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  • Chromatographie, Dünnschicht  (30)
  • pharmacokinetics  (22)
  • Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption  (21)
  • Lysosomes
  • Springer  (85)
  • Cham :Springer International Publishing :
  • Frontiers Media SA
  • 2020-2024
  • 2020-2022
  • 1970-1974  (85)
  • 1974  (75)
  • 1971  (10)
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
  • Springer  (85)
  • Cham :Springer International Publishing :
  • Frontiers Media SA
Years
  • 2020-2024
  • 2020-2022
  • 1970-1974  (85)
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ultrastructure and lysosomal histochemistry ofia rat osteoclasts (1974)
    Springer
    Calcified tissue international 14 (1974), S. 153-160 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Lysosomes ; Bone ; Resorption ; Osteoclast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des techniques histochimiques de microscope photonique et électronique montrent que les ostéoclastes métaphysaires chez des rats “sans incisive” présentent des quantités plus importantes de phosphatase acide, d'acryl sulfatase et de trimétaphosphatase acide lysosomiales. L'activité en phosphatase lysosomiale à pH neutre est aussi plus élevée dans les ostéoclastes métaphysaires, sauf dans les cellules situées sous la métaphyse, où l'enzyme est absente. L'absence de résorption de la matrice organique semble en rapport avec l'absence de bordures en brosse et une absence d'enzyme lysosomiale extracellulaire. Malgré cette absence, une dissolution de cristaux inorganiques a été mise en évidence au microscope électronique, suggérant que la dissolution minérale est un processus distinct de la désintégration enzymatique de la matrice organique.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Histochemische Techniken für Licht- und Elektronenmikroskopie zeigten, daß metaphysäre Osteoklasten “Schneidezahl-loser” (SL) Ratten erhöhte Mengen von lysosomaler saurer Phosphatase, von Arylsulfatase und von saurer Trimetaphosphatase enthielten. Die Aktivität der lysosomalen Phosphatase bei neutralem pH war in den metaphysären Osteoklasten ebenfalls erhöht, außer in den Zellen direkt unterhalb der Wachstumsplatte, wo dieses Enzym nicht vorkam. Es konnte überhaupt keine Resorption der organischen Matrix festgestellt werden, was übereinzustimmen schien mit der Abwesenheit eines gekräuselten Saumes und einer gleichzeitigen Abwesenheit des extrazellulären lysosomalen Enzyms. Trotzdem wurde im Elektronenmikroskop das Verschwinden anorganischer Kristalle festgestellt, was darauf schließen läßt, daß die Auflösung des Minerals nicht derselbe Vorgang ist wie die enzymatische Auflösung der organischen Matrix.
    Notes: Abstract Histochemical techniques for light and electron microscopy showed that metaphyseal osteoclasts in “incisors absent” rats contained greater than normal amounts of lysosomal acid phosphatase, aryl sulfatase and acid trimetaphosphatase. Lysosomal phosphatase activity at neutral pH was also elevated in the metaphyseal osteoclasts except in those cells immediately beneath the growth plate, where this enzyme was absent. The failure of any discernable resorption of organic matrix appeared to correlate with the absence of a ruffled border and a concomittant absence of extracellular lysosomal enzyme. Despite this failure, electron microscopic evidence of inorganic crystal removal was noted, suggesting that mineral dissolution represents a separate process from the enzymatic breakdown of organic matrix.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02060291
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Short term effects and urinary excretion of the new diuretic, indapamide, in normal subjects (1974)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 407-414 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Diuretic ; indapamide ; human pharmacology ; toxicology ; pharmacokinetics ; TLC assay
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacology, toxicology and kinetics of a new diuretic indapamide, have been studied in six normal volunteers following a single oral dose of 40 mg. Pronounced diuresis was found, commencing three hours after ingestion, with a peak urinary flow at four to six hours, and continuing for a total of thirty-six hours. A fall in systolic standing blood pressure occurred twenty four hours after ingestion, coincident with the period of maximum dehydration. Free water clearance rose, accompanied by increased urinary losses of Na+, K+ and Cl− and alkalinisation of the urine comparable to the actions of benzothiadiazines. Total urinary losses of Ca2+, Mg2+ and PO 4 3− rose in spite of a fall in urinary concentrations of these ions. The Ca2+ effect compares with the acute ionic effects of other diuretics. No renal, hepatic or haematological toxic effect was demonstrated. The blood sugar level was not disturbed. Serum uric acid rose to abnormal levels although the change did not reach statistical significance. — A thin layer chromatographic method, with a sensitivity limit of 0.1 µg/ml., has been developed for the assay of indapamide in urine. The urinary excretion rates of the volunteers measured over forty-eight hours indicate that the drug is rapidly absorbed with a peak excretion, 2.9±1.3 µg/min occurring three hours after ingestion. The drug is eliminated bi-phasically with an initial short rapid elimination followed by a slower exponential decline with a mean elimination half-life of 10.3 ± 3.9 h. The mean urinary excretion of unchanged indapamide over forty-eight hours was 4.4±1.4% of the administered dose. — It is concluded that indapamide is an effective long-acting diuretic with comparable action to the benzothiadiazine diuretics, but without an effect on blood sugar level in single doses in normal subjects. In contrast with other diuretics, indapamide appears to be extensively metabolised in man, and its longer duration of action to be related to a longer elimination half-life.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00560352
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Butylbiguanide concentration in plasma, liver, and intestine after intravenous and oral administration to man (1974)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 433-448 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Oral antidiabetic drug ; butylbiguanide ; pharmacokinetics ; two-compartment open model ; plasma concentration ; liver concentration ; intestine concentration ; man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary 50 mg14C-Butylbiguanide was administered intravenously to 4 diabetic patients and 100 mg14C-butylbiguanide orally to 5 further diabetics. The concentrations of the drug in plasma, intestinal fluid, intestinal epithelium and liver tissue were determined and the renal excretion of the biguanide measured. Irregularities in the plasma concentration curve were observed which appeared as systematic deviations from the ideal curve of a biexponential function. Because these deviations occurred only in the middle phase of the plasma concentration curve, it was nevertheless possible to calculate the pharmacokinetic parameters of butylbiguanide by use of a two-compartment open model. The principal pharmacokinetic parameters were determined according to this model after intravenous dosing and the following mean values were obtained:t 1/2 (β)=4.6 h (β=0.15 h−1),C P 0 =0.85µg/ml,V D =218 l,V T =157 l,V P =62 l,k 12=0.69 h−1,k 21=0.44 h−1,k el =0.54 h−1. Within 48 h after administration, an average of 72.4% of the intravenous and 74.4% of the oral dose had been excreted in the urine. Total clearance (Cl tot) averaged 536 ml/min and renal clearance (Cl ren) 393 ml/min. High concentrations of butylbiguanide were observed in the intestinal fluid (100–700 mg/ml) 20–40 min after oral administration. It was found that the drug accumulates in intestinal fluid, intestinal epithelium and liver tissue, and that it is secreted into the intestinal lumen. The concentrations of butylbiguanide in intestinal and liver tissue were 10–46 times higher than in plasma. The secretion of biguanide into the intestinal lumen may occur via the bile or the intestinal mucosa, but there is no evidence of significant biliary excretion of butylbiguanide.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00560356
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacokinetics of mestranol in man in relation to its oestrogenic activity (1974)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 295-305 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Mestranol ; ethynyloestradiol ; contraceptive compounds ; demethylation ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The oestrogenic activity of mestranol depends on its demethylation to ethynyloestradiol. The reaction has been studied in man. The compound disappeared exponentially from plasma during the first 4 h after i.v. injection of [4-14C-] mestranol. The “metabolic clearance” for this phase amounted to 31.8 1/day per kg body weight. Methoxy-3H-labelled mestranol was prepared for the further studies, because if it is demethylated, the tritium would be transferred to HTO, which would equilibrate immediately with body water. The appearance in body water of tritium from [methoxy-3H-] mestranol could be described by two exponential functions, which corresponded to bi-phasic disappearance of the original compound from plasma. The rate constant of the first stage was: γ1=0.835 h−1, and of the second: γ2=0.034 h−1. HTO radioactivity was eliminated from the body by exchange of water. From the data obtained, a three-compartment model was constructed of the transfer of tritium from [methoxy-3H-] mestranolinto body water, which permitted computer simulation of the partial processes. The compartmental analysis suggested that mestranol differed from ethynyloestradiol mainly in the delayed and protracted manner in which hormonally active oestrogen entered the circulation. The proportion of [methoxy-3H-] mestranol demethylated to ethynyloestradiol (demethylation ratio) varied little, 53.7±5.0% (x±SD; n=6), and was consistent with clinical observations that mestranol is half as potent an oestrogen as ethynyloestradiol. Thus, the dose of mestranol required to produce a given effect has to be twice as large as that of ethynyloestradiol.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00560348
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Berechnung einer Zusatzdosis zur Erhaltung der Serumkonzentration eines Pharmakons nach Schnellinfusion von Plasmaexpandern (1971)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 4 (1971), S. 54-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: pharmacokinetics ; infusion ; plasma expander ; blood level fluctuation ; sulfonamide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A hypothetical pharmacokinetic model is reported which describes the decreasing fluctuations in the blood levels of a sulfonamide during infusion of a plasma expander. Its concentration in the serum increases reciprocally with the amount of plasma expander infused. These procedures can be described by simple equations, and it is possible therefore, to calculate the dose required to maintain a constant blood level during the infusion.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird über ein hypothetisch-pharmakokinetisches Modell berichtet, welches sich mit der absinkenden Serumkonzentration eines Sulfonamids nach Infusion eines Plasmaexpanders beschäftigt. Die Serumkonzentration fällt reziprok zur infundierten Menge des Plasmaexpanders ab. Die Vorgänge lassen sich durch einfache Gleichungssysteme beschreiben. Es gelingt daher, eine Zusatzdosis zu berechnen, welche den bei Infusionsbeginn bestehenden Plasmaspiegel annähernd konstant erhält.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00568900
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacokinetics of tranexamic acid after intravenous administration to normal volunteers (1974)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 375-380 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Tranexamic acid ; pharmacokinetics ; man ; antifibrinolytic agents ; renal clearance ; two-compartment model
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pharmacokinetics of tranexamic acid has been investigated in two healthy volunteers. The behaviour of the drug can be described in terms of a two compartment open model; the disposition (biological) half-life was 2.7 h and 1.9 h, respectively. In five normal volunteers the mean total recovery in urine 48 h after dosing was 94.8%. The renal clearance in the two subjects, adjusted to 1.73 m2 body surface area, was 135 and 132 ml/min/1.73 m2, respectively, indicating that tranexamic acid is eliminated by glomerular filtration and that neither tubular excretion nor absorption takes place.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00558210
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Gas chromatographic assessment of the reproducibility of phenazone plasma half-life in young healthy volunteers (1974)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 381-385 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Phenazone ; pharmacokinetics ; plasma half-life ; gas chromatographic analysis ; intra-individual variability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Intra-individual variability in the plasma half-life of phenazone has been studied in 16 healthy, young volunteers. Phenazone was analysed by a simple gas chromatographic method, which is specific in relation to known metabolites; 4′-methylphenazone was employed as the internal standard. Phenazone was given on two occasions, two or three months apart, in oral doses of 10 mg/kg. The plasma half-life determined from five time points was 10.9±1.5 h and 11.2±1.3 h respectively, on the two occasions. The mean intra-individual variability (0.86 h) was close to the methodological error of 4%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00558211
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacokinetics of unlabelled and14C-labelled pindolol in uraemia (1974)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 25-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Pindolol ; uraemia ; pharmacokinetics ; β-blockade
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The elimination of pindolol in 25 patients with various degrees of renal failure has been studied after an intravenous dose of 3 mg. A linear correlation was not found between the elimination rate of pindolol and the endogenous creatinine clearance, and the half-life of the unchanged drug was independent of the severity of the renal failure. This implies greater metabolism of pindolol in anuric patients and the extrarenal elimination rate constantk mwas increased. Three patients with severe renal failure were given 3 mg14C-pindolol. They showed almost constant plasma levels of radio-activity for 6 h and then slow excretion with a half-life of 48 h, because of accumulation of metabolites in the blood. Up to 90% of the metabolites are glucuronides and sulphates which have no beta-blocking or other clinical activity. Thus, to produce beta-adrenergic blockade the same dose of indolol is required in healthy patients as in those with uraemia.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00614386
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Lack of effect of the appetite stimulant pizotifen (BC 105) on the absorption of isonicotinylhydrazine (1974)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 59-60 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Pizotifen ; isonicotinylhydrazine ; orexigen ; tuberculosis ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Pizotifen (BC 105) has an orexigenic effect in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis. As these cases are often treated with isonicotinylhydrazine (INH), any effect of one of these drugs on the absorption of the other has been examined in a cross-over study in 8 healthy male volunteers. No difference was found between the absorption of INH given alone or together with pizotifen. It should be safe, therefore, to employ the combination of the orexigenic drug and INH in the treatment of tuberculosis as there will be no change in the concentration of therapeutic drug achieved.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00614391
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Kinetics of diphenylhydantoin in uraemic patients: Consequences of decreased plasma protein binding (1974)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 31-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Diphenylhydantoin ; uraemia ; protein binding ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Diphenylhydantoin (2 mg/kg) was infused intravenously in four uraemic patients and four healthy volunteers and its plasma concentration measured during and after the infusion. The plasma concentrations were considerably lower in the uraemic subjects and the apparent volume of distribution was higher. These observations could be explained by the lower plasma protein binding of diphenylhydantoin in the uraemics. The overall elimination rate constant β was greater (shorter half-life) in the uraemic patients. This difference could not be explained by reduced plasma protein binding, but it might be due to induction of diphenylhydantoin metabolism in the uraemic state. it is concluded that monitoring of the plasma levels of drugs in uraemic patients should be combined with determination of the extent to which the compounds are bound to plasma proteins.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00614387
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Endocytosis and the adaptive acid hydrolases in Tetrahymena pyriformis GL (1974)
    Springer
    Archives of microbiology 98 (1974), S. 115-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Endocytosis ; Tetrahymena ; Lysosomes ; Exocytosis ; Acid Hydrolases
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Endocytosis of yeast cells by Tetrahymena pyriformis GL for a period of 2.5 h produced changes in cellular acid hydrolases. Acid phosphatase, acid deoxyribonuclease and acid proteinase activities were markedly increased, whereas there was a decrease in acid ribonuclease activity and little change in α-glucosidase activity. These alterations do not appear to be due to any alteration in the rates of secretion of these enzymes into the milieu. Evidence is presented that the cellular enzyme increases found upon endocytosis of yeast reflect changes in lysosomal enzymes, because it was shown that the acid phosphatase activity increase resulted in an increased amount of latent enzyme within the cell. The results also support the idea that there are at least 3 distinct populations of lysosomes, in addition to phagolysosomes, present in Tetrahymena pyriformis GL, with different modes of formation. There appears to be a large excess of lysosomes, uncombined with phagosomes, present in these fed cells since latency averaged 66% in broken-cell preparations which contained very few intact phagolysosomes. The phagolysosomal acid phophatase activity cannot account for more than 34% of that present in the cell. The endocytosis of yeast in the presence of growth medium resulted in a marked drop in the rate of cell division as compared to cells growing in the growth medium alone. The results are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00425274
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Rifampicin in plasma and pleural fluid after single oral doses (1974)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 51-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Rifampicin ; plasma level ; pleural fluid concentration ; microbiological assay ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Single oral doses of rifampicin (RMP) were given to 31 patients with pleural effusions of various aetiologies. The concentrations of RMP and its active metabolites in pleural fluid and plasma were determined by an agar diffusion method using paper discs as diffusion centres. The plasma concentrations reached a peak within 3 h and then declined monoexponentially; in pleural fluid, RMP concentration rose slowly to reach a plateau that lasted for several hours. There were marked differences between subjects in the observed concentrations of RMP. During the first 12 h the plasma levels exceeded those in pleural fluid, but after 24 h the concentration of RMP in pleural fluid was higher than in plasma. If multiple oral doses of RMP 10 mg/kg b. w. are given every 24 h, as is common in the treatment of tuberculosis, therapeutic concentrations may be expected in pleural fluid for the major part of each day.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00614390
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacokinetics of pindolol in man (1974)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 17-24 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Pindolol ; beta-blockade ; pharmacokinetics ; man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The kinetics of absorption, distribution and excretion of pindolol have been investigated in 17 volunteers after an oral dose or intravenous infusion of 5 mg. The calculated absorption was 92%. The time course of the plasma levels appeared to follow first order kinetics with an apparent half life of 3.6 (oral) and 3.1 (i.v.) hours. The cumulative urinary excretion att=∞ was 36.1% and 39.2% of the dose administered, respectively, indicating extensive metabolism of the drug. The distribution volume was 136 l. Peak plasma levels were found 80 min after oral administration and they showed up to 4-fold variation after identical doses. Renal clearance was 216 ml×min−1 and total clearance was 483 ml×min−1. In plasma 57% of pindolol was bound to protein.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00614385
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Clinical significance of generic inequivalence of three different pharmaceutical preparations of phenytoin (1974)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 119-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Anticonvulsants ; phenytoin ; diphenylhydantoin ; bioavailability ; generic inequivalence ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The plasma levels of phenytoin (diphenylhydantoin, DPH) in epileptic patients were significantly higher after treatment with either of two preparations containing the sodium salt of DPH, than after treatment with the same dose of the free acid. This was confirmed in both short and long term studies, and in the latter increased plasma levels of DPH were accompanied by better control of generalized seizures. The degree of acute side-effects in 6 out of 10 patients whose treatment was changed from DPH-acid to DPH-sodium was proportional to the plasma level of DPH; the latter varied from 22.8 to 34.9 µg/ml in affected patients. After a single oral dose in healthy volunteers, the sodium salt of DPH showed much better bioavailability than the free acid. The differences in bioavailability in patients and volunteers probably depended on differences in particle size in the preparations of the sodium salt of DPH and its free acid. The excipient, lactose or starch, did not seem to affect the bioavailability of the two formulations of sodium-DPH.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00561325
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Serum concentration and half-life of rifampicin after simultaneous oral administration of aminosalicylic acid or isoniazid (1974)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 217-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Rifampicin ; p-aminosalicylic acid ; drug interaction ; isoniazid ; pharmacokinetics ; antituberculous therapy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Single oral doses of rifampicin (10 mg/kg body weight), p-aminosalicylic acid (0.2 g/kg), isoniazid (10 mg/kg), or rifampicin and either p-aminosalicylic acid or isoniazid, were given to 69 tuberculous patients with normal renal and hepatic function. Ten-fold interindividual differences were observed in the peak serum concentrations and half-lives of rifampicin; its half-life was reduced from 4.3 h after the first dose to 3.1 h after the third dose, possibly due to self-induction of its own metabolism. No effect on its serum concentration or half-life, nor on those of isoniazid, were found after simultaneous oral administration of the two drugs. After treatment with rifampicin and p-aminosalicylic acid, the peak serum level of the former was delayed from 2 to 4 h, it was reduced from 8.0 to 3.8 µg/ml, and the mean area under the serum concentration curve throughout the entire 8 h study period was also lowered by about half. Individual patients did not attain therapeutically effective peak serum concentrations of rifampicin if also treated withp-aminosalicylic acid. The interaction observed between the two drugs is probably due to impaired gastrointestinal absorption of rifampicin, either by alteration of its physico-chemical properties or by a decrease in the gastric emptying rate combined with more rapid intestinal transit. The combination of these two drugs is unsuitable for the routine chemotherapy of tuberculosis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00560384
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Pharmacokinetics of practolol in renal failure (1974)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 7 (1974), S. 249-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Practolol ; renal failure ; uraemia ; beta-blockade ; pharmacokinetics ; man
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The effect of renal failure on the excretion of oral doses of practolol has been studied. The plasma half-life increased up to 6.6 times normal and the cumulative urinary excretion of the drug was reduced. There was a linear correlation between the overall elimination rate constant of practolol and inulin and creatinine clearances. A linear correlation was also found between the renal clearances of practolol and inulin. The dose of practolol required for maintenance therapy should be reduced in patients with impaired renal function.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00560339
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ursachen der Potenzierung der hypoglykämischen Wirkung von Sulfonylharnstoff-Derivaten durch Medikamente (1971)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 4 (1971), S. 32-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Glibenclamide ; pharmacokinetics ; metabolism ; potentiation of hypoglycemic action ; phenylbutazone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Metabolically healthy subjects were given an intravenous injection of 1,13 mg14C-labelled glibenclamide (HB 419). The plasma level, renal elimination of the radioactivity and metabolism of the substance were investigated. Two minutes after administration the HB 419 is virtually present only in the blood and at the end of the distribution period mostly in the extracellular space. 53% of the radioactivity is excreted via the kidneys in the form of metabolites. If glibenclamide is administrated in the same way to the same subjects after pretreatment with phenylbutazone there are no differences in the course of the plasma levels or the rate of elimination from the blood. There is, however, a significant difference in the excretion of the radioactivity in the urine. In the presence of phenylbutazone significantly less HB 419 metabolite is excreted renally. In view of the known alternative route of elimination it is suggested that the amount not excreted in the urine is in compensation eliminated via the bile. There was no difference in the metabolism of glibenclamide between the control and phenylbutazone treated groups. The potentiation by phenylbutazone of HB 419 action, and probably also that of other antidiabetic sulphonylureas, must therefore be due predominantly to other causes (Communication III).
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Stoffwechselgesunde Versuchspersonen erhielten14C-markiertes Glibenclamid in einer Dosis von 1.13 mg/Vpn i.v. gespritzt. Plasmaspiegelverläufe, renale Elimination der Radioaktivität und die Metabolisierung der Substanz wurden untersucht. Zwei Minuten nach der Applikation ist HB 419 praktisch nur im Blutund nach Abschluß der Verteilung weitgehend im Extracellulärraum vorhanden. 53% der Radioaktivität werden über die Nieren in Form von Metaboliten ausgeschieden. Wird den gleichen Probanden nach Prämedikation mit Phenylbutazon Glibenclamid in gleicher Weise verabfolgt, ergibt sich kein Unterschied hinsichtlich der Plasmaspiegelverläufe und der Eliminationsgeschwindigkeit aus dem Blut. Ein signifikanter Unterschied besteht jedoch in der Ausscheidung der Radioaktivität in den Harn (26.3%). In Gegenwart von Phenylbutazon wird ein signifikant geringerer Anteil von HB 419-Metaboliten renal eliminiert. Aufgrund des bekannten zweiten Ausscheidungsweges wird vermutet, daß der fehlende Anteil kompensatorisch über die Galle eliminiert wird. Die Metabolisierung von Glibenclamid weist keine Differenzen zwischen Phenylbutazon-und Kontroll-Gruppe auf. Die Wirkungspotenzierung von HB 419 — wahrscheinlich auch diejenige anderer antidiabetisch wirksamer Sulfonylharnstoffe — durch Phenylbutazon dürfte demnach überweigend andere Ursachen haben. (Mitteilung III).
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    Evaluation of a sustained release form of the oral antidiabetic butylbiguanide (Silubin® retard) (1971)
    Springer
    European journal of clinical pharmacology 3 (1971), S. 221-228 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-1041
    Keywords: Biguanides ; butylbiguanide ; pharmacokinetics ; sustained release form
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In man, after oral administration of 50 mg14C-butylbiguanide, the maximum serum concentration was 26–41 µg/100 ml. The biguanide was eliminated with an average half-life of 2h. 84% of the dose administered was found excreted unchanged in the urine. — After administration of14C-butylbiguanide in a sustained release form (Silubin® retard), the drug was slowly released and its serum concentration remained almost constant for up to 7 h.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00565010
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    Etudes sur l'épicuticule des insectes (1971)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 112 (1971), S. 97-119 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Insects ; Epicuticle secretion ; Golgi system ; Lysosomes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Les modifications cytologiques des cellules épidermiques sécrétant la cuticule sternale et pleurale de l'adulte deT. molitor sont étudiées pendant la formation et l'évolution de l'épicuticule externe et interne. L'épicuticule externe et interne sont sécrétées de la même façon par condensation de matériel diffus au-dessus de l'apex des microvillosités. Un cycle hétérolytique est mis en évidence par l'emploi de peroxydase injectée dans l'espace exuvial: la peroxydase est captée par de grosses vésicules revêtues et incorporée dans des corps multivésiculaires apicaux. Par comptage des différentes populations de vésicules, des variations nettes dans l'intensité de la pinocytose sont mises en évidence. Ces variations semblent en rapport non pas avec la digestion de l'ancienne cuticule mais avec les différences de nature et de structure des composants cuticulaires. L'hypothèse du contrôle de la sécrétion épidermique par les phénomènes de pinocytose énoncée par Locke (1969) est confirmée. Des vésicules d'origine golgiennes sont secrétées surtout après la formation de l'épicuticule et ne sont donc pas à l'origine du matériel épicuticulaire, mais il est possible qu'elles jouent un rôle dans l'évolution ultérieure des structures épicuticulaires.
    Notes: Summary The cytological modifications of the epidermal cells secreting sternal and pleural cuticle of adultTenebrio are studied, specially during the formation and evolution of the outer and inner epicuticle. Both layers are secreted by condensation of diffuse material just above the epidermal microvilli. There is no peculiar phase without microvilli when inner epicuticle is formed. During the secretion of pre-ecdysial cuticle, the epidermal cell is characterized by an heterolytic process which is demonstrated by peroxidase injection into the ecdysial space: horseradish peroxidase is absorbed by large pinocytic coated vesicles which discharge their content into multivesicular bodies, after the loss of their coat. The intensity of pinocytosis is studied by vesicles counts at different stages of the pupal life. These counts show a pinocytic peak when the inner epicuticle is formed. When the epicuticular barrier is completely secreted, exogenous peroxidase is no more absorbed, but morphological study and counts show that pinocytosis still occurs. This demonstrates that epidermis cannot absorb macromolecules arising from the digested old cuticle since digestion occurs after the completion of adult epicuticle. Locke's hypothesis about the “control of the extracellular subcuticular environment” by pinocytosis is confirmed. The Golgi complexes are involved in lytic process with their small coated vesicles and in secretion of cuticular material with their large dense secretory vesicles, but according to vesicle counts, the secretory vesicles are not concerned in epicuticle formation since their apparition is posterior to the deposition of the inner epicuticle.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00665624
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    Histochemistry and electron microscopy of follicle lining reticular cells in the rat spleen (1971)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 115 (1971), S. 524-542 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spleen ; Rat-Marginal sinus ; Reticuloendothelial system ; Lysosomes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the rat spleen cells are found staining with aldehyde fuchsin (AF-cells). Most of these cells are localized at the periphery of the follicles, at the inner border of the marginal sinus. They probably develop in situ. Comparable cells occur in other lymphoid organs. They are able to phagocytize, and resemble also histochemically red pulp macrophages. The aldehydefuchsinophilic granules do not stain for mucopolysaccharides. On the ultrastructural level the aldehydefuchsinophilic granules are represented by cytoplasmic bodies with a faintly granulated matrix. Because of their single membrane and the varying positive reaction on acid phosphatase these bodies are considered to be secondary lysosomes or residual bodies. They contain different materials of unknown endogenous origin. In non-immunized animals the AF-cells fail to show the characteristic dendritic protrusions and infoldings of antigen trapping cells. The cells possess some characteristics of reticular cells e.g. association with reticulin, and electron dense patches on the innerside of the cell membrane at the contact areas. They can be classified among the phagocytic reticular cells forming part of the metalophilic cells in the spleen.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335718
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    Functional aspects of lysosomal organelles in blood platelets (1971)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 118 (1971), S. 283-296 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Blood platelets ; Lysosomes ; Acid phosphatase ; Aggregation ; Cell fractionation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Aufgrund biophysikalischer, biochemischer und ultrastruktureller Eigenschaften lassen sich in intakten oder fraktionierten Blutplättchen von Mensch und Schwein verschiedene Funktionstypen von alpha-Granulomer unterscheiden. Ein elektronen dichter, oft Mikrotubuli aufweisender Typ ist durch Zentrifugation von einem helleren mit fibrillärer Streifung abzusetzen. Außerdem läßt sich eine Fraktion vesikulärer Strukturen darstellen. Bei biochemischer Analyse ist die Hauptmenge der lysosomalen Hydrolasen Cathepsin und beta-Glucuronidase mit dem weniger dichten Typ der alpha-Granula vergesellschaftet, während sich der Hauptteil der sauren Phosphatase in der Vesikelfraktion befindet. Zytotopochemisch erscheint dieses Enzym immer strukturgebunden, sowohl an beiden Typen von alpha-Granula, als auch in den Vesikeln. Das Vesikelsystem spielt bei der Stoffaufnahme in Plättchen eine Rolle und wird auch als gamma-Granulomer, surface connected system oder canaliculäres System bezeichnet. Bei der Degranulation der Plättchen wird — wie die Enzymlokalisation in diesem Falle zeigt — Granulainhalt über das vesikuläre System in das Außenmedium abgegeben. Saure Phosphatase kann auch in Phagozytosevakuolen nachgewiesen werden. Elektronenoptisch läßt sich der Übergang von alpha-Granula in vesikuläre Strukturen erkennen. Die Befunde zeigen, daß zwischen alpha-Granula und Vesikelsystem enge Beziehungen bestehen. Zusammen bilden sie eine funktionelle Einheit, die neben der Stoffaufnahme auch die Funktion der Abgabe von Substanzen aus den Plättchen erfüllt. Schließlich findet die Digestion aufgenommener Stoffe dort statt.
    Notes: Summary Biochemical and ultrastructural findings from intact and fractionated pig and human blood platelets indicate the presence of different types of alpha granules. An electron dense type can be distinguished from a lighter one with a fibrillar matrix. The major part of the lysosomal hydrolases beta-glucuronidase and cathepsin is associated with the lighter granules. Most of the acid phosphatase appears in the vesicle fraction. The ultracytochemical investigation shows the acid phosphatase bound to both types of granules or vesicles. This enzyme is visible in the narrow spaces between the outer membranes of aggregated thrombocytes. Furthermore, there can be seen the transformation of alpha granules into vesicles and vesicles, which contain acid phosphatase releasing their contents into the extracellular medium. Thus the significance of the vesicle system for the release of substances out of the platelet seems to be proved. From this point of view the different types could be considered as alpha granules in different functional stages.
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    Ageing of mouse liver lysosomes (1974)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 155 (1974), S. 455-473 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lysosomes ; Liver ; Ageing ; Exocytosis ; Thorotrast ; Electron microscopy, Morphometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Lysosomes in mouse liver parenchymal cells have been marked by intravenous injection of Thorotrast. They were subsequently followed in a time sequence from five hours up to sixteen weeks after injection. At two days after injection the majority of the lysosomes was heavily loaded with marker particles, while endocytosis was no longer observed. From six days after injection Thorotrast was partly accumulated in very large lysosomes (conglomerates) with mean diameters up to 2.5 μm. As the time after injection advanced the Thorotrast content of the cells was reduced while most of the remaining marker substance became concentrated in the conglomerates. Many Thorotrast conglomerates were shown to contain acid phosphatase and some of them were able to fuse with functionally younger lysosomes which were marked with colloidal gold. Morphometric analysis showed an increase in the volume density of the dense body population between 0 and 2 days after injection, followed by a decrease between 2 and 11 days. The observed decrease is probably caused by exocytosis of the contents of Thorotrast containing lysosomes in bile capillaries.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00227009
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    Production and fates of unique organelles (transosomes) in ovarian follicles of Gallus domesticus under various conditions (1974)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 156 (1974), S. 47-59 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Avian follicles ; Oocytes ; Transosomes ; Lysosomes ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopy has been utilized to determine fates of sacs of ribosomes (variously termed “transosomes”, “unique organelles”, or “lining bodies”) formed in the follicular cells of avian follicles and subsequently entering-or being taken in-by the oocytes. Small follicles (0.5 mm diameter) of laying hens, a hen afflicted with Marek's disease and prelaying pullets were examined in this regard. In the case of the hen with Marek's disease and the prelaying pullets, sacs of ribosomes were found to be present within the oocyte but those present in the interior of the cell were in the form of digestive vacuoles. In a fourth group of hens, receiving actinomycin D, larger oocytes (2.0 mm diameter) exhibited breakdown of the membranous vesicles in which the sacs of ribosomes entered the oocyte, as well as dissolution of membranes surrounding the forming yolk granules and the membranes of coated vesicles. Annulate lamellae were present in oocytes of the hen afflicted with Marek's disease and appeared within at least 24 hours in oocytes from hens receiving actinomycin D.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00220101
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    Morphologische, histochemische und experimentelle Untersuchungen an den parafollikulären Zellen der Schilddrüse (1971)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 112 (1971), S. 247-265 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Parafollicular cells (C-cells) ; Secretory cycle ; Ca-Metabolism ; Lysosomes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die parafollikulären Zellen der Rattenschilddrüse zeigen eine vom jeweiligen Funktionszustand abhängige Feinstruktur: 1. Zellen mit zahlreichen Granula, einem ausgeprägten Golgi-Apparat, gering entwickeltem granuliertem endoplasmatischem Retikulum und manchmal einigen dichten Körpern mit myelinähnlichen Figuren. 2. Zellen mit wenigen Granula und einem stark entwickelten endoplasmatischen Retikulum mit erweiterten Zisternen; diese Zellen können das Lumen des Follikels erreichen. 3. Einige degranulierte Zellen. — In den Schilddrüsen-Follikeln des Hundes konnten wir nur die ersten beiden Zellformen, aber keine degranulierten parafollikulären Zellen beobachten. Nach Ca++-Injektion findet man als Zeichen der Funktionsabhängigkeit der Feinstruktur eine Zunahme der Zellen mit stark entwickeltem endoplasmatischem Retikulum und nur geringer Granulation. Die dichten Körper mit myelinähnlichen Figuren zeigen saure Phosphataseaktivität. Es handelt sich deshalb wahrscheinlich um Restkörper, die aus Autolysosomen entstanden sind. Trotzdem zeigt sich nach Zufuhr von Ca++ und anschließender EDTA-Gabe keine eindeutige Zunahme der Lysosomenzahl. Zwischen follikulären und parafollikulären Zellen sind Axonanschnitte zu finden.
    Notes: Summary The parafollicular cells of the thyroid of the rat show different fine structures most likely in relation with different functional states: 1. Some cells contain numerous secretory granules, a well developed Golgi complex, a moderately developed rough endoplasmic reticulum and some dense bodies containing myelin figures. 2. Other parafollicular cells have few granules and a strongly developed rough endoplasmic reticulum with enlarged cisternes. They sometimes reach the lumen of the follicle. 3. Finally, a few parafollicular cells appear degranulated.—In dogs the degranulated parafollicular cells could not be observed. Following administration of Ca++ ions there is an increase of cells with strongly developed endoplasmic reticulum and only few granules. The dense bodies with myelin figures show acid phosphatase activity. Most likely they are residual bodies derived from autolysosomes. However, EDTA after stimulation of the cells by Ca++ does not significantly increase the number of parafollicular cells containing autolysosomes. Axons can be found between follicular and parafollicular cells.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00331843
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    Electron microscopic study of the in vivo erythrophagocytosis by alveolar macrophages of the cat (1971)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 116 (1971), S. 464-476 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lung ; Alveolar macrophages ; Lysosomes ; Erythrophagocytosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Erythrophagoeytosis in vivo by cat alveolar macrophages was studied under the electron microscope by collecting the macrophages at 2 hours and 48 hours following the intratracheal injection of autologous blood. Considering the progressive ultrastructural modifications of the red blood cell plasma membrane, different successive stages were observed, corresponding to the hemolysis of the erythrocytes: 1. A recently engulfed erythrocyte appears unaltered within the phagocytic vacuole. 2. A dense layer, surrounding the plasma membrane of the red cell, is observed within the phagocytic vacuole. 3. The content of the vacuole is uniformly dense and the plasma membrane of the red cell exhibits discontinuous thickenings. 4. The whole vacuole appears very dense (hyperdense stage) and the plasma membrane is shown altered. The whole process of erythrophagocytosis is accompanied by an active fusion of the phagocytic vacuole with typical lysosomes and lysosomes containing crystal-like material. It is suggested that hemolysis may be explained in terms of enzymic digestion of the proteinic part of the plasma membrane of the erythrocyte.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335052
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    Electron microscopic study of the in vivo erythrophagocytosis by alveolar macrophages of the cat (1971)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 116 (1971), S. 477-486 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lung ; Alveolar macrophage ; Lysosomes ; Erythrophagocytosis ; Heinz bodies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural analysis of the in vivo erythrophagocytosis by cat alveolar macrophages demonstrates a sequence of two successive events. The first consists of the destruction of the red blood cell membrane (hemolysis). The second corresponds to digestion of hemoglobin. This process is observed as a progressive and uniform clearing of the content of the phagocytic vacuole. An active fusion of typical lysosomes and of lysosomes containing crystal-like masses with the phagocytic vacuole continues to occur. At the terminal period small dense ferritin-like granules appear within the dissolving hemoglobin. During this process the swollen fragmented erythrocyte membrane, sometimes simulating Heinz bodies, persists along with lysosomal crystal-like masses. A lamellar structure of the altered erythrocyte plasma membrane is seldom observed. A diagram summarizes the entire process of destruction of the red blood cell (hemolysis and digestion) as observed following its engulfment by a cat alveolar macrophage.
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    The neural gland in tunicates: fine structure and intracellular distribution of phosphatases (1971)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 120 (1971), S. 80-93 
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    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Tunicate ; Neural gland ; Hypophysial homologue ; Lysosomes ; Ultrastructure ; Phosphatase localization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The cells comprising the neural gland in the ascidians Ciona, Styela, and Botryllus have been examined for their fine structural features and enzyme cytochemistry. The gland cells are either cuboidal or irregular in outline. They are full of small vesicles, of which some are pinocytotic, as well as larger vacuoles; they become increasingly vacuolated as their shape decreases in regularity. At the same time, glycogen deposits accumulate and the cisternae of the endoplasmic reticulum become distended. Some of the vacuoles contain an electron dense material or a fibrillar substance, but the cells contain no obvious electron opaque secretory granules associated with an extensive Golgi complex such as occur in the vertebrate adenohypophysis. Acid phosphatase is localized in some of the vesicles and vacuoles, indicating that they are a kind of lysosome, the latter possibly representing autophagic vacuoles. Thiamine pyrophosphatase is also found in many vacuoles as well as in the saccules of the Golgi apparatus which in these cells is in the form of dictyosomes. The results suggest a developmental cycle of increasing cytoplasmic vacuolation, ultimately leading to a breakdown and release of the vacuolar products. The significance of these observations is considered, particularly with respect to the hypothesis that the gland represents the ascidian equivalent of the vertebrate pituitary.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00331244
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    Zinkstaubdestillation im Mikrogrammbereich (1974)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 268 (1974), S. 102-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Zinkstaubdestillation ; Ultramikrobereich, Apparatur, TAS-Verfahren. Thermofraktographie, TAS-Verfahren ; Chromatographie, Dünnschicht ; Zinkstaubdestillation, Ultramikrobereich. Analyse von Naphthalinderivaten, Anthracenderivaten, Phenanthrenderivaten, Tetracenderivaten, Indolderivaten ; Chromatographie, Dünnschicht ; Zinkstaubdestillation, TAS-Verfahren
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine Methode beschrieben, die es erlaubt, unter kontrollierten Bedingungen mit 20–200 μg Ausgangsmaterial eine Zinkstaubdestillation durchzuführen. Hierzu wird die Probe auf Cu-aktiviertes Zink in einer TAS-Patrone für einige Minuten auf 350–450° C erhitzt. Die dabei entstehenden sauerstofffreien Aromaten bzw. stabilen Heterocyclen werden durch einen Stickstoffstrom von 15 ml/min direkt auf den Startpunkt einer DC-Schicht transferiert. Anschließend wird chromatographiert und die auftretenden Reaktionsprodukte werden identifiziert. Zum Studium der Reaktionsvorgänge und der optimalen Temperaturbereiche dient die Thermofraktographie. Es sind Anwendungsbeispiele aus der Gruppe der Naphthalin-,Anthracen-, Phenanthren-, Tetracen- und Indolderivate gegeben.
    Notes: Abstract A method for zinc dust distillation of 20–200 μg of substance under controlled conditions is described. The sample is heated on copper-activated zinc up to 350–450° C for several minutes in a TAS-cartridge. The resulting oxygen-free aromatic resp. the stable heterocyclic components are transferred directly to the starting point of a TLC-plate by a stream of nitrogen at 15 ml/min and identified after chromatography. Thermography is applied to study the reaction process and to determine the optimal temperature ranges. Examples of application to the groups of naphthalene-, anthracene-, phenanthrene-,tetracene- and indol derivatives are listed.
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    Rückgewinnung geringer Substanzmengen von der Dünnschichtplatte (1974)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 268 (1974), S. 126-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Chromatographie, Dünnschicht ; Rückgewinnung geringer Substanzen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00431154
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    Quantitative dünnschicht-chromatographische Bestimmung einiger 8-Hydroxychinolin- und 8-Hydroxychinaldin-Derivate (1974)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 268 (1974), S. 119-123 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von 8-Hydroxychinolinderivaten, 8-Hydroxychinaldinderivaten in Pharmazeut. Produkten ; Chromatographie, Dünnschicht ; ÄDTA-behand. Platten
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine Methode beschrieben, mit der 8-Hydroxychinolin- und 8-Hydroxychinaldin-Derivate nach erfolgter Entwicklung auf Kieselgelplatten direkt quantitativ mit einem Chromatogramm-Spektralphotometer bestimmt werden können. Durch Vorbehandlung der Platten mit Komplexbildnern, wie Äthylendiamintetraessigsäure, Diäthylentriaminpentaessigsäure oder Triäthylentetraminhexaessigsäure, wird im Gegensatz zur unbehandelten Platte erreicht, daß die Substanzen runde Flecken ausbilden, die zur quantitativen Bestimmung geeignet sind. Die Methode hat sich auch bei der Bestimmung der Wirkstoffe aus Arzneiformen, wie Dragees und Salben, bewährt und läßt sich mit einer maximalen relativen Standardabweichung von ± 3,4% gut reproduzieren.
    Notes: Abstract A method is described allowing direct quantitative determination of 8-hydroxyquinoline and 8-hydroxyquinaldine derivatives with a chromatogram spectrophotometer after development on silicagel plates. In contrast to untreated plates, pretreatment of the plates with complexing agents like ethylene-diamine-tetraacetic acid, diethylenetriamine-pentaacetic acid, or triethylenetetramine-hexaacetic acid, results in formation by the compounds of round areals which are suitable for quantitative measurement. This method proved also valuable for the quantitative measurement of the active contents of pharmaceutical formulations, like tablets or ointments. It is reproducible with a maximal relative standard deviation of ± 3.4%.
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    Chromatographie von Organophosphorsäure-Insecticiden auf Dünnschichten von basischem Zinkcarbonat (1974)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 268 (1974), S. 124-126 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Trenn. von Pesticiden, phosphorhaltig ; Chromatographie, Dünnschicht ; Schicht aus bas. Zinkcarbonat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Dünnschichten von basischem Zinkcarbonat eignen sich zur Trennung von Insecticiden aus der Gruppe der Organophosphorsäuren. Mit Petroläther/Aceton-Gemischen zwischen 98∶2–86∶14 werden günstige Rf-Werte und gute Fleckzeichnungen erreicht. Die Substanzen sind entweder im kurzwelligen UV-Licht zu erkennen, wenn man der Dünnschicht Fluorescenz-Indicator F 254 der Fa. Merck zusetzt, oder aber im Tageslicht nach Sprühen mit Pd(II)Cl2-Lösung, wobei rotbraune Flecken entstehen. Die Wirkstoffe lassen sich mit Aceton quantitativ eluieren; Die Trennung kann auch säulen-chromatographisch durchgeführt werden. Die Trenneffekte sind ähnlich denjenigen, wie sie auf Kieselgel erreicht werden. Das basische Zinkcarbonat hat aber den Vorteil geringerer chemischer Aktivität, so daß weniger Artefakte entstehen.
    Notes: Abstract Thin layers of basic zinc carbonate can be used with good results to separate organophosphorous pesticides. With a petroleumether/acetone mixture (between 98∶2 and 86∶14) good Rf-values and clearly defined spots are obtained. The substances are either recognizable in short-wave UV-light, when the fluorescence indicator F 254 from Fa. Merck is added to the thin layer, or in day-light, after having been sprayed with a solution of Pd(II)Cl2, which leads to the formation of reddish-brown spots. The pesticides can be eluted quantitatively with acetone; the separation can also be carried out by means of column chromatography. The effects of separation are similar to those obtained on silica gel, but basic zinc carbonate has the advantage of lower chemical activity, which means that less artifacts are formed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00431153
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    Study on the elimination of interferences in the determination of calcium by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (1974)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 268 (1974), S. 177-180 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Calcium ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Ausschaltung von Störungen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Optimum conditions and the influence of 53 ions on the determination of calcium by atomic absorption spectrophotometry have been investigated. In the nitrous oxide-acetylene flame interferences are caused by elements with low ionisation potentials. In the air-acetylene flame a number of cations and anions interfere by the formation of refractory compounds. The simple standard additions procedure was unable to overcome these interferences in the concentration ranges investigated, but did give accurate results when used in combination with a releasing agent (strontium).
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Optimale Bedingungen und Beeinflussung durch 53 verschiedene Ionen wurden untersucht. Bei Verwendung der N2O/Acetylen-Flamme werden Störungen durch Elemente mit niedrigen Ionisations-potentialen verursacht. In der Luft/Acetylen-Flamme stören eine Reihe von Kationen und Anionen durch Bildung hitzebeständiger Verbindungen. Die Anwendung der Standardzugabe-Methode ergab nur befriedigende Resultate in Kombination mit einem Strontiumzusatz.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00430600
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    Nachweisgrenzen der sechs stellungsisomeren Xylenole (Dimethylphenole) an Fertigfolie UV 254 und Kieselgel G mit unterschiedlichen Sprühreagentien (1974)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 269 (1974), S. 125-126 
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    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Nachw. von Xylenolen, Dimethylphenolen ; Chromatographie, Dünnschicht ; versch. Schichten u. Reagentien
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00424692
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    Über Nachweisgrenzen bzw. zur semiquantitativen dünnschichtchromatographischen Bestimmung der Kresole (o-, m-, p-) und des Phenols an Fertigfolien UV 254 und Kieselgel G mit unterschiedlichen Sprühreagentien (1974)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 269 (1974), S. 127-127 
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    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Nachw. von Kresolen, Phenol ; Chromatographie, Dünnschicht ; versch. Schichten und Reagentien
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00424693
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    Thermische Stabilität von Iridium-Komplexen mit unterschiedlichen Liganden bei der AAS-Bestimmung (1974)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 271 (1974), S. 29-30 
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    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Iridium ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Einfluß unterschiedlicher Liganden der Ir-Komplexe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00437487
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    Über eine einfache Apparatur zur raschen Abtrennung von Zinn aus Scheelit und Wolframit durch Erhitzen mit Ammoniumjodid (1974)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 271 (1974), S. 127-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Abtrenn. von Zinn aus Scheelit und Wolframit ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Aufschluß mit Ammoniumjodid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00439533
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  • 37
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    Altered formation of dye-induced lysosomes in mouse fibroblasts due to growth in “deficient” media (1974)
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 147 (1974), S. 219-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lysosomes ; Mouse fibroblasts ; Dye treatment ; Cell culture ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Mouse fibroblasts were grown in a ‘deficient’ medium consisting solely of Hank's salt solution. Treatment of cells after 48 hours in deficient medium with the cationic dye, mepacrine, resulted in an altered formation of lysosomes. Cells grown in full medium form dense, multi-vesiculated lysosomes in response to mepacrine. Cells grown in deficient medium form large electron lucent vacuoles containing peripherally located dense globules. The significance of the observations in relation to the deficiency of the medium is discussed.
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    Statistical estimations in pharmacokinetics (1974)
    Springer
    Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 2 (1974), S. 123-148 
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    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Keywords: pharmacokinetics ; computer program ; NONLIN ; data weighting ; isoniazid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Several important statistical aspects of pharmacokinetic analyses by digital computer are discussed. These include selection of appropriate equations, weighting of data, precision of parameter estimates, comparisons of parameters, analysis of weighted residuals, and criteria useful in the selection of particular models. Data obtained after administration of isoniazid and isonicotinuric acid to man are analyzed to illustrate the usefulness of the discussed methods.
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    Pharmacokinetics of the hepatobiliary transport of bromphenol blue as a model of organic anionic compounds (1974)
    Springer
    Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 2 (1974), S. 495-509 
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    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Keywords: hepatobiliary transport ; rat ; bromphenol blue ; pharmacokinetics ; roles of liver cytoplasmic Y- and Z-binding proteins and T binder
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract A new pharmacokinetic model is proposed to explain the hepatobiliary transport of a nonmetabolized sulfonic acid dye, bromphenol blue, which is actively transported from the bloodstream into bile. This model has the advantage of taking into account the roles of the liver cytoplasmic Y- and Z- binding proteins and T binder.
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  • 40
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    Pharmacokinetics of digoxin: Comparison of a two- and a three-compartment model in man (1974)
    Springer
    Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 2 (1974), S. 299-312 
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    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Keywords: digoxin ; pharmacokinetics ; two-compartment model ; three-compartment model ; radioimmunoassay
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract An experiment has been carried out in man designed to compare the fit of a two- and a three-compartment pharmacokinetic model to experimentally determined serum digoxin concentration-time data following rapid intravenous injection of 1.0 mg of the drug. Digoxin was administered to five healthy male volunteers, blood samples were withdrawn repetitively over a period of 72 hr, and samples were assayed using a 125 I radioimmunoassay. Appropriate equations describing two- and three-compartment open models were fitted to the experimental data using weighted nonlinear least squares regression analysis. It was demonstrated that the three-compartment fit resulted in a statistically significant reduction in residual error, a marked improvement in the randomness of scatter of the experimental data about the serum digoxin-time curve, and better agreement of the predicted serum concentration-time curve with experimental serum digoxin concentrations. Thus the three-compartment open model is the simplest pharmacokinetic model consistent with the data observed in this experiment.
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    Pharmacokinetic studies on the selectiveβ 1-receptor antagonist metoprolol in man (1974)
    Springer
    Journal of pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 2 (1974), S. 347-364 
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    ISSN: 1573-8744
    Keywords: metoprolol ; β-receptor antagonist ; pharmacokinetics ; disposition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The pharmacokinetics of 3H-metoprolol, a new selective β 1-receptor antagonist, have been studied in healthy volunteers by following the plasma concentrations and the urinary excretion of the unchanged compound and its total radioactive metabolites after oral and intravenous administration. The compound was rapidly and completely absorbed after oral administration, and about 40% of the dose reached the systemic circulation. The estimated half-life of the absorption process was 10 min. Metoprolol was extensively distributed to extravascular tissues, with the half-life of the distribution phase close to 12 min. About 95% of the dose was excreted in the urine within 72 hr, mainly in metabolized form. The elimination halflife of the compound was close to 3 hr as was also the half-life of the total metabolites after oral administration. After intravenous administration, the elimination half-life of the metabolites was raised to 5 hr, indicating that the route of administra tion might influence the metabolic pathways of the parent compound.
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    Pharmacolinetics of methindione, a new anticonvulsant (1974)
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 78 (1974), S. 1150-1152 
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    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: methindione ; pharmacokinetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The pharmacokinetics of the new anticonvulsant, methindione, carbon-labeled in the carbonyl and N-methyl groups, was studied in experiments on rats. Methindione is quickly absorbed from the gastro-intestinal tract and passes easily through tissue barriers. The highest concentration of methindione in the brain is observed 15–30 min after administration. The metabolism of methindione and its elimination from the tissues take place rapidly. In most tissues only 6–23% of its maximal concentration still remains after administration of the drug. Metabolites of methindione, labeled in the carbonyl group, are excreted mainly through the kidneys, but metabolites labeled in the N-methyl group are excreted chiefly through the lungs.
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    The pharmacokinetics of 5-fluorouracil-2-C14 (1974)
    Springer
    Bulletin of experimental biology and medicine 78 (1974), S. 1379-1381 
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    ISSN: 1573-8221
    Keywords: fluorouracil ; pharmacokinetics ; radiometry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract The dynamics of the concentration of radioactivity in the blood serum, organs, and urine was investigated after intravenous injection of 5-fluorouracil-2-C14 into rats. The preparation is rapidly absorbed from the blood into the tissues in which it accumulates rapidly in high concentrations and it is excreted quickly from the body. The half-elimination period of 5-fluorouracil in the blood is 15 min. It is excreted chiefly by extrarenal routes.
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    Determination of nickel and cobalt in chondritic meteorites by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (1974)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 268 (1974), S. 32-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Nickel und Kobalt in Meteoriten ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00430906
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    Strukturaufklärung sesquiterpenoider Pflanzeninhaltsstoffe (1974)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 268 (1974), S. 203-205 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Strukturaufklärung von Sesquiterpenalkoholen ; TAS-Verfahren, Mikrodehydrierung ; Chromatographie, Dünnschicht ; bicyclisch, mit Decalin-Grundgerüst
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Aus dem ätherischen Öl der Haselwurz wurden erstmalig die 4 Sesquiterpenalkohole α-Eudesmol, β-Eudesmol, Selinan-7,11-diol und Selin-6(7)en-11-ol isoliert und identifiziert. Dabei wurde zur Einengung der Strukturmöglichkeiten die dehydrierende TAS-Methode (Schwefel-Dehydrierung) eingesetzt. Sie lieferte bei ungesättigten C15-Alkoholen gute Ergebnisse. Gesättigte Sesquiterpenalkohole mit Decalin-Grundgerüst ließen sich besser nach der Selenmethode dehydrieren. Von den entstandenen Naphthalin-Derivaten wurden die UV-Spektren direkt von der DC-Platte aufgenommen und zur Identifizierung herangezogen. Durch diese Kombination der Mikroverfahren konnte das Grundgerüst der Alkohole mit Mikrogramm-Mengen eindeutig bestimmt werden.
    Notes: Abstract In the essential oil of Asarum europaeum L. the four sesquiterpene alcohols α-eudesmol, β-eudesmol, selinane-7,11-diol and seline-6(7)en-11-ol have been isolated and identified. For limiting the possibilities of structure the dehydrogenating TAS method (sulphur dehydrogenation) has been employed. Good results have been obtained with unsaturated C15-alcohols. Saturated sesquiterpene alcohols with decalin structure could be better dehydrogenated by the selenium method. UV spectra have been recorded of the naphthalene derivatives formed directly from the thin-layer plate and employed for identification. By this combination of micro methods the basic structure of the alcohols could be determined unequivocally with μg amounts.
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    1:1- und 1:2-Metallchelate unsulfierter o,o′-Dihydroxyazoverbindungen. Eine dünnschicht-chromatographische Untersuchung (1974)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 268 (1974), S. 337-342 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Analyse der Metallchelate von o,o′-Dihydroxyazoverbindungen ; Chromatographie, Dünnschicht
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In einer früheren Veröffentlichung [4] ist auf die Möglichkeit der chromatographischen Trennung strukturisomerer Metallchelate hingewiesen worden; sie soll hier ausführlicher dargestellt werden. Weiterhin wird die Trennung von 1:2-Mischkomplexen von Azofarbstoffen und von 1:2-Metallkomplex-Mischungen durch Dünnschicht-Chromatographie (DC) an Polyamid beschrieben. Unter bestimmten Voraussetzungen kann durch DC an Kieselgel zwischen 1:2-Metallkomplexfarbstoffen mit Sulfonsäureamid- bzw. Alkylsulfongruppen und solchen ohne diese Substituenten unterschieden werden. Die beschriebenen DC-Methoden ermöglichen bei richtiger Interpretation eine eindeutige Unterscheidung zwischen strukturisomeren Metallkomplexen der 1:1- und 1:2-Reihe, sowie Mischkomplexen und Komplexmischungen vom 1:2-Metall-chelattyp unsulfierter o,o′-Dihydroxyazoverbindungen. Symmetrische o,o′-Dihydroxyazoverbindungen, wie z.B. das 2,2′-Dihydroxy-5,5′-dimethyl-azobenzol(7), sind geeignete Komplexbildner für Schwermetallkationen, um diese als farbige Chelate mit Hilfe der DC voneinander zu trennen. Strukturisomere sind wegen der Molekülsymmetrie ausgeschlossen, so daß die Ergebnisse eindeutig sind.
    Notes: Abstract In an earlier publication [4] the possibility of the Chromatographic separation of structurally isomeric metal chelates was mentioned; this is dealt with here in more detail. Further the separation of 1:2 mixed complexes from azo dyes and 1:2 metal-complex mixtures by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) on polyamide is described. In certain circumstances it is possible to distinguish between 1:2 metal-complex dyes with sulphonamide or alkylsulphonyl groups and those without these substituents by TLC on silica gel. The TCL methods described allow-when correctly interpreted-an unambiguous distinction between structurally isomeric metal complexes of the 1:1 and 1:2 series, and mixed complexes and mixtures of complexes of the 1:2 metal-chelate type of unsulphonated o,o′-dihydroxyazo compounds. Symmetrical o,o′-dihydroxyazo compounds, such as 2,2′-dihydroxy-5,5′-dimethylazobenzene(7), are suitable as complex-formers for heavy-metal ions, allowing the separation of the latter as their coloured chelates with aid of TLC. Structural isomers are excluded because of the molecular symmetry, so that the results are unambiguous.
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    Quantitative Dünnschicht-Chromatographie (1974)
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 269 (1974), S. 10-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Chromatographie, Dünnschicht ; Vergleich von Zweistrahldensitometern
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zur Eliminierung von Störungen der quantitativen Auswertung von Dünnschicht-Chromatogrammen durch Unregelmäßigkeiten der Sorptionsschicht werden öfters Zweistrahlgeräte verwendet. Diese Arbeit berichtet über die Simulation verschiedener Zweistrahlgeräte auf einem Einstrahlgerät mit Hilfe von Digitalrechnern, um auf diesem Wege eindeutige Aussagen über den Genauigkeitsgewinn treffen zu können. Die relativen genäherten Standardabweichungen aus einer größeren Anzahl von Messungen ergaben folgende Werte: Einstrahlgerät 3–5%, Zweistrahlgerät 2–4% und Zweiwellenlängengerät 2,5–4%.
    Notes: Abstract To avoid errors caused by irregularities of chromatoplates in quantitative TLC often double beam densitometers are used. This paper describes the simulation of different double beam instruments using a single beam scanner and digital computers, to obtain distinct data on the increase in accuracy. The relative standard deviations from a greater number of experiments are: single beam scanner 3–5%, double beam instrument 2–4% and dual wave-length scanner 2.5–4%.
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    Dünnschicht-chromatographische Nachweisgrenzen und semiquantitative Bestimmung der isomeren Toluidine an diazido(1,1′)-disulfo(4,4′)-stilbenimprägnierten Fertigfolien und Kieselgel-G-Schichten (1974)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 271 (1974), S. 32-32 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Toluidinen ; Chromatographie, Dünnschicht ; diazidodisulfostilbenimprägnierte Schichten
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00437489
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    Untersuchungen und Betrachtungen zum Insecticideinfluß auf Autoxidationsprozesse (1974)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 271 (1974), S. 177-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Untersuchung der Autoxidation von Fettsäureestern ; Chromatographie, Dünnschicht
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mittels Dünnschicht-Chromatographie kann man den Ablauf von Autoxidationsprozessen an Lipiden qualitativ anhand der auftretenden Reaktionsprodukte verfolgen. In vorliegender Arbeit wurden verschiedene Laufmittel auf Silicagel hinsichtlich ihres Trennvermögens für Gruppen von Autoxidations-produkten erprobt. Ferner werden aufgrund umfangreicher Untersuchungen Sprühmittel zur Erkennung solcher Stoffgruppen auf dem Dünnschicht-Chromatogramm benannt. Am Beispiel der Autoxidation von c-9-Octadecensäuremethylester ohne und mit Zusatz von DDE wird die Leistungsfähigkeit der beschriebenen Arbeitsweise belegt.
    Notes: Abstract The autoxidation of lipids has been followed qualitatively by means of the reaction products. The separating ability of different solvents on silica gel for groups of autoxidation products has been tested. Furthermore, spraying agents for the detection of these groups on the chromatogram are given. The autoxidation of c-9-octadecenic methyl ester with and without addition of DDE serves as an example for the efficiency of the method.
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    Über die Verwendung der Verbrennungsapparatur von Grote und Krekeler bei der Bestimmung von Quecksilber in festen und flüssigen organoquecksilberhaltigen Fungicidformulierungen (1974)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 271 (1974), S. 192-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Quecksilber in Pesticiden, Fungiciden, Quecksilberorganoverbindungen ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Apparatur nach Grote u. Krekeler
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird gezeigt, daß die Verbrennung Hg-haltiger organischer Substanzen nach Kunkel auf die modifizierte Apparatur von Grote u. Krekeler übertragbar und selbst im Milligramm-Bereich anwendbar ist. Im Vergleich zu herkömmlichen naß-chemischen Verfahren werden beträchtliche Einsparungen an Arbeitszeit erzielt.
    Notes: Abstract It has been shown that the combustion of Hg-containing organic substances according to Kunkel can also be applied to the modified apparatus of Grote and Krekeler. It can be employed even in the mg-range. In comparison with conventional wet-chemical procedures a considerable saving of time is attained.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00430732
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    Determination of cobalt and copper in animal feeds by extraction and atomic absorption spectroscopy (1974)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 271 (1974), S. 269-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Kupfer, Kobalt in Futtermitteln ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Pyrrolidindithiocarbamidatkomplexe
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A method is described for the determination of cobalt and copper in animal feeds. The samples were ashed in a muffle furnace, the residues treated with mixed hydrochloric and nitric acids, evaporated twice with conc. hydrochloric acid, the residue dissolved in 0.1 N HCl and filtered. Cobalt and copper pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate complexes were extracted into MIBK and were measured by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The sensitivity and precision are sufficient.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Proben werden verascht, der Rückstand mit Salzsäure/Salpetersäure behandelt, mit konz. Salzsäure eingedampft, in 0,1 N Salzsäure aufgenommen, filtriert, die Pyrrolidindithiocarbamidatkomplexe von Cu und Co mit MIBK extrahiert und der Messung durch Atomabsorptionsspektrometrie zugeführt. Empfindlichkeit und Genauigkeit des Verfahrens sind zufriedenstellend.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00432828
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    Schwefel- und Selendehydrierungen im Mikrogrammbereich (1974)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 271 (1974), S. 257-264 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Schwefeldehydrierung, Selendehydrierung ; Ultramikrobereich, Apparatur, TAS-Verfahren. Thermofraktographie/TAS-Verfahren/Chromatographie, Dünnschicht ; Schwefel- und Selendehydrierung, Ultramikrobereich. Analyse von Sesquiterpenderivaten, Abietinsäure. Steroiden ; Chromatographie, Dünnschicht ; Schwefel- und Selendehydrierung, TAS-Verfahren
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine Schnellmethode beschrieben, die es erlaubt, unter kontrollierten Bedingungen mit 50–300 μg Ausgangsmaterial eine gekoppelte Dehydratisierung und Schwefel- bzw. Selendehydrierung durchzuführen. Hierbei wird die Probe mit einer Kaliumhydrogensulfat-Schwefel- bzw. Selenmischung für einige Minuten bei vorbestimmten Temperaturen zwischen 160–400° C im TAS-Ofen bzw. Tasomat erhitzt. Die entstehenden Aromaten werden durch einen Stickstoffstrom von 10 ml/min direkt auf den Startpunkt einer DC-Schicht transferiert. Anschließend wird chromatographiert und die auftretenden Reaktionsprodukte werden identifiziert. Zum Studium der Reaktionsvorgänge und der optimalen Temperaturbereiche dient die Thermofraktographie. Es sind Anwendungsbeispiele aus der Sesquiterpen-, Diterpen- und aus der Steroidreihe gegeben.
    Notes: Abstract A rapid method is described which permits to carry out a coupled dehydratization and sulphur resp. selenium dehydrogenation with 50–300 μg of starting material under controlled conditions. The sample is heated on a potassium hydrogen sulphate-sulphur resp. selenium mixture at preselected temperatures of between 160–400° C for several minutes in the TAS-oven resp. the Tasomat. The resulting aromatic components are transferred directly to the starting point of a TLC-plate by a stream of nitrogen at 10 ml/min and the reaction products are identified after chromatography. Thermofractography is applied to study the reaction processes and to determine the optical temperature ranges. Examples of application to the groups of sesquiterpenes, diterpenes and steroids are listed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00432826
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    Über den dünnschicht-chromatographischen Nachweis von Canthaxanthin in den Federn des kleinen Flamingos (Phoeniconaias Minor) an Fertigfolien UV 254 (1974)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 271 (1974), S. 285-286 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Nachw. von Canthaxanthin in Biolog. Material ; Chromatographie, Dünnschicht ; Fertigfolien UV 254
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00432834
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  • 54
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    Nachweisgrenzen und semiquantitative Bestimmung der isomeren Kresole (Phenol) und Xylenole (Dimethylphenole) an diazido(1,1′)-disulfo(4,4′)-stilbenimprägnierten Fertigfolien und Kieselgel G-Schichten (1974)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 271 (1974), S. 287-287 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Kresolen, Phenol, Xylenolen, Dimethylphenolen ; Chromatographie, Dünnschicht ; imprägn. Fertigfolien u. Kieselgel, Nachweisgrenzen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00432836
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    Interferences in the determination of aluminium by means of atomic absorption spectrophotometry (1974)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 271 (1974), S. 352-354 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Aluminium ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Einfluß von Fremdionen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The following substances have been investigated with regard to their interfering effect in the determination of aluminium by atomic absorption spectrophotometry: HCl, H2SO4, HNO3, H3PO4, alkali and alkaline earth metals, Cu, Fe, Zn, Ni, Mn, Co, Mo, Ti, Cr, V, Si. Ternary systems with La have been examined also. Si exerts a strong depressive effect, whereas other elements in certain concentration ranges exhibit positive effects.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Folgende Substanzen wurden hinsichtlich einer möglichen Beeinflussung der Aluminiumbestimmung untersucht: HCl, H2SO4, HNO3, H3PO4, Alkalimetalle, Erdalkalimetalle, Cu, Fe, Zn, Ni, Mn, Co, Mo, Ti, Cr, V, Si. Ternäre Systeme mit La wurden ebenfalls geprüft. Si übt eine stark depressive Wirkung aus, während andere Elemente in bestimmten Konzentrationsbereichen positiv wirken.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00820738
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    Dünnschicht-chromatographische Trennung der 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazone von Formaldehyd, Acetaldehyd, Acrolein, Crotonaldehyd und Furfurol (1974)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 271 (1974), S. 337-340 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Abtrenn. des 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazons von Formaldehyd, Acetaldehyd, Acrolein, Crotonaldehyd, Furfurol ; Chromatographie, Dünnschicht
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein dünnschicht-chromatographisches Verfahren zur Trennung von Formaldehyd, Acetaldehyd, Furfurol, Acrolein und Crotonaldehyd in Form der 2,4-Dinitrophenylhydrazone beschrieben. Die Derivate werden aus Pyridin, Tetrahydrofuran oder Dioxan aufgetragen und innerhalb von 6 h nach der Durchlauftechnik an Kieselgel F 254-Rapidplatten mit Tetrachlorkohlenstoff/Pyridin (90∶10) aufsteigend entwickelt. Die Laufstrecken verhalten sich wie 1∶1,3∶1,7∶2,1∶2,3.
    Notes: Abstract The derivatives are applied on rapid plates silica gel F 254 from pyridine, tetrahydrofuran or dioxan solution and separated during 6 h by ascending overrun development using carbon tetrachloride/pyridine (90∶10) as a solvent. The distances travelled from the starting point are in the ratio 1∶1.3∶1.7∶2.1∶2.3.
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    Bestimmung einiger Spurenelemente in reinem Zinn mittels Atomabsorptionsspektrometrie mit einer Graphitrohrküvette (1974)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 271 (1974), S. 346-349 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Analyse von Zinn ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Graphitrohrküvette
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Verwendung einer Graphitrohrküvette für die Atomabsorptionsbestimmungen von 7 Spurenelementen in reinem Zinn wurde erprobt. Die Zweckmäßigkeit der Additionsmethode in verkürzter Form speziell für routinemäßige Untersuchungen wurde bewiesen. Die Interferenzen der Matrix bei den einzelnen Bestimmungen wurden untersucht. Selektive Sublimationen zur Vermeidung solcher Effekte wurden durchgeführt und Empfindlichkeiten und Ergebnisse mit Standardabweichungen vorgelegt.
    Notes: Abstract The use of a heated graphite furnace has been evaluated for the atomic absorption determinations of seven trace elements in pure tin. The advantages of the standard addition method for the routine analysis is demonstrated. Matrix interferences were investigated by each determination. Selective volatilizations have been employed to avoid such effects. Sensitivities and results with standard deviations are reported.
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  • 58
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    Atomabsorptions-spektralphotometrische Bestimmung von Natrium und Magnesium in β-Aluminat-Materialien (1974)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 271 (1974), S. 349-351 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Natrium, Magnesium in Aluminat ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Propan-Butan-N2O-Flamme
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zur Bestimmung von Natrium und Magnesium inβ-Aluminat wird die Probe bei 185° C in konz. Phosphorsäure gelöst und so verdünnt, daß die Konzentration an H3PO4 etwa 0,2 M wird. In dieser Lösung werden Natrium und Magnesium mittels Atomabsorption bestimmt. Die Atomisierung erfolgt in einer Propan-Butan-Lachgas-Flamme, in der die chemischen und physikalischen Störeffekte gering sind. Die Methode ist schneller als alle bisher veröffentlichten Methoden für die Bestimmung von Natrium (0,2–20%) und Magnesium (0,1–20%) in Keramik ausβ-Aluminat.
    Notes: Abstract The sample is dissolved at 185° C in conc. phosphoric acid and diluted to such an extent that the H3PO4 concentration is 0.2 M. In this solution Na and Mg are measured by AAS, using a propane-butane-N2O flame. There are only slight chemical and physical interferences in this flame. The method is more rapid than other procedures for the determination of sodium (0.2–20%) and magnesium (0.1–20%) inβ-aluminate ceramics.
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    Zur Dünnschicht-Chromatographie des Multivitaminpräparates Turigeran® (1974)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 271 (1974), S. 365-366 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Turigeran, Multivitaminpräparate ; Chromatographie, Dünnschicht ; Fertigfolien
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00820743
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  • 60
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    Selective separation of uranium(VI) by thin-layer chromatography on DEAE-cellulose in phosphoric acid medium (1974)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 271 (1974), S. 367-368 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Uran(VI) ; Chromatographie, Dünnschicht ; DEAE-Cellulose, Phosphorsäure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00820745
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    Eine neuartige Methode der Kompensation unspezifischer Lichtverluste in der Atomabsorptions-Spektroskopie (1974)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 272 (1974), S. 177-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Blei in Milch, Blut ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Kompensation unspezifischer Lichtverluste
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein neuartiges System zur Kompensation unspezifischer Lichtverluste in der Atomabsorptions-Spektroskopie beschrieben. Dieses System hat folgende typische Eigenschaften: Es arbeitet im Zweistrahlbetrieb und gestattet die Ermittlung der unspezifischen und spezifischen Lichtverluste im gleichen Bereich der Atomzone. Sowohl sehr schnell veränderliche, als auch sehr hohe unspezifische Lichtverluste (bis zu mindestens 1,0 Extinktionseinheiten) können kompensiert werden. Als Anwendungsbeispiele werden die Bestimmung von Blei in Kondensmilch und in aufgeschlossenen Blutproben diskutiert.
    Notes: Abstract A new system is described with particular attention being given to the characteristic features: it works in the double beam mode and allows the determination of non-specific and specific losses of light in the same area of the atomic zone; a reliable compensation may be accomplished for quickly varying as well as for high non-specific losses of light (up to at least 1.0 absorbance units). The determinations of lead in condensed milk and in digested blood are discussed as typical examples for the application of the system.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00869174
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    Einsatz der echten Integration in der Atomabsorptions-Spektroskopie (1974)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 272 (1974), S. 182-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Quecksilber in Wasser ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; echte Integration ; Best. von Kupfer in Urin ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; echte Integration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine Verbesserung des Signal-Rausch-Verhältnisses in der Atom-Absorptions-Spektroskopie kann mit Hilfe der drei folgenden Methoden erreicht werden: Erhöhung der Zeitkonstanten, digitale Meßwertmittlung, echte Integration. Die Meßwertmittlung über echte Integration hat gegenüber den beiden anderen Methoden entscheidende Vorteile. Zwei Beispiele sollen zeigen, wie auf diesem Wege das Signal-Rausch-Verhältnis verbessert wird: Spurenanalyse von Quecksilber in Wasser mit Hilfe der flammenlosen AAS. Die Nachweisgrenze liegt bei 2 · 10−13 g/ml. Spurenanalyse von Kupfer in Urin mit Hilfe der Flammen-AAS. 1,3 · 10−8 g/ml Kupfer können ohne vorgeschaltete Extraktion bestimmt werden.
    Notes: Abstract An improvement of the signal-to-noise ratio in atomic absorption spectroscopy may be obtained by each of the following three methods of signal averaging: increase of the time constant digital signal averaging true integration of the signal The most adequate of these methods appears to be true integration. Two examples are presented to demonstrate the improved signal-to-noise ratio due to the application of this method: trace analysis of mercury in water by means of flameless AAS. The detection limit appears to be 0.2 ng which corresponds to a concentration of 2 · 10−13 g/ml. trace analysis of copper in human urine by means of flame AAS: 1,3 · 10−8 g/ml copper could be detected without any solvent extraction process.
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    Vergleich der Nachweisempfindlichkeiten von Diphenyl mit verschiedenen Entwicklerreagentien an Fertigfolien und Kieselgel-G-Schichten (1974)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 272 (1974), S. 206-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Nachw. von Diphenyl ; Chromatographie, Dünnschicht ; verschiedene Reagentien u. Schichten
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00869182
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    Nachweisgrenzen herbicidwirksamer Substanzen mit unterschiedlichen Sprühreagentien an Fertigfolien für die Dünnschicht-Chromatographie (1974)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 272 (1974), S. 286-286 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Nachweis von Herbiciden, Pesticiden ; Chromatographie, Dünnschicht ; Fertigfolien, Nachweisgrenzen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00431345
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    Schnelle und empfindliche Bestimmung von Blei in Urin mittels flammenloser Atomabsorptionsspektrometrie (1974)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 272 (1974), S. 287-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Blei in Harn ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; flammenlos, ÄDTA-Zusatz
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00431346
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  • 66
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    Zur semiquantitativen dünnschichtchromatographischen Bestimmung von DDT in Hühnereiern (1974)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 272 (1974), S. 368-368 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von DDT in Eiern ; Chromatographie, Dünnschicht
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00424031
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    Lead contents of foodstuffs (1974)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 268 (1974), S. 114-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Blei in Lebensmitteln ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Trockenveraschung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird auf Fehlermöglichkeiten bei der Bleibestimmung hingewiesen und eine Methode beschrieben, mit der diese Fehler weitgehend vermieden werden können. Bei der angewendeten Trockenveraschung wird die Flüchtigkeit von Blei in Abhängigkeit von der mit Thermoelementen gemessenen Temperatur im Veraschungsgut ermittelt. Veraschungsdaten für ein Lebensmittel, z.B. Gemüse, dürfen nicht einfach auf anders zusammengesetzte Lebensmittel (z. B. Fleisch) übertragen, sondern müssen experimentell ermittelt werden. Bei der Bleibestimmung in Lösungen von Lebensmittelaschen mit Hilfe der Atomabsorptionsspektrometrie stören viele Matrixelemente. Durch eine Sulfidfällung mit Silberionen als Mitfällungspartner wird diese Störung umgangen und gleichzeitig das Blei angereichert; durch eine vorherige Nitrat-Carbonat-Schmelze der Aschen werden die vorhandenen Kohlenstoffreste beseitigt und in Säure schwerlösliche Verbindungen aufgeschlossen. Die Verwendung von Flußsäure zur Zerstörung von Silicaten, die nur Nachteile bringt, kann dadurch entfallen. Die Bleibestimmung in der erhaltenen Meßlösung im Atomabsorptionsspektrometer wird durch Vergleich mit entsprechenden Eichlösungen vorgenommen.
    Notes: Abstract Some possible errors are pointed out, which can occur in the determination of lead and a method is described which minimizes these errors. The loss of lead during the dry-ashing-procedure was determined in dependence on the temperature in the sample measured by immersed thermocouples. It is not advisable to transfer ashing data from one foodstuff (e.g. vegetable) to foodstuffs of different composition (e.g. meat); such data must be determined experimentally. Many matrix elements in ash solutions influence the lead determination by atomic absorption spectroscopy. By H2S coprecipitation of lead and added silver ions as PbS/Ag2S this disturbance can be avoided and the lead concentration is simultaneously increased. With the aid of a nitrate-carbonate melt before the H2S coprecipitation the residual carbon of the ash is removed and acid-insoluble compounds are made accessible. The use of hydrofluoric acid for destroying the silicates, which is disadvantageous, can thus be omitted. The lead content in the final solution is determined in an atomic absorption spectrometer by comparison with a standard solution of appropriate concentration.
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    Thin-layer chromatographic separation and detection of alcohols as cobalt xanthate complexes (1974)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 268 (1974), S. 128-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Nachw. von Alkoholen als Co-Xanthate ; Chromatographie, Dünnschicht
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00431155
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    Study on the elimination of interferences in the determination of barium by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (1974)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 268 (1974), S. 180-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Barium ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Ausschaltung von Störungen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Optimum conditions for the determination of barium in both the air-acetylene and nitrous oxide-acetylene flames have been given and the influence of 50 ions on the barium absorbance has been investigated. In the nitrous oxide-acetylene flame no interference effects occurred and the sensitivity was much better than that obtained with the air-acetylene flame in which several ions caused interference. The standard additions method failed to overcome these interferences but did give satisfactory results when used in conjunction with a releasing agent.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Optimale Bedingungen für die Bestimmung von Barium in der Luft/C2H2- und N2O/C2H2-Flamme werden angegeben und der Einfluß von 50 Ionen auf die Bariumabsorption beschrieben. Im Falle der N2O/C2H2-Flamme wurden keine Störungen beobachtet; die Empfindlichkeit ist besser als bei Verwendung der Luft/C2H2-Flamme, in der Störungen durch mehrere Ionen auftraten. Das Verfahren der Standardzugabe gab nur dann befriedigende Ergebnisse, wenn es in Verbindung mit einem Zusatz von Strontium oder Lanthan verwendet wurde.
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    Quantitative dünnschicht-chromatographische Methode zur Bestimmung von Gramicidin (1974)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 268 (1974), S. 272-274 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Gramicidin ; Chromatographie, Dünnschicht ; CAMAG Eluchrom
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine quantitative Methode zur Bestimmung von Gramicidin in Fermentationsproben, Extraktionslösungen und Tyrothricin- bzw. Gramicidin-Fertigprodukten wird beschrieben. Nach der dünnschicht-chromatographischen Trennung des Gramicidins von den Begleitstoffen erfolgt eine quantitative Elution des Fleckes mit dem CAMAC Eluchrom, die so gewonnenen Lösungen werden spektralphotometrisch ausgewertet.
    Notes: Abstract A quantitative method is described for the determination of gramicidine in fermentation broths, extracts and finished products of tyrothricine and gramicidine, respectively. After TLC-separation of gramicidine from accompanying substances a quantitative elution of the gramicidine spot is performed with the CAMAG Eluchrom. The solutions obtained are measured spectrophotometrically.
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    Quantitative Dünnschicht-Chromatographie: Numerische Peakerkennung und Auswertung mit Digitalrechnern (1974)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 268 (1974), S. 268-272 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Chromatographie, Dünnschicht ; Peakerkennung u. Auswertung mit Digitalrechnern
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Arbeit beschreibt den prinzipiellen Aufbau eines Programms für Digitalrechner zur numerischen Peakerkennung und numerischen Integration von Remissionsgrad-Ortskurven bei der quantitativen DC. Durch integrierende Analog-Digitalwandlung und digitales Glätten wird das Signal/Rausch-Verhältnis verbessert. Die Peakerkennung erfolgt mit Hilfe der über eine Ausgleichsparabel numerisch differenzierten Meßkurve. Die Basislinienkorrektur bei nicht aufgelösten Peaks beruht auf einem Vergleich der Tangenten zwischen den Peakminima.
    Notes: Abstract The paper describes the principles of a programm for numerical peak detection and numerical integration for area determination by digital computers with respect to thin-layer chromatography. Integrating analog to digital conversion and digital smoothing will improve the signal to noise ratio. The first derivative will be found by smoothed numerical differentiation and is used for peak detection. The actual base line is corrected by eomparision of the tangents between the minima of the peaks.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00431300
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    Bestimmung von Dimethylsulfatspuren in der Luft (1974)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 269 (1974), S. 206-208 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Dimethylsulfat in Luft ; Chromatographie, Dünnschicht ; Umsetzung zu Nitroanisol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine Methode beschrieben, die es gestattet, Dimethylsulfat (DMS) im Bereich der maximalen Arbeitsplatzkonzentration von 0,05 mg/m3 entsprechend 0,01 ppm zu bestimmen. Zunächst wird DMS zur Anreicherung an Kieselgel adsorbiert. Nach Desorption mit Aceton wird DMS mit 4-Nitrophenol-Na zu 4-Nitroanisol umgesetzt und dünnschicht-chromatographisch durch Intensitätsvergleich mit Standards bestimmt. Zur Erfassung des MAK-Wertes sind mindestens 500 l Probevolumen nötig. Bei einer Sauggeschwindigkeit von 3–4 l/min dauert daher eine Probenahme 2–2,5 Std. Über diesen Zeitraum sollten bei einer Raumluftuntersuchung möglichst ähnliche Konzentrationsverhältnisse vorliegen.
    Notes: Abstract A method is reported which allows the determination of dimethyl sulphate (DMS) in the range of the threshold limit of 0.05 mg/m3 resp. 0.01 ppm. At first DMS is concentrated by adsorption on silica gel. After extraction with acetone and reaction with 4-nitrophenol sodium salt to 4-nitroanisol the DMS is determined by thin-layer chromatography. Evaluation by comparison of intensity with standard spots. For the determination of the threshold limit at least 500 l of sample volume are needed. With an air sampling rate of 3 to 4 l/min the duration of sampling is 2 to 2.5 h. During this time the concentration of the examined air should not vary too much.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00424315
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  • 73
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    Determination of silver in rocks and minerals by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (1974)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 269 (1974), S. 284-287 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Silber in Gesteinen, Mineralien ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Methods have been proposed for the determination of trace quantities of silver in sulphide ores and silicate rocks. For sulphide ores the samples have been decomposed by nitric acid-perchloric acid attack and the chloride interference eliminated by use of ammonium citrate-ammonium hydroxide. Silicate rock samples have been decomposed by hydrofluoric acid-perchloric acid attack and silver is determined in the organic phase after extraction with dithizone in MIBK. The methods are very simple and accurate and silver in amounts as low as 0.05 μg in a sample can be determined with confidence.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Verfahren werden beschrieben zur Bestimmung von Silberspuren in Sulfiderzen und Silicatgesteinen. Sulfiderze werden mit Hilfe von Salpetersäure/Perchlorsäure aufgeschlossen und die Störung durch Chlorionen wird mit Ammoniumcitrat/Ammoniumhydroxid eliminiert. Zum Aufschluß von Silicatgesteinen dient Flußsäure/Perchlorsäure, Silber wird in der organischen Phase nach Extraktion mit Dithizon in MIBK bestimmt. Die Verfahren sind einfach und genau und Mengen von 0,05 μg Ag können noch befriedigend erfaßt werden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00430578
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  • 74
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    The study and elimination of interferences in the determination of magnesium by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (1974)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 269 (1974), S. 337-339 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Magnesium ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Untersuchung von Störungen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Optimum conditions and the influence of 54 ions on the determination of magnesium by atomic absorption spectrophotometry have been investigated. The use of the nitrous oxide-acetylene flame will remove any interference effects. In the air-acetylene flame the standard additions technique was studied and proved to be suitable except when silicate was present. Completely satisfactory determinations were obtained when the standard additions technique was applied to solutions containing an alkaline earth metal as a releasing agent.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die optimalen Bedingungen sowie der Einfluß von 54 Ionen wurden untersucht. Durch Verwendung der N2O-Acetylen-Flamme werden alle Störungen vermieden. In der Luft-Acetylen-Flamme erwies sich die Methode der Standardzugaben als geeignet, außer bei Gegenwart von Silicat. Alle Störungen können auch in dieser Flamme unterbunden werden, wenn die Methode der Standardzugaben zusammen mit einem Zusatz eines anderen Erdalkalimetalls angewendet wird.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00430712
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  • 75
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    Hochempfindliche indirekte Zinnbestimmung durch Atom-absorptionsspektrometrie über das Quecksilberkaltdampfverfahren (1974)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 269 (1974), S. 367-368 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Zinn ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Quecksilberkaltdampfverfahren
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00430720
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  • 76
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    Quantitative Auswertung von Dünnschicht-Chromatogrammen: On line-Kopplung mit programmierbaren elektronischen Tischrechnern (1974)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 270 (1974), S. 19-23 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Phthalsäure ; Chromatographie, Dünnschicht ; Remissionsmessung, Kopplung mit Tischrechner
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Am Beispiel der Bestimmung von Phthalsäure wird die on line-Kopplung eines programmierbaren elektronischen Tischrechners über einen Integrator zur automatischen quantitativen Auswertung von Dünnschicht-Chromatogrammen durch Messung der Remission beschrieben. Das Verfahren arbeitet mit Mittelwertbildung der Integratorwerte der Scans in und gegen die Fließrichtung, um Basislinienfehler zu eliminieren. Der Rechner ermittelt aus den Vergleichsflecken über die Methode der kleinsten Summe der Fehlerquadrate die Eichgerade und berechnet hierüber die Substanzmenge in den Analysenflecken. Für die Auswertung wird eine quadratische Abhängigkeit der Fläche unter der Remissionsgrad-Ortskurve von der Substanzkonzentration angenommen. Die erreichte Genauigkeit lag bei etwa 2–2,5% (genäherte relative Standardabweichung).
    Notes: Abstract The paper describes the coupling of TLC-photometer, electronic integrator and desk calculator for the determination of phthalic acid by measurement of the remission at 280.3 nm. The average of integrator counts by scanning in and against development of the plate avoids errors caused by base line-drifts. From standards on the plate results a straight line by least squares using the quadratic proportionality of peak area to concentration. From this straight line the concentrations will be determined. The error of this method is in the range of 2–2.5% (relative standard deviation).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00595877
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  • 77
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    Separation of aliphatic and aromatic organic acids on starch thin-layers (1974)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 270 (1974), S. 16-19 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Organ. Säuren ; Chromatographie, Dünnschicht ; aliphatisch, aromatisch, Reisstärkeschichten
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Aliphatic monocarboxylic, dicarboxylic, hydroxy, keto and amino acids were separated on rice starch thin layers with the solvent system: ethanol/water/ammonia (78∶20∶13). Different aromatic acids were separated on the same support with the solvent system: ethanol/n-butanol/water/ammonia (40∶30∶15∶15). Rf- and RM-values were determined and the validity of Martin's theoretical postulates on the relationship between chemical structure and Rf-values in partition chromatography was displayed. Calculation of group and basic constants was also carried out.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Aliphatische Monocarbon-, Dicarbon-, Hydroxy-, Keto und Aminosäuren wurden dünnschicht-chromatographisch auf Reisstärke getrennt (Fließmittel: Äthanol/ Wasser/Ammoniak [78∶20∶13]). Verschiedene aromatische Säuren wurden auf der gleichen Schicht mit dem Fließmittel Äthanol/n-Butanol/Wasser/Ammoniak (40∶30∶15∶15) getrennt. Rf- und RM-Werte wurden bestimmt. Aufgrund der theoretischen Aufstellungen von Martin für die Beziehung zwischen Rf-Werten in der Verteilungs- chromatographie und chemischen Strukturen wurden Gruppen- und Grundkonstanten bestimmt.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00595876
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  • 78
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    Zur dünnschicht-chromatographischen Trennung und über Nachweisgrenzen von Pseudohalogeniden an Fertigfolien (1974)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 270 (1974), S. 128-128 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Trenn. von Pseudohalogeniden ; Chromatographie, Dünnschicht ; Fertigfolien, Nachweisgrenzen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00434068
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  • 79
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    Study on the elimination of interferences in the determination of strontium by atomic absorption spectrophotometry (1974)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 270 (1974), S. 177-179 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Strontium ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Vermeidung von Störungen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Recommended operating conditions for the determination of strontium by atomic absorption spectrophotometry are given for both the air-acetylene and nitrous oxide-acetylene flames. Details are given of interference effects which can occur in the air-acetylene flame and also of a method to eliminate these effects using lanthanum as a releasing agent. In the nitrous oxide-acetylene flame no interference effects occurred if all solutions measured contained an ionisation buffer.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Arbeitsbedingungen werden für die Luft-Acetylen- und die N2O-Acetylen-Flamme gegeben. Die Störungen, die in der Luft-Acetylen-Flamme auftreten, werden im einzelnen besprochen und ihre Ausschaltung durch Lanthanzusatz beschrieben. In der N2O-Acetylen-Flamme treten keine Störungen auf, wenn die Lösungen einen Ionisierungspuffer enthalten.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00445950
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  • 80
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    Determination of gallium by extraction and atomic absorption measurement (1974)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 270 (1974), S. 180-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Gallium ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Extraktion als Chloridkomplex mit MIBK
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Gallium can satisfactorily be determined by atomic absorption in organic solvents using air-acetylene or nitrous oxide-acetylene flame. It is recommandable to extract it as chloride complex. By employing MIBK and nitrous oxide-acetylene flame a considerable increase of absorption signal and sensitivity and elimination of the interference effect of a large number of metal ions was achieved.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Mit Hilfe der Luft/Acetylen- oder N2O/Acetylen-Flamme kann Ga aus organischen Lösungsmitteln mit guten Ergebnissen bestimmt werden. Zu bevorzugen ist die Extraktion als Chloridkomplex, Extraktion mit MIBK und Verwendung der N2O-Acetylen-Flamme. So kann eine wesentliche Zunahme des Absorptionssignals, eine Verbesserung der Empfindlichkeit und Ausschaltung des störenden Einflusses zahlreicher Fremdionen bewirkt werden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00445951
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  • 81
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    Verbesserte, schnelle Aufschlußmethode zur Cadmiumbestimmung in Körperflüssigkeiten mit Hilfe der Graphitrohrküvette (1974)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 270 (1974), S. 285-286 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Cadmium in Körperflüssigkeiten ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Graphitrohrküvette
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00431328
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  • 82
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    Determination of sodium and potassium in salt by atomic absorption spectrophotometry or potassium by gravimetry with tetraphenyl boron (1974)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 270 (1974), S. 288-288 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Natrium und Kalium in Salz ; Spektralphotometrie, Atomabsorption ; Best. von Kalium in Salz ; Gravimetrie ; Tetraphenyloborat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00431330
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  • 83
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    Mikrochemischer Nachweis und dünnschicht-chromatographische Trennung von 16 Nitroverbindungen aus der Klasse der Pesticide (1974)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 270 (1974), S. 356-359 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Nachw. von Pesticiden ; Chromatographie, Dünnschicht ; Nitroverbindungen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine Analysenmethode zum Nachweis und zur Trennung von 16 Nitro-Pesticiden beschrieben. Nach einer dünnschicht-chromatographischen Trennung werden die Nitroverbindungen in primäre aromatische Amine übergeführt, die durch Diazotierung und Kupplung mit Bratton-Marshall Reagens nachgewiesen werden. Die photometrische Messung des eluierten Azofarbstoffes gestattet eine quantitative Bestimmung.
    Notes: Abstract An analysis method for the detection and separation of sixteen nitro-pesticides is described. After thin-layer chromatographical separation, the nitro-compounds are converted to primary aromatic amines which are detected by diazotization and subsequent coupling with Bratton-Marshall reagent. The photometric measuring of the azo-dye, obtained by elution, permits quantitative determination.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00450859
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  • 84
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    Thin-layer chromatographic method for the detection of δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase inhibitors (1974)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 270 (1974), S. 366-367 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Nachw. von δ-Aminolävulinsäure-Dehydratase-Inhibitoren ; Chromatographie, Dünnschicht
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00450861
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  • 85
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    Simple screening-test for the detection of peroxidase inhibitors (1974)
    Springer
    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 270 (1974), S. 367-368 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Nachw. von Peroxidase-Inhibitoren ; Chromatographie, Dünnschicht
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00450862
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