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  • Inorganic Chemistry  (1,520)
  • BIOTECHNOLOGY  (573)
  • 1970-1974  (2,093)
  • 1950-1954
  • 1973  (1,036)
  • 1972  (1,057)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
Years
  • 1970-1974  (2,093)
  • 1950-1954
Year
  • 1
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    Impact (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Impact, emergency escape and crash survival protection are studied. Accleration, the G system of units, data interpretation, and human tolerance limits are summarized, along with physiological and biochemical response to impact. Biomechanical factors of impact are also cited.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: BioTechnol., Inc. Bioastronaut. Data Book, 2d Ed.; p 221-295
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  • 2
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    Work, heat, and oxygen cost (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Human energy is discussed in terms of the whole man. The physical work a man does, the heat he produces, and the quantity of oxygen he takes from the air to combine with food, the fuel source of his energy, are described. The daily energy exchange, work and heat dissipation, oxygen costs of specific activities, anaerobic work, and working in space suits are summarized.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: BioTechnol., Inc. Bioastronaut. Data Book, 2d Ed.; p 847-879
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  • 3
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    Human control capabilities (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The capabilities and limitations of man as an element in a closed loop control system under normal environmental conditions are described. Controller characteristics are enumerated, using manual control, quasilinear models, pilot opinion and ratings, compensatory tracking, optimum control models, motion cues, multiple input tracking, multiple loop tracking, transmission delays, and adaptive manual control. Various controls, manipulators, and displays are also considered.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: BioTechnol., Inc. Bioastronaut. Data Book, 2d Ed.; p 751-806
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  • 4
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    Noise and blast (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Noise and blast environments are described, providing a definition of units and techniques of noise measurement and giving representative booster-launch and spacecraft noise data. The effects of noise on hearing sensitivity and performance are reviewed, and community response to noise exposure is discussed. Physiological, or nonauditory, effects of noise exposure are also treated, as are design criteria and methods for minimizing the noise effects of hearing sensitivity and communications. The low level sound detection and speech reception are included, along with subjective and behavioral responses to noise.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: BioTechnol., Inc. Bioastronaut. Data Book, 2d Ed.; p 693-750
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  • 5
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    Rotary acceleration (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Rotary acceleration is found to be a manifestation of angular acceleration, and is always present during steady state spinning or tumbling, even when the angular velocity is constant. Subjective reactions and tolerances, performance, physiological effects, and pathological effects are reviewed for rotary acceleration. Thresholds for stimulation perception by angular acceleration in man are presented in tabular form.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: BioTechnol., Inc. Bioastronaut. Data Book, 2d Ed.; p 191-219
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  • 6
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    Atmosphere (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Properties of elements and compounds are considered which make up or may be added to a gaseous environment suitable for humans. Oxygen and carbon dioxide are emphasized; nitrogen and the noble gases are also cited. Other gaseous compounds, such as carbon monoxide, methane, and sulfur hexafluoride, are briefly mentioned.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: BioTechnol., Inc. Bioastronaut. Data Book, 2d Ed.; p 35-63
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  • 7
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    Sustained linear acceleration (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The subjective effects of sustained acceleration are discussed, including positive, negative, forward, backward, and lateral acceleration effects. Physiological effects, such as retinal and visual response, unconsciousness and cerebral function, pulmonary response, and renal output, are studied. Human tolerance and performance under sustained acceleration are ascertained.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: BioTechnol., Inc. Bioastronaut. Data Book, 2d Ed.; p 149-190
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  • 8
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    Combined environmental stresses (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: Tolerance levels, physiological effects, and performance degradation during simultaneous or sequential exposures to two environmental stresses, and also three or more simultaneous stresses are described. Environmental stress combinations are characterized by four descriptors: order of occurrence, duration of exposure, severity of exposure, and type of interaction. Combined stress data and facilities for combined stress study are briefly mentioned.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: BioTechnol., Inc. Bioastronaut. Data Book, 2d Ed.; p 881-914
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  • 9
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    Temperature (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The problems in human comfort in heat stress are emphasized, with less emphasis placed upon cold exposure problems. Physiological parameters related to human thermal interactions are discussed, as well as data concerning thermal protective clothing. The energy balance equation, heat transfer equation, thermal comfort, heat stress, and cold stress are also considered. A two node model of human temperature regulation in FORTRAN is appended.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: BioTechnol., Inc. Bioastronaut. Data Book, 2d Ed.; p 65-148
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  • 10
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    Ionizing radiation (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The penetrating ionizing space radiations are found to be extremely diverse in the energy range of both their particulate and their electromagnetic components. Radiation terms and measures and ionizing radiation classes and sources are presented. Whole body radiation effects are examined, including radiation intensity and rate effectiveness factors. Radiation effects on specific body systems, such as blood, skin, visual, and reproductive systems are also discussed.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: BioTechnol., Inc. Bioastronaut. Data Book, 2d Ed.; p 417-454
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  • 11
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    Barometric pressure (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2005-11-30
    Description: The effects of alterations in barometric pressure on human beings are described. Human tolerances for gaseous environments and low and high barometric pressure are discussed, including effects on specific areas, such as the ear, lungs, teeth, and sinuses. Problems due to trapped gas within the body, high dynamic pressures on the body, and blasts are also considered.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: BioTechnol., Inc. Bioastronaut. Data Book, 2d Ed.; p 1-34
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  • 12
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    Vibration (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-11-16
    Description: Man's reactions to vibration are emphasized rather than his reactions to the vibrational characteristics of vehicles. Vibrational effects studies include: performance effects reflected in tracking proficiency, reaction time, visual impairment, and other measures related to man's ability to control a system; physiological reactions; biodynamic responses; subjective reactions; and human tolerance limits. Technological refinements in shaker systems and improved experimental designs are used to validate the data.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: BioTechnol., Inc. Bioastronaut. Data Book, 2d Ed.; p 297-348
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  • 13
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    Locomotion in a rotating environment (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: A rotating space station simulator is being used to obtain data on man's performance in a rotating environment. At present the facility is being used to assess the effects of rotation on man's walking capabilities on circular and flat walls at g-levels from 0.05 to 0.75g. Some of the preliminary results are reviewed.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: Fifth Symp. on the Role of the Vestibular Organs in Space Exploration; p 67-72
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  • 14
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    Effects of visual reference on adaptation to motion sickness and subjective responses evoked by graded cross-coupled angular accelerations (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Three groups of 10 subjects each were exposed to stepwise increments of cross coupled angular accelerations in three visual modes: internal visual reference (IVR), external visual reference (EVR), and vision absent (VA). The subjects in the IVR condition required significantly greater amounts of stimulus exposure to neutralize their illusory subjective reactions. They also suffered a greater loss of well-being and a more marked incidence of motion sickness than did subjects in the EVR and VA conditions. The same 30 subjects were reexposed to the same graded cross coupled stimulation 1 week later. This time, however, all the subjects were tested under only the IVR condition. All three groups showed some positive transfer of adaptation, but only the IVR-IVR combination required significantly fewer head motions to achieve the same level of adaptation on the second occasion. Taken overall, however, the most efficient and least disturbing route to adaptation at the completion of the second test was via the VA-IVR combination.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: NASA, Washington Fifth Symp. on the Role of the Vestibular Organs in Space Exploration; p 87-97
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  • 15
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    Some physiological aspects of artificial gravity (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The effects of increasing artificial gravity exposure on four aspects of physiological fitness are examined in four young men who, prior to exposure, were deconditioned with bed rest and water immersion. The four aspects of physiological fitness are orthostatic tolerance, exercise tolerance, forearm endurance, and maximum strength. Orthostatic tolerance was sharply reduced by deconditioning and was substantially improved by walking in simulated lunar gravity (1/6 g) for 2.5 hours daily for 7 days or by walking in 1/2 g and 1 g for 1 hour daily for 3 days. Exercise tolerance was also sharply reduced by deconditioning but did not significantly improve with increasing g-exposure. Walking in 1 g for 1 hour daily for 3 days raised exercise tolerance only a little above the low produced by deconditioning. Forearm endurance and maximum strength were relatively unaffected by deconditioning and subsequent g-exposure.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: NASA, Washington Fifth Symp. on the Role of the Vestibular Organs in Space Exploration; p 73-83
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  • 16
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    Design of experimental studies of human performance under influences of simulated artificial gravity (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: A ground based research program is now being undertaken to provide data concerning the effects of a rotating environment on man's ability to adequately perform gross and fine psychomotor tasks. Emphasis is being placed on establishing the levels of artificial gravity and rates and radii of rotation required in future space systems for preservation of crew performance and comfort. An experimental study utilizing a rotational facility to investigate crew mobility, cargo transfer and handling, and fine motor coordination at radii up to 24 meters and at rotational rates up to 5 rpm is reported.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: Fifth Symp. on the Role of the Vestibular Organs in Space Exploration; p 55-65
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  • 17
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    An overview of artificial gravity (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The unique characteristics of artificial gravity that affect human performance and physiology in an artificial gravity environment are reviewed. The rate at which these unique characteristics change decreases very rapidly with increasing radius of a rotating vehicle used to produce artificial gravity. Reducing their influence on human performance or physiology by increasing radius becomes a situation of very rapidly diminishing returns. A review of several elements of human performance has developed criteria relative to the sundry characteristics of artificial gravity. A compilation of these criteria indicates that the maximum acceptable rate of rotation, leg heaviness while walking, and material handling are the factors that define the minimum acceptable radius. The ratio of Coriolis force to artificial weight may also be significant. Based on current knowledge and assumptions for the various criteria, a minimum radius between 15.2 and 16.8 m seems desirable.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: Fifth Symp. on the Role of the Vestibular Organs in Space Exploration; p 23-33
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  • 18
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    Crew report (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: A 56-day chamber simulation of Skylab was successfully completed. The atmosphere (5 psi, 70 percent oxygen, 30 percent nitrogen, 5 mm carbon dioxide) and medical features including a 21-day pre- and 18-day post-test medical protocols were closely simulated. No apparent crew health problems were induced by the atmosphere, semiclosed environment, or other test features; and no appreciable crew degradation appeared over this period. The chamber and associated systems performed without major problems.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: Skylab Med. Expt. Altitude Test (SMEAT); 46 p
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  • 19
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    Crew background, training, and activities (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The brief history of the Skylab altitude test crewmen is followed by an outline of their training in conducting medical experiments, emergency medical procedures, communications, and housekeeping practices during prolonged exposure to the Skylab simulation environment.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: Skylab Med. Expt. Altitude Test (SMEAT); 7 p
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  • 20
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    Biomedical support systems (1973)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Biomedical support hardware for SMEAT consisted basically of two systems, the inflight medical support system, and the operational bioinstrumentation system. The former is essentially a diagnostic and therapeutic kit; the latter is a belt equipped with sensors worn by the crewman to permit monitoring of his vital signs. Special attention was given during to the use and verification of the items in the systems so that changes required in the equipment could be pinpointed and effected prior to the Skylab mission. During the in-chamber testing, evaluations were made of the effectiveness of the proposed microbiology procedures, techniques, equipment, and the stability of media and reagents over the extended period of storage.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: Skylab Med. Expt. Altitude Test (SMEAT); 8 p
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  • 21
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    Habitability/crew quarters, experiment M487 (1973)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Skylab experiment M487, habitability crew quarters, is designed to provide an operational evaluation of the Skylab habitat by gathering data regarding the manner in which crewmen carry out their daily living and working routines during the missions. The success of the Skylab habitability experiment depends, in large measure, on the adequacy of the data collection instruments and the manner in which they are used.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: Skylab Med. Expt. Altitude Test (SMEAT); 11 p
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  • 22
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    Specimen mass measurement (1973)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: The Skylab specimen mass measurement device was operated throughout the altitude test in close simulation of the 56-day Skylab mission. It performed operational specimen measurements well until it was passed out of the chamber for replacement of the specimen hold-down and was autoclaved prior to return. Fecal measurements were typically made with less than one percent error.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: Skylab Med. Expt. Altitude Test (SMEAT); 16 p
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  • 23
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    Time and motion, experiment M151 (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-11
    Description: Astronaut work performance during the preparation and execution of experiments in simulated Skylab tests was analyzed according to time and motion in order to evaluate the efficiency and consistency of performance (adaptation function) for several different types of activity over the course of the mission; to evaluate the procedures to be used by the same experiment in Skylab; to generate characteristic adaptation functions for later comparison with Skylab data; and to examine astronaut performance for any behavioral stress due to the environment. The overall results indicate that the anticipated adaptation function was obtained both for individual and for averaged data.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center Skylab Med. Expt. Altitude Test (SMEAT); 7 p
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  • 24
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    The use of a digital computer for investigation of the dynamic characteristics of a man while pressing vertically downward with the straight arm on the handle of a vibrator (instrument) (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-03-28
    Description: The dynamic characteristics of a man were investigated by the resonance method, by means of recordings of the amplitude-frequency characteristics of a vibrator straight arm human body system on a standard automatic recorder. Experiments were carried out with a specially constructed vibrator, the moving system of which was fastened to a bronze suspension with small losses. Vibrations of the handle, fastened to the moving system, were recorded with an accelerometer. The mass of the moving system m, rigidity of the suspension k and friction coefficient r of the vibrator (calibration) were determined by exact formulas.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: Cybernetic Diagnostics of Mech. Systems with Vibro-acoustic Phenomena (NASA-TT-F-14899); p 83-86
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  • 25
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    Computer model of cardiovascular control system responses to exercise (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Approaches of systems analysis and mathematical modeling together with computer simulation techniques are applied to the cardiovascular system in order to simulate dynamic responses of the system to a range of exercise work loads. A block diagram of the circulatory model is presented, taking into account arterial segments, venous segments, arterio-venous circulation branches, and the heart. A cardiovascular control system model is also discussed together with model test results.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
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  • 26
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    Implantable telemetry systems for use in animal monitoring (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
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  • 27
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    Advance techniques for monitoring human tolerance to positive Gz accelerations (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Tolerance to positive g accelerations was measured in ten normal male subjects using both standard and advanced techniques. In addition to routine electrocardiogram, heart rate, respiratory rate, and infrared television, monitoring techniques during acceleration exposure included measurement of peripheral vision loss, noninvasive temporal, brachial, and/or radial arterial blood flow, and automatic measurement of indirect systolic and diastolic blood pressure at 60-sec intervals. Although brachial and radial arterial flow measurements reflected significant cardiovascular changes during and after acceleration, they were inconsistent indices of the onset of grayout or blackout. Temporal arterial blood flow, however, showed a high correlation with subjective peripheral light loss.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
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  • 28
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    Frequency-dependence of dynamic lung compliance during acute exposures to an altitude of 3,962 meters (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: Aerospace Medicine; 44; Nov. 197
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  • 29
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    Landing performance by low-time private pilots after the sudden loss of binocular vision - Cyclops II (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Study of low-time general aviation pilots, who, in a series of spot landings, were suddenly deprived of binocular vision by patching either eye on the downwind leg of a standard, closed traffic pattern. Data collected during these landings were compared with control data from landings flown with normal vision during the same flight. The sequence of patching and the mix of control and monocular landings were randomized to minimize the effect of learning. No decrease in performance was observed during landings with vision restricted to one eye, in fact, performance improved. This observation is reported at a high level of confidence (p less than 0.001). These findings confirm the previous work of Lewis and Krier and have important implications with regard to aeromedical certification standards.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: Aerospace Medicine; 44; Nov. 197
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  • 30
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    Caloric balance during simulated and actual space flight (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The in-flight caloric intakes of all Apollo astronauts are examined and shown to average about 25 kcal per kg per day. Measurement of weight changes following recovery indicates that about 0.15 kg of fat was lost per man per day in-flight for an average deficit of about 19 kcal per kg per day. Measurement of the caloric intake of astronauts under ground-based conditions and during hypobaric exposure indicated a caloric requirement which was not significantly different from the in-flight requirement adjusted for weight loss. Partial metabolic balance data and measurements of bone loss and body volume revealed that protein and mineral losses also occurred to an extent which would reduce the size of estimated in-flight caloric deficits.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: Aerospace Medicine; 44; Nov. 197
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  • 31
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    Illusory sensations in aircraft flight and weightlessness (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Clearly misleading illusions only appear when the vestibular input is of a nonconflicting nature. A number of experiments with blind goldfish were conducted since the vestibular system of the goldfish is homologous in many respects to that of man. Inertial stimuli were given by linear acceleration of the entire aquarium with the fish in it. A high-speed movie camera and three-axis accelerometers were used to record the fish responses. It was found that fish, if subjected to horizontal linear acceleration, behave as if the moving force acting on the otoliths were a gravitational force component and not an inertial reacting force.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
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  • 32
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    Performance of cellulose acetate butyrate membranes in hyperfiltration of sodium chloride and urea feed solution (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Cellulose acetate butyrate (CAB) membranes are shown to give high salt and urea rejection with water flux of about 3 gallons/sq ft per day at 600 psig. Membranes prepared from a formulation containing glyoxal show a significant increase in flux and decrease in salt and urea rejection with drying time. Zero drying time gives maximum urea and salt rejection and is therefore most suitable for hyperfiltration of sodium chloride and urea feed solution.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Applied Polymer Science; 17; 1973
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  • 33
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    Nutrition systems for pressure suits. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Nutrition systems were successfully developed in the Apollo Program for astronauts wearing pressure suits during emergency decompression situations and during lunar surface explorations. These nutrition systems consisted of unique dispensers, water, flavored beverages, nutrient-fortified beverages, and intermediate moisture food bars. The emergency decompression system dispensed the nutrition from outside the pressure suit by interfacing with a suit helmet penetration port. The lunar exploration system utilized dispensers stowed within the interior layers of the pressure suit. These systems could be adapted for provision of nutrients in other situations requiring the use of pressure suits.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: Aerospace Medicine; 44; Aug. 197
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  • 34
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    Comparative study of patches for liquid cooled garments. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Tests were performed on 12 cooling patches of various designs to establish criteria for the evaluation of their performance in liquid-cooled suits in industrial, military and aerospace applications. The thermal effectiveness value was 0.088 for patch designs with a double spiral flow pattern, and 0.075 for patch designs with a parallel flow pattern. The ratio of thermal energy transfer rate to cooling-medium pumping power requirement is indicated as the prime performance characteristic to be considered in the selection and rating of cooling patches.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets; 10; Aug. 197
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  • 35
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    Microwave radiation hazards around large microwave antenna. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The microwave radiation hazards associated with the use of large antennas become increasingly more dangerous to personnel as the transmitters go to ever higher powers. The near-field area is of the greatest concern. It has spill over from subreflector and reflections from nearby objects. Centimeter waves meeting in phase will reinforce each other and create hot spots of microwave energy. This has been measured in front of and around several 26-meter antennas. Hot spots have been found and are going to be the determining factor in delineating safe areas for personnel to work. Better techniques and instruments to measure these fields are needed for the evaluation of hazard areas.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: American Industrial Hygiene Association Journal; 34; Mar. 197
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    Residual visual function after brain wounds involving the central visual pathways in man. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: Nature; 243; June 1
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    Analysis of operator participation (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The problem of providing a psychological conception of the analysis of operator participation in a form that will allow the qualitative approach to be combined with the quantitative approach is examined. This conception is based on an understanding of the essence of human endeavor in automated control systems that now determine the development of society's productive forces and that are the main object of ergonomic research. Two main types of operator participation were examined; information retrieval with immediate service and information retrieval with delayed service.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: Ergonomics: Principles and Recommendations, No. 1 (NASA-TT-F-716); p 27-46
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    Evaluating the efficiency of man-machine systems (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Efficiency and the degree of adaptability of a system to cope with problems presented to it, are evaluated. Also evaluated are serial production, possible modernization approaches, and operational procedures. The link between system efficiency and cost criteria are included.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: Ergonomics: Principles and Recommendations, No. 1 (NASA-TT-F-716); p 221-230
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    Research principles and the construction of mnemonic diagrams (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Mnemonic diagrams are defined as a variety of information display devices, the essential element of which is conventional graphical presentation of technological or functional-operational links in a controlled system or object. Graphically displaying the operational structure of an object, the interd dependence between different parameters, and the interdependence between indicators and control organs, the mneomonic diagram reduces the load on the operator's memory and facilitates perception and reprocessing of information and decision making, while at the same time playing the role of visual support to the information activity of the operator. The types of mnemonic diagrams are listed.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: Ergonomics: Principles and Recommendations, No. 1 (NASA-TT-F-716); p 83-126
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    The application of aerospace technology to patient monitoring. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Biomedical Engineering; BME-20; May 1973
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  • 41
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    Emotional state and efficiency (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An investigation was made of the effect of emotional states-negative and positive- on work performance. Data cover intensity of emotional arousal, personality characteristics of person involved, typological features of person's nervous system, emotional stability of person, and past experience of person. Particular attention was given to emotional stress effects on efficiency, given modern working conditions.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: Ergonomics: Principles and Recommendations, No. 1 (NASA-TT-F-716); p 152-164
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    Designing control system information models (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Problems encountered in modeling information models are discussed, Data cover condition, functioning of the object of control, and the environment involved in the control. Other parameters needed for the model include: (1) information for forming an image of the real situation, (2) data for analyzing and evaluating an evolving situation, (3) planning actions, and (4) data for observing and evaluating the results of model realization.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: Ergonomics: Principles and recommendations, No. 1 (NASA-TT-F-716); p 47-82
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    Proton dosimeter design for distributed body organs. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The design of a real-time rem-rad dosimeter with sufficient generality for inclusion of dose distribution factors for space applications is discussed. This generalized dosimetric system is only slightly more complex than dosimeters in current use.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: Nuclear Technology; 20; Oct. 197
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  • 44
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    Use of the single-breath method of estimating cardiac output during exercise-stress testing. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: The single-breath cardiac output measurement technique of Kim et al. (1966) has been modified for use in obtaining cardiac output measurements during exercise-stress tests on Apollo astronauts. The modifications involve the use of a respiratory mass spectrometer for data acquisition and a digital computer program for data analysis. The variation of the modified method for triplicate steady-state cardiac output measurements was plus or minus 1 liter/min. The combined physiological and methodological variation seen during a set of three exercise tests on a series of subjects was 1 to 2.5 liter/min. Comparison of the modified method with the direct Fick technique showed that although the single-breath values were consistently low, the scatter of data was small and the correlation between the two methods was high. Possible reasons for the low single-breath cardiac output values are discussed.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: Aerospace Medicine; 44; July 197
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  • 45
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    Effects of oxygen-augmented atmosphere on the immune response. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Antibovine serum albumin antibody and nonspecific protein production was evaluated in female rabbits (11-14.5 kg) housed in special cages ventilated with 20% or 40% oxygen at normal barometric pressure. Animals exposed to 40% oxygen do not show normal steady increase of serum antibody. Instead, their titers show a pattern of undershoot, overshoot, undershoot, and finally equilibration at a subnormal level; they have a depressed popliteal node polysome level and have an abnormally low proportion of membrane-bound polysomes. They also show reduced capability of popliteal nodes to synthesize protein (as expected from the reduced number of polysomes). However, the ratio of newly-synthesized specific antibody: nonspecific protein remains normal.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: Aerospace Medicine; 44; June 197
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  • 46
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    Ergonomics research methods (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: Various factors used in ergonomic research are given. They are: (1) anthrometric measurement, (2) polyeffector method of assessing the functional state of man, (3) galvanic skin reaction, (4) pneumography, (5) electromyography, (6) electrooculography, and (7) tachestoscopy. A brief summary is given of each factor and includes instrumentation and results.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: Ergonomics: Principles and recommendations, No. 1 (NASA-TT-F-716); p 165-220
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  • 47
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    Functional states of the operator (1973)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: A study was made of the changes that occur in the functional state of the operator as he does his job. The functional state of the operator is understood to mean the available characteristics of his functions and qualities which, directly or indirectly, determine how he receives, processes, and reads out information. These characteristics change, depending on many conditions found on the job, and can be higher or lower, than those values which exist in the so-called operator rest state, when the person is doing nothing, but is ready to act. A number of environmental factors, directly or indirectly related to the job, act on the operator controlling a system. Analysis of the causes of changes in the functional state suggests they can be broken down into two main groups: those associated with the physical characteristics of the influencing factors, and those attributable to the informational structure of the signals. There are as well many internal causes, primarily changes in the basic properties of those functions on which operator performance depends for the most part, that affect the functional state.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: Ergonomics: Principles and Recommendations, No. 1 (NASA-TT-F-716); p 119-151
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    Ergonomic prerequisites for artistic designing (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-16
    Description: An analysis was made of current problems of ergonomics and engineering psychology as well as certain aspects of the interaction between artists-designers and ergonomists in the planning process.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: Ergonomics: Principles and Recommendations, No. 1 (NASA-TT-F-716); p 126
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  • 49
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    Vector cardiogram hardware report, experiment M093 (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-08-29
    Description: The Skylab vectorcardiogram system was thoroughly tested during the 56-day SMEAT program. Except for a few problems which were readily resolved, the equipment functioned very well.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: Skylab Med. Expt. Altitude Test (SMEAT); 3 p
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  • 50
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    Indirect Blood Pressure Measuring Device (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-09
    Description: Design and performance of a blood pressure recording device for pediatric use are reported. A strain gage transducer with a copper-beryllium strip as force sensing element is used to monitor skin movements and to convert them into electrical signals proportional to those displacements. Experimental tests with this device in recording of force developed above the left femoral artery of a dog accurately produced a blood pressure curve.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1972 Summer Inst. for Biomed. Eng.; p 173-186
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    Design Modification of Electrophoretic Equipment (1973)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2014-09-05
    Description: The improved design of a zone electrophoretic sampler is reported that can be used in mass screening for hemoglobin S, the cause of sickle cell anemia. Considered is a high voltage multicell cellulose acetate device that requires 5 to 6 minutes electrophoresis periods; cells may be activitated individually or simultaneously. A multisample hemoglobin applicator standardizes the amount of sample applied and transfers the homolysate to the electrical wires.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1972 Summer Inst. for Biomed. Eng.; p 9-39
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    The Mesa Arizona Pupil Tracking System (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-03-01
    Description: A computer-based Pupil Tracking/Teacher Monitoring System was designed for Mesa Public Schools, Mesa, Arizona. The established objectives of the system were to: (1) facilitate the economical collection and storage of student performance data necessary to objectively evaluate the relative effectiveness of teachers, instructional methods, materials, and applied concepts; and (2) identify, on a daily basis, those students requiring special attention in specific subject areas. The system encompasses computer hardware/software and integrated curricula progression/administration devices. It provides daily evaluation and monitoring of performance as students progress at class or individualized rates. In the process, it notifies the student and collects information necessary to validate or invalidate subject presentation devices, methods, materials, and measurement devices in terms of direct benefit to the students. The system utilizes a small-scale computer (e.g., IBM 1130) to assure low-cost replicability, and may be used for many subjects of instruction.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: JPL Quart. Tech. Rev.; Vol. 2; No. 4; p 87-92
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    Human eye movements during various forms of linear acceleration and weightlessness (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-05-22
    Description: Eye movements of human subjects were recorded electronystagmographically in complete darkness during rectilinear horizontal accelerations as achieved in cars on the ground and also during aircraft parabolic flight. The results were compared to the movements of blinded goldfish subjected to similar changes of gravitoinertial forces. The results indicate that there is a human correlation with the gravity reference response of fish. During horizontal forward accelerations on the ground the human eyes turn downward and during horizontal backward acceleration the eyes turn upward. The human eye response to g-loads below 1 g and to weightlessness is the reverse of the tilt of the fish. While fish dive down during low g, or loop forward during weightlessness, the eyes of subjects sitting upright in an aircraft which flies at 0 g move upward.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: AGARD The Use of Nystagmography in Aviation Med.; 3 p
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  • 54
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    Hematological Viscometry (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-05
    Description: Concepts and defining equations for the design of a relative velocity blood viscometer are reported. The device consists of two cone and plate chambers, a variable speed drive, and rotational velocity detectors. Two con-plate systems are directly coupled with one system driving the other through the viscous drag transmitted in the test fluid. Angular velocity measurements are processed electronically. A brief description of current viscometer designs is included.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1972 Summer Inst. for Biomed. Eng.; p 105-140
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    Handling System for Iridium-192 Seeds (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-05
    Description: A complete system is proposed for safe handling of iridium-192 seeds used to internally irradiate malignant growths. A vibratory hopper feeds the seeds onto a transport system for deposit in a magazine or storage area. A circular magazine consisting of segmented plastic tubing with holes in the walls to accommodate the seeds seems feasible. The magazine is indexed to stop and release a seed for calibration and deposition.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1972 Summer Inst. for Biomed. Eng.; p 141-171
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  • 56
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    Operating Room Environment Control. Part A: a Valve Cannister System for Anesthetic Gas Adsorption. Part B: a State-of-the-art Survey of Laminar Flow Operating Rooms. Part C: Three Laminar Flow Experiments (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-05
    Description: An anesthetic gas flow pop-off valve canister is described that is airtight and permits the patient to breath freely. Once its release mechanism is activated, the exhaust gases are collected at a hose adapter and passed through activated coal for adsorption. A survey of laminar air flow clean rooms is presented and the installation of laminar cross flow air systems in operating rooms is recommended. Laminar flow ventilation experiments determine drying period evaporation rates for chicken intestines, sponges, and sections of pig stomach.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1972 Summer Inst. for Biomed. Eng.; p 41-104
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  • 57
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    A gravity exercise system (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: An effective method for muscle conditioning during weightlessness flight is derived from isometric exercise. The basic principle of gravity exercise is to periodically displace the human body upon reactionless rollers so that spacial equilibrium can only be maintained by the proper tension and relaxation of the body's muscles. A rotating platform mounted upon two degrees of freedom rollers provides such a condition of gravitational reaction stress throughout each of its 360 deg rotation.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center The 8th Aerospace Mech. Symp.; p 311-316
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    Medical electronics: A need and a challenge (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-01-25
    Description: Space programs have led to the development of telemetry pills for diagnosis of diseases of the digestive tract, reusable X-ray image storage plates that require no chemical processing, and muscular augmentation systems for the handicapped. These examples, together with countless other examples of technological innovation that can be drawn from research and development programs supported by government funds, offer a potential opportunity to stimulate growth and to control rising costs in medical electronics.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: WESCON The 1973 WESCON Tech. Papers, Vol. 17; 4 p
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  • 59
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    Simulator evaluation of display concepts for pilot monitoring and control of space shuttle approach and landing. Phase 2: Manual flight control (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A study of the display requirements for final approach management of the space shuttle orbiter vehicle is presented. An experimental display concept, providing a more direct, pictorial representation of the vehicle's movement relative to the selected approach path and aiming points, was developed and assessed as an aid to manual flight path control. Both head-up, windshield projections and head-down, panel mounted presentations of the experimental display were evaluated in a series of simulated orbiter approach sequence. Data obtained indicate that the experimental display would enable orbiter pilots to exercise greater flexibility in implementing alternative final approach control strategies. Touchdown position and airspeed dispersion criteria were satisfied on 91 percent of the approach sequences, representing various profile and wind effect conditions. Flight path control and airspeed management satisfied operationally-relevant criteria for the two-segment, power-off orbiter approach and were consistently more accurate and less variable when the full set of experimental display elements was available to the pilot. Approach control tended to be more precise when the head-up display was used; however, the data also indicate that the head-down display would provide adequate support for the manual control task.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-2359
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    The development of an elastic reverse gradient garment to be used as a countermeasure for cardiovascular deconditioning (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Using a new Nomex-Lycra elastic fabric and individualized garment engineering techniques, reverse gradient garments (RGG's) were designed, constructed, and tested for effectiveness as a countermeasure against cardiovascular deconditioning. By combining torso-compensated positive pressure breathing with a distally diminishing gradient of counterpressure supplied by the elastic fabric on the limbs, the RGG acts to pool blood in the extremities of recumbent persons much as though they were standing erect in 1 g. It was theorized that through the use of a dynamic pressurization scheme, the RGG would stress the vasculature in a fashion similar to that experienced by the noramlly active man, hence preventing or limiting the development of post-weightlessness orthostatic intolerance and related conditions. Four male, college-age subjects received daily treatments with the RGG during a 15-day bedrest study. Four additional subjects also underwent the bedrest, but received no treatments; they served as controls. The design and construction of the garments are described, and results of the treatment related measurements are given.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-114685
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    Operations manual for the patient assist device (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Quadriplegic patients and multiple amputee patients are almost totally dependent on nursing personnel for any activities or interests in which they participate. A patient assist device is reported which provides patient control over electrical devices in his environment. The patient operates three switches to acquire control over a desired electrical appliance. The type switches employed are chosen to conform to patient capabilities, even when such capabilities are as limited as eye or head movements. The switch operations are sensed and converted into command signals by the patient assist device to control ten electrical appliances simulataneously and independently.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-134160
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    Patient assist device parts list (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A complete parts list for the patient assist device is presented along with the schematic diagrams.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-134158
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    A program to reduce coronary heart disease risk by altering job stresses (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: This study reports the design, implementation, and evaluation of a program attempting to reduce job stress by improving person-environment fit with respect to job aspects such as work load, responsibility, and interpersonal relationships. In order to assess the effects of the program, measures of both stress and strain were collected at three points in time--just prior to the program, immediately after the program, and three months after completion of the program. Measures of strain included systolic and diastolic blood pressure, determinations of glucose, cholesterol, and uric acid in the plasma, job satisfaction, and job related self-esteem. The findings were interpreted in light of both program incidents within specific experimental groups and general aspects of the program common to the experimental groups. Additional analyses indicated that both good person-environment fit with respect to participation predicts to good fit with respect to other job aspects over a three month interval and that stress causes strain, rather than the reverse.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-132891
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    Synthetic carbohydrate: An aid to nutrition in the future (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The synthetic production of carbohydrate on a large scale is discussed. Three possible nonagricultural methods of making starch are presented in detail and discussed. The simplest of these, the hydrolysis of cellulose wastes to glucose followed by polymerization to starch, appears a reasonable and economic supplement to agriculture at the present time. The conversion of fossil fuels to starch was found to be not competitive with agriculture at the present time, but tractable enough to allow a reasonable plant design to be made. A reconstruction of the photosynthetic process using isolated enzyme systems proved technically much more difficult than either of the other two processes. Particular difficulties relate to the replacement of expensive energy carrying compounds, separation of similar materials, and processing of large reactant volumes. Problem areas were pinpointed, and technological progress necessary to permit such a system to become practical is described.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-136152
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    Preliminary flight prototype potable water bactericide system (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The development, design, and testing of a preliminary flight prototype potable water bactericide system are described. The system is an assembly of upgraded canisters composed of: (1) A biological filter; (2) an activated charcoal and ion exchange resin canister; (3) a silver chloride canister, (4) a deionizer, (5) a silver bromide canister with a partial bypass, and (6) mock-up instrumentation and circuitry. The system exhibited bactericidal activity against 10 to the 9th power Pseudomonas aeruginosa and/or Type IIIa, and reduced Bacillus subtilis by up to 5 orders of magnitude in 24 hours at ambient temperatures with a 1 ppm silver ion dose. Four efficacy tests were performed with a AgBr canister dosing anticipated fuel cell water. Tests show that a 0.05 ppm silver ion dose was bactericidal against 3 plus or minus 1 x 10 to the 9th power (5 plus or minus 1 x 10,000/ml Pseudomonas aeruginosa and/or Type IIIa in 15 minutes or less.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-134135
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    Wash water recovery system (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The Wash Water Recovery System (WWRS) is intended for use in processing shower bath water onboard a spacecraft. The WWRS utilizes flash evaporation, vapor compression, and pyrolytic reaction to process the wash water to allow recovery of potable water. Wash water flashing and foaming characteristics, are evaluated physical properties, of concentrated wash water are determined, and a long term feasibility study on the system is performed. In addition, a computer analysis of the system and a detail design of a 10 lb/hr vortex-type water vapor compressor were completed. The computer analysis also sized remaining system components on the basis of the new vortex compressor design.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-134122 , REPT-73-9497
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    Transducer technology transfer to bio-engineering applications (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The results of a technology transfer of a miniature unidirectional stress transducer, developed for experimental stress analysis in the aerospace field, to applications in bioengineering are reported. By modification of the basic design and innovations in attachment techniques, the transducer was successfully used in vivo on the myocardium of large dogs to record the change in contractile force due to coronary occlusion, reperfusion, and intervention.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Langley Res. Center The 8th Aerospace Mech. Symp.; p 283-292
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    Electrochemical carbon dioxide concentrator: Math model (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A steady state computer simulation model of an Electrochemical Depolarized Carbon Dioxide Concentrator (EDC) has been developed. The mathematical model combines EDC heat and mass balance equations with empirical correlations derived from experimental data to describe EDC performance as a function of the operating parameters involved. The model is capable of accurately predicting performance over EDC operating ranges. Model simulation results agree with the experimental data obtained over the prediction range.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-114639 , LSI-ER-134G-6
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    Implantable transducer for in vivo measurement of bone strain. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
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    Microbiological testing of Skylab foods. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Review of some of the unique food microbiology problems and problem-generating circumstances the Skylab manned space flight program involves. The situations these problems arise from include: extended storage times, variations in storage temperatures, no opportunity to resupply or change foods after launch of the Skylab Workshop, first use of frozen foods in space, first use of a food-warming device in weightlessness, relatively small size of production lots requiring statistically valid sampling plans, and use of food as an accurately controlled part in a set of sophisticated life science experiments. Consideration of all of these situations produced the need for definite microbiological tests and test limits. These tests are described along with the rationale for their selection. Reported test results show good compliance with the test limits.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: Applied Microbiology; 25; Jan. 197
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  • 71
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    Changes in total plasma content of electrolytes and proteins with maximal exercise. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: To determine to what extent the increases in concentration of plasma proteins and electrolytes with short maximal work were a result of hemoconcentration, the changes in plasma volume and total content of the plasma constituents were simultaneously evaluated. The results obtained from six human subjects indicated that in comparison to preexercise values there was a net decrease in total content of plasma protein, sodium, and chloride in the first 2 min of the postexercise period, due primarily to a significant loss (13-15%) of plasma fluid. The total plasma potassium content was increased immediately after exercise but was significantly below the preexercise plasma content after 2 min of recovery.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Applied Physiology; 34; Jan. 197
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  • 72
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    Method for measuring the contractions of small hearts in organ culture. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: Cardiovascular Research; 7; Jan. 197
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  • 73
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    Applications of space teleoperator technology to the problems of the handicapped (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The identification of feasible and practical applications of space teleoperator technology for the problems of the handicapped were studied. A teleoperator system is defined by NASA as a remotely controlled, cybernetic, man-machine system designed to extend and augment man's sensory, manipulative, and locomotive capabilities. Based on a consideration of teleoperator systems, the scope of the study was limited to an investigation of these handicapped persons limited in sensory, manipulative, and locomotive capabilities. If the technology being developed for teleoperators has any direct application, it must be in these functional areas. Feasible and practical applications of teleoperator technology for the problems of the handicapped are described, and design criteria are presented with each application. A development plan is established to bring the application to the point of use.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-133357
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  • 74
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    Development of design information for molecular-sieve type regenerative CO2-removal systems (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Experimental and analytic studies were conducted with molecular sieve sorbents to provide basic design information, and to develop a system design technique for regenerable CO2-removal systems for manned spacecraft. Single sorbate equilibrium data were obtained over a wide range of conditions for CO2, water, nitrogen, and oxygen on several molecular sieve and silica gel sorbents. The coadsorption of CO2 with water preloads, and with oxygen and nitrogen was experimentally evaluated. Mass-transfer, and some limited heat-transfer performance evaluations were accomplished under representative operating conditions, including the coadsorption of CO2 and water. CO2-removal system performance prediction capability was derived.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-2277 , REPT-72-8417
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  • 75
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    Ergometer (1973)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An ergometer is described that has a pedal driven direct current motor as a load and includes a frame for supporting the body of a person in either a sitting or a prone position. The pedals may be operated by either the feet or the hands. The electrical circuitry of the ergometer includes means for limiting the load applied to the pedals as a function of work being performed, heart rate, and increases in heart rate.
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  • 76
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    An evaluation of some special techniques for nuclear waste disposal in space (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A preliminary examination is reported of several special ways for space disposal of nuclear waste material which utilize the radioactive heat in the waste to assist in the propulsion for deep space trajectories. These include use of the wastes in a thermoelectric generator (RTG) which operates an electric propulsion device and a radioisotope - thermal thruster which uses hydrogen or ammonia as the propellant. These propulsive devices are compared to the space tug and the space tug/solar electric propulsion combination for disposal of waste on a solar system escape trajectory. Such comparisons indicate that the waste-RTG approach has considerable potential provided the combined specific mass of the waste container - RTG system does not exceed approximately 150 kg/kw sub e. Several exploratory numerical calculations have been made for high earth orbit and Earth escape destinations.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: NASA-TM-X-62272
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  • 77
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    Cost analysis of atmosphere monitoring systems (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A methodology was developed to predict realistic relative cost of life support systems and to define areas of major cost impacts in the development cycle. Emphasis was given to tailoring the cost data for usage by program planners and designers. Cost estimates can be completed using the developed equations for varying degrees of equipment refinement, as well as comparative costs between different functional methods. Cost analysis of two leading atmosphere monitoring systems, namely the mass spectrometer and the gas chromatograph, is discussed. A summary of the approach used in developing the cost estimating techniques is presented. Included are the cost estimating techniques, the development of cost estimating relationships, and the atmosphere monitoring system cost estimates.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-124306 , MDC-G4634
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  • 78
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    Cost analysis of oxygen recovery systems (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The design and development of equipment for flight use in earth-orbital programs, when optimally approached cost effectively, proceed through the following logical progression: (1) bench testing of breadboard designs, (2) the fabrication and evaluation of prototype equipment, (3) redesign to meet flight-imposed requirements, and (4) qualification and testing of a flight-ready system. Each of these steps is intended to produce the basic design information necessary to progress to the next step. The cost of each step is normally substantially less than that of the following step. An evaluation of the cost elements involved in each of the steps and their impact on total program cost are presented. Cost analyses of four leading oxygen recovery subsystems which include two carbon dioxide reduction subsystem, Sabatier and Bosch, and two water electrolysis subsystems, the solid polymer electrolyte and the circulating KOH electrolyte are described.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-124304 , MDC-G4633
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  • 79
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    Cost analysis of carbon dioxide concentrators (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Methodology and cost estimating relationships, for flight-type and prototype CO2 concentrators, have been developed and presented. A validity check was made by comparing the molecular sieves system considered here and that developed for Skylab. The system evaluated here is twice the size of the Skylab system and is also more complex as it desorbs CO2 thermally and stores it in an accumulator. The cost estimates developed were found to be approximately 50 to 70% higher than the actual cost of the Skylab unit.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-124302 , MDC-G4631
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  • 80
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    Cost analysis of life support systems (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A methodology was developed to predict realistic relative cost of Life Support Systems (LSS) and to define areas of major cost impacts in the development cycle. Emphasis was given to tailoring the cost data for usage by program planners and designers. The equipment classifications used based on the degree of refinement were as follows: (1) Working model; (2) low-fidelity prototype; (3) high-fidelity prototype; and (4) flight-qualified system. The major advanced LSS evaluated included the following: (1) Carbon dioxide removal; (2) oxygen recovery systems; (3) water recovery systems; (4) atmosphere analysis system.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-124305 , MDC-G4630
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  • 81
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    The use of a tracking test battery in the quantitative evaluation of neurological function (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A number of tracking tasks that have proven useful to control engineers and psychologists measuring skilled performance have been evaluated for clinical use. Normal subjects as well as patients with previous diagnoses of Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis, and cerebral palsy were used in the evaluation. The tests that were studied included step tracking, random tracking, and critical tracking. The results of the present experiments encourage the continued use of tracking tasks as assessment precedures in a clinical environment. They have proven to be reliable, valid, and sensitive measures of neurological function.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-132275
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  • 82
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    Study and development of a cryogenic heat exchanger for life support systems (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A prototype cryogenic heat exchanger for removal of waste heat from a spacecraft environmental control life support system was developed. The heat exchanger uses the heat sink capabilities of the cryogenic propellants and, hence, can operate over all mission phases from prelaunch to orbit, to post landing, with quiescent periods during orbit. A survey of candidate warm fluids resulted in the selection of E-2, a fluorocarbon compound, because of its low freezing point and high boiling point. The final design and testing of the heat exchanger was carried out, however, using Freon-21, which is similar to E-2 except for its low boiling point. This change was motivated by the desire for cost effectiveness of the experimental program. The transient performance of the heat exchanger was demonstrated by an analog simulation of the heat sink system. Under the realistic transient heat load conditions (20 sec ramp from minimum to maximum Freon-21 inlet temperature), the control system was able to maintain the warm fluid outlet temperature within + or - 3 F. For a 20-sec ramp from 0 F to -400 F in the hydrogen inlet temperature, at maximum heat load, the warm fluid outlet temperature was maintained within + or - 7 F.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-124301 , REPT-73-9117
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  • 83
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    Cost analysis of water recovery systems (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A methodology was developed to predict the relevant contributions of the more intangible cost elements encountered in the development of flight-qualified hardware based on an extrapolation of past hardware development experience. Major items of costs within water recovery systems were identified and related to physical and/or performance criteria. Cost and performance data from Gemini, Skylab, and other aerospace and biotechnology programs were analyzed to identify major cost elements required to establish cost estimating relationships for advanced water recovery systems. The results of the study are expected to assist NASA in long-range planning and allocation of resources in a cost effective manner in support of earth orbital programs. This report deals with the cost analysis of the five leading water reclamation systems, namely: (1) RITE waste management-water system, (2) reverse osmosis system, (3) multifiltration system, (4) vapor compression system, and (5) closed air evaporation system with electrolytic pretreatment.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-124303 , MDC-G4632
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  • 84
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    Ophthalmic method and apparatus (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A method and apparatus for removing material and components such as the lens from an eye is described. High speed rotary cutting members at one end of a rod macerate the lens while an annular tubing disposed around the cutting members vibrates ultrasonically to coact with the cutting members in macerating the lens. At the same time, a liquid is supplied to the chamber behind the cornea of the eye. Spiral grooves extending along the rotating rod from the cutting members evacuate the liquid and the macerated material from the eye. An alternate embodiment of the apparatus includes a tube through which liquid is supplied to the operative site of the ultrasonically vibrating tube and the cutting members in the area of the lens.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
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  • 85
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    Intermediate water recovery system (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: A water recovery system for collecting, storing, and processing urine, wash water, and humidity condensates from a crew of three aboard a spacecraft is described. The results of a 30-day test performed on a breadboard system are presented. The intermediate water recovery system produced clear, sterile, water with a 96.4 percent recovery rate from the processed urine. Recommendations for improving the system are included.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: NASA-CR-128983 , REPT-72-8901-REV-1
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  • 86
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    Metabolic analyzer (1973)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An apparatus is described for the measurement of metabolic rate and breathing dynamics in which inhaled and exhaled breath are sensed by sealed, piston-displacement type spirometers. These spirometers electrically measure the volume of inhaled and exhaled breath. A mass spectrometer analyzes simultaneously for oxygen, carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and water vapor. Circuits responsive to the outputs of the spirometers, mass spectrometer, temperature, pressure, and timing signals compute oxygen consumption, carbon dioxide production, minute volume, and respiratory exchange ratio. A selective indicator provides for readout of these data at predetermined cyclic intervals.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: NASA-TM-X-64797
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  • 87
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    A model of the human in a cognitive prediction task. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The human decision maker's behavior when predicting future states of discrete linear dynamic systems driven by zero-mean Gaussian processes is modeled. The task is on a slow enough time scale that physiological constraints are insignificant compared with cognitive limitations. The model is basically a linear regression system identifier with a limited memory and noisy observations. Experimental data are presented and compared to the model.
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  • 88
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    Reaction time to changes in the tempo of acoustic pulse trains. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Investigation of the ability of human observers to detect accelerations and decelerations in the rate of presentation of pulsed stimuli, i.e., changes in the tempo of acoustic pulse trains. Response times to accelerations in tempo were faster than to decelerations. Overall speed of response was inversely related to the pulse repetition rate.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: Perceptual and Motor Skills; 36; Apr. 197
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  • 89
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    Loudness changes resulting from an electrically induced middle-ear reflex. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An experiment was conducted in order to determine the changes in loudness brought about by electro-cutaneous elicitation of the middle-ear reflex. Subjects were required to judge the relative loudness of the second of three consecutive 30-msec bursts of tone, the second tone being accompanied by an electrical shock to the external auditory meatus, capable of eliciting a contraction of the middle-ear muscles. The difference between these judgments and those of the control condition (shock on the arm) was taken to represent a measure of the attenuation provided by contraction of the middle-ear muscles. Test tones were 500, 1000, 2000, and 3000 Hz at levels of 65, 75, 85, 95, and 105 dB. The results indicate that the middle-ear reflex decreases the middle-ear's transmission mainly for low-frequency sounds. The results fail to lend support to the Loeb-Riopelle hypothesis that the middle-ear reflex acts as a limiter, rather than a linear attenuator.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: Acoustical Society of America; vol. 54
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  • 90
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    Electrofluoroplanigraphy. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: The authors describe a fluoroplanigraphic method of synthesizing single-plane sections of any desired layer within the body. This is done by appropriate positioning of the individual images obtained at various locations of the X-ray tube during a single tomographic motion, followed by electronic summation of each roentgenogram. A TV image of any desired body section is available within seconds of the original recording sequence.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: Radiology; 107; June 197
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  • 91
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    Altered susceptibility to motion sickness as a function of subgravity level. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Large interindividual differences among 74 normal subjects in the change in susceptibility to motion sickness with effective lifting of the normal g-load by parabolic flight maneuvers were recorded with high test-retest reliability. Most subjects, who were required to make standardized head movements while seated in a chair rotating at a constant speed, demonstrated either a substantial increase or a decrease in susceptibility, in confirmation of a previous study, while a few appeared to be more or less unaffected by the 1 g to 0 g gravitational change. A similar test procedure conducted with eighteen of the subjects at lunar- and Martian-gravity levels revealed further interindividual differences in susceptibility as a function of g-level.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: Space Life Sciences; 4; Apr. 197
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  • 92
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    Apollo diet evaluation - A comparison of biological and analytical methods including bioisolation of mice and gamma radiation of diet. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: Aerospace Medicine; 44; Aug. 197
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  • 93
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    Biplane roentgen videometric system for dynamic, 60/sec, studies of the shape and size of circulatory structures, particularly the left ventricle. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: An operator interactive video system for the measurement of roentgen angiographically outlined structures is described. Left ventricular volume and three-dimensional shapes are calculated from up to 200 pairs of diameters measured from ventriculograms at the rate of 60 pairs of biplane images per second. The accuracy and reproducibility of volumes calculated by the system were established by analysis of roentgenograms of inanimate objects of known volume and by comparison of left ventricular stroke volumes calculated by the system with the stroke volumes calculated by an indicator-dilution technique and an aortic root electromagnetic flowmeter. Computer-generated display of the large amounts of data obtained by the videometry system is described.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: American Journal of Cardiology; 32; Aug. 197
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    Video instrumentation for radionuclide angiocardiography. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Two types of videoscintiscopes for performing radioisotopic angiocardiography with a scintillation camera are described, and use of these instruments in performing clinical studies is illustrated. Radionuclide angiocardiography is a simple, quick and accurate procedure recommended as a screening test for patients with a variety of congenital and acquired cardiovascular lesions. When performed in conjunction with coronary arterial catheterization, dynamic radionuclide angiography may provide useful information about regional myocardial perfusion. Quantitative capabilities greatly enhance the potential of this diagnostic tool.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: American Journal of Cardiology; 32; Aug. 197
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  • 95
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    Three models of the vibrating ulna. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Evaluation of the ability of three models of the ulna to predict ulnar resonant frequency. The ulna is considered to be a uniform cylindrical tube made of homogeneous isotropic material. In model I the tube is attached at each end to rigid supports by hinges, in model II the tube is attached to rigid supports by springs rather than hinges, while model III is the same as model II except for the addition of a spring-mass system simulating an accelerometer strapped to the wrist. It is found that all three models exhibit comparable effectiveness in predicting the allowed cyclic vibration frequency, although model I is marginally better than models II or III in predicting this parameter. All three models also yield relatively realistic values for Young's modulus. In terms of results, therefore, there is no clear choice between the models. However, owing to greater costs incurred with models II and III, it is concluded that model I is the most useful, even though it is the least 'realistic' of the three models evaluated.-
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Biomechanics; 6; July 197
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  • 96
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    Apollo 14 and Apollo 16 heavy-particle dosimetry experiments. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Doses of heavy particles at positions inside the command modules of Apollo missions 8, 12, 14, and 16 correlate well with the calculated effects of solar modulation of the primary cosmic radiation. Differences in doses at different stowage positions indicate that the redistribution of mass within the spacecraft could enhance safety from the biological damage that would otherwise be expected on manned, deep-space missions.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: Science; 181; Aug. 3
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  • 97
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    Motivation in vigilance - A test of the goal-setting hypothesis of the effectiveness of knowledge of results. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: This study tested the prediction, derived from the goal-setting hypothesis, that the facilitating effects of knowledge of results (KR) in a simple vigilance task should be related directly to the level of the performance standard used to regulate KR. Two groups of Ss received dichotomous KR in terms of whether Ss response times (RTs) to signal detections exceeded a high or low standard of performance. The aperiodic offset of a visual signal was the critical event for detection. The vigil was divided into a training phase followed by testing, during which KR was withdrawn. Knowledge of results enhanced performance in both phases. However, the two standards used to regulate feedback contributed little to these effects.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: Psychonomic Society; vol. 1
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  • 98
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    Forced guidance and distribution of practice in sequential information processing. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Distribution of practice and forced guidance were used in a sequential information-processing task in an attempt to increase the capacity of human information-processing mechanisms. A reaction time index of the psychological refractory period was used as the response measure. Massing of practice lengthened response times while forced guidance shortened them. Interpretation was in terms of load reduction upon the response-selection stage of the information-processing system.-
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: Perceptual and Motor Skills; 36; Apr. 197
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  • 99
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    Analysis of swimming motions. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: This paper presents an analysis of swimming motion with specific attention given to the flutter kick, the breast-stroke kick, and the breast stroke. The analysis is completely theoretical. It employs a mathematical model of the human body consisting of frustrums of elliptical cones. Dynamical equations are written for this model including both viscous and inertia forces. These equations are then applied with approximated swimming strokes and solved numerically using a digital computer. The procedure is to specify the input of the swimming motion. The computer solution then provides the output displacement, velocity, and rotation or body roll of the swimmer.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: Human Factors; 15; Feb. 197
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  • 100
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    Self-imposed timeouts under increasing response requirements. (1973)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-27
    Description: Three male White Carneaux pigeons were used in the investigation. None of the results obtained contradicts the interpretation of self-imposed timeouts as an escape response reinforced by the removal of unfavorable reinforcement conditions, although some details of the performances reflect either a weak control and/or operation of other controlling variables. Timeout key responding can be considered as one of several classes of behavior having a low probability of occurrence, all of which compete with the behavior maintained by positive reinforcement schedule.
    Keywords: BIOTECHNOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior; 19; Mar. 197
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