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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The objective of the radio science investigations is to extract the maximum scientific information from the data provided by the radio and radar systems on the Viking Orbiters and Landers. Unique features of the Viking missions include tracking of the landers on the surface of Mars, dual-frequency S- and X-band tracking data from the orbiters, lander-to-orbiter communications system data, and lander radar data, all of which provide sources of information for a number of scientific investigations. Post-flight analyses will provide both new and improved scientific information on physical and surface properties of Mars, on atmospheric and ionospheric properties of Mars, and on solar system properties.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: Icarus; 16; Feb. 197
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Use of Doppler tracking data from the Lunar Orbiter series of spacecraft in an analysis of the spherical harmonic coefficients of the lunar gravitational field through thirteenth degree and order. The value obtained for the mass of the moon, GM = 4902.84 cu km/sec/sec, is in good agreement with previous results and with results obtained by alternate procedures. Acceleration contour plots, derived from the gravitational coefficients, show correlations with surface features on the near side of the moon, but are of questionable validity for the far side because of the lack of direct tracking data on the far side. Based on the most recent gravitational field data, the current estimate for the polar moment of inertia of the moon is C/Ma squared = 0.4019 super + 0.004 sub - 0.002. This value indicates that the interior of the moon can be homogeneous, but some results presented strongly suggest that the moon is differentiated, with an excess of mass in the direction toward the earth.
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2011-08-11
    Description: Tracking data for Lunar Orbiter I producing first estimate of overall gravitational field of Moon, noting spacecraft will not impact on Moon before completing photographic mission
    Keywords: SPACE SCIENCES
    Type: SCIENCE
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  • 4
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    In:  CASI
    Publication Date: 2012-03-20
    Description: Orientation coordinates in astronomical maps
    Keywords: PROPULSION SYSTEMS
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Approximately three months of radio tracking data from the Viking landers have been analyzed to determine the lander locations, the orientation of the spin axis of Mars, and a first estimate from Viking data of the planet's spin rate. Preliminary results have also been obtained for atmospheric parameters and radii at occultation points and for properties of the surface in the vicinity of lander 1.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 194; Dec. 17
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2016-11-16
    Description: A Martian gravity field of sixth degree and order has been determined from an analysis of a combination of Viking and Mariner 9 spacecraft Doppler tracking data. A short-arc technique utilizing approximately 4 hours of data centered at periapsis was used, and the data covered 16 arcs from Mariner 9 and 17 arcs from the Viking orbiters. The data were selected so as to obtain a uniform distribution of periapsis longitudes over the surface of Mars, and both S band and X band data were used where possible to eliminate charged particle effects. Inclusion of the Viking data arcs altered the Martian geoid features, as defined by previous short-arc analysis techniques of Mariner 9 data, by about 80 m in the southern hemisphere and about 140 m in the northern hemisphere.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; Volume 82; No. 28; 4325-4327
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2016-11-16
    Description: Radio tracking data from the Viking landers have been analyzed to determine the parameters of the Mars physical ephemeris, the radii of Mars at the landing sites, and the lander locations. The orientation of the Mars rotation axis, referred to the 1950.0 earth mean equator, equinox, and epoch, was determined to be 317.340+/-0.003 degrees right ascension and 52.710+/-0.002degrees declination. The planet's rotation period was determined to be 24 h, 37 min, 22.663+/-0.002 s. Analyses indicate that the determination of the motions of the Mars rotation axis will require additional tracking data. The Mars radii at the sites of landers 1 and 2 are 3389.38+/-0.06 km and 3381.91+/-0.08 km, respectively. The areocentric location of lander 1 is 22.272+/-0.002 degrees N, 47.94+/-0.2 degrees W. The lander 2 location is 47.670+/-0.002 degrees N, 225.71+/-0.2 degrees W. The areocentric right ascensions of the landers are determined to be 277.314+/-0.002 degrees for lander 1 and 99.546+/-0.002degrees for lander 2 at 0000 hours, January 1, 1977 (Julian date 2443144.57). Possible determinations of relativity parameters, solar oblateness, asteroid mass, and variations of the universal gravitational constant, from their effects on the planetary motions, will require the additional tracking data of the Viking extended mission.
    Keywords: Lunar and Planetary Science and Exploration
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; Volume 82; No. 28; 4297-4303
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2016-11-16
    Description: The Viking radio science investigations utilize data from the radio tracking and communications systems of the orbiters and landers. The primary areas of research are: (1) dynamical, surface, and internal properties of Mars, (2) atmospheric and ionospheric properties of Mars, and (3) solar system properties. The instrumentation and facilities used are those required for trajectory and orbit determination, spacecraft control, and data transmission. The X-band downlink on the orbiters is also used for communications experiments and for the improvement of radio science capabilities.
    Keywords: SPACECRAFT INSTRUMENTATION
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; Volume 82; No. 28; 4293-4295
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  • 9
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    In:  Other Sources
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The results of investigations of the geodesy of the planets and their satellites conducted during the period 1975 - 1978 are surveyed. Analysis of the photographic data of Mercury taken by Mariner 10 have revealed the mass, oblateness, radius rotation period and density of the panet, and allowed the high-resolution mapping of the surface. Earth-based radar imagery has permitted the identification of large-scale topographic features on Venus. Knowledge of the gravitational field of Mars has been improved by Mariner 9 and Viking tracking data, and the global topography and geometric figure of Mars have been derived. Doppler and ranging tracking data from the Viking landers have provided data for the precise determination of Martian rotational dynamics and the topographic features and figures of Phobos and Deimos have been observed. Pioneer 10 and 11 data have yielded information on the mass, gravitational field and dynamic parameters of Jupiter. Discoveries of a satellite of Pluto and a set of rings around Uranus have been made, the rotation of Uranus and Neptune have been measured, and the geodetic properties of the rings and satellites of Saturn have been investigated. Future developments in planetary geodesy are expected from continued Viking data and the Pioneer Venus probe and Voyager probes to Jupiter and Saturn.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Radio tracking data from the Viking lander have been used to determine the lander position and the orientation of the spin axis of Mars. The areocentric coordinates of the lander are 22.27 deg N, 48.00 deg W, and 3389.5 kilometers from the center of mass; the spin axis orientation, referred to earth's mean equator and equinox of 1950.0, is 317.35 deg right ascension and 52.71 deg declination.
    Keywords: LUNAR AND PLANETARY EXPLORATION
    Type: Science; 193; Aug. 27
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