns into relatively small, mostly circular cloud features in the polar regions. Attention is given to Jupiter's heat balance, aspects of internal heat flow, questions of atmospheric circulation, the turbulence in Jupiter's atmosphere, the effects of coriolis forces, Jupiter's upper atmosphere, the Great Red Spot, and the Jovian magnetosphere and radiation belts.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Spaceflight; 18; Dec. 197
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    Precision processing of earth image data (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Precise corrections of Landsat data are useful for generating land-use maps, detecting various crops and determining their acreage, and detecting changes. The paper discusses computer processing and visualization techniques for Landsat data so that users can get more information from the imagery. The elementary unit of data in each band of each scene is the integrated value of intensity of reflected light detected in the field of view by each sensor. To develop the basic mathematical approach for precision correction of the data, differences between positions of ground control points on the reference map and the observed control points in the scene are used to evaluate the coefficients of cubic time functions of roll, pitch, and yaw, and a linear time function of altitude deviation from normal height above local earth's surface. The resultant equation, termed a mapping function, corrects the warped data image into one that approximates the reference map. Applications are discussed relative to shade prints, extraction of road features, and atlas of cities.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: American Scientist; 64; Sept
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  • 45
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    Stratigraphy and structural geology (1976)
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    Description: The immediate goal of stratigraphy and structural geology is to reduce the enormous complexity of a planetary surface to comprehensible proportions by dividing the near-surface rocks into units and mapping their distribution and attitude.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: A Geol. Basis for the Exploration of the Planets; p 13-32
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    Geophysics (1976)
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    Description: Four areas of investigation, each dealing with the measurement of a particular geophysical property, are discussed. These properties are the gravity field, seismicity, magnetism, and heat flow. All are strongly affected by conditions, past or present, in the planetary interior; their measurement is the primary source of information about planetary interiors.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: A Geol. Basis for the Exploration of the Planets; p 63-74
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  • 47
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    Geodesy and cartography (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Geodesy and cartography provide the geometric framework on which most investigations of planets are ultimately based. Specifically, the products of these disciplines provide information on the following: (1) the dimensions of the planet, (2) a mathematical figure of reference for the planet, (3) the orientation of the body in the celestial coordinate system, (4) the rotational constants, (5) a defined system of coordinates, (6) the location of surface points in the defined coordinate system, (7) the gravity potential expressed in spherical harmonics, (8) topographic and thematic maps, and (9) surface albedo in various wavelengths. The relevance of geodesy and cartography to planetology is discussed, and the requirements of data acquisition and mission design are considered.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA Ames Res. Center A Geol. Basis for the Exploration of the Planets; p 75-84
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    Geochemistry (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The most effective strategy for the geochemical study of a planet is to proceed systematically with the mineralogical and chemical characterization of its materials in accordance with geologically determined priorities. It is insufficient merely to analyze chemically the surface rocks. To appreciate the meaning of a chemical analysis, some assessment must be made of the geologic history of the sample - what its source and mode of origin are and what processes have operated upon the sample to cause chemical fractionation. Determination of mineralogy, texture, lithology, and other properties of the rock that might be relevant to origin is, therefore, necessary.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: NASA Ames Res. Center A Geol. Basis for the Exploration of the Planets; p 33-62
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  • 49
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    Photometry of Venus from Mariner 10 (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Photometry of the upper atmosphere of Venus from Mariner 10 on February 5, 1974 is discussed with respect to in-flight verification of camera linearity, shading, and absolute photometric calibration. Among photometric results are the following: (1) temporal brightness variations were observed in the UV greater than 10% over a few hours due to the rapid rotation of the upper atmosphere, (2) the observed terminator was 4 degrees past the geometric terminator due to detached haze layers at altitudes around 85 km, (3) there were no indications of cloud top elevation variations greater than a few hunderd meters, and (4) in the UV, the bright and dark regions both had low albedos in all scales, showing that the UV absorber is not confined just to dark markings.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 33; Sept
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    Jupiter at five microns (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The paper summarizes the information obtained in recent maps of Jupiter at 5 microns, a frequency at which the gases in Jupiter have a relatively low opacity. It is highly possible that 5-micron hot spots are breaks in the cloud deck permitting observation of the hot lower layers of the atmosphere. Many 5-micron sources coincide with blue visual features, but the details of the correspondence need further investigation. Large-scale changes in the appearance of the planet occur at 5 microns on time scales of months; these changes are sufficiently dramatic to produce detectable variations in the whole-disk flux from the planet. Their correspondence to large-scale changes in visual features is not yet determined.
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    Compensating for environmental variability in the thermal inertia approach to remote sensing of soil moisture (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A procedure is developed for removing data scatter in the thermal-inertia approach to remote sensing of soil moisture which arises from environmental variability in time and space. It entails the utilization of nearby National Weather Service air temperature measurements to normalize measured diurnal surface temperature variations to what they would have been for a day of standard diurnal air temperature variation, arbitrarily assigned to be 18 C. Tests of the procedure's basic premise on a bare loam soil and a crop of alfalfa indicate it to be conceptually sound. It is possible that the technique could also be useful in other thermal-inertia applications, such as lithographic mapping.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 15; Aug. 197
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    Bow shock and magnetosheath waves at Mercury (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Mariner 10 measurements at the Mercury bow shock provide examples where the magnetic field is approximately parallel or perpendicular to the bow shock normal. Upstream of a broad irregular parallel shock, left-hand circularly polarized waves are observed which cut off very sharply at about 4 Hz. Upstream of a perpendicular shock, righ-hand circularly polarized waves are observed which persist up to the Nyquist frequency of 12 Hz. Determination of the wave propagation vector as a function of frequency helps to identify conclusively the waves as whistler mode waves propagating from the shock. The magnetosheath downstream of the parallel shock is disturbed more than that downstream of the perpendicular shock, particularly below 1 Hz. In the latter case, regular left-hand-polarized waves observed slightly above the proton gyrofrequency are identified as ion cyclotron waves with wavelengths of about 300 km which have been Doppler shifted up to their observed frequency.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; Aug. 1
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    Mars - Wind friction speeds for particle movement (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Wind friction threshold speeds for particle movement were determined in a low pressure boundary layer wind tunnel at an atmospheric pressure of 5.3 mb. The results imply that for comparable pressures on Mars, the minimum wind friction threshold speed is about 2.5 m/sec, which would require free-stream winds of 50 to 135 m/sec, depending on the character of the surface and the atmospheric conditions. The corresponding wind speeds at the height of the Viking lander meteorology instrument would be about a factor of two less than the free-stream wind speed. The particle size most easily moved by winds on Mars is about 160 microns; particles both larger and smaller than this (at least down to about 5 microns) require stronger winds to initiate movement.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 3; Aug. 197
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    The first Viking mission to Mars (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The paper outlines the major goals and present achievements of the Viking 1 mission to Mars. The construction and instrumentation of the orbiter and lander are described. The criteria used to select the optimum landing site are discussed together with orbit adjustments and the landing process. Special attention is given to constraints on surface coverage and observation conditions.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 193; Aug. 27
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    A new estimate of volatile outgassing on Mars (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The presence of 28% argon on Mars, as calculated by Levine and Riegler (1974) and indirectly inferred from Soviet Mars-6 lander data, has important implications for the outgassing history of H2O, CO2, and N2 on Mars. Even if the terrestrial volatile outgassing ratio is only approximately valid for Mars, then large quantities of H2O (of the order of 100,000 g/sq cm), about 10,000 g/sq cm of CO2 (about 1000 times more CO2 than found at present in the Martian atmosphere), and some 450 g/sq cm of N2 may have outgassed over the history of Mars.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 28; June 197
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    On the calculation of cosmic-ray exposure ages of stone meteorites (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Abundances of cosmic ray-produced noble gases and Al-26, including some new measurements, have been compiled for some 23 stone meteorites with exposure ages less than 3,000,000 yr. Concentrations of cosmogenic He, Ne, and Ar in these meteorites have been corrected for differences in target element abundances by normalization to L-chondrite chemistry. Combined noble gas measurements in depth samples of the Keyes and St. Severin chondrites are utilized to derive equations for normalizing the production rates of cosmogenic He-3, Ne-21, and Ar-38 in chondrites to an adopted 'average' shielding. The measured unsaturated AL-26 concentrations and the calculated equilibrium Al-26 for these meteorites are combined to estimate exposure ages. These exposure ages are statistically compared with chemistry- and shielding-corrected concentrations of cosmogenic He, Ne, and Ar to derive absolute production rates for these nuclides, which are found to be roughly 25% higher than production rates used in the past. From these production rates and relative chemical correction factors, production rates for other classes of stone meteorites are derived.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta; 40; July 197
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    Possibility of detecting magnetospheric radio bursts from Uranus and Neptune (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The intensity of magnetospheric radio bursts (MRBs) is scaled to solar-wind input into planetary magnetospheres and the frequency of emission is scaled to polar surface magnetic-field strength in order to estimate the possibility of detecting MRBs from Uranus and Neptune. A scaling law is derived which relates the ratio of power radiated in MRBs to the solar-wind input for earth, Jupiter, and Saturn. Power-flux spectra of MRBs from these three planets are plotted, and it is shown that Jupiter and Saturn may radiate 1% to 5% of the solar-wind energy input into their magnetospheres. The properties of MRBs from Uranus and Neptune are estimated by assuming a conversion efficiency of 1% to 5%, a bandwidth of half the peak frequency, and conformity of Uranus' and Neptune's dipole moments with the magnetic Bode's law. Based on the results, it is suggested that detection of MRBs from these two planets may be a reasonable cruise-mode radio-astronomy objective on future missions to the outer solar system.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Nature; 261; May 27
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    Remote sensing of the surface emissivity at 9 microns over the globe (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The infrared spectral measurements made by the Nimbus 4 infrared interferometer spectrometer (Iris) for a period of about 10 months are used to study the surface emissivity properties over the globe. It is found that the surface emissivity at 9 microns, as measured by Iris with a circular field of view of about 100-km diameter, is significantly less than unity over arid and semiarid areas. The spectral features in the 8-12-micron window observed over these lands reveal emissivity characteristics essentially due to quartz (SiO2). It is found that these emissivity features are significantly weakened by the presence of clay, clay horizons, or pedogenic horizons in the soil. Low emissivity is observed over sandy or sandy loam areas (psamments) with no clay or pedogenic horizons.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; July 20
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    Aliphatic amines in the Murchison meteorite (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The paper reports on the determination of aliphatic amines in water extracts of the Murchison meteorite. The amines were analyzed by gas chromatography both as the free amines and as 2,4-dinitrophenyl (DNP) derivatives. The results give evidence for the presence of all of the possible primary aliphatic monoamines (eight) with fewer than five carbon atoms. Two of the seven possible secondary or tertiary aliphatic monoamines were identified. The identified primary amines total 80 nmol per g meteorite, and seem to be chemically or physically trapped in the meteorite. Similarities between the water-extractable amines and amino acids suggest that (1) a simple carbon compound, methane, for example, is the precursor of meteorite amines and amino acids, and (2) both amines and amino acids are extracted from the meteorite both as such and in the form of acid-hydrolyzable derivative or precursor species.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Nature; 261; May 13
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    The use of remote sensing imagery for environmental land use and flood hazard mapping (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Flood hazard maps have been constructed for Graham, Yuma, and Yavapai Counties in Arizona using remote sensing techniques. Watershed maps of priority areas were selected on the basis of their interest to the county planning staff and represented areas of imminent or ongoing development and those known to be subject to inundation by storm runoff. Landsat color infrared imagery at scales of 1:1,000,000, 1:500,000, and 1:250,000 was used together with high-altitude aerial photography at scales of 1:120,000 and 1:60,000 to determine drainage patterns and erosional features, soil type, and the extent and type of ground cover. The satellite imagery was used in the form of 70 mm chips for enhancement in a color additive viewer and in all available enlargement modes. Field checking served as the main backup to the interpretations. Areas with high susceptibility to flooding were determined with a high level of confidence from the remotely sensed imagery.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Environmental Sciences; 19; May-June
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    Polarization of the reflected light of asteroid 433 Eros (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Linear polarizations measured for asteroid 433 Eros at various wavelengths and at solar phase angles ranging from 9 to 53 deg are presented. The polarization results are entirely typical of main-belt S asteroids, and indicate a dusty surface with geometric albedo 0.20. The derived effective diameter at photometric maximum is 21 km. Eros is quite uniform polarimetrically; no dependence on aspect is detected, and the polarization is shown to be constant during a single rotation with a precision of one part in forty.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 28; May 1976
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    Lightcurves and the axis of rotation of 433 Eros (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Ten lightcurves and UBV photometry of 433 Eros were obtained between August 1972 and May 1975. The absolute magnitude of the lightcurve maximum is 10.75 and the phase coefficient is 0.025 mag/deg. There may be a small difference in B-V color between the northern and southern hemispheres. The pole of the axis of rotation is directed toward 16 deg, ecliptic longitude and 12 deg ecliptic latitude, respectively, and the rotation is direct with a sidereal period of 5 hr 16 min 13.4 sec. The dimensions derived from the polarimetric albedo and the lightcurve amplitudes are 12 km by 12 km by 31 km for a smooth cylinder with hemispherical ends.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 28; May 1976
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    Investigation of a new stony meteorite from Mauritania with some additional data on its find site - Aouelloul crater (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The Zerga meteorite, a small stony meteorite found at Aouelloul crater, is a fragment of a larger mass with a pre-atmospheric radius between 20 and 125 cm. The meteorite is a typical amphoterite, with monomict brecchia which has undergone at least one recrystallization episode. The terrestrial age of the meteorite is roughly an order of magnitude smaller than the K-Ar gas-retention age (about 3.1 million years) of the glassy impactite found at the crater, which is close to the age of the nearby Tenoumer crater (about 2.5 million years). The similar ages of the two craters, together with their alignment with the Temimichat Ghallaman crater, suggest a simultaneous triple impact following the disruption of a large meteorite moving on a very shallow earth trajectory. The unusually shallow original depths inferred for two of the craters may be explained by low impact angles.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Earth and Planetary Science Letters; 30; 2, Ma; May 1976
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  • 64
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    Physical properties of asteroid 433 Eros (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Newly available photometric, polarimetric, spectroscopic, thermal-radiometric, radar, and occultation results are synthesized in order to derive a coherent model for Eros. The geometric albedo is 0.19 plus or minus 0.01 at the visual wavelength, and the overall dimensions are approximately 13 by 15 by 36 km. The rotation is about the short axis, in the direct sense, with a sidereal period of 5 hr 16 min 13.4 sec. The pole of rotation lies within a few degrees of ecliptic coordinates 16 deg longitude and beta = +11 deg latitude. Eros is uniformly coated with a particulate surface layer several millimeters thick. It has an iron-bearing silicate composition, similar to that of a minority of main-belt asteroids, and probably identifiable with H-type ordinary chondrites.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 28; May 1976
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  • 65
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    Martian atmospheric lee waves (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Areas of extensive mountain lee wave phenomenon in the northern midlatitudes during late winter are observed in Mariner 9 television pictures of Mars. The lee wave pattern is due to the discrete spectrum of waves generated by a crater ridge in an airstream. The cloud patterns resulting from the waves generated by the flow across a mountain or crater are dependent on the velocity profile of the airstream and the vertical stability of the atmosphere. A two-layer velocity model of the airstream is used in calculations based on the theory of mountain lee waves. Regardless of the simple model used for the airstream, the calculations appear to be capable of reproducing the observed wave patterns. The many observations of lee waves suggest that the near surface wind speeds as implied by the lower stream velocities do not greatly exceed, and most of the time are less than, 40 m/sec in the northern midlatitudes during late winter except possibly on a very localized scale. Results are in agreement with circulation models, especially the Leovy and Mintz (1969) two-layer numerical model.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 27; Apr. 197
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    Thermal emission spectra of 24 asteroids and the Galilean satellites (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 27; Apr. 197
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    Applications of space technology to developing nations (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The use of imagery from the Landsat spacecraft for the monitoring and management of natural resources in developing countries is discussed. The Landsat imagery can be used to make cartographic maps at scales of 1:250,000 which meet the US National Map Accuracy Standards, providing a means of map updating to correct for river meanders or changing shorelines. The Landsat data can also be used in defining and measuring agricultural areas, identifying pest breeding areas, and monitoring irrigation practices and crop performance. Total volume estimates can be obtained in many cases for surface bodies of water, and subsurface water supplies can be detected from changes in vegetation in some instances.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: COSPAR Information Bulletin; 75, A; Apr. 197
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  • 68
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    Radiometric diameter and albedo of the remarkable asteroid 1976AA (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: It is pointed out that the minor planet 1976AA discovered on January 7, 1976, is the first asteroid found with an orbital period of less than a year. A description is given of a study in which the diameter and the albedo of the asteroid were determined with the aid of infrared radiometry. It is concluded that on the basis of its albedo 1976AA can probably be classed with the stony group of asteroids.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Nature; 260; Apr. 22
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  • 69
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    New theory of the Great Red Spot from solitary waves in the Jovian atmosphere (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: It is shown that many characteristics of the Great Red Spot (GRS) and numerous other features that have been observed on Jupiter can be explained by solitary waves on a horizontally sheared zonal flow in a rotating, stratified atmosphere. Streamline patterns for waves corresponding to combined depression-elevation solitary waves (D-E solitrons) show a strong resemblence to the flow around the GRS. The morphology and flow pattern of the South Tropical Disturbance indicate that it was a D solitron. Numerous spot-like features situated in regions between cloud bands where horizontal shear forces might be expected have the morphology of E solitrons. Restrictions placed on the atmospheric parameters by the model are consistent with available models and observations.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Nature; 260; Apr. 8
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  • 70
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    Remote profiling of lake ice using an S-band short-pulse radar aboard an all-terrain vehicle (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A short-pulse (one nanosecond) S-band radar system was developed to supplement the information obtained with the aid of the SLAR system of the Great Lakes ice information system. It is the objective of the ice information system to aid in extending the winter navigation season. The SLAR imagery cannot be interpreted directly to obtain information concerning the thickness of the ice. This information is to be provided by a remote ice measuring system utilizing nanosecond radar pulses. A description is given of investigations in which such a system was installed on a C-47 aircraft. In other studies reported an S-band short-pulse radar was mounted on an all-terrain vehicle.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Radio Science; 11; Apr. 197
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    Minor planets and related objects. XIX - Shape and pole orientation of /39/ Laetitia (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Results are reported for analyses of UBV photoelectric photometric data and light curves of the asteroid Laetitia. The pole orientation is determined using a technique for reducing the scatter in the magnitude-phase relation. No significant variations in color are found over the surface, and the light curves are found to indicate topographic elements (peaks, scarps, or depressions) approximately 10 km in radius. It is shown that the light-curve amplitudes as well as the wide scatter in observed magnitude and phase relation can be explained by a triaxial ellipsoidal figure with a dimensional ratio of about 15:9:5. It is concluded that the size, shape, and composition of this asteroid are highly suggestive of a major collisional fragment from a substantially more massive differentiated parent body.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Astronomical Journal; 81; Jan. 197
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  • 72
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    Diurnal tide in the Martian atmosphere (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Classical atmospheric tidal theory is extended to include the effects of large-amplitude planetary-scale variations of the terrain height. Utilizing simple models of the thermotidal forcing, the resulting technique is used to compute the diurnal tide in both the dust-free and the dust-laden Martian atmosphere. The main effect of the Martian variable terrain is to drive topographic tidal modes which can propagate vertically and to excite the possibly resonant diurnal Kelvin mode. The resulting surface wind can exceed 20 m/sec and may determine the preferred location for the initiation of global dust storms. In the middle Martian atmosphere (30-80 km) static and shear instabilities embedded within the tidal fields will generate extensive, though variable, regions of turbulence. Vertical mixing by this turbulence and transport by the tide itself may help to stabilize the middle Martian atmosphere against photolysis.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 33; Feb. 197
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  • 73
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    Beaufort Sea ice zones as delineated by microwave imagery (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Microwave and infrared data were obtained from a research aircraft over the Beaufort Sea ice from the shoreline of Harrison Bay northward to a latitude of almost 81 deg N. The data acquired were compared with microwave data obtained on the surface at an approximate position of 75 deg N, 150 deg W. Over this north-south transect of the polar ice canopy it was discovered that the sea ice could be divided into five distinct zones. The shorefast sea ice was found to consist uniformly of first-year sea ice. The second zone was found to be a mixture of first-year sea ice, medium size multiyear floes, and many recently refrozen leads, polynyas, and open water; considerable shearing activity was evident in this zone. The third zone was a mixture of first-year and multiyear sea ice which had a uniform microwave signature. The fourth zone was found to be a mixture of first-year sea ice and medium-to-large size multiyear floes which was similar in composition to the second zone. The fifth zone was almost exclusively multiyear ice extending to the North Pole.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; Feb. 20
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  • 74
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    New vistas in planetary radio astronomy (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Recent progress in planetary radio astronomy is reviewed, where the most significant advances have come from spacecraft observations. The low-frequency radio spectra of the earth, Jupiter, and Saturn are compared, and the striking similarity in shapes is noted. New radio data are examined which provide a way to compare the magnetic field strengths of the planets. More detailed information on the radio structures of Jupiter and Saturn, and possibly on Uranus, is expected from the 1977 Mariner Jupiter-Saturn mission.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Sky and Telescope; 51; Mar. 197
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  • 75
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    Early lunar magnetism (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A new method (Shaw, 1974) for investigating paleointensity (the ancient magnetic field) was applied to three subsamples of a single, 1-m homogeneous clast from a recrystallized boulder of lunar breccia. Several dating methods established 4 billion years as the age of boulder assembly. Results indicate that the strength of the ambient magnetic field at the Taurus-Littrow region of the moon was about 0.4 oersted at 4 billion years ago. Values as high as 1.2 oersted have been reported (Collison et al., 1973). The required fields are approximately 10,000 times greater than present interplanetary or solar flare fields. It is suggested that this large field could have arisen from a pre-main sequence T-Tauri sun.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Nature; 260; Mar. 18
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  • 76
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    The journey to Jupiter (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The Pioneer missions to Jupiter are reviewed, and the observations made by the two probes are discussed. The spacecraft are described along with their launches, instrument packages, and trajectories. The major results of the micrometeorite, plasma, magnetic-field, and charged-particle experiments are summarized. The structure of Jupiter's magnetosphere is illustrated, spectroscopic and photometric observations by the Pioneers are discussed, and measurements of the Jovian atmosphere and gravitational field are examined. The measured masses and densities of the Galilean satellites are given, and future prospects for the Pioneer spacecraft are noted, including the possibility that Pioneer 10 may still be in contact with earth when it crosses the boundary between the solar system and interstellar space.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Endeavour; 35; Jan. 197
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  • 77
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    Ground location of satellite scanner data (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: This paper presents simple and accurate mathematical formulation for determining the ground location of remote sensor data. The techniques used are based on elementary concepts of differential geometry and lead to the development of a relation that gives location as a function of surface ellipticity, satellite position, velocity, attitude, and scanner orientation. The formula lends itself to simply computer coding and will hopefully lead to a standardization of the various techniques which have been developed to solve this problem.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 42; Apr. 197
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  • 78
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    Crater populations in the early history of Mercury (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Crater populations on two major geologic units of Mercury have been classified into three morphologic types which characterize their state of degradation. The results indicate that one or more processes either prior to or contemporary with the formation of the 1300-km-diameter Caloris Planitia reduced the population of fresh craters smaller than 70 to 80 km in diameter and totally erased the population of fresh craters smaller than 20 to 30 km.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 3; Mar. 197
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  • 79
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    Shock-loading meteoritic b.c.c. metal above the pressure transition - Remanent-magnetization stability and microstructure (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The paper describes the remanent-magnetization stability and microstructure associated with samples of b.c.c. Fe-Ni from the Odessa meteorite which were shock loaded at 200, 400, 600, 800, and 1000 kbar. The samples include those which were transformation hardened as well as those which were altered by varying thermal levels associated only with the shock levels themselves. Demagnetization curves for an unshocked Odessa sample and for samples shocked at each level are presented along with saturation isothermal remanence demagnetization curves for samples shocked at 600 and 1000 kbar. It is found that: (1) the 200-kbar sample was shock-hardened with no significant thermal effects; (2) stability to demagnetization decreased in the 400- and 600-kbar specimens, indicating that recovery took place; and (3) the specimens shocked at 800 and 100 kbar had the greatest demagnetization stability. These three levels of shock effects are shown to be delimited by discrete levels of microhardness, microstructure, and stability of remanence to demagnetization. It is concluded that the first level is simply a consequence of antiferromagnetic-ferromagnetic reversal and that the other two levels contain a thermal component.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors; 11; 3, Ja; Jan. 197
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  • 80
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    Microcraters formed in hot glass by hypervelocity projectiles (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Microcraters were formed in heated soda-lime glass by the normal incidence of spheres of plastic or fused silica with diameters between 0.8 and 4.5 microns and velocities between 2.5 and 10 km/s. The morphology of the craters in targets at temperatures up to 800 C is little different from those formed in unheated glass. Spallation still occurs to the same extent and above the same velocity threshold, but the spalls sag and sharp edges become dull in a few seconds at temperatures above the softening point. There is a small increase in the flow of glass from the central pit into a narrow lip at the higher temperatures, but this lip is often removed by spallation, especially at the higher velocities of impact. There is no evidence of a splashed lip with strings of melt overlying the spalled area. The results in conjunction with other evidence suggest that most lunar craters of micrometer size with a smooth central pit, splashed lip, and a spallation zone are the result of primary impacts.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: The Moon; 15; Jan
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    Diurnal variation of the Jovian ionosphere (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The time-dependent structure of the Jovian ionosphere is examined. Diurnal variation of appreciable magnitude is revealed in the lower ionosphere. The upper ionosphere remains more or less intact at nighttime, as in the case of the earth's ionosphere. There is considerable difference in the height-integrated electrical conductivities on the day and night sides.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Astronomical Society of Japan; vol. 28
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  • 82
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    Directivity and stimulation in Jovian decametric radiation (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Analysis of an 18-year synoptic monitoring record compiled at the University of Texas Radio Astronomy Observatory (UTRAO) reveals the existence of distinct Io-controlled and Io-independent source mechanisms which differ in second-order morphology and in intrinsic emission directivity. After a discussion of statistical models and estimation, the UTRAO 1974 analysis catalog is described, Io-controlled and Io-independent sources are defined, and their morphology is described and compared. The sources are distinguished on the basis of their directivity, and the conditions for Io control are discussed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; July 1
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  • 83
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    Airborne ultraviolet studies of Venus (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Airborne ultraviolet studies of Venus were carried out during the NASA-ESO Space Shuttle simulation program. The primary wavelength region monitored was between 2950 and 3350 A in the third order. Measurements of solar radiation reflected from Venus were obtained on five flights at elevation angles of 15-30 deg. Direct solar and lunar spectra were obtained for the same elevation angles during two of the flights. Typical solar and Venutian spectra are presented.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Nature; 261; May 6
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    Explanation for the very low Ga and Ge concentrations in some iron meteorite groups (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Parallels between the abundance patterns of moderately volatile elements in iron meteorites and ordinary chondrites are pointed out and discussed in relation to condensation processes in the solar nebula. The discussion is centered around a graph in which As, Cu, Ga, Ge to Ni ratios, normalized to CI chondrites, are compared for IVB, IVA, IVB, and IIIAB irons and H-group ordinary chondrites. The patterns suggest that the same volatile loss mechanism was at work for both IVB irons and ordinary chondrites, but was more efficient in the IVB process. A picture for the process at the IVB location is proposed, according to which condensation occurred when temperature decreased rapidly and trace metals condensed as a fine aerosol that was later blown away by a T-Tauri solar storm. Condensation at the H-group location was more complete because of a less rapid temperature decrease, allowing trace metals to diffuse deeper into Fe-Ni grains. Possible ways in which IVA conditions may have differed from IIIAB or H conditions are also proposed and discussed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Nature; 261; May 13
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  • 85
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    Polar lunar exploration as a prelude to large-scale operations (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Science Inst., Abstracts of Papers Presented at a Special Session of the Seventh Annual Lunar Science Conference on Utilization of Lunar Materials and Expertise for Large Scale Operations in Space; p 139-142
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    Long-range aspects of a large scale space program (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Science Inst., Abstracts of Papers Presented at a Special Session of the Seventh Annual Lunar Science Conference on Utilization of Lunar Materials and Expertise for Large Scale Operations in Space; p 10-25
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  • 87
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    Geotechnical engineering on the moon (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Science Inst., Abstracts of Papers Presented at a Special Session of the Seventh Annual Lunar Science Conference on Utilization of Lunar Materials and Expertise for Large Scale Operations in Space; p 92-95
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    Lunar hydrogen sources (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Science Inst., Abstracts of Papers Presented at a Special Session of the Seventh Annual Lunar Science Conference on Utilization of Lunar Materials and Expertise for Large Scale Operations in Space; p 70-72
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  • 89
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    Large-Scale Processing of Lunar Materials (1976)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Science Inst., Abstracts of Papers Presented at a Special Session of the Seventh Annual Lunar Science Conference on Utilization of Lunar Materials and Expertise for Large Scale Operations in Space; p 87-91
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    Exploitation of a lunar-based nuclear economy: Implications for solar system commerce (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Science Inst., Abstracts of Papers Presented at a Special Session of the Seventh Annual Lunar Science Conference on Utilization of Lunar Materials and Expertise for Large Scale Operations in Space; p 45-47
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  • 91
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    The regolith as a source of materials (1976)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Lunar Science Inst., Abstracts of Papers Presented at a Special Session of the Seventh Annual Lunar Science Conference on Utilization of Lunar Materials and Expertise for Large Scale Operations in Space; p 48-54
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    The geology of Mars (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The book constitutes a topographic/geologic atlas of Mars compiled on the basis of data from the various Mariner missions. A large number of maps has been included which systematically describe the character and distribution of the principal landforms: craters, channels, volcanoes, and faults; also related properties such as albedo, elevation, and wind streaks. Pictures of all the important topographic features have been included. The discussion of the material is carried out with a minimum of technical detail, and Mars is examined within a context of interplanetary comparisons.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
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  • 93
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    Influence of planetary-scale topography on the diurnal thermal tide during the 1971 Martian dust storm (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Data obtained with the Mariner 9 infrared spectroscopy experiment during the Martian dust storm of 1971-72 are examined for evidence of topographic influence on the atmospheric thermal structure. Temperature perturbations which are well correlated with the planetary-scale topography are found superposed on the large-amplitude diurnal thermal tide previously reported. Applications of tidal theory to the data indicate that the observed perturbations result from the kinematic interaction of the westward traveling diurnal wave with the large-scale components of topography. The dominant mode is excited by the wavenumber 2 topography component and is a vertically evanescent, eastward traveling wave with an equivalent depth comparable to the atmospheric-scale height. The principle dynamic effect of this mode is the enhancement of the amplitude of the near-surface diurnal wind to over 40 m/s in limited areas near 30 deg S latitude. Thus, it appears likely that dust was injected into the atmosphere in these regions during the storm. Other waves excited include vertically propagating modes which produce little effect in the lower atmosphere, but may represent a source of energy for the upper atmosphere during dust storm conditions.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 33; Dec. 197
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  • 94
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    The surface of Mars - The view from the Viking 2 lander (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Viking 2 lander began imaging the surface of Mars at Utopia Planitia on September 3, 1976. The surface is a boulder-strewn reddish desert cut by troughs that probably form a polygonal network. A plateau can be seen to the east of the spacecraft, which for the most probable lander location is approximately the dirction of a tongue of ejecta from the crater Mie. Boulders at the lander 2 site are generally more vesicular than those near lander 1. Fines at both lander sites appear to be very fine-grained and to be bound in a duricrust. The pinkish color of the sky, similar to that observed at the lander 1 site, indicates suspension of surface material. However, the atmospheric optical depth is less than that at the lander 1 site. After dissipation of a cloud of dust stirred during landing, no changes other than those stemming from sampling activities have been detected in the landscape. No signs of large organisms are apparent at either landing site.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 194; Dec. 17
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  • 95
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    North polar region of Mars - Imaging results from Viking 2 (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: During October 1976, the Viking 2 orbiter acquired approximately 700 high-resolution images of the north polar region of Mars. These images confirm the existence at the north pole of extensive layered deposits largely covered over with deposits of perennial ice. An unconformity within the layered deposits suggests a complex history of climate change during their time of deposition. A pole-girdling accumulation of dunes composed of very dark materials is revealed by the Viking cameras. The entire region is devoid of fresh impact craters. Rapid rates of erosion or deposition are implied. A scenario for polar geological evolution, involving two types of climate change, is proposed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 194; Dec. 17
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  • 96
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    Nature of the carbon and sulfur phases and inorganic gases in the Kenna ureilite (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Abundances of carbon and sulfur in the Kenna ureilite are 2.219 plus or minus 0.060 wt. % C and 0.179 plus or minus 0.008 wt. % S. Secondary carbonates resulting from terrestrial weathering account for 0.25 plus or minus 0.02 wt. % C. No hydrocarbons were detected during gas release measurements. Most of the carbon is in graphite, diamond, or lonsdaleite. The sample of Kenna contained 0.95 plus or minus 0.05 wt.% H2O. Total carbon and sulfur measurements were made on three additional ureilites: Havero, Dingo Pup Donga, and North Haig. Ureilite carbon abundances are similar to those of C-2 chondrites, whereas sulfur abundances are a factor of 10 less than C-2 chondrites and ordinary chondrites. The elemental abundances, ratios, and phases present in the ureilites rule out a direct genetic relationship between the ureilites and the carbonaceous chondrites.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta; 40; Dec. 197
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  • 97
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    Geothermal flux through palagonitized tephra, Surtsey, Iceland - The Surtsey temperature-data-relay experiment via Landsat-1 (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The net geothermal flux through palagonitized basaltic tephra rims of the Surtur I and Surtur II craters at Surtsey, Iceland, in 1972, is estimated at 780 plus or minus 325 microcal/sq cm/s, indicating a decline since 1969 when a flux of 1500 microcal/sq cm/s was estimated. Heat flux in this range characterizes the postvolcanic environment on Surtsey in which the subaerial polagonitization of basaltic tephra is associated with mass transfer of hydrothermal vapor, either of meteoric or sea-water origin, only a few years after cessation of eruptive activity. The flux estimation is the result of the Surtsey data-relay experiment via Landsat-1 which was carried out in several phases. Temperature data were transmitted for a 38-day period in November and December 1972. A near-surface vertical gradient of 69.4 C/m was obtained, suggesting a mixed mechanism of heat transfer, partitioned between conduction and convection.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: U.S. Geological Survey; vol. 4
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  • 98
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    Atmospheric measurements on Mars - The Viking meteorology experiment (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The Viking meteorology experiment is one of nine experiments to be carried out on the surface of Mars by each of two Viking Landers positioned at different latitudes and longitudes in the Northern Hemisphere. The meteorology experiment will measure pressure, temperature, wind speed, and wind direction at 1.5-hr intervals throughout the Martian day. The duration of each measurement period, the interval between data samples for a measurement period, and the time at which the measurement period is started will be varied throughout the mission. The scientific investigation and the sensors and electronics used for making the atmospheric measurement are discussed.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: American Meteorological Society; vol. 57
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  • 99
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    Saltation threshold on Mars - The effect of interparticle force, surface roughness, and low atmospheric density (1976)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Results are reported for wind-tunnel experiments performed to determine the threshold friction speed of particles with different densities. Experimentally determined threshold speeds are plotted as a function of particle diameter and in terms of threshold parameter vs particle friction Reynolds number. The curves are compared with those of previous experiments, and an A-B curve is plotted to show differences in threshold speed due to differences in size distributions and particle shapes. Effects of particle diameter are investigated, an expression for threshold speed is derived by considering the equilibrium forces acting on a single particle, and other approximately valid expressions are evaluated. It is shown that the assumption of universality of the A-B curve is in error at very low pressures for small particles and that only predictions which take account of both Reynolds number and effects of interparticle forces yield reasonable agreement with experimental data. Effects of nonerodible surface roughness are examined, and threshold speeds computed with allowance for this factor are compared with experimental values. Threshold friction speeds on Mars are then estimated for a surface pressure of 5 mbar, taking into account all the factors considered.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Icarus; 29; Nov. 197
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  • 100
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    Angular distribution of particle fluxes in rotating systems (1976)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Charged-particle pitch-angle distributions at one point on a magnetic drift surface in a rapidly rotating axisymmetric mirroring system (such as Jupiter's magnetosphere would be in the absence of the 10-deg dipole tilt) are related to those at another point by Liouville's theorem. If the distribution function in the rotating frame is gyrotropic; i.e., if it is independent of the phase angle of the gyration, it is gyrotropic at all points on that drift surface. Examples are given of 'pancake', 'dumbbell', and isotropic distributions when they are observed from the nonrotating frame at different points on a drift surface.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 81; Oct. 1
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