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  • nitrogen  (44)
  • Gas chromatography  (39)
  • Springer  (83)
  • American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG)
  • American Meteorological Society
  • 1995-1999
  • 1985-1989  (83)
  • 1970-1974
  • 1988  (83)
  • 1971
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  • Springer  (83)
  • American Association of Petroleum Geologists (AAPG)
  • American Meteorological Society
  • Wiley-Blackwell  (20)
Years
  • 1995-1999
  • 1985-1989  (83)
  • 1970-1974
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrogen requirements in young Douglas-fir of the Pacific North-west (1988)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 15 (1988), S. 173-179 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Douglas-fir ; urea ; basal area increment ; growth response ; nitrogen ; critical level
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A series of fourteen Pacific North-west Douglas-fir installations, ranging in age from 6 to 26 years were analysed with respect to site factors, foliage nutrients, and growth response to applied fertilizer. Unfertilized basal area increment ranged from 1.2 to 3.1 m2 ha−1 yr−1 with no apparent relationship with soil, stand age or site index. Basal area increment was correlated with foliage N and a critical level for N was calculated as 1.7%. Applications of 220 kg N ha−1 as urea increased growth between 0 and 95% of the unfertilized basal area growth, with an average of 24.9%. Response could be predicted from foliage N and unfertilized basal area increment. When the same relationships were applied to previously older stand data, results were more variable as elements such as B and S showed evidence of being limiting.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01050679
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Nitrogen and potassium requirement of pineapple in relation to irrigation in Nigeria (1988)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 15 (1988), S. 203-210 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: irrigation ; pineapples ; nitrogen ; potassium ; yield ; Nigeria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The investigation studied the effect of fertilization with four nitrogen levels (0, 100, 150 and 200 kg/ha), four potassium levels (0, 100, 150 and 200 kg/ha) and four irrigation treatments (0, 3, 7 and 14-day interval) on the growth and yield of smooth Cayenne pineapples. Increasing irrigation frequency increased growth parameters of number of leaves, D-leaf length and days to 50% flowering. Fruit weight was highest at N = 150 kg/ha, K = 200 kg/ ha and irrigation once a week. Higher N levels (beyond 150 kg/ha) applied after the plant crop has been harvested did not further enhance yields of the ratoon crop. For K = 200 kg/ha potential and harvested yields were reduced in all irrigation treatments when N 〉 150 kg/ha.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01051342
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Fertilizer requirement of rice-wheat and maize-wheat rotations on coarse-textured soils amended with farmyard manure (1988)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 17 (1988), S. 153-164 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: farmyard manure ; maize ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; rice ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Field experiments with rice-wheat rotation were conducted during five consecutive years on a coarse-textured low organic matter soil. By amending the soil with 12t FYM ha−1, the yield of wetland rice in the absence of fertilizers was increased by 32 per cent. Application of 80 kg N ha−1 as urea could increase the grain yield of rice equivalent to 120 kg N ha−1 on the unamended soil. Although the soil under test was low in Olsen's P, rice did not respond to the application of phosphorus on both amended and unamended soils. For producing equivalent grain yield, fertilizer requirement of maize grown on soils amended with 6 and 12 t FYM ha−1 could be reduced, respectively to 50 and 25 per cent of the dose recommended for unamended soil (120 kg N + 26.2 kg P + 25 kg K ha−1). Grain yield of wheat grown after rice on soils amended with FYM was significantly higher than that obtained on unamended soil. In contrast, grain yield of wheat which followed maize did not differ significantly on amended or unamended soils.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01050276
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
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    Productivity of nitrogen fertilized plantain in intercropping systems (1988)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 18 (1988), S. 245-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: plantain ; intercropping systems ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The investigation evaluated the productivity of plantain intercropped with cassava, cocoyam and yam, fertilized annually with 0, 320 and 480 kg N ha−1 respectively. Yields from nitrogen fertilized intercrops were higher than those of unfertilized treatments. In plantain + cassava intercrop receiving 480 kg N ha−1 plantain growth was suppressed. Plantain intercropped with yam and fertilized with 320 kg N ha−1 matured early and produced better bunches than other treatments. Plantain + yam or cocoyam intercropping systems fertilized with 320 kg N ha−1 were recommended because of improved plantain establishment and increased combined crop yields.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01049574
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
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    The role of vibrationally excited nitrogen in the ionosphere (1988)
    Springer
    Pure and applied geophysics 127 (1988), S. 529-544 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Ionosphere ; nitrogen ; vibrational temperatures ; N2 and CO2 and populations of N2 and CO2 in the D, E and F regions
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract Theoretical and experimental aspects of the production, transformation, diffusion and loss of N2 in the upper atmosphere are considered. The N2-CO2 near-resonant system in theD andE regions is taken into account. We describe our understanding of the methods necessary to find the vibrational populations of N2 and CO2 (asymmetric mode of CO2). The calculations of the vibrational temperatures in theD, E, andF regions for the mid-latitude ionosphere and an aurora are presented. The connection between the excited species and the 4.26-μm radiation intensities is considered. The models for the rate coefficient of the reaction of O+ with N2 and the electron density decrease resulting from N2 in the F region are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00879824
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Simultaneous distillation-extraction (SDE) method in the qualitative and quantitative GC analysis of cheese volatile components (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 25 (1988), S. 861-864 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Simultaneous distillation-extraction ; Cheese volatiles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A simultaneous distillation-extraction apparatus proposed by Godefroot has been used for the GC study of volatile components of cheese. 5–10 g of cheese provide a fraction that can be directly injected into a GC or a GC/MS. Two capillary columns (SE-30 and SP-1000) were evaluated, the second one being adequate for quantitative determinations. Camphor was used as internal standard. The coefficients of variation ranged from 1.4 to 11.8. The technique can be used as a fast method for the characterization of cheeses from their volatile component concentrations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02311418
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
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    Slope of the log plot of adjusted retention time against carbon number for various homologues serices (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 25 (1988), S. 1087-1088 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Log plot ; Homologous series
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The slope of the log plot of the adjusted retention time of a homologous series usually varies from that of the n-alkane series by no more than 2%, though with unusual interactions between the functional group and the stationary phase the difference may be as high as 7%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02259389
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
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    Comparison of the elution curves of pure components and their mixture and prediction of elution curves by a theoretical plate model in preparative gas-liquid chromatography (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 25 (1988), S. 961-964 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Preparative scale separations ; Plate model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Two close-boiling materials, diethyl ether (DEE) and dichloromethane (DCM), were separated to investigate the effects of the pure components and the mixture on elution in preparative gas-liquid chromatography. Nitrogen was used as the carrier gas, and the chromatographic column (1 cm I.D. and 0.75m length) was packed with Chromosorb A with different quantities of dinonyl phthalate stationary phase and particle sizes. Below ca. 7% (by wt.) of feed concentration, the experimental elution curves of pure DEE and DCM were almost the same as those of the mixture, and the theoretical plate model can be used successfully to predict the elution curves.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02259412
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
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    On some aspects of the silica surface modification with hexamethylcyclotrisilazane, hexamethyldisilazane and their mixtures (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 25 (1988), S. 404-408 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Silica surface modification ; Hexamethylcyclotrisilazane ; Hexamethyldisilazane ; Support materials
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The paper is concerned with the structure of an organic layer bonded to the silica surface modified with silazanes. The changes of the retention volumes of hydrocarbons is studied for the silicas modified with hexamethylcyclotrisilazane, hexamethyldisilazane and their mixtures. It is shown that most of the carbon in the layer after hexamethylcyclotrisilazane modification is bonded to the surface by Si−O−Si bonds. This fact supports the assumption of a fragmentation of the cyclosilane used for modification.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02324782
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  • 10
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    Testing for linearity in retention time — Carbon number plots for n-alkanes (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 25 (1988), S. 389-392 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Statistical criteria ; Non-linear models ; Constants for n-alkane retention curve ; Multiparametric least-squares adjustment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Multiparametric, least-squares, regression treatment of G.C. data is extended to describe deviations from the usual linear model. Through statistical evaluation of results, four parameters models are generally found adequate and the use of higher degree empirical models is discouraged.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02324779
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
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    Calculation of retention indices at an assigned temperature from temperature-programmed data (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 25 (1988), S. 539-542 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Temperature programming ; Retention index
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A method is presented for the calculation of retention indices at an assigned temperature from temperature-programmed data. If the retention times at two different program rates for the solutes and the n-alkanes are known, the retention indices at an assigned temperature can be calculated directly.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02324830
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
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    Theoretical background of multicomponent gas chromatography for high concentrations (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 26 (1988), S. 125-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Non-equilibrium frontal chromatography ; Nonlinear isotherms ; Variable velocity ; Multicomponent mixtures
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The paper presents a classification of various theoretical models for multicomponent gas chromatography at u=var for high concentrations of the mixture components with consideration of the major distinctive features of the interphase mass exchange inside the porous grains of the adsorbent and outside them within the porous medium of the chromatographic column. It has been shown that the conditions determining a given front behaviour of multicomponent gas mixture at u=var depend on: theoretical models for the kinetics and dynamics of adsorption; the values of mass exchange parameters inside the porous grains and in the porous medium. Formulae have been derived for calculating the values of the quantities characterising the frontal behaviour in the stage of adsorption and desorption of multicomponent mixture at u=var.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02268136
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  • 13
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    Biota and abiotic environment in the Westerschelde estuary (1988)
    Springer
    Aquatic ecology 22 (1988), S. 31-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5125
    Keywords: estuaries ; tidal mixing ; suspended matter ; sedimentation ; nitrogen ; plankton ; benthos
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An estuary such as the Westerschelde is a highly dynamic environment, both on an ecological time scale where climatic and hydrodynamic forces, mainly the tides, shape a very variable environment and on a geological, evolutionary time scale, since estuaries are young and very unstable habitats. Low species diversity and high adaptability of the resident animal and plant populations are characteristic of estuarine habitats where large fluctuations in submersion, salinity, temperature etc. occur. The existing biota are therefore resilient to environmental stress and effects of the important influx of anorganic and organic pollutants from the river Schelde and its tributaries on the biota in the estuary are not easy to detect. Although water movement and sedimentation patterns in the Westerschelde are relatively well known, there exists little information on important ecological processes such as primary production and heterotrophic metabolism in the estuary.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02256779
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  • 14
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    Variation of the amino acid scores and of the nitrogen-to-protein conversion factors in barley grain as a function of nitrogen content as compared with wheat and rye (1988)
    Springer
    Plant foods for human nutrition 38 (1988), S. 175-188 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: barley ; Triticeae ; grain ; amino acid composition ; nitrogen ; chemical score
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Barley grains (9 samples from 7 cultivars) with nitrogen contents (N) ranging from 1.45 to 4.01% of dry matter were analysed for their amino acid (AA) composition with high accuracy from six different hydrolysates per sample. AA levels in grain increased as linear functions ofN with correlation coefficients close to unity. A comparison with literature data confirmed that the AA composition of any grain sample of normal barley can be predicted from itsN for all phenotypes and genotypes. AAs in grain protein changed as hyperbolic functions ofN which increased for Phe, Pro and Glx but more or less strongly decreased for the other AAs. By plotting AA scores againstN, barley proteins were shown to be always richer than wheat and rye in Val and Phe + Tyr; sometimes richer than both other species forN〈2 (Lys); 2.2 (Leu and Ile); 3.4 (Thr); sometimes intermediate to wheat and rye above the latterN values. They were also intermediate in sulphur AAs forN〈1.9 and drastically poorer forN〉1.9. However, they were richer than both other species in Trp forN〉1.6. The hyperbolic variations of non-protein nitrogen and nitrogen-to-protein conversion factors were determined as a function ofN and also compared with those of wheat and rye.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01091722
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  • 15
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    Nitrogen mineralization ofSesbania sesban used as green manure for lowland rice in Sri Lanka (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 108 (1988), S. 201-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: decomposition ; green manure ; litterbag ; nitrogen ; paddy rice ; Sesbania sesban ; Sri Lanka
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Sesbania sesban was evaluated as green manure crop for lowland rice in the Dry Zone of Sri Lanka. The legume was grown during a fallow period before lowland rice (Oryza sativa) and ploughed under just before transplanting. Weight loss and nitrogen content in litterbags containing leaves, stems and roots of the legume were monitored. Comparisons were made between rice yields from 20 m2 plots after green manuring in combination with different nitrogen fertilizer levels (0, 2.4, 4.8 and 7.2 gm−2) and nitrogen fertilizer (9.6 gm−2) alone. Above-ground biomass ofS. sesban was 440 gm−2 (dry wt) when ploughed under after 84 days growth. N-content in leaves, stems and roots was 3.76%, 0.41% and 0.73%, respectively. This gave a N-input fromS. sesban of 9.2 gm−2 (8.3 g from above-ground parts and 0.9 g from roots). The corresponding K and P inputs were 7.3 and 0.6 gm−2 respectively. The nitrogen rich leaves, which contained 88% of the nitrogen in the above-ground parts, decomposed and released its nitrogen much more rapidly than the stems and roots. After only four days the leaves had released 5.3 g Nm−2 and after 14 days they had released 6.4 g Nm−2. The highest rice yield (505 gm−2) was obtained usingS. sesban and 4.8 gm−2 of N-fertilizer. The yields with only N-fertilizer or onlyS. sesban were 442 gm−2 and 396 gm−2, respectively. Due to the rapid decomposition of the nitrogen rich leaves,S. sesban did not behave as a slow release fertilizer. Thus, it is not necessary to apply nitrogen fertilizers as a basal dose.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02375650
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  • 16
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    C, N, and S mineralization of crop residues as influenced by crop species and nutrient regime (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 106 (1988), S. 35-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: carbon ; crop residue ; mineralization ; nitrogen ; organic matter ; sulfur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The mineralization of C, N, and S from residues of three different crop species (wheat, lentil, and rape) grown under diverse nutritional regimes was measured over a 12-week incubation period under controlled conditions. The rate of decomposition, as measured by CO2 evolution, varied considerably among treatments and appeared to be controlled almost entirely by N content of the residue (R2=0.98). Similarly, N mineralization was strongly tied to N concentration. The critical N concentration, below which significant immobilization of N occurred, declined over time, ranging from 1.9% at day 14 to 1.1% at day 84. Mineralization of S was positively correlated with initial S concentration (R2=0.95) and negatively related to N concentration, apparently because of a dilution effect. The results demonstrate that decomposition and N and S mineralization of crop residues, under conditions prevalent in the experiment, are primarily a function of their nutrient concentrations rather than biochemial composition related to crop species. As a result, it should be possible to enhance rate of residue decomposition, increase quantities of N and S mineralized, and avert detrimental immobilization losses in the following year by governing the nutritional regime under which the crop is grown.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02371192
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  • 17
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    Lignin and nitrogen in the decomposition of leaf litter in a sub-tropical forest ecosystem at Shiroy hills in north-eastern India (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 106 (1988), S. 59-64 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: decomposition ; lignin ; litter ; nitrogen ; sub-tropical-forest
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of the initial lignin and nitrogen contents of the leaves of five tree species, on their decomposition dynamics, was studied in the sub-tropical forest ecosystem existing at Shiroy hills. The decomposition dynamics of litter materials are described by inverse linear relationships between the percentage of the original biomass remaining and the nitrogen concentration in the residual material. Initial lignin and nitrogen were highly correlated with remaining biomass (r=0.94 and 0.77). The rate constants (K), for the annual leaf mass loss, ranged from −0.18 to −0.56. The values for initial lignin (%), initial nitrogen (%), the ratio between initial lignin, initial nitrogen and the annual decomposition rate constants were compared with similar results from other studies in various climatic zones of the world.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02371195
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  • 18
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    The use of ion-exchange resin bags for measuring nutrient availability in an arid ecosystem (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 105 (1988), S. 105-111 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: chronosequence ; desert ; ion-exchange resins ; mineralization ; nitrogen ; nutrient availability ; phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Anin situ resin bag technique was used to measure the relative availabilities of N and P along a chronosequence of soils in southern New Mexico, and was compared to two more common indices of nutrient availability. Accumulations of N and P during 10-week intervals over an 18 month period were separable into wet season (September–January) and dry season (February–August) groups, with wet season values significantly greater than dry season values. Only accumulations during the wet season showed significant differences among sites, thus stressing the role of field water regime in interpreting resin accumulation results. Total mineral N (NO3+NH4) sorbed by resins was significantly correlated to laboratory N mineralization rates. Although accumulation patterns of N and P were similar to patterns of %N and %P in shrub species growing along the chronosequence, these similarities were not statistically significant. A laboratory experiment demonstrated that bicarbonate-form anion resins are preferable to hydroxyl-form resins, as long as standards are made from solutions extracted by resins to account for variable ion recovery efficiencies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02371147
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  • 19
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    Transformations of carbon and nitrogen in a Calciorthid soil amended with a range of organic residues (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 105 (1988), S. 205-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: extractable carbon ; fulvic acids ; humic acids ; humification ; mineralization ; nitrogen ; oxidizable carbon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A calcareous soil was treated with an organic fertilizer mixture of grape debris and peat, or with pig manure, chicken manure, city refuse or with aerobic or anaerobic sewage sludges. Changes in different fractions of carbon and nitrogen were followed by analysis of the soil, immediately after these additions, after they had decomposed for six months in the soil, after a maize harvest, and after a subsequent barley harvest. The various forms of carbon had decreased after six months. The rate of decrease varied with the nature of the organic materials. In all samples, the fulvic acids fraction decreased most. The main transformations happened during the first six months whether there was a crop growing or not, but the crops had no influence on the breakdown of the organic materials. The ratio of humic acids/fulvic acids had increased after six months of humification and, in general terms, the final values of the ratio oxidizable carbon/extractable carbon were lower than the initial ones, indicating a higher degree of humification in the organic matter by the end of the experiment. The total nitrogen level remained practically constant after the first six months of humification even after the second crop. Part of the organic nitrogen of the soil samples amended with chicken manure, city refuse or the two sludges was transformed into mineral nitrogen during the humification process. The extractable nitrogen values increased because of the fertilizer applied during the pot trials.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02376784
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  • 20
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    The effectiveness of some Indonesian strains of Rhizobium on four tropical legumes (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 108 (1988), S. 171-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Legume growth ; nitrogen ; nodulation ; Rhizobium strains
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nodules were collected from 14 legume species from the Indonesian Islands of South Sulawesi, Java and Sumatra. Their rhizobia were isolated and growth characteristics, nodulation ability and nitrogen fixing effectiveness were assessed against recommended commercially available Australian strains. The test legumes wereMacroptilium atropurpureum Urb. cv. Siratro,Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp. cv Eureka,Centrosema pubescens Benth cv. Belalto andDesmodium heterocarpon (L) DC. A significant portion of the native rhizobial isolates were of the fast growing type. Dry matter and total nitrogen production forM. atropurpureum andV. unguiculata was highest when inoculated with native strains while the commerical strains produced superior dry matter production forC. pubescens andD. heterocarpon. However the total nitrogen production of native and commercial strains was not significantly different for the latter two legumes. The study indicated that a potential exists for developing inocula from local Rhizobium strains.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02370112
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  • 21
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    Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal infection of lucerne roots in a cellulose-amended soil (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 112 (1988), S. 99-104 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: biological control ; cellulose ; nitrogen ; VAM fungi ; VAM symbiosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Lucerne plants inoculated with vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi were grown in pots in a sandy soil amended or not amended with cellulose. Whatever the endophyte or cellulose sources used, the rate of VAM colonization was lower in amended soil. The inhibition of VAM infection increased with the cellulose concentration in the soil. Sequential harvest experiments showed a clear reduction of root colonization from the early stages of plant growth. The effectiveness of cellulose in reducing VAM colonization was influenced by the addition of N fertilizer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02181758
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    Effects of root pruning of wheat at different nitrogen levels (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 109 (1988), S. 128-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: nitrogen ; root pruning ; shoot ; root ratio ; Thornley's model ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In two experiments, wheat plants growing in solutions of different nitrogen concentration were subjected to root pruning. In higher concentrations of nitrogen the growth rate was higher, and the proportional allocation of growth to shoot higher, but pruning did not affect the allocation of growth at either level of nitrogen. This result gives no support to Thornley's source-sink model of the control of shoot: root ratio.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02197591
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    Rice straw decomposition in rice-field soil (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 109 (1988), S. 145-146 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: biomass ; carbon ; decomposition ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; rice straw
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Rice straw, buried in a rice-field during the dry season decomposed at a rate of 0.0075 day-1. Seventy five percent of the biomass, 70 percent carbon, 50 percent nitrogen and 30 percent phosphorus remained after 139 days of decomposition. Rice straw decomposition furnished 33% N and 8% P of the total nitrogen and phosphorus provided by man.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02197596
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    Derivation of critical nutrient concentrations for growth rate from data from field experiments (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 109 (1988), S. 159-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Brassica oleracea vargemmifera ; Brussels sprout ; model ; nitrate ; nitrogen ; sap ; simulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Present methods for determining critical nutrient concentrations in plants and soils are unsatisfactory if concentrations change with time while the crop is growing. In such cases the critical concentration can only be applied in relation to growth rate at any given moment. For interpreting field experiments this introduces considerable difficulties: two possible approaches to these problems are suggested, one of which uses a simple simulation model. Results from a Brussels sprout nitrogen experiment are used to show how, using this approach, a single critical sap nitrate concentration (380 mg NO3 N.l−1 for 95% of potential growth rate) may serve to explain the results at all growth stages in three seasons.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02202080
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    A microcosm study of nitrogen utilization in the Great Salt Lake, Utah (1988)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 158 (1988), S. 89-100 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: halophiles ; hypersalinity ; Great Salt Lake ; microcosm ; nitrogen ; ecology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Microcosms were used to study the effects of two inorganic nitrogen sources (ammonia and nitrate) and two organic nitrogen sources (urea and glutamic acid) on the growth of algae and bacteria found in the Great Salt Lake, Utah. Ammonia, nitrate and urea stimulated bacterial growth indirectly through increased algal production of unknown organic substances. Glutamic acid, representing readily available organic carbon and nitrogen, stimulated the bacteria directly. No nitrification was observed in the microcosms although nitrite was found when the microcosms were supplemented with nitrate. Lake sediment contained a number of anaerobic bacteria producing hydrogen sulfide, methane and other gases. Production of these gases was stimulated in the columns with high algal and bacterial activity.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00026268
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    Nutrient-phytoplankton relationships in a tropical meromictic soda lake (1988)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 158 (1988), S. 15-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Nutrients ; phosphorus ; nitrogen ; phytoplankton ; Lake Sonachi ; Kenya
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Seasonal variation through one year in total nitrogen (TN), total phosphorus (TP), phytoplankton biomass, phytoplankton species composition and other environmental factors were examined in Lake Sonachi, a tropical meromictic soda lake. Mean concentrations of TN and TP were 11 000 µg N l-1 and 100 µg P l-1, respectively. Maximum concentrations of TN and TP occurred in the monimolimnion. Phytoplankton biomass ranged from 350 to 1260 mg m-3. Synechococcus bacillaris, a small coccoid cyanophyte, dominated the phytoplankton. The mean chlorophyll a concentration of 37 mg · m-3 was a modest value when compared with those of other tropical soda lakes. High TN:TP ratios indicated phosphorus limitation in the lake.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00026265
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    Evaluation of indicators of nitrogen limitation in deep prairie lakes with laboratory bioassays and limnocorrals (1988)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 159 (1988), S. 269-276 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: blue-green algae ; prairie lakes ; limnocorrals ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The deep lakes in central Alberta are characterized by relatively high total nitrogen (TN) to total phosphorus (TP) ratios (33 to 64, by weight) and high TP (10 to 100 µg 1−1) in the euphotic zone in summer. These same lakes show indications of nitrogen limitation: (1) blue-green algae are relatively important in summer (7 to 88% of total biomass) and a large proportion of the filaments contain heterocysts and (2) inorganic nitrogen levels are extremely low in the surface waters (NO inf2 sup− + NO inf3 sup− + NH inf4 sup+ − N 〈 10 µg 1−1). In 1985 and 1986 inorganic nitrogen (25 to 1200 µg 1−1 − N) and/or phosphorus (12 to 100 µg 1−1 − P) was added to water in 31 m3 limnocorrals or 21 bottles from four deep prairie lakes. In most cases, phytoplankton biomass (estimated as chlorophyll a) was stimulated only by phosphorus additions. However, for a short period (8 d) after an unusual storm, phytoplankton biomass was stimulated by nitrogen additions. After this storm, TP increased by up to 75% in the epilimnion of the study lakes whereas TN did not increase. The algae which increased in these experiments tended to be the dominant algae in the control vessels, which varied with the experiment and the lake. Thus, a large proportion of blue-green algae and low inorganic nitrogen levels are not indicative per se of nitrogen limitation in lakes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00008240
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    Factors influencing nitrate depletion in a rural stream (1988)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 160 (1988), S. 111-122 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: denitrification ; mass balance ; nitrogen ; streams ; water residence time ; water temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A mass balance procedure was used to analyze rates of nitrate depletion in three adjacent reaches of West Duffin Creek, Ontario, Canada. Daily nitrate losses in individual reaches were highly variable (0.5–24 kg N) during low and moderate stream flows in May–October, 1982–1985. Nitrate removal efficiency (nitrate loss as a % of nitrate input) showed a rapid exponential decline with increased nitrate inputs to each reach. Nitrate losses and nitrate removal efficiency also had a significant negative correlation with stream discharge. The association of large nitrate loads with high stream discharge reduced the nitrate removal capacity of the stream because of shorter residence times and a higher ratio of water volume to stream bed area. Water temperature exhibited a significant positive correlation with nitrate loss which may reflect increased denitrification at higher temperatures. Variations in nitrate losses and nitrate removal efficiency between the three reaches were highly influenced by differences in water residence time. Standarized nitrate losses with respect to water residence time revealed a longitudinal decline in nitrate depletion between the reaches which was associated with a downstream decrease in stream nitrate concentration and in the organic carbon content of fine textured sediments from pool habitats.
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    Growth regulation of Scots pine seedlings with different fertilizer compositions and regimes (1988)
    Springer
    New forests 2 (1988), S. 119-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5095
    Keywords: Pinus sylvestris ; fertilization ; nitrogen ; potassium ; phosphorus ; outplanting performance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) seedlings were grown in containers filled with peat, using two different fertilizers and three different fertilizer regimes. Seedling shoot and root growth and shoot content of nitrogen, potassium and phosphorus were followed in the nursery and after outplanting in the field. Attempts to regulate growth rate by an exponential nutrient supply were not successful, but the root/shoot ratio was influenced by the fertilization regime. Internal nitrogen concentration was stable only for seedlings with low relative growth rate, while seedlings with high nutrient supply in the nursery showed strong nutrient dilution in the shoot after planting.
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    Response of Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) to some different fertilizers applied at planting (1988)
    Springer
    New forests 2 (1988), S. 89-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5095
    Keywords: slow release fertilizers ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; nutrient uptake ; planting stock ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Four fertilization at planting experiments were conducted with Douglas-fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii (Mirb.) Franco) on eastern Vancouver Island. In experiment 1 Agriform (20-10-5, AGR) and Osmocote (17-7-12, OSM) supplied N at 0, 4.2, 8.4, 16.8 or 33.6 g/tree either broadcast, within 15 cm of the tree, or in a hole 15 cm from the tree (adjacent). In experiment 2 AGR, diammonium phosphate (21-55-0, DAP), ammonium sulphate (21-0-0, AMS), sulphur coated urea (35-0-0, SCU) supplied N at 0, 8.4, 16.8 and 25.2 g/tree. Triple superphosphate (0-45-0, TSP) supplied P at the same levels as DAP: 0, 9.6, 19.2 and 28.8 g/tree. In experiment 3 AGR and SCU (32-0-0) supplied N at 0, 8.4 and 16.8 g/tree. In experiment 4 DAP was used to fertilize trees on five different dates, between March and October, and each treatment supplied 16 g N/tree. Two-year old, bare root, planting stock was used except in experiment 3, where container stock was compared with bare root stock. Little growth response was obtained after one year, but height growth responses of 12 to 31% were measured after 3 to 6 years with fertilizers supply 8.4 to 16.8 g N per tree. Growth responses were little affected by the type of fertilizer and were primarily due to N, with release rate having no marked effect. The exception to this was TSP which did not increase growth but did increase survival. Survival was reduced by AMS and to a lesser extent by AGR. Container seedlings responded more to fertilization at planting than bare root seedlings. Seedling N, P and K concentrations and contents declined following planting for 6 months and only started to recover after July. Application of fertilizer caused a small increase in seedling nutrient concentration regardless of date, but this had no detectable effect on dry weight measured six weeks later.
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    Ecology of deepwater rice-fields in Bangladesh 5. Mineral composition of the rice plant and other aquatic macrophytes (1988)
    Springer
    Hydrobiologia 169 (1988), S. 57-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5117
    Keywords: Mineral composition ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; aquatic macrophyte ; deepwater rice ; Meghna ; Azolla pinnata ; Eichhornia ; Alternanthera phyloxeroides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The mineral composition of deepwater rice (cultivar Kartik Sail) was studied during 1986 in a field near Sonargaon, Bangladesh, which is flooded by water from R. Meghna. Samples were taken four times, once prior to flooding and three times during the flood season. On two of the latter days (10 August = end of first flood peak, 23 September = second flood peak) the study was extended to other components of the ecosystem (sediments + soil, water, other aquatic macrophytes). On 23 September, 32% of the mass of the plant was out of water, 65% in water and 3% in sediment/soil. There were marked differences between elements in their pattern of accumulation by deepwater rice through the season. In comparison with the final totals for each element, about 48% of N, but only 11% of P and 10% of Na had been accumulated by the time the floodwater had arrived. The aquatic roots doubled in mass between the times of the two flood peaks and it is suggested that much of the P taken up by the plant may reach the plant via its aquatic roots after having becoming mobilized and released to the water when sediments become anaerobic. In comparison with other parts of the plant, Na was always much higher in the stem and Zn in the basal roots. Other aquatic macrophytes (‘weeds’) increased from 0.40% of the mass (dry weight) of deepwater rice on 10 August to 4.0% on 23 September. However their content of each element (% dry weight) was considerably higher than that in deepwater rice, so they may at times compete effectively with the rice for nutrients. During the flood period (to 23 September) weeds accumulated 16% of the N accumulated by rice during the same period.
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    Dynamics of C, N, P and S in grassland soils: a model (1988)
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    Biogeochemistry 5 (1988), S. 109-131 
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    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: soil organic matter ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; sulfur ; simulation ; grasslands
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract We have developed a model to simulate the dynamics of C, N, P, and S in cultivated and uncultivated grassland soils. The model uses a monthly time step and can simulate the dynamics of soil organic matter over long time periods (100 to 10,000 years). It was used to simulate the impact of cultivation (100 years) on soil organic matter dynamics, nutrient mineralization, and plant production and to simulate soil formation during a 10,000 year run. The model was validated by comparing the simulated impact of cultivation on soil organic matter C, N, P, and S dynamics with observed data from sites in the northern Great Plains. The model correctly predicted that N and P are the primary limiting nutrients for plant production and simulated the response of the system to inorganic N, P, and S fertilizer. Simulation results indicate that controlling the C:P and C:S ratios of soil organic matter fractions as functions of the labile P and S levels respectively, allows the model to correctly simulate the observed changes in C:P and C:S ratios in the soil and to simulate the impact of varying the labile P and S levels on soil P and S net mineralization rates.
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    Nutrient uptake by barley roots under field conditions (1988)
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    Plant and soil 109 (1988), S. 171-179 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Black Solod ; inflow ; magnesium ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; root efficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A field study with barley was conducted in 1984 and 1985 to provide data on uptake rates of N, P, K and Mg and their variation as the growing season progressed. Two varieties were grown: Galt in 1984 and Otal in 1985. Soil fertility was maintained at or near optimum conditions. Samples were obtained approximately every 10 days for shoot dry weight, nutrient content and root length measurements. The approximate method (Williams, 1948) traditionally used for calculating uptake rates was found to be invalid for most of the nutrients studied. The method used for measuring uptake rates was the functional approach proposed by Hunt (1973). Inflow,i.e. uptake rate per unit root length, of plant nutrients, decreased with time. However, maximum uptake rates measured in kg ha−1d−1 occurred at about 50 days from sowing because of increasing root length density with time. Inflow or uptake rates were low in 1985 because of moisture deficiency, and grain yield (0.89 t ha−1) was severely depressed. This study demonstrated that Hunt's method is superior and more advantageous than the traditional, approximate method.
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    Nitrogen fixation, transfer and turnover in upland and lowland grass-clover swards, using15N isotope dilution (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 112 (1988), S. 247-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: isotope dilution ; 15N ; nitrogen ; nitrogen fixation ; nitrogen transfer ; ryegrass ; white clover
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The stable isotope15N is particularly valuable in the field for measuring N fixation by isotope dilution. At the same time other soil-plant processes can be studied, including15N recovery, and nitrogen transfer between clover and grass. Three contrasting sites and soils were used in the present work: a lowland soil, an upland soil, and an upland peat. Nitrogen fixation varied from 12 gm−2 on lowland soil to 2.7 gm−2 on upland peat. Most N transfer occurred on upland soil (4.2 gm−2) which, added to nitrogen fixed, made a total of 8.7 gm2 input during summer 1985.15N recovery for the whole experiment was small, around 25%. Measurement of dead and dying leaves, stubble and roots, suggests that plant organ death is the first stage in N transfer from white clover to ryegrass, through the decomposer cycle. Decomposition was fastest on lowland soils, slowest on peat. On lowland soil this decomposer nitrogen is apparently subverted before transfer, probably by soil microbes. Variations in natural abundance of15N in plants were found in the two species on the different soils. These might be used to measure nitrogen fixation without adding isotope, but the need for many replicates and repeat samples would limit throughput.
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    The response ofPlantago lanceolata L. andP. major L. spp.major to nitrate depletion (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 107 (1988), S. 197-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: nitrate ; nitrate reductase activity ; nitrogen ; nitrogen use efficiency ; osmotic solutes ; Plantago lanceolata ; Plantago major ; redistribution ; sugars
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract To study aspects of the ecology of grassland species, in a comparative experiment, plants ofP. lanceolata andP. major were grown in pots in a greenhouse, and subjected to a gradual nitrate depletion for several weeks. Control plants were weekly supplied with nitrate. Growth, leaf appearance and disappearance, concentrations of cations and inorganic anions, soluble and insoluble reduced nitrogen concentrations,in vivo nitrate reductase activity (NRA) and the concentration of non-structural carbohydrates in several parts of the plants were followed. Depletion of nitrate caused a reduction of shoot growth, both in biomass and number of leaves. Withering of leaves increased. Accumulation of root dry matter was little (P. lanceolata), or not (P. major) affected. The concentration of reduced nitrogen in all tissues also decreased, both that of the soluble and that of the insoluble fraction. As a result, nitrogen use efficiency (NUE, g dry matter produced per mmol N incorporated) increased by nitrate depletion. NRA was higher in the roots than in the leaves, and decreased with increasing nitrate depletion. In control plants, nitrate became also limiting. This resulted in decreasing nitrate concentrations in leaves and roots. In the leaves, the decrease in nitrate concentration was preceded by a decrease in NRA. The decrease of the nitrate concentration was parallelled by an increase in the concentration of soluble sugar. No major differences in the response towards nitrate depletion were observed between the two species.
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    Plant and soil nitrogen dynamics in California annual grassland (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 110 (1988), S. 9-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: grassland ; Mediterranean ; microbial biomass ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Seasonal changes in soil water and nitrogen availability were related to the phenology and growth of plants in California annual grassland. Plant accumulation of nitrogen was mainly confined to two short periods of the year: fall and early spring. At these times, plants were in the vegetative growth phase, roots were growing rapidly and soil moisture was high. During these periods, soil nitrate was low or depleted. High flux of nitrogen in this ecosystem, however, is indicated by the rapid disappearance of the previous year's detrital material, high microbial biomass, and high mineralizable nitrogen and nitrification potential. At the end of the summer drought, significant amounts of the previous year's detrital material had disappeared, chloroform-labile N (expressed as microbial biomass N) was at its seasonal maximum, and soil inorganic nitrogen pools were high. This suggests inorganic nitrogen flux during the drought period. The ‘drought escaper’ life history characteristics of annual grasses in California annual grassland, however, may prevent plants from utilizing available nitrogen during a large part of the year.
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    Nutrient release from decomposing foliar litter of three tree species with spicial reference to calcium, magnesium and potassium dynamics (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 110 (1988), S. 49-55 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acer rubrum ; calcium ; cations ; Cornus florida ; decomposition ; litter ; magnesium ; nitrogen ; nutrient release ; phosphorous ; potassium ; Quercus prinus ; sulfur
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Calcium, magnesium and potassium dynamics in decomposing litter of three tree species were measured over a two-year period. The speices studied were flowering dogwood (Cornus florida), red maple (Acer rubrum) and chestnut oak (Quercus prinus). The order of decomposition was:C. florida〉A. rubrum〉Q. prinus. Calcium concentrations increased following any initial leaching losses. However, there were net releases of Ca from all three litter types since mass loss exceeded the increases in concentration. Net release of Ca by the end of two years from all three species combined was 42% of initial inputs in litterfall. Magnesium concentrations increased in the second year, following decreases due to leaching during the first year inC. florida andA. rubrum litter. Net release of Mg by the end of two years was 58% of initial inputs. Potassium concentrations decreased rapidly and continued to decline throughout the study. Net release of K by the end of two years was 91% of initial inputs. These data on cation dynamics, and similar data on N, S and P dynamics from a previous study, were combined with annual litterfall data to estimate the release of selected nutrients from foliar litter of these tree species at the end of one and two years of decomposition. The relative mobility of all six elements examined in relation to mass loss after two years was; K〉Mg〉mass〉Ca〉S〉P〉N.
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    Estimation of residual N effect of faba bean and pea on two succeeding cereals using15N methodology (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 110 (1988), S. 81-89 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: isotope dilution method ; 15N ; N2 fixation ; nitrogen ; Pisum sativum ; residue ; rhizobium ; Vicia faba L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A field experiment was conducted using15N methodology to study the effect of cultivation of faba bean (Vicia faba L.), pea (Pisum sativum L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) on the N status of soil and their residual N effect on two succeeding cereals (sorghum (Sorghum vulgare) followed by barley). Faba bean, pea and barley took up 29.6, 34.5 and 53.0 kg N ha−1 from the soil, but returned to soil through roots only 11.3, 10.8 and 5.7 kg N ha−1, respectively. Hence, removal of faba bean, pea and barley straw resulted in a N-balance of about −18, −24, and −47 kg ha−1 respectively. A soil nitrogen conserving effect was observed following the cultivation of faba bean and pea compared to barley which was of the order of 23 and 18 kg N ha−1, respectively. Cultivation of legumes resulted in a significantly higher AN value of the soil compared to barley. However, the AN of the soil following fallow was significantly higher than following legumes, implying that the cultivation of the legumes had depleted the soil less than barley but had not added to the soil N compared to the fallow. The beneficial effect of legume cropping also was reflected in the N yield and dry matter production of the succeeding crops. Cultivation of legumes led to a greater exploitation of soil N by the succeeding crops. Hence, appreciable yield increases observed in the succeeding crops following legumes compared to cereal were due to a N-conserving effect, carry-over of N from the legume residue and to greater uptake of soil N by the succeeding crops when previously cropped to legumes.
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    Influence of hydrological fluctuations on the growth and nutrient dynamics ofPhalaris arundinacea L. in a riparian environment (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 112 (1988), S. 53-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: carbon ; flood plain ; macrophytes ; nitrogen ; nutrient cycling ; Phalaris arundinacea ; phosphorus ; potassium ; wate table
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Seasonal changes in aboveground and belowground tissues ofPhalaris arundinacea L. were studied in a population colonizing an ancient meander of the Garonne river (France) submitted to important fluctuations of the permanent water table. Waterlogged conditions in spring stopped the growth of rhizomes and promoted the translocation of nutrient to the shoots. The early senescence of plants after flowering could be related to the withdrawal of the water table. It was characterized by a distribution of nutrients in belowground tissues and a release in litter and soil. Aerated conditions in late summer permitted the growth of belowground tissues. At this time a partition of resources between aboveground and belowground biomass of a new generation of plants was observed. Rising water and decreasing temperatures in winter induced the death of aboveground parts. Reconstitution of nutrient stocks in rhizomes and losses by leaching then occured. Beside a very high primary production this strategy confers toPhalaris arundinacea a great interest in different uses, especially in the removal of nutrients from water in riparian zones as in artificial sites.
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    Response surface analysis of the effects of seeding rates, N-rates and irrigation frequencies on durum wheat I. Grain yield and yield components (1988)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 17 (1988), S. 197-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Durum ; grain yield ; irrigation ; modoc ; nitrogen ; response surface model ; seeding rate ; Triticum turgidum ; yield components
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Interactive effects of nitrogen (N) rates, seeding (S) rates and irrigation frequencies on grain yield and yield components of durum wheat were studied for four years under field conditions at Tulelake, California. Each year the experiment was conducted using a split-plot design with 4 irrigation frequencies as main plots and combinations of 5 N-rates (0 to 360 kg/ha) and 5 S-rates (50 to 250 kg/ha) as subplot treatments replicated 4 times. A quadratic response surface model (RSM) was used to study the effects of these treatments on grain yield and yield components (tillers/area, kernel number/spike, kernel weight/spike and 100-seed weight). The RSM was very effective for analysis and data reduction for estimating the optimum combinations of N and S for maximizing the grain yield and yield components. The N utilization and uptake efficiency increased with each irrigation treatment and peaked at irrigation treatment C. Both N and uptake utilization efficiency decreased with each increment of N-rate. In most cases, the effect of irrigation was independent of N and S. One irrigation at tillering increased grain yield and yield components significantly over only a preplant irrigation. The response of additional irrigations were comparatively small and significant only in some cases. Both N and S had significant effects on grain yield and yield components, however, the response of N was larger than that of S. With increasing N-rate, grain yield and tiller number increased with the expected peak beyond 360kg N ha−1 but the increments beyond 180 kg N ha−1 were of progressively smaller magnitude. The kernel number and kernel weight per spike also increased with N-rate giving a peak between 270 and 360 kg N ha−1. With increasing S grain yield and tiller number/area increased while kernel number and kernel weight per spike decreased progressively. It was impossible to maximize yield and yield components at a given combination of N, S, and irrigation. According to the model, grain yield and tiller number were maximized at the highest level of N and S, while kernel number and kernel weight/spike were maximized at the lowest S (50 kg ha−1) and about 314 kg N ha−1 under adequate water supply. On the basis of the findings of this study and output of the model, 180–360 kg N ha−1, 150–250 kg S ha−1 and two post-sowing irrigations (at tillering and at boot stage) in addition to a preplant irrigation was recommended for optimum yield. An additional irrigation might be required depending on the weather conditions during the grain filling period.
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    Modelling agroforestry systems of cacao (Theobroma cacao) with laurel (Cordia alliodora) and poro (Erythrina poeppigiana) in Costa Rica II. Cacao and wood production, litter production and decomposition (1988)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 6 (1988), S. 37-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: Theobroma cacao ; shade trees ; Erythrina poeppigiana ; Cordia alliodora ; modelling ; organic matter ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; calcium ; magnesium ; litter production
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract During 7 years (1979–1985) cacao harvests (beans and husks) have been recorded for the agroforestry systems ofTheobroma cacao underCordia alliodora andErythrina poeppigiana shade trees. The mean oven dry cacao yields were 626 and 712 kg.ha−1.a−1 cocoa beans underC. alliodora andE. poeppigiana respectively. Harvests have gradually increased over the years and the plantation has now reached maturity. Annual extraction of N, P, K, Ca and Mg in fruits, which is relatively small, was calculated on the basis of chemical analyses. The following average values were found (kg.ha−1.a−1): At the age of 8 years, theC. alliodora trees have reached 26.7 cm diameter (DBH) and 14.0 m in height. Mean annual growth (from age 5 to 7) is 14.6 m3.ha−1.a−1. Natural plant residue production has been measured for 4 years (Nov. 1981–Oct. 1985). UnderE. poeppigiana it has reached a value of 8.91 t.ha−1.a−1 and underC. alliodora 7.07 t.ha−1.a−1. The shade trees have contributed 57 and 47% respectively. Transference and decomposition rates are high and important in the nutrient cycles. The nutrient content of the litter was analysed and corresponding average yearly transfers were (kg.ha−1.a−1):
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02344744
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    The thermal conductivity of pure nitrogen and of mixtures of nitrogen and carbon dioxide at elevated temperatures and pressures (1988)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 9 (1988), S. 3-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: carbon dioxide ; high pressures ; mixtures ; nitrogen ; thermal conductivity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract The thermal conductivities of nitrogen at 470 K and six mixtures of nitrogen and carbon dioxide at various temperatures have been measured as a function of pressure up to 25 MPa. The mixtures were measured at the following temperatures: one at 302 K, three at 380 K, one at 430 K, and one at 470 K. The data were used to test three prediction methods for the thermal conductivity of gas mixtures under pressure. Surprisingly good agreement was found with predictions using the corresponding-states method of Ely and Hanley. The predictions of the more theoretically based method of Mason et al. were low throughout, due partly to its use of the Hirschfelder-Eucken equation as the low-density limit, but also because the predicted density dependence rises too slowly. The simplified version of this method proposed by Svojskij gave slightly worse predictions, particularly at higher densities. The zero- density results for nitrogen are examined by comparing the zero-and first-density coefficients with the trends shown at lower temperatures.
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    Compressibility and sound velocity measurements on N2 up to 1 GPa (1988)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 9 (1988), S. 103-116 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: adiabatic compressibility ; equation of state ; density ; high pressure ; isothermal compressibility ; nitrogen ; pVT ; sound velocity ; ultrasonics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract A gas expansion technique has been used to determine the pVT properties of N2 up to 1 GPa at 298.15 K, with an accuracy of 0.08% in density, 1 mK in temperature, and 0.05%+0.2 MPa in pressure. The sound velocity has been measured by a phase-comparison pulse-echo technique between 123 and 298 K at intervals of 25 K and at pressures up to 1 GPa, with an accuracy of better than 0.02% in sound velocity, 10 mK in temperature, and 0.05%+0.2 MPa in pressure. An equation of state is presented that correlates the density data over the wide pressure range of 36–1000 MPa with maximum deviations between the calculated and the experimental densities of less than 0.05%.
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    New equations for enthalpy of vaporization from the triple point to the critical point (1988)
    Springer
    International journal of thermophysics 9 (1988), S. 567-575 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9567
    Keywords: alcohols ; alkanes ; carbon dioxide ; nitrogen ; propylene ; water
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Abstract Two new equations are proposed for the enthalpy of vaporization from the triple point to the critical point. One of these equations containing four parameters is exceptionally good for fitting the data. The other equation containing three parameters is quite adequate for fitting the data but it is exceptionally suited for interpolation when the data do not cover the entire range. These equations have been tested using the enthalpy of vaporization of water from the triple point to the critical point and are compared with other equations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00503155
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    Modelling agroforestry systems of cacao (Theobroma cacao) with laurel (Cordia alliodora) and poro (Erythrina poeppigiana) in Costa Rica II. Cacao and wood production, litter production and decomposition (1988)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 6 (1988), S. 37-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: Theobroma cacao ; shade trees ; Erythrina poeppigiana ; Cordia alliodora ; modelling ; organic matter ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; calcium ; magnesium ; litter production
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract During 7 years (1979–1985) cacao harvests (beans and husks) have been recorded for the agroforestry systems ofTheobroma cacao underCordia alliodora andErythrina poeppigiana shade trees. The mean oven dry cacao yields were 626 and 712 kg.ha−1.a−1 cocoa beans underC. alliodora andE. poeppigiana respectively. Harvests have gradually increased over the years and the plantation has now reached maturity. Annual extraction of N, P, K, Ca and Mg in fruits, which is relatively small, was calculated on the basis of chemical analyses. The following average values were found (kg.ha−1.a−1): At the age of 8 years, theC. alliodora trees have reached 26.7 cm diameter (DBH) and 14.0 m in height. Mean annual growth (from age 5 to 7) is 14.6 m3.ha−1.a−1. Natural plant residue production has been measured for 4 years (Nov. 1981–Oct. 1985). UnderE. poeppigiana it has reached a value of 8.91 t.ha−1.a−1 and underC. alliodora 7.07 t.ha−1.a−1. The shade trees have contributed 57 and 47% respectively. Transference and decomposition rates are high and important in the nutrient cycles. The nutrient content of the litter was analysed and corresponding average yearly transfers were (kg.ha−1.a−1):
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02220107
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    Modelling agroforestry systems of cacao (Theobroma cacao) with laurel (Cordia alliodora) and poro (Erythrina poeppigiana) in Costa Rica III. Cycles of organic matter and nutrients (1988)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 6 (1988), S. 49-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: Theobroma cacao ; shade trees ; Erythrina poeppigiana ; Cordia alliodora ; modelling ; organic matter ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; calcium ; magnesium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Models for cycles for organic matter and nutrients element (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) are presented for the agroforestry systems of cacao (Theobroma cacao) withCordia alliodora orErythrina poeppigiana in Turrialba, Costa Rica. For the models, system reserves (soil, humus, vegetation divided into leaves, branches, stems, fine roots, fruits) and transference between compartments (production and decomposition of litter residues) inputs (fertilizer, rainfall) and outputs (harvests) of the system are considered. The implications of the models are discussed in detail. Aspects of net primary production in the systems studied are considered. N fixation is calculated on the basis of balances. Analysis of soil water showed high variations that coincided with rainfall patterns and pruning of theE. poeppigiana.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02220108
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    Modelling agroforestry systems of cacao (Theobroma cacao) with laurel (Cordia alliodora) and poro (Erythrina poeppigiana) in Costa Rica III. Cycles of organic matter and nutrients (1988)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 6 (1988), S. 49-62 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: Theobroma cacao ; shade trees ; Erythrina poeppigiana ; Cordia alliodora ; modelling ; organic matter ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; calcium ; magnesium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Models for cycles for organic matter and nutrients element (N, P, K, Ca and Mg) are presented for the agroforestry systems of cacao (Theobroma cacao) withCordia alliodora orErythrina poeppigiana in Turrialba, Costa Rica. For the models, system reserves (soil, humus, vegetation divided into leaves, branches, stems, fine roots, fruits) and transference between compartments (production and decomposition of litter residues) inputs (fertilizer, rainfall) and outputs (harvests) of the system are considered. The implications of the models are discussed in detail. Aspects of net primary production in the systems studied are considered. N fixation is calculated on the basis of balances. Analysis of soil water showed high variations that coincided with rainfall patterns and pruning of theE. poeppigiana.
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    Effect of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium on spikelet sterility induced by low temperature at the reproductive stage of rice (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 109 (1988), S. 31-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: nitrogen ; phosphorus ; potassium ; rice ; low temperature ; reproductive stage ; flag leaf ; auricle distance ; spikelet sterility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Spikelet sterility induced by low temperature at the reproductive stage of rice increased further with the increase of nitrogen supply. Spikelet sterility in Fujisaka-5 did not increase due to low temperature when nitrogen supply was increased from 10 to 40 ppm and at 80 ppm nitrogen supply it was less affected than IR36. Total nitrogen content in the leaves increased with the increase of nitrogen supply and was forced to be associated with the spikelet sterility induced by low temperature. Based on auricle distance between the last two leaves, the most sensitive stage to low temperature damage differed in Fujisaka-5 and IR36. Spikelet sterility induced by low temperature for 10 days was very high in both the varieties and the effect of nitrogen was not clear. The effect of phosphorus on the spikelet sterility induced by low temperature at reproductive stage was not clear except that at the highest phosphorus (P) level (10 ppm) the spikelet sterility increased both in Fujisaka-5 and IR36. Spikelet sterility induced by low temperature at the reproductive stage of rice decreased with the increase of Potassium (K) supply in both Fujisaka-5 and IR36. With an increase of potassium supply, nitrogen (N) content decreased in the leaves and panicles and spikelet sterility induced by low temperature decreased with an increase of the K to N ratio in the leaves and panicles. The results suggest that potassium might play a major role to counteract the low temperature damage at the reproductive stage of rice.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02197577
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    Comparisons of primary production and nutrients absorption by aMiscanthus sinensis community in different soils (1988)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 112 (1988), S. 143-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: absorption ; clay ; Miscanthus sinensis ; nitrogen ; phosphorus ; primary production ; serpentine gangue ; standing biomass
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Soil properties, primary production, nitrogen and phosphorus uptake in aMiscanthus sinensis community on serpentine gangue area were compared with that on nonserpentine area. Soil water content, soil pH and nitrogen content were quite different between the serpentine gangue area and nonserpentine area; but phosphorus content of the soil was similar between the two sites. The maximum above-ground net production in the serpentine gangue and nonserpentine areas was 4.5±0.2 kg m−2 yr−1 and 7.8±0.2 kg m−2 yr−1, respectively. The total maximum standing biomass in the serpentine gangue and nonserpentine areas was 8.5±0.8 kg m−2 and 11.9±0.4 kg m−2, respectively. Nitrogen uptake by plants in the nonserpentine area was 2.4 times greater than that in the serpentine gangue area. Phosphorus uptake by plants were similar for the two sites. The most probable reasons for the small biomass produced by theMiscanthus sinensis community in this serpentine gangue area are the low levels of nitrogen and water availability in the soil.
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    Mineralization of N and P along a trophic gradient in a freshwater mire (1988)
    Springer
    Biogeochemistry 6 (1988), S. 31-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-515X
    Keywords: nitrogen ; phosphorus ; mineralization ; productivity ; peatlands
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Release of inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus in the soil of a peatland (fen) in The Netherlands was measured by means of an in situ incubation technique. Three sampling stations were chosen along a gradient in the plant productivity and water chemistry of the fen. The station with the highest biomass production was located near the ditch that supplied the fen with water in amounts matching water losses through evaporation and downward percolation to the groundwater. Water chemistry at this station strongly resembled that of the ditch water. The two stations remote from the ditch had much lower plant biomass, and significantly lower pH, conductivity, and calcium and bicarbonate concentrations. The vegetation at these two stations was characterized by a thick Sphagnum carpet. The release of inorganic N and P was much faster at the two stations remote from the ditch than at that located near the ditch. The differences in mineralization rate are probably due to the differences in water chemistry; phosphates are more soluble at low than at high pH. The fast N mineralization at stations with a thick Sphagnum carpet may be related to the chemical composition of Sphagnum litter. The difference in productivity is not explained by the N and P mineralization rates. Direct supply of N and P from the ditch are probably the main cause of the high productivity at the station bordering the ditch.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00002931
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    An evaluation and comparison of micro-techniques for concentration of volatile components from dilute solutions (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 25 (1988), S. 21-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Sample concentration ; Chromatographic evaporation ; Solvent effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Several micro-techniques for the removal of solvent from dilute solutions of volatile compounds have been compared. Large solute losses were experienced when the conventional blow-down technique was applied. Better yields could be obtained with static evaporation procedures, as long as an effective reflux was maintained. However, careful optimization of the vessel design and operating conditions is necessary. The most efficient volume reduction technique was shown to be chromatographic evaporation. Quantitative recoveries were obtained for the compounds tested and the process was significantly faster than static concentration. Moreover, operating conditions (gas flow, temperature) are less critical. With modifications, the principle can be used for the concentration of large sample volumes down to a few microliters.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02311522
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    The polarity of polyoxyethylene glycol dialkyl ethers and their sulphur analogs as measured by parameters considering intermolecular electric interactions (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 25 (1988), S. 95-98 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Stationary phase polarity ; Polarity parameters ; Structure-retention relationships
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The new stationary phase polarity parameters BN and BS evaluated from the concept of the electric intermolecular interactions are used to describe the polarity of polyoxyethylene glycol dialkyl ethers and their sulphur analogs. Relations between the discussed parameters and accepted measures of surfactants' polarity are presented and discussed. The considered parameters are correlated with the compound structures. Structural increments for characteristic fragments of the molecule are calculated and use to predict BN and BS values.
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    Gas chromatographic investigations of the adsorption of n-octane on the surface of sulfur (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 25 (1988), S. 134-138 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Sulfur ; n-Octane adsorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary From the adsorption isotherms of n-octane on the surface of sulfur at 29.8°C and 40.6°C some thermodynamic functions were determined. On the basis of these data the structure of the adsorbed layer of n-octane is postulated. The molecular interactions and adsorption mechanism are also discussed. It is stated that both quasi-liquid and quasi-sold layers may be formed on the surface of sulfur depending on the surface coverage with n-octane.
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    Predicting retention data using the slope of the log adjusted retention time vs. carbon number plot for n-alkanes (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 25 (1988), S. 313-318 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Retention index ; Slope of log plot ; Homologous series ; Partition coefficient
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The slope of the n-alkane log plot dt′R/dnc (t′R=adjusted retention time; nc=carbon number) for a stationary phase can be used to obtain the retention index of an unidentified substance in a chromatogram containing only one peak with a known retention index, or to predict the retention time of a substance from that of a different homolog in the same series. It can also be used to translate retention indices into relative retention time, partition coefficient or specific retention volume. Published values of the slope are collected and critically evaluated. Equations are deduced that predict its approximate value at a specified temperature given the value at only one other temperature.
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    Gas chromatographic resolution of enantiomeric and diastereoisomeric amino acid esters on Chirasil-Val capillary column (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 25 (1988), S. 393-396 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Separation of optical isomers ; Chirasil-Val capillary columns ; Amino acid esters
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary D,L-amino acids were derivatized with (+), (±)-2-butanol or N-trifluoroacetyl-L-prolyl chloride (L-TPC) and then chromatographed. Four optical isomers were separated on a Chirasil-Val capillary column. By this method, the concentration of optical impurities arising from the commercial optically active reagents can be determined. The observed abnormal elution orders of enantiomeric amino acid esters may be caused by a selective intermolecular force.
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    Determination of the evaporation rate of essential oils and perfumery compositions using gas chromatography (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 25 (1988), S. 520-522 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Essential oils ; Evaporation rate ; Perfume composition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A simple method was developed for the determination of the evaporation rate of essential oils and perfumery composition using gas chromatography with temperature programming. The volatility of 19 essential oils and 17 perfumery composition was evaluated. The method is useful for different comparative measurements.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02324825
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    An improved method for steroid profile analysis using capillary gas chromatography (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 25 (1988), S. 598-602 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Capillary columns ; Steroid profiles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Steroid conjugates are hydrolysed enzymatically using β-glucuronidase after extraction from urine using a solid phase extraction cartridge. After hydrolysis the free steroids are removed from the matrix, again utilising solid phase extraction. Derivatisation of the free hydroxyl groups using Hydrox-Sil AQ produces the respective TMS ethers which are extracted into hexane, in which solvent they are stable for many days. Capillary GC analysis with flame ionisation detection produces a profile of the steroids present in the sample. This technique is suitable for following changes in the urinary excretion profiles of patients undergoing investigation for a variety of steroid production-related diseases.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02327654
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    Determination of the triglyceride composition of grapes by HPLC (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 25 (1988), S. 609-612 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Column liquid chromatography ; Gas chromatography ; Triglyceride composition of grapes ; Identification system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The triglyceride composition of the Tempranillo grape (Vitis vinifera) has been examined by a combination of HPLC and GLC. To identify the triglycerides, equations were applied relating log k′ with the molecular variables: equivalent carbon number, chain length and number of double bonds in each of the fatty acids in the glycerides. Ten triglycerides were found, the principal ones being trilinolein (35.75%), dilinoleyl-olein (21.03%) and dilinoleyl-palmitin (17.02%).
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    Influence of structure of alkenes on their retention on different stationary phases (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 25 (1988), S. 655-658 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Structure-retention relationships ; Connectivity indices, topological indices ; Alkenes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Retention indices of different alkenes are correlated with connectivity and topological parameters. The appropriate statistically valid relations hips are derived and discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02327667
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    Separation and identification ofα, ω-diiodoperfluoroalkanes in gas chromatography (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 25 (1988), S. 735-736 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; α,ω-diiodoperfluoroalkanes ; Separation ; identification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The separation of α,ω-diiodoperfluoralkanes on a glass capillary column coated with OV-101 methylsilicone was investigated. Retention indices were determined at three temperatures (140, 150 and 160°C). The correlation between the retention indices and the boiling points of the investigated compounds was studied.
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    The temperature dependence of retention indices in gas chromatography (1988)
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    Chromatographia 25 (1988), S. 731-734 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Retention Index (l) ; Temperature dependence of Retention Index
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A linear dependence of (T−T1)/[1(T)−1(T1)] on temperature (considering the retention index 1(T1) at temperature T1 as a standard value) is derived. Both ther retention index at an assigned temperature and the temperature dependence of the retention index can be calculated from retention data measured at two temperature-programing rates.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02290481
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    Analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in solid sample material using a desorption device coupled to a GC/MS system (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 26 (1988), S. 171-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; GC/MS analysis ; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ; Bituminous coal ; Brown coal ; Plant waxes ; Thermodesorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) today are ubiquitous detectable constituents of recent sediments. The compounds are adsorbed on particulate emissions and are thus transferred to the environment. To date the analysis of PAH in sediments, dust samples and plant material is based mainly on the application of solvent-extraction methods followed by liquid chromatography and/or gas chromatographic separation of the extracts. An alternative approach for the analysis of PAH in solid samples such as coal, sediments, dust samples and plant waxes is shown in this contribution. A commercially available device for the analysis of volatile compounds present in solid matter is connected on-line to a GC/MS system. The device enables the thermal desorption of hydrocarbons at a temperature of 320°C. Subsequently, the hydrocarbons trapped on the initial part of the capillary column are analyzed by GC/MS. The application of mass chromatography provides the possibility of detection and quantitation of PAH in complex mixtures even when they coelute with other compounds. The sample amount required varies between 1 and 10 mg depending on the hydrocarbon content.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02268146
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    Immobilisation of Chirasil-Val on glass capillaries (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 26 (1988), S. 229-233 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Glass capillaries ; Chirasil-Val ; Immobilisation ; Enantiomeric separation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Immobilisation methods of the chiral silicone stationary phase Chirasil-L-Val have been studied. In addition to the standard techniques of radical-induced immobilisation with dicumyl peroxide and azo tert-butane, immobilisation was solely achieved by thermal treatment: conditioning at low flow-rates or under stop-flow conditions led to unexpectedly high immobilisation despite mild temperatures. The presence of water vapor in the carrier gas accelerated the immobilisation process. While up to 75% immobilisation was attainable with both ATB and thermal methods, immobilisation with DCUP did not exceed 50%, despite relatively high DCUP concentrations. Whilst all immobilisation methods were accompanied by varying degrees of racemisation at the chiral centre, it was possible to establish conditions that yielded a high immobilisation (in excess of 70%) with a negligible loss in enantiomeric selctivity. The immobilisation reactions also slightly affected the polarity of the stationary phase, reflected in a shift of the Kovats-Indices of amino acid derivatives and in the accompanying “Squalane-Effect”. With respect to immobilisation, racemisation and polarity shift, thermal immobilisation with water-saturated carrier gas proved to be the optimum method.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02268157
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    The use of activated (S)-(+)-naproxen for the gas chromatographic resolution of some amino acid methyl esters (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 25 (1988), S. 925-927 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; (S)-(+)-Naproxen ; Amino acid methyl esters ; Resolution of diasteroisomers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A GC method has been elaborated for the separation of enantiomers of some amino acid methyl esters after derivatization with activated (S)-(+)-naproxen. Nine amino acid ester paris were completely resolvede in a single run on a fused silica capillary column.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02311433
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    Micropacked column gas chromatography with vapour of organic substance as the mobile phase (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 25 (1988), S. 993-998 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; HPLC system ; Micropacked column ; Organic mobile phase ; UV detection
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Retention behaviours of aromatic hydrocarbons were examined by using the vapour of an organic substance as the mobile phase and silica gel as the stationary phase. Gas chromatographic separation of aromatic hydrocarbons was demonstrated by using a system comprising a liquid chromatographic (LC) pump, a micropacked column for LC, a column oven and a UV detector.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02259418
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    Comparative evaluation of retention of hydrocarbons present in the C5-petroleum fraction on methylsilicone and squalane phases (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 25 (1988), S. 177-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Retention index ; Hydrocarbons
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The retention of hydrocarbons present in the C5 pyrolysis fraction of gasolines on the stationary phases squalane and methylsilicone oil JXR at 30, 40 and 50°C was investigated by capillary gas chromatography. The unified retention indices of the hydrocarbons were also calculated on squalane. The retention indices obtained on these two phases were interrelated and the quantitative relationship with the structure of the solutes was studied. Equations based on the unified retention indices calculated on squalane and some selected structural elements of the solutes permit the calculation of their retention on methylsilicone with sufficient accuracy.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02316441
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    Determination of the gas chromatographic gas hold-up time (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 25 (1988), S. 589-592 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Hold-up time determination
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary New versions are suggested for the gas hold-up time calculation in gas chromatography. The results are compared with those obtained by using other methods. The advantages of the suggested ways of calculation are pointed out.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02327652
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    Reaction gas chromatography: Study of the photodecomposition of halogenated hydrocarbons (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 25 (1988), S. 621-626 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Pre-column photolysis ; Halogenated hydrocarbons ; Identification of photolysis products ; Reaction mechanisms
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Photodecomposition of chloro- and bromoderivatives of saturated, unsaturated and aromatic hydrocarbons has been studied under flow conditions using reaction gas chromatography. The photodegradation products were separated on a column coated with squalane and identified by comparing the measured retention data with those of standards and published retention indices, The results can be used to clarify the decomposition of such compounds.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02327659
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    Empirical correlation equations describing retention data of hydrocarbons on dinonylphatalate and polyethyleneglycol 4000 (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 25 (1988), S. 725-730 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Structure-retention correlation ; Kováts retention index ; Alkylaromatics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Relative retention data and Kováts retention indices were measured for several hydrocarbons (mainly for alkylbenzenes) on dinonylphtalate and polyethylenelycol 4000 stationary phase. Correlations were searched between these retention data and the following physical (boiling point, molrefraction, molvolume) and topological (connectiviity index and general index of molecular complexity) properties of solutes. The best fitting equations was choosen among more than 150 equations involving linear, quadratic, exponential, two variables linear and quadratic dependence of retention data and the properties mentioned as well as their inverses.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02290480
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    Determination of 3-phenyl-4-hydroxy-6-chloropyridazine in groundwater using enrichment on porous organic polymers (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 25 (1988), S. 817-821 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Water analysis ; Macroreticular polymeric adsorbent resins ; Herbicides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A method is described for the determination of 3-phenyl-4-hydroxy-6-chloropyridazine in potable water. The method is based on isolation and enrichment by passing the water sample through a column of macroreticular polymeric adsorbent resin, concentration, derivatisation with pentafluorobenzoyl chloride and GC measurement with a N-specific detector. The individual experiments for establishing the working conditions, especially the adsorption characteristics of different types of resin, are described. The highest enrichment efficiency is obtained with the methacrylate-type resin XAD7. In field-sampling experiments a 10cm column yields 57% recovery at 100mLmin−1 flow rate, 0.3 ppb concentration level and 1 L sample volume. The method is completely documented; performance data are a detection limit of 0.07 μg L−1 and a mean recovery of 75% at the 0.3 ppb level.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02262092
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    Thermodynamic properties of solutions by gas chromatography using a liquid crytal compound 4,4-bis(heptyloxy)azoxybenzene as solvent (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 25 (1988), S. 825-830 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Liquid crystals ; Thermodynamic properties
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Thermodynamic properties of 22 solutes at infinite dilution have been determined in the smectic, nematic and isotropic mesophases of 4,4′-bis(heptyloxy)azoxybenzone. The thermodynamic properties are discussed in relation to the solute-solvent (liquid crystal) interactions as conditioned by the degree of order in the liquid crystal.
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    Interpolation of relative retentions as a tool for identification of perhalogenated compounds (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 26 (1988), S. 168-170 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Perhalogenated compounds ; Relative retentions ; Identification by interpolation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary Separation of perhalogenated compounds resulting from thermolysis, photolysis or radiolysis of mixtures of halogens in carbon tetrachloride was carried out by programmed temperature gas chromatography. Plots of relative retentions (to CBr4) vs the number of bromine atoms present for known compounds of the general formula CxBryClz (x=1 and 2; y+z=4 or 6) gave three linear correlations (all with r〉0.99). These correlations permitted projections of the identities of reaction products for which no standards were available. These projections were later confirmed by CG-MS. *** DIRECT SUPPORT *** A0732166 00010
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02268145
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    Automated on-line gas chromatographic injection of samples completely liquified by pressure (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 26 (1988), S. 383-386 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; On-line process analysis ; Injection of volatile compounds
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A modified on-line liquid injection technique with rotary valves for gas chromatography has been developed. Applications for the on-line analysis of 2-methylpropene, cyclohexene and 1-butene are described. All samples were loaded under pressure. The results obtained show excellent reproducibility with less than 0.1% relative standard deviation (r.s.d.; n=6) for the peak areas measured. The method is particularly advantageous for samples containing both gas and liquid ccomponents at one bar.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02268186
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    Gas chromatographic method for determining free fatty acids in cheese (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 25 (1988), S. 87-90 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Free acids in cheese ; Tetramethylammonium hydroxide soaps ; Packed and capillary columns
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A rapid gas chromatographic method for the analysis of individual free fatty acids (FFA) in cheese has been developed. Lipds were extract from a cheese paste acidified with diethyl ether and tetramethylammonium hydroxide (TMAM) was used for converting the FFA to TMA-soaps, which are transformed to methyl esters in the chromatographic injector. The effect of lactic acid was determined. The reproducibility of the method was studied and the coefficient of variation for the total FFA was found to be 2.2%. Recovery of individual FFA was in the range 87 to 106%.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02259021
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    Measurement of activity coefficients in polymer solutions by the reversedflow technique (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 25 (1988), S. 453-454 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Reversed-flow technique ; Polymer activities ; Polymer interaction parameters
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The reversed-flow, gas-chromatographic method for measuring activities and activity coefficients in binary liquid mixtures is now extended to the determination of activity coefficients of the solvent in polymer-solvent systems over the whole range of polymer concentration, as well as for the calculation of Flory-Huggins interaction parameters. The parameters found by the present method are compared with those determined by other techniques or calculated theoretically.
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    Determination of bile acids in serum and bile by a modified gas chromatographic glass capillary technique (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 25 (1988), S. 447-450 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Glass capillary columns ; Bile acids ; Hexafluoroisopropyl esters
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A modified gas chromatographic glass capillary technique for determination of five major bile acids (Cholic acid: CA, Chenodeoxycholic acid: CDCA, Deoxycholic acid: DCA, Lithocholic acid: LCA and Ursodeoxycholic acid: UDCA) has been developed after preliminary extraction with XAD-2 resin. Enzymatic hydrolysis prevents the formation of interferring degradation products. Ether extraction with centrifugation eliminates water soluble interferring substances. Derivatization to hexafluorpropyl- instead of methyl esters results in better separation, shortens analysis time and prolongs the life span of the column.
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    A review of very large scale chromatography (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 25 (1988), S. 547-559 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Liquid column chromatography ; Process scale separations ; Review
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The relative merits of large scale gas chromatography (GC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) have not been reviewed for some considerable time. Although methodologies capable of manufacturing high efficiency (and hence cost effective) plant have existed for over a decade, commercial introduction has been remarkably slow. This has primarily been caused by confidentiality restrictions placed on equipment manufacturers, in turn severely limiting wide ranging applications data. These are necessary to raise potential end users confidence that both techniques offer viable large scale routes to separation and purification of mixtures as analysed by laboratory chromatographic methods. Considerable recent progress has been made with large scale HPLC plant, which has led to sufficient published data to make both technical and economic comparisons against GC possible.
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    Determination of toluenesulfonic acid isomers by gas chromatography (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 25 (1988), S. 618-620 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Toluenesulfonic acid isomer distribution ; Ethyl toluenesulfonate isomers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A gas chromatographic method for the determination of isomeric distribution in toluenesulfonic acid samples is described. The acids are transformed into the corresponding ethyl esters by reaction with triethyl orthoformate in toluene. The reaction mixture can be injected, without further purification, into the gas chromatograph. The separation is best performed on columns containing OV-210 or polyphenyl ether (6 rings) as the stationary phase.
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    Capillary gas chromatography of some metal acetylacetonates (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 25 (1988), S. 691-693 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Al, Cr, Co and Fe acetylacetonates ; Capillary column separation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary The retention and resolution of simple mixture of Al(III), Cr(III), Co(III), and Fe(III) acetylacetonates were investigated on capillary columns coated with methyl and methyl phenyl silicones (OV-1 or OV-17) used as the stationary phase, at different column temperatures and carrier gas flow rates. Successful elution and good resolution were obtained only for the Al(III) and Cr(III) complexes, both under isothermal and programmed-temperature conditions; better resolution was observed on the column coated with OV 17.
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    Analysis of heavy organic pollutants of confined atmospheres (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 26 (1988), S. 300-304 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Column liquid chromatography ; Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons ; Phenolic compounds ; Air pollution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary An improved procedure for the determination of the less volatile air pollutants of recycled closed atmospheres by activated carbon-Soxhlet extraction is proposed. After total treatment of desorbate, PAH determination is then accomplished by RP-HPLC using both adsorptiometric and fluorimetric UV detection; phenolic compounds are determined by GC-MS. This technique is suitable for very low levels of PAH and phenolic compounds.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02268170
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    GC analysis of gas in halogen lamps using a new sampling device (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 26 (1988), S. 34-36 
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    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Gas analysis in halogen lamps ; Sampling device
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A new type of gas sampling device was constructed to improve the analysis of the gas in halogen lamps. Low levels of gases such as O2, CH4, C2H4 and CH3Br could be determined by the techniques worked out.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02268121
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    GC analysis of the gas filling of incandescent lamps: Determination of oxygen impurity in argon (1988)
    Springer
    Chromatographia 26 (1988), S. 413-416 
    Details
    ISSN: 1612-1112
    Keywords: Gas chromatography ; Gas analysis in incandescent lamps ; Gas chromatographic determination of O2 impurity in argon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary A sensitive GC method was developed to analyse O2 (∼10–400ppm) in argon, by using Ar as carrier gas. A sampling method was developed for lamp analysis, and the O2 impurity content in the gas filling of incandescent lamps was measured. The results of the GC and MS measurements were in good agreement.
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    Effects of nitrogen fertilizer and weed control on nutritive quality of carrots (Daucus carota L.) (1988)
    Springer
    Plant foods for human nutrition 38 (1988), S. 67-73 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: carrots ; carotene ; T.S.S. ; herbicides ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The nutritive quality of carrots, obtained from different herbicide-treated plots and under different levels of nitrogen application ranging from zero to 80kg nitrogen/ha, was compared. There were significant differences in carotene content, T.S.S. (total soluble solids) and organolptic characteristics under the influence of different treatments. The maximum carotene content, T.S.S. and organoleptic characteristics were observed with the application of 80 kg. nitrogen/ha and fluchloralin herbicide at 0.90 and 1.20 kg/ha.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01092312
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