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  • Springer  (121,348)
  • Institute of Physics  (32,870)
  • 2015-2019
  • 2010-2014  (139,254)
  • 1975-1979
  • 1955-1959  (14,964)
  • 1945-1949
  • 2014  (139,254)
  • 1958  (14,964)
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  • 2015-2019
  • 2010-2014  (139,254)
  • 1975-1979
  • 1955-1959  (14,964)
  • 1945-1949
Year
  • 1
    Publication Date: 2014-09-30
    Description: Marine viruses are ubiquitous, extremely diverse, and outnumber any form of life in the sea. Despite their ecological importance, viruses in marine environments have been largely ignored by the academic community, and only those that have caused substantial economic losses have received more attention. Fortunately, our current understanding on marine viruses has advanced considerably during the last decades. These advances have opened new and exciting research opportunities as several unique structural and genetic characteristics of marine viruses have shown to possess an immense potential for various biotechnological applications. Here, a condensed overview of the possibilities of using the enormous potential offered by marine viruses to develop innovative products in industries as pharmaceuticals, environmental remediation, cosmetics, material sciences, and several others, is presented. The importance of marine viruses to biotechnology should not be underestimated.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 2
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    In:  EPIC3Global Environmental Change, (Handbook of Global Environmental Pollution ;1), Dordrecht ; London, Springer, 973 p., pp. 103-110, ISBN: 978-94-007-5783-7
    Publication Date: 2014-10-08
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Inbook , peerRev
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  • 3
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    In:  EPIC3Global Land Ice Measurements from Space, Berlin Heidelberg, Springer, pp. 717-741, ISBN: 978-3-540-79817-0
    Publication Date: 2016-11-15
    Description: The Antarctic Peninsula has exhibited some of the most spectacular changes observed in glacial systems in recent decades. The events include disintegration of ice shelves, acceleration and thinning of glaciers, variations in the limits between glacier facies, and retreat of glacier fronts. However, due to the lack of both consistent systematic observations of the glacial systems and information on their boundary conditions, it is difficult to accurately predict the contribution of Antarctic Peninsula glaciers to sea level rise and further responses of these ice masses to climatic and oceanographic changes. In this context, the activities of the GLIMS Regional Center for the Antarctic Peninsula and its network of international collaborators are based on the use of various types of Earth observation imagery, mainly optical and radar data. Although a complete glacier inventory is still lacking, we present the results of changes in glacier frontal positions and boundaries of glacier facies as well as links to dynamical adjustments for various locations in the Antarctic Peninsula’s ice masses. Evaluation of Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and reflection Radiometer (ASTER) digital elevation models generated for the Antarctic Peninsula is also discussed.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2016-10-22
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 5
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    In:  EPIC3Marine Biology, Springer, 161(12), pp. 2819-2829, ISSN: 0025-3162
    Publication Date: 2015-01-16
    Description: Among bivalves, scallops are exceptional due to their capacity to escape from predators by swimming which is provided by rapid and strong claps that are produced by the phasic muscle interspersed with tonic muscle contractions. Based on the concept of oxygen and capacity-limited thermal tolerance, the following hypothesis was tested: ocean warming and acidification (OWA) would induce disturbances in aerobic metabolic scope and extracellular acid-case status and impair swimming performance in temperate scallops. Following longterm incubation under near-future OWA scenarios [20 vs. 10 °C (control) and 0.112 kPa CO2 (hypercapnia) vs. 0.040 kPa CO2 (normocapnic control)], the clapping performance and metabolic rates (MR) were measured in resting (RMR) and fatigued (maximum MR) king scallops, Pecten maximus, from Roscoff, France. Exposure to OA, either alone or combined with warming, left MR and swimming parameters such as the total number of claps and clapping forces virtually unchanged. Only the duration of the escape response was affected by OA which caused earlier exhaustion in hyper- than in normocapnic scallops at 10 °C. While maximum MR was unaffected, warm exposure increased RMR in both normocapnic and hypercapnic P. maximus resulting in similar Q10 values of ~2.2. The increased costs of maintenance and the observation of strongly reduced haemolymph PO2 levels indicate that at 20 °C scallops have reached the upper thermal pejus range with unbalanced capacities for aerobic energy metabolism. As a consequence, warming to 20 °C decreased mean phasic force during escape performance until fatigue. The observed prolonged recovery time in warm incubated scallops might be a consequence of elevated metabolic costs at reduced oxygen availability in the warmth.
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  • 6
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    In:  EPIC3Encyclopedia of Earthquake Engineering, Encyclopedia of Earthquake Engineering, Berlin, Heidelberg, Springer, pp. 1-16, ISBN: 978-3-642-36197-5
    Publication Date: 2014-12-16
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Remote sensing thermal data of active lava flows allow for the evaluation of instantaneous effusion rates. This is made possible by simple formulae relating the lava effusion rate to the power energy radiated per unit time from the surface to the flow. Such formulae are based on a specific flow model and, consequently, their validity is subject to the model assumptions. The most questionable assumption is probably the constancy of the surface temperature. Herein, we use high spatial resolution infrared data to demonstrate the existence of an underlying relationship between the surface temperature and the lava flow thickness, using the 2001 Mt. Etna flow as a case study. According to this relationship, observed changes in surface temperature does not represent a weakness of the model but is the expected consequence of actual variations in the topographic down flow profile.
    Description: Published
    Description: 391-408
    Description: 3V. Dinamiche e scenari eruttivi
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Remote sensing, effusion rate, heat flux, Etna, MIVIS ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Here, we report the first continuous data of geochemical parameters acquired directly from the active summit crater of Vulcano. This approach provides a means to better investigate deep geochemical processes associated with the degassing system of Vulcano Island. In particular, we report on soil CO2 fluxes from the upper part of Vulcano, a closed-conduit volcano, from September 2007 to October 2010. Large variations in the soil CO2 and plume SO2 fluxes (order of magnitude), coinciding with other discontinuous geochemical parameters (CO2 concentrations in fumarole gas) and physical parameters (increase of shallow seismic activity and fumarole temperatures) have been recorded. The results from this work suggest new prospects for strengthening geochemical monitoring of volcanic activity and for improving the constraints in the construction of a “geochemical model”, this being a necessary condition to better understand the functioning of volcanic systems.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1859-1863
    Description: 2V. Dinamiche di unrest e scenari pre-eruttivi
    Description: 4V. Vulcani e ambiente
    Description: 5V. Sorveglianza vulcanica ed emergenze
    Description: 1R. Reti di monitoraggio e Osservazioni
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Vulcano Island ; Geochemical monitoring ; CO2 flux ; CO2 fumaroles ; SO2 flux ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.07. Volcanic effects ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.01. Geochemical data
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Laboratory experiments have shown that the finer the grain size of granular flows of angular rock fragments (all the other features the same), the more mobile their centre of mass. This is due to the fact that the finer the grain size, the larger the number of particles in the flow so that their agitation due to the interaction with the subsurface asperities has a smaller penetration within the flow. The smaller the agitation of the particles per unit of flow mass, the smaller the energy dissipated per unit of travel distance. Also, the larger the flow volume, the smaller the mobility of its centre of mass. This is due to the fact that a deposit accretes backward during its deposition on a slope change. However, the frontal end of a larger-volume deposit is more distal than that of a smaller-volume deposit because the larger the volume, the larger its longitudinal spreading.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1621-1624
    Description: 3V. Dinamiche e scenari eruttivi
    Description: restricted
    Keywords: Pyroclastic Flows ; Mobility ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.02. Experimental volcanism
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 10
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    In:  EPIC3Science China Earth Sciences, Springer, 57(4), pp. 703-709, ISSN: 1674-7313
    Publication Date: 2015-01-14
    Description: The European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Reanalysis ERA40, National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) 20th-century reanalysis, and three station observations along an Antarctic traverse from Zhongshan to Dome-A stations are used to assess 2-m temperature simulation skill of a regional climate model. This model (HIRHAM) is from the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research in Germany. Results show: (1) The simulated multiyear averaged 2-m temperature field pattern is close to that of ERA40 and NCEP; (2) the cold bias relative to ERA40 over all of Antarctic regions is 1.8°C, and that to NCEP reaches 5.1°C; (3) bias of HIRHAM relative to ERA40 has seasonal variation, with a cold bias mainly in the summer, as much as 3.4°C. There is a small inland warm bias in autumn of 0.3°C. Further analysis reveals that the reason for the cold bias of 2-m temperature is that physical conditions of the near-surface boundary layer simulated by HIRHAM are different from observations: (1) During the summer, observations show that near-surface atmospheric stability conditions have both inversions and non-inversions, which is due to the existence of both positive and negative sensible heat fluxes, but HIRHAM almost always simulates a situation of inversion and negative sensible heat flux; (2) during autumn and winter, observed near-surface stability is almost always that of inversions, consistent with HIRHAM simulations. This partially explains the small bias during autumn and winter.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 11
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    In:  EPIC3Encyclopedia of Complexity and Systems Science, Encyclopedia of Complexity and Systems Science, Springer, pp. 1-30
    Publication Date: 2015-03-10
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  • 12
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    In:  EPIC3Helgoland Marine Research, Springer, 68(1), pp. 1-16, ISSN: 1438-387X
    Publication Date: 2016-07-19
    Description: Exposed sandy coasts are predominantly physically controlled environments where benthic communities are structured by the independent response of species to the physical environment, with minimal biological interactions (swash exclusion hypothesis). This prevalence of physical control may be regarded as a typical property of exposed coastal areas. In an offshore direction, the importance of wave effects on the benthos will diminish until a depth is reached where they are no longer significant [wave exclusion hypothesis (WEH)]. This loss of a coastal property may be used to define an offshore depth limit of the coastal zone. We used a large set of benthos data from the SE North Sea to test whether an offshore limit of the coast can be clearly recognised despite strong small-scale variability and how this limit would vary seasonally and from year to year. In accordance with WEH, both species density and total abundance of macrobenthos were low in the surf zone, strongly increased with depth, and averaged over all sampling dates became relatively constant below 30 m depth. Seasonally, these gradients were weaker during summer recruitment than during autumn. Species richness, by contrast, showed no significant difference with depth. In single years, the depth of the turning point from increasing abundances to constant abundances varied between 20 and 31 m (equivalent to 40–80 km off the coastline) depending on wave height. We conclude that this zone can be derived from benthic community gradients.
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: Cephalopods have been utilised in neurosci- ence research for more than 100 years particularly because of their phenotypic plasticity, complex and centralised nervous system, tractability for studies of learning and cellular mechanisms of memory (e.g. long-term potentia- tion) and anatomical features facilitating physiological studies (e.g. squid giant axon and synapse). On 1 January 2013, research using any of the about 700 extant species of ‘‘live cephalopods’’ became regulated within the European Union by Directive 2010/63/EU on the ‘‘Protection of Animals used for Scientific Purposes’’, giving cephalopods the same EU legal protection as previously afforded only to vertebrates. The Directive has a number of implications, particularly for neuroscience research. These include: (1) projects will need justification, authorisation from local competent authorities, and be subject to review including a harm-benefit assessment and adherence to the 3Rs princi- ples (Replacement, Refinement and Reduction). (2) To support project evaluation and compliance with the new EU law, guidelines specific to cephalopods will need to be developed, covering capture, transport, handling, housing, care, maintenance, health monitoring, humane anaesthesia, analgesia and euthanasia. (3) Objective criteria need to be developed to identify signs of pain, suffering, distress and lasting harm particularly in the context of their induction by an experimental procedure. Despite diversity of views existing on some of these topics, this paper reviews the above topics and describes the approaches being taken by the cephalopod research community (represented by the authorship) to produce ‘‘guidelines’’ and the potential contribution of neuroscience research to cephalopod welfare.
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 2014-05-06
    Description: Developmental and reproductive parameters and their relationships were studied in the marine isopod Idotea linearis. We hypothesized that (1) the temporal patterns of molting and growth undergo complex and sex-specific changes with age as well as with the onset of sexual maturation, and that (2) sexual maturation (and dependent parameters) is controlled by the photoperiod. Both males and females were singly cultured in the laboratory at two alternative photoperiods (constant long and short days, respectively) from hatching until death. Males molted and grew throughout their life, showing a steady increase in stage duration and body size with each molt. Females, in contrast, showed much more complex modifications in molt chronology due to reproductive demands. There was some variability in the stage number, when females reached maturity. Reaching maturity early in the succession of molts was associated with smaller body size at maturity, smaller size of broods, but higher average number of broods per lifetime. Post-puberty molts in females occurred without further growth, and successive broods did not differ in size. The photoperiod strongly affected sexual maturation (and thus in turn molting and growth patterns) in females, while males remained completely unaffected by the photo regime.
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: This study examines present-day changes of the Antarctic ice sheet (AIS) by means of different data sets. We make use of monthly gravity field solutions acquired by the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) to study mass changes of the AIS for a 10-year period. In addition to "standard" solutions of release 05, solutions based on radial base functions were used. Both solutions reveal an increased mass loss in recent years. For a 6-year period surface-height changes were inferred from laser altimetry data provided by the Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat). The basin-scale volume trends were converted into mass changes and were compared with the GRACE estimates for the same period. Focussing on the Thwaites Glacier, Landsat optical imagery was utilised to determine ice-flow velocities for a period of more than two decades. This data set was extended by means of high-resolution synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data from the TerraSAR-X mission, revealing an accelerated ice flow of all parts of the glacier. ICESat data over the Thwaites Glacier were complemented by digital elevation models inferred from TanDEM-X data. This extended data set exhibits an increased surface lowering in recent times. Passive microwave remote sensing data prove the long-term stability of the accumulation rates in a low accumulation zone in East Antarctica over several decades. Finally, we discuss the main error sources of present-day mass-balance estimates: the glacial isostatic adjustment effect for GRACE as well as the biases between laser operational periods and the volume-mass conversion for ICESat.
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  • 16
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    In:  EPIC3Regional Environmental Change, Springer, ISSN: 1436-3798
    Publication Date: 2016-10-07
    Description: This article aims to address the challenges of sustainable earth system governance from a multi-scale level perspective. The local to regional system level reviews findings from a social-ecological system (SES) approach of a mangrove ecosystem in North Brazil. Seven challenges (Glaser et al. 2010) that could provide relevant knowledge to society were identified. Their respective justification and recommendations are presented here. Further, these “challenges from the field” are linked and discussed with those challenges on earth system level elaborated by the International Council for Science in 2010. There it was stressed that sustainability problems are increasingly caused by drivers from multiple spatial and institutional levels in a single global human-nature system. The comparison between the global and local to regional challenges shows that most of these are reappearing disregarding the level of analysis, indicating that there is a universal core of global change problems. However, there are gaps are visible which hamper the effective connections across the different spatial levels. These gaps pertain to i.e. the subjects of knowledge generation and stakeholder inclusion. The final section elaborates on these recognized gaps and their science-policy dimensions. The article closes with the identification of a number of factors which currently impede global sustainability efforts: shortcomings in inter- and transdisciplinary research practice, lack of consistent structures for earth system governance and shortcomings in dealing with up-scaling challenges whilst remaining locally relevant. A blueprint for a globally focused but regionally informed social-ecological analysis framework remains to be worked out.
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 2019-07-16
    Description: Milleporidae are of high ecological and economic importance, as, together with the scleractinian corals, they belong to the main reef builders of tropical coral reefs. Coral reefs face severe threats mainly due to anthropogenic disturbance. Understanding their population structure and dynamics is crucial for any conservation effort. Here we report the first microsatellite loci for the Milleporidae. Eleven polymorphic markers were developed for the hydrozoan corals Millepora dichotoma from the Great Barrier Reef (Australia) and tested for amplification in M. dichotoma from the Red Sea (Egypt), as well as for Millepora platyphylla from the Pacific Ocean (Moorea, French Polynesia). All loci were variable with 4–15 alleles per locus. Nine loci were transferable between geographic regions and species. These are the first microsatellites for hydrozoan corals. They will provide valuable tools for characterizing the population structure and genetic diversity of the group thereby benefitting coral reef conservation.
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  • 18
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    In:  EPIC3Neurochemical Research, Springer, 39(2), pp. 372-383, ISSN: 0364-3190
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 2014-05-12
    Description: We investigated microbial life preserved in a hydrothermally inactive silica–barite chimney in comparison with an active barite chimney and sediment from the Loki’s Castle low-temperature venting area at the Arctic Mid-Ocean Ridge (AMOR) using lipid biomarkers. Carbon and sulfur isotopes were used to constrain possible metabolic pathways. Multiple sulfur (δ34S, ∆33S) isotopes on barite over a cross section of the extinct chimney range between 21.1 and 22.5 ‰ in δ34S, and between 0.020 and 0.034 ‰ in Δ33S, indicating direct precipitation from seawater. Biomarker distributions within two discrete zones of this silica–barite chimney indicate a considerable difference in abundance and diversity of microorganisms from the chimney exterior to the interior. Lipids in the active and inactive chimney barite and sediment were dominated by a range of 13C-depleted unsaturated and branched fatty acids with δ13C values between −39.7 and −26.7 ‰, indicating the presence of sulfur-oxidizing and sulfate-reducing bacteria. The majority of lipids (99.5 %) in the extinct chimney interior that experienced high temperatures were of archaeal origin. Unusual glycerol monoalkyl glycerol tetraethers (GMGT) with 0–4 rings were the dominant compounds suggesting the presence of mainly (hyper-) thermophilic archaea. Isoprenoid hydrocarbons with δ13C values as low as −46 ‰ also indicated the presence of methanogens and possibly methanotrophs.
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 2014-09-04
    Description: Understanding phylogenetic relationship and patterns of contemporary population genetic structure is a prerequisite for conservation and management of potential fishery resources. In this study we report the isolation and characterization of 11 polymorphic microsatellite loci for the squat lobster Munida gregaria from around the Falkland Islands/Islas Malvinas. The number of alleles ranged from 3 to 31, observed heterozygosity varied from 0.130 to 0.870. Cross-amplification was 100 % successfully in the species/morph M. subrugosa and 36.4 % in another congeneric species M. gracilis. This set of microsatellites is useful for studies focused on taxonomy, genetic diversity and genetic connectivity further may provide stock assessment information for monitoring this important fishery resource.
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  • 21
    Publication Date: 2018-08-10
    Description: Marine habitats worldwide are increasingly pressurized by climate change, especially along the Antarctic Peninsula. Well-studied areas in front of rapidly retreating tidewater glaciers like Potter Cove are representative for similar coastal environments and, therefore, shed light on habitat formation and development on not only a local but also regional scale. The objective of this study was to provide insights into habitat distribution in Potter Cove, King George Island, Antarctica, and to evaluate the associated environmental processes. Furthermore, an assessment concerning the future development of the habitats is provided. To describe the seafloor habitats in Potter Cove, an acoustic seabed discrimination system (RoxAnn) was used in combination with underwater video images and sediment samples. Due to the absence of wave and current measurements in the study area, bed shear stress estimates served to delineate zones prone to sediment erosion. On the basis of the investigations, two habitat classes were identified in Potter Cove, namely soft-sediment and stone habitats that, besides influences from sediment supply and coastal morphology, are controlled by sediment erosion. A future expansion of the stone habitat is predicted if recent environmental change trends continue. Possible implications for the Potter Cove environment, and other coastal ecosystems under similar pressure, include changes in biomass and species composition.
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  • 22
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    In:  EPIC3Plant Cold Acclimation: Methods and Protocols, (Methods in Molecular Biology ; 1166), New York, Springer, 282 p., pp. 241-253, ISBN: 978-1-4939-0843-1
    Publication Date: 2014-09-24
    Description: ICE BINDING PROTEINS FROM SEA ICE ALGAE Sea ice is mainly a two-phase system, and its porous structure is largely determinant for biological activity within ice. During ice formation, solutes in the seawater are excluded from the ice matrix and segregate into brine droplets or brine channels, generally defined as brine inclusions inside sea ice. Outflow of high salinity brine and inflow of seawater of lower salinity, as well as further cooling, cause brine inclusions to narrow and eventually separate into individual pockets divided by ice bridges. Despite the harsh conditions that govern within sea ice, where temperatures range from about -1.8°C on the bottom to -20°C or less on the top, and brine salinities can be as high as 200 on the Practical Salinity Scale, brine inclusions offer a habitat for a variety of microalgae. These algae play a crucial role for the ecology of the Polar Oceans, since they represent a concentrated food source in the low-productivity ice-covered sea, and in the months of melting they initiate blooms by seeding the water column. Algae have been found distributed within brine inclusions throughout the entire thickness of the ice column. The strategies adopted by ice microorganisms to cope with conditions in sea ice remain to be unraveled. Recent studies showed that several organisms that populate sea ice, spreading from bacteria to diatoms and a crustacean species, have ice binding proteins (IBPs). These proteins are common in polar species, but lack in temperate organisms, suggesting that IBPs play a key role in adaptation to subzero conditions. The nomenclature of these proteins varies, depending on authors, from ice binding to antifreeze or ice structuring. In the generally accepted adsorption–inhibition model describing the mechanism of action of IBPs, proteins bind to the ice lattice and locally inhibit ice growth by the Gibbs-Thomson effect. Recent publications showed that some IBPs organize water molecules into an ice-like structure that matches defined planes of the ice crystal and is then gradually frozen to the ice lattice. One of the most prominent and best described effects of IBPs is thermal hysteresis, which describes the lowering of the freezing point of a solution below the melting point. Another effect which defines IBPs is inhibition of recrystallization, which is the grain boundary migration resulting in a growth of larger crystals at the expenses of small grains. The biological role of IBPs from sea ice microalgae remains an open question. The importance of some IBP families, as observed in fishes or insects, lies in lowering the freezing point below environmental temperature, in order to avoid ice formation in cells or organs. Other IBPs have the function to inhibit recrystallization, as it has been suggested for plant IBPs. In the context of sea ice, it seems unlikely that the biological role of IBPs may be thermal hysteresis (measured in the order of 1°C) or recrystallization inhibition. Most of the IBPs from sea ice algae are active extracellularly. It has been suggested that they are trapped and accumulate within a layer of extracellular polysaccharide substances (EPS) secreted by several sea ice organisms. Microalgal IBPs produced recombinantly or collected from spent growth medium affect the structure of ice surface, causing pitting and characteristic microstructural features. This suggests that the proteins shape their frozen environment in order to increase their habitable space within sea ice. However, the characterization of IBPs is of relevance not only to understand their functional role in sea ice, but also in the frame of possible applications of IBPs in the medical field, in the food industry and in other fields related to a control of ice crystals. In the following we present some standard techniques to determine the protein activity in terms of thermal hysteresis (TH) and recrystallization inhibition (RI), which define the proteins as ice binding. Also, we present further methods (ice pitting assay, determination of the nucleating temperature) to characterize the activity of IBPs.
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  • 23
    Publication Date: 2019-10-23
    Description: Characteristics of cyclones (frequency, intensity and size) and their changes in the Arctic region in a warmer climate have been analyzed with the use of the HIRHAM regional climate model simulations with SRES-A1B anthropogenic scenario for the twenty first century. The focus was on cyclones for the warm (April–September) and cold (October–March) seasons. The present-day cyclonic characteristics from HIRHAM simulations are in general agreement with those from ERA–40 reanalysis data. Differences noted for the frequency of cyclones are related with different spatial resolution in the model simulations and reanalysis data. Potential future changes in cyclone characteristics at the end of the twenty first century have been analyzed. According to the model simulations, the frequency of cyclones is increasing in warm seasons and decreasing in cold seasons for a warmer climate in the twenty first century, but these changes are statistically insignificant. Noticeable changes were detected for the intensity and size of cyclones for the both seasons. Significant increase was found for the frequency of weak cyclones during cold season. Further, a general increase in the frequency of small cyclones was calculated in cold seasons, while its frequency decreases in warm seasons.
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  • 24
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    In:  EPIC3Marine Biology, Springer, ISSN: 0025-3162
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: Predation of eggs and nauplii by adult copepods is often used to explain unexpected death rates in population dynamics studies, but the phenomenon has been rarely investigated or quantified. Therefore, we studied the predatory feeding of adult females (Acartia clausi, Centropages hamatus, Centropages typicus, and Temora longicornis) on their own and other species’ eggs and young nauplii with different densities of single animal-prey, mixtures of animal-prey and in the presence of diatoms. All species preyed on eggs and nauplii of their own and all other species. Maximal egg predation varied between 7 and 64 eggs fem−1 day−1. Ingestion of Centropages spp. eggs was lowest, potentially due to the spiny egg surface. Maximal feeding rates on nauplii ranged from 5 to 45 nauplii fem−1 day−1. T. longicornis preferred eggs, when eggs and nauplii were offered together at the same densities, and the other predators selected for nauplii. At a diatom concentration of 60 μg C l−1 predation on eggs by C. typicus was higher than without algae, whereas A. clausi and T. longicornis did not change their uptake of eggs. Feeding on nauplii in the presence of diatoms was again enhanced in C. typicus, and unaffected in A. clausi and C. hamatus. T. longicornis reduced its feeding on nauplii in the presence of diatoms. Calculated predation rates, using field abundances of predators and prey, suggest that predation of copepods on their own young stages may account for ca. 30 % of total mortality of young stages in North Sea copepod populations.
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  • 25
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: Young larval stages of many organisms represent bottlenecks in the life-history of many species. The high mortality commonly observed in, for example, decapod larvae has often been linked to poor nutrition, with most studies focussing on food quantity. Here, we focus instead on the effects of quality and have investigated its effects on the nutritional condition of lobster larvae. We established a tri-trophic food chain consisting of the cryptophyte Rhodomonas salina, the calanoid copepod Acartia tonsa and larvae of the European lobster Homarus gammarus. In a set of experiments, we manipulated the C:N:P stoichiometry of the primary producers, and accordingly those of the primary consumer. In a first experiment, R. salina was grown under N- and P-limitation and the nutrient content of the algae was manipulated by addition of the limiting nutrient to create a food quality gradient. In a second experiment, the effect on lobster larvae of long- and short-term exposure to food of varying quality during ontogenetic development was investigated. The condition of the lobster larvae was negatively affected even by subtle N- and P-nutrient limitations of the algae. Furthermore, younger lobster larvae were more vulnerable to nutrient limitation than older ones, suggesting an ontogenetic shift in the capacity of lobster larvae to cope with low quality food. The results presented here might have substantial consequences for the survival of lobster larvae in the field, as, in the light of future climate change and re-oligotrophication of the North Sea, lobster larvae might face marked changes in temperature and nutrient conditions, thus significantly altering their condition and growth.
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  • 26
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    In:  EPIC3Journal of Comparative Physiology B-Biochemical Systemic and Environmentalphysiol, Springer, ISSN: 0174-1578
    Publication Date: 2019-07-16
    Description: The digestive ability of four sympatric land crabs species (the gecarcinids, Gecarcoidea natalis and Discoplax celeste and the anomurans, Birgus latro and Coenobita perlatus) was examined by determining the activity of their digestive enzymes. The gecarcinids are detritivores that consume mainly leaf litter; the robber crab, B. latro, is an omnivore that preferentially consumes items high in lipid, carbohydrate and/or protein; C. perlatus is also an omnivore/detritivore. All species possess protease, lipase and amylase activity for hydrolysing ubiquitous protein, lipid and storage polysaccharides (glycogen and starch). Similarly all species possess enzymes such as N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase, the cellulases, endo-β-1,4-glucanase and β-glucohydrolase and hemicellulases, lichenase and laminarinase for the respective hydrolysis of structural substrates chitin, cellulose and hemicelluloses, lichenan and laminarin. Except for the enzyme activities of C. perlatus, enzyme activity could not be correlated to dietary preference. Perhaps others factors such as olfactory and locomotor ability and metabolic status may determine the observed dietary preferences. The digestive fluid of C. perlatus possessed higher endo-β-1,4-glucanase, lichenase and laminarinase activities compared to that of the other species. Thus, C. perlatus may be efficient at digestion of cellulose and hemicellulose within plant material. Zymography indicated that the majority of protease, lipase, phosphatase, amylase, endo-β-1,4-glucanase, β-glucohydrolase and N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase isozymes were common to all species, and hence were inherited from a common aquatic ancestor. Differences were observed for the phosphatase, lipase and endo-β-1,4-glucanase isozymes. These differences are discussed in relation to phylogeny and possible evolution to cope with the adoption of a terrestrial diet.
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  • 27
    Publication Date: 2019-07-17
    Description: Understanding the biogeochemical processes reg- ulating carbon cycling is central to mitigating atmospheric CO2 emissions. The role of living organisms has been accounted for, but the focus has traditionally been on contributions of plants and microbes. We develop the case that fully ‘‘animating’’ the carbon cycle requires broader consideration of the functional role of animals in mediating biogeochemical processes and quanti- fication of their effects on carbon storage and exchange among terrestrial and aquatic reservoirs and the atmosphere. To encourage more hypothesis-driven experimental research that quantifies animal effects we discuss the mecha- nisms by which animals may affect carbon ex- changes and storage within and among ecosystems and the atmosphere. We illustrate how those mechanisms lead to multiplier effects whose magnitudes may rival those of more tra- ditional carbon storage and exchange rate esti- mates currently used in the carbon budget. Many animal species are already directly managed. Thus improved quantitative understanding of their influence on carbon budgets may create oppor- tunity for management and policy to identify and implement new options for mitigating CO2 re- lease at regional scales.
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  • 28
    Publication Date: 2014-04-15
    Description: Why a chapter on Perspectives and Integration in SOLAS Science in this book? SOLAS science by its nature deals with interactions that occur: across a wide spectrum of time and space scales, involve gases and particles, between the ocean and the atmosphere, across many disciplines including chemistry, biology, optics, physics, mathematics, computing, socio-economics and consequently interactions between many different scientists and across scientific generations. This chapter provides a guide through the remarkable diversity of cross-cutting approaches and tools in the gigantic puzzle of the SOLAS realm. Here we overview the existing prime components of atmospheric and oceanic observing systems, with the acquisition of ocean–atmosphere observables either from in situ or from satellites, the rich hierarchy of models to test our knowledge of Earth System functioning, and the tremendous efforts accomplished over the last decade within the COST Action 735 and SOLAS Integration project frameworks to understand, as best we can, the current physical and biogeochemical state of the atmosphere and ocean commons. A few SOLAS integrative studies illustrate the full meaning of interactions, paving the way for even tighter connections between thematic fields. Ultimately, SOLAS research will also develop with an enhanced consideration of societal demand while preserving fundamental research coherency. The exchange of energy, gases and particles across the air-sea interface is controlled by a variety of biological, chemical and physical processes that operate across broad spatial and temporal scales. These processes influence the composition, biogeochemical and chemical properties of both the oceanic and atmospheric boundary layers and ultimately shape the Earth system response to climate and environmental change, as detailed in the previous four chapters. In this cross-cutting chapter we present some of the SOLAS achievements over the last decade in terms of integration, upscaling observational information from process-oriented studies and expeditionary research with key tools such as remote sensing and modelling. Here we do not pretend to encompass the entire legacy of SOLAS efforts but rather offer a selective view of some of the major integrative SOLAS studies that combined available pieces of the immense jigsaw puzzle. These include, for instance, COST efforts to build up global climatologies of SOLAS relevant parameters such as dimethyl sulphide, interconnection between volcanic ash and ecosystem response in the eastern subarctic North Pacific, optimal strategy to derive basin-scale CO2 uptake with good precision, or significant reduction of the uncertainties in sea-salt aerosol source functions. Predicting the future trajectory of Earth’s climate and habitability is the main task ahead. Some possible routes for the SOLAS scientific community to reach this overarching goal conclude the chapter.
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  • 29
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    In:  EPIC3The Mediterranean Sea: Its history and present challenges, The Mediterranean Sea: Its history and present challenges, Springer, pp. 319-339, ISBN: 978-94-007-6704-1
    Publication Date: 2014-04-15
    Description: Mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis have been used as model bivalves to study the impacts of global warming on their physiological performance in Themaikos Gulf, North Greece. The studies have been conducted under laboratory and field conditions for more than 6 years and focused on the biochemical, metabolic, physiological and energetic responses of M. galloprovincialis to increases in the ambient temperature. Here we summarize the findings concerning the responses of mussels to environmental temperature, present an integrated model of their physiological performance during thermal stress and discuss these findings in the light of the predicted temperature changes in the Thermaikos Gulf from the regional climate trends and the mean global temperature projections for the period 1990–2100 based on IS92 emission scenarios of the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC). Our findings indicate that mussels in Themaikos Gulf currently face the temperatures close to their upper thermal limits, especially during the summer, and thus are likely vulnerably to any further increase in the temperature such as expected during the global warming
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  • 30
    Publication Date: 2015-01-05
    Description: Symbiotic dinoflagellates of the genus Symbiodinium, also called zooxanthellae, are found in association with a wide diversity of shallow-water anthozoans. The Symbiodinium genus includes numerous lineages, also referred to as clades or phylotypes, as well as a wide diversity of genetic sub-clades and sub-phylotypes. There are few studies characterizing the genetic diversity of zooxanthellae in Mediterranean anthozoans. In this study, we included anthozoans from the Western Mediterranean Sea and by means of internal transcriber (ITS) and large sub-unit (LSU) rRNA markers we corroborate what has been previously identified, demonstrating that phylotype “Temperate A” is very common among host Cnidaria in this basin. Our finding of fixed differences in ITS and LSU markers that correspond to different host taxa, indicate that this clade may comprise several closely-related species. Previous studies have reported the occurrence of Symbiodinium psygmophilum (formerly subclade B2) associated with Oculina patagonica and Cladocora caespitosa in the Eastern Mediterranean. Here, we identify this association in O. patagonica from the Western Mediterranean but not in C. caespitosa, suggesting some differences in symbiotic combinations between the Western and Eastern Mediterranean Basins.
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2013. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Climatic Change 121 (2013): 381-395, doi:10.1007/s10584-013-0873-6.
    Description: Anthropogenic climate change has triggered impacts on natural and human systems world-wide, yet the formal scientific method of detection and attribution has been only insufficiently described. Detection and attribution of impacts of climate change is a fundamentally cross-disciplinary issue, involving concepts, terms, and standards spanning the varied requirements of the various disciplines. Key problems for current assessments include the limited availability of long-term observations, the limited knowledge on processes and mechanisms involved in changing environmental systems, and the widely different concepts applied in the scientific literature. In order to facilitate current and future assessments, this paper describes the current conceptual framework of the field and outlines a number of conceptual challenges. Based on this, it proposes workable cross-disciplinary definitions, concepts, and standards. The paper is specifically intended to serve as a baseline for continued development of a consistent cross-disciplinary framework that will facilitate integrated assessment of the detection and attribution of climate change impacts.
    Description: Modeling Program of the Office of Biological and Environmental Research in the Department of Energy Office of Science under contract number DE-AC02-05CH11231. GH was supported by a grant from the German Ministry for Education and Research.
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  • 32
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    In:  EPIC3Integrated Analysis of Interglacial Climate Dynamics (INTERDYNAMIC), Integrated Analysis of Interglacial Climate Dynamics (INTERDYNAMIC), Heidelberg, Springer, pp. 19-23, ISBN: 978-3-319-00693-2, ISSN: 2191-589X
    Publication Date: 2015-06-05
    Description: Studying the climate dynamics of past interglacials (IGs) may help to better assess the anthropogenically influenced dynamics of the current IG, the Holocene. We select IG sections from the longest ice core archive, EPICA Dome C (EDC), which covers the past 800 thousand years, and study as well several long, high-resolution marine sediment records. We analyze records of Antarctic temperature, radiative forcing (greenhouse gases and other factors), and sea-surface temperature (SST). Change-point regressions inform about longer-term climate changes and trends within IGs. Comparing trends in temperature with trends in forcing allows inference of longer-term IG climate sensitivities. Results from many records indicate deviations from a “Holocene climate optimum”. IG sensitivities are found to be comparable to estimates for the instrumental period; warming or cooling phases during Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 5 or 11 do not show significant differences in climate sensitivity.
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  • 33
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: This paper is not subject to U.S. copyright. The definitive version was published in Environmental Biology of Fishes 97 (2014): 881-896, doi:10.1007/s10641-013-0189-4.
    Description: Age and growth estimates for the dusky shark, Carcharhinus obscurus, were derived from vertebral centra collected in the northwestern Atlantic Ocean. Sample collection spanned the years prior to and following the implementation of management measures (1963–2010). Growth was compared pre- and post- population depletion and pre- and post- management to investigate the possibility of density-mediated shifts in age and growth parameters over time. There was no evidence of difference between periods for either sex. Additionally, bomb radiocarbon dating was used to determine the periodicity of band pair formation. Results support the traditional interpretation of annual band pairs up to approximately 11 years of age. After this time, vertebral counts considerably underestimate true age. Maximum validated ages were estimated to be between 38 and 42 years of age (an increase of 15 to 19 years over the band count estimates), confirming longevity to at least 42 years of age. Growth curves estimated using only validated data were compared to those generated using band pair counts. Logistic growth parameters derived from validated vertebral length-at-age data were L ∞  = 261.5 cm FL, L o  = 85.5 cm, t o  = 4.89 year and g = 0.15 year−1 for the sexes combined. Revised estimates of age at maturity were 17.4 years for males and 17.6 years for females.
    Keywords: Dusky shark ; Age and growth ; Elasmobranch ; Vertebrae ; Bomb radiocarbon ; Validation
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  • 34
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2014. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Ocean Dynamics 64 (2014): 1767-1781, doi:10.1007/s10236-014-0781-y.
    Description: Locations along the inner-continental shelf offshore of Fire Island, NY, are characterized by a series of shoreface-connected ridges (SFCRs). These sand ridges have approximate dimensions of 10 km in length, 3 km spacing, and up to ∼8 m ridge to trough relief and are oriented obliquely at approximately 30° clockwise from the coastline. Stability analysis from previous studies explains how sand ridges such as these could be formed and maintained by storm-driven flows directed alongshore with a key maintenance mechanism of offshore deflected flows over ridge crests and onshore in the troughs. We examine these processes both with a limited set of idealized numerical simulations and analysis of observational data. Model results confirm that alongshore flows over the SFCRs exhibit offshore veering of currents over the ridge crests and onshore-directed flows in the troughs, and demonstrate the opposite circulation pattern for a reverse wind. To further investigate these maintenance processes, oceanographic instruments were deployed at seven sites on the SFCRs offshore of Fire Island to measure water levels, ocean currents, waves, suspended sediment concentrations, and bottom stresses from January to April 2012. Data analysis reveals that during storms with winds from the northeast, the processes of offshore deflection of currents over ridge crests and onshore in the troughs were observed, and during storm events with winds from the southwest, a reverse flow pattern over the ridges occurred. Computations of suspended sediment fluxes identify periods that are consistent with SFCR maintenance mechanisms. Alongshore winds from the northeast drove fluxes offshore on the ridge crest and onshore in the trough that would tend to promote ridge maintenance. However, alongshore winds from the southwest drove opposite circulations. The wind fields are related to different storm types that occur in the region (low-pressure systems, cold fronts, and warm fronts). From the limited data set, we identify that low-pressure systems drive sediment fluxes that tend to promote stability and maintain the SFCRs while cold front type storms appear to drive circulations that are in the opposite sense and may not be a supporting mechanism for ridge maintenance.
    Description: This research was funded by the U.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Geology Program, and conducted by the Coastal Change Processes Project.
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  • 35
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: This paper is not subject to U.S. copyright. The definitive version was published in Natural Hazards 74 (2014): 123-142, doi:10.1007/s11069-014-1294-1.
    Description: A probabilistic technique is developed to assess the hazard from meteotsunamis. Meteotsunamis are unusual sea-level events, generated when the speed of an atmospheric pressure or wind disturbance is comparable to the phase speed of long waves in the ocean. A general aggregation equation is proposed for the probabilistic analysis, based on previous frameworks established for both tsunamis and storm surges, incorporating different sources and source parameters of meteotsunamis. Parameterization of atmospheric disturbances and numerical modeling is performed for the computation of maximum meteotsunami wave amplitudes near the coast. A historical record of pressure disturbances is used to establish a continuous analytic distribution of each parameter as well as the overall Poisson rate of occurrence. A demonstration study is presented for the northeast U.S. in which only isolated atmospheric pressure disturbances from squall lines and derechos are considered. For this study, Automated Surface Observing System stations are used to determine the historical parameters of squall lines from 2000 to 2013. The probabilistic equations are implemented using a Monte Carlo scheme, where a synthetic catalog of squall lines is compiled by sampling the parameter distributions. For each entry in the catalog, ocean wave amplitudes are computed using a numerical hydrodynamic model. Aggregation of the results from the Monte Carlo scheme results in a meteotsunami hazard curve that plots the annualized rate of exceedance with respect to maximum event amplitude for a particular location along the coast. Results from using multiple synthetic catalogs, resampled from the parent parameter distributions, yield mean and quantile hazard curves. Further refinements and improvements for probabilistic analysis of meteotsunamis are discussed.
    Keywords: Meteotsunami ; Probabilistic analysis ; Squall line ; Derecho ; Shallow-water wave ; Linear long wave
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  • 36
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2014. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Earth, Planets and Space 66 (2014): 81, doi:10.1186/1880-5981-66-81.
    Description: Investigation of olivine-hosted melt inclusions provides information about the abundance of volatile elements that are often lost during subaerial eruptions of lavas. We have measured the abundances of H2O, CO2, F, Cl, and S as well as Pb isotopes in 29 melt inclusions in the scoria of the 1686 eruption of the Iwate volcano, a frontal-arc volcano in the northeast Japan arc. Pb Isotope compositions identify that Iwate magma is derived from a mixture of depleted mantle, subducted basalt, and sediment. Systematics of F in comparison to MORB and other arc magma indicates that (1) the slab surface temperature must be among the lowest on Earth and (2) hydrous minerals, such as amphibole, humites, and/or mica, must be present as residual phases during the dehydration of the slab.
    Description: The authors acknowledge financial support from the French Agence Nationale de la Recherche (projects: SlabFlux grant no. ANR 2009 Blanc 0338 and DegazMag, grant no. ANR 2011 Blanc SIMI 5-6 003). This research was financed by the French Government Laboratory of Excellence initiative no. ANR-10-LABX-0006, the Région Auvergne, and the European Regional Development Fund.
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  • 37
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 20 (1958), S. 71-93 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract A somewhat different approach to the principle of biotopological mapping, discussed in previous publications, is given. The organism is considered as a set of properties, each of which is in its turn a set of numerous subproperties which are logically included in the corresponding properties. Topology is introduced by an appropriate definition of neighborhoods, and four postulates are stated which concern the mapping of the spaces corresponding to higher organisms on those of lower ones. A number of conclusions are drawn from the postulates. Some of them correspond to well-known facts. For example, in man and some higher organisms appropriate emotional stimuli should produce gastrointestinal or cardiovascular disturbances; or some microorganisms should produce substances harmful to other microorganisms (antibiotics). Some other conclusions are still awaiting verification. One of them is, for example, that there must exist unicellular organisms which produce antibodies to appropriate antigens.
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  • 38
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 20 (1958), S. 25-32 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Für die Praxis der Pflanzenernährung ist es wichtig, zu wissen, in welcher Weise die Ertragsbildung von der Konzentration eines mineralischen Nährstoffes in der Umgebung der Pflanze abhängt. Da nur diejenigen Nährstoffmengen das physiologische Geschehen in der Pflanze unmittelbar zu beeinflussen vermögen, die sich in der Pflanze befinden, wird angenommen, dass das Wachstum zum Zeitpunktt, d.h. die Geschwindigkeit der Trockensubstanzzunahme zu diesem Zeitpunkt, eine Funktion der zur Zeitt in der Pflanze enthaltenen Nährstoffmenge ist. Diese Nährstoffmenge wird natürlich im Intervall vor dem Zeitpunktt aufgenommen. Deshalb und auch noch aus anderen Gründen hängt das Wachstum zur Zeitt davon ab, wie die in der Umgebung der Pflanze herrschende Konzentration des betrachteten Nährstoffes in demjenigen Zeitintervall verläuft, das sich von der Aussaat bis zum Zeitpunktt erstreckt. Die angegebene Annahme fürhrt zusammen mit einigen weiteren naheliegenden Annahmen zu einem Ansatz, der Ergebnisse liefert, die in verschiedener Hinsicht gut mit der Erfahrung übereinstimmen. Jedoch gibt es auch noch Widersprüche zwischen Theorie und Erfahrung. Durch weitere Ausgestaltung der Theorie lassen sich diese Widersprüche beseitigen. Es wird angeregt, Versuche durchzuführen, deren Resultate Hinweise für die weitere Ausgestaltung der Theorie liefern.
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  • 39
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 20 (1958), S. 33-70 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract The dynamics of cell multiplication and differentiation in tissues in asteady state and the kinetics of isotope incorporation into the DNA have been theoretically analyzed. Equations have been derived, with the aid of which thegeneration time, thelife span, and the distribution or rate of death of the cells can be obtained if the tissue is in asteady state, i.e., if the number of cells is maintained constant by constant, equal rates of cell division and cell death and if the mean DNA content per cell is also constant. An equation has also been derived which gives thegeneration time in the case of logarithmic multiplication of cells. Two special cases have been analyzed: InCase 1, the isotope is considered as being introduced into the metabolic system at zero time only; inCase 2, the specific activity of the DNA precursor is considered as being maintained constant. The use of the method has been illustrated by an example in which thegeneration time and themean, themedian, and themode life span, as well as the curve of the rate of death of leukocytes in a patient with chronic leukemic granulocytic leukemia, have been obtained from the rate of P32 incorporation into the DNA. The merits and the limitations of the method are discussed.
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  • 40
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 20 (1958), S. 95-95 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
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  • 41
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    Bulletin of mathematical biology 20 (1958), S. 1-23 
    ISSN: 1522-9602
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    Topics: Biology , Mathematics
    Notes: Abstract To account for some of the more important aspects of drug interaction we shall consider a model which can also account for certain general properties of the action of a single drug. A simple model in which there may be enzymatic detoxification of a drug is studied theoretically. The relation between time for appearance of an effect due to the drug and the size of the dose is found to contain the same parameters as the relation between the effectiveness of paired doses and the interval of time between doses. A similar situation holds when the drug is given at a constant rate. When two drugs are administered together, their effect will depend on the manner of interaction, how much of each drug is given, which is given first, and on the interval of time between each administration. A number of plausible types of interaction is considered theoretically in terms of the model, analytical expressions being given for a number of cases. The interaction may be synergistic or antagonistic. In the former case the potentiation may be more than or less than additive depending on the order of delivery and on the time between injections. Methods for the estimation of the parameters from data are discussed.
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  • 42
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    European journal of wildlife research 4 (1958), S. 48-56 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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  • 43
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    European journal of wildlife research 4 (1958), S. 93-99 
    ISSN: 1439-0574
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The fortunate circumstance that the world of ancient Mesopotamia from the third up to the first millenium b. C. has preserved not only proofs of plastic art and reliefs, but also thousands of seal pictures, which often show animals, enables us to study the fauna of the ancient Orient much better than that of many other periods and territories. Especially about 2800, 2300, and 1300 b. C. people were very diligent with animal portraits, and naturally they chose in the first place to illustrate chase or chaseable animals. Starting with the lion the bear, wild oxen, wild sheep and goat, the oriental kinds of antelopes and stags up to the ostrich and the wild boar we find here almost complete documentary evidence of the animals to be hunted, which will be continued once more in the later Assyrian reliefs — here not treated. These testimonies are the more valuable because they are generally very animated and prove a surprising capacity of observation of these creatures.
    Abstract: Résumé C'est un fait heureux que du monde de l'ancienne Mésopotamie du troisième jusqu'au premier millénaire a. J.-C. nous sommes remis à coté des pièces justificatives de l'art plastique et de l'art du relief aussi des images de sceaux présentant très souvent des animaux, ce que nous donne la possibilité d'étudier de beaucoup mieux la faune de l'ancien Orient que celle de beaucoup d'autres époques et régions. C'est surtout vers le temps de 2800, 2300 et 1300 a. J.-C. qu'on soignait très bien le portrait d'animaux et ce n'est que trôp compréhensible que se sont surrout les représentations de chasse ou au moins des bêtes bonne à chasser qui y sont en vedette. Commancé par le lion en passant par l'ours au boeuf sauvage, le mouton et la chèvre sauvage, les espèces d'antilopes se trouvant en Asie antérieur, jusqu'au cerf, l'autruche et le sanglier; on y trouve une documentation presque complète sur tous les bêtes bonne à chasser; documentation qui sera encore continuée dans les reliefs de l'ancien Assyrie, quoique ces derniers ne soient pas traités dans cet ouvrage. Ces témoignages sont d'autant plus précieux, qu'ils font le plus souvent épreuve d'une grande vivacité et qu'ils accusent un talent d'observations étonnant chez leurs créateurs.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Der glückliche Umstand, daß die Welt Altmesopotamiens vom 3. bis zum 1. Jahrtausend v. Chr. uns neben Belegen der Vollplastik und Reliefkunst Tausende von Siegelbildern aufbewahrt hat und auf diesen häufig Tiere abgebildet sind, ermöglicht es uns, die Fauna des Alten Orients weit besser studieren zu können als die vieler anderer Zeiten und Gebiete. Besonders um 2800, um 2300 und um 1300 v. Chr. hat man sich um Tierporträts sehr bemüht, und hierbei steht verständlicherweise das Jagdbild oder zum mindesten das jagdbare Wild im Vordergrund. Vom Löwen angefangen über Bär, Wildrind, Wildschaf und-ziege, die vorderasiatischen Antilopenarten und den Hirsch bis hin zum Strauß und das Wildschwein wird hier eine nahezu vollständige Beurkundung der jagdbaren Tiere geboten, die dann in den — hier nicht behandelten —spätassyrischen Reliefs noch einmal fortgesetzt wird. Diese Zeugnisse sind um so kostbarer, als sie meist von großer Lebendigkeit sind und eine erstaunliche Beobachtungsgabe ihrer Schöpfer beweisen.
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 62 (1958), S. 1-15 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 62 (1958), S. 16-55 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 62 (1958), S. 56-75 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 62 (1958), S. 76-83 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 62 (1958), S. 97-107 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 62 (1958), S. 108-118 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 62 (1958), S. 132-145 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 62 (1958), S. 119-131 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 62 (1958), S. 146-162 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 62 (1958), S. 163-172 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 62 (1958), S. 173-176 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 62 (1958), S. 189-199 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 62 (1958), S. 200-211 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 62 (1958), S. 212-218 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 62 (1958), S. 219-237 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 62 (1958), S. 238-242 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 62 (1958), S. 243-249 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 62 (1958), S. 250-258 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 62 (1958), S. 277-296 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 62 (1958), S. 324-344 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 62 (1958), S. 297-323 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 62 (1958), S. 345-356 
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    Monatshefte für Mathematik 62 (1958), S. 357-366 
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 10 (1958), S. 301-304 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Aus einer Untersuchung der aeronomischen Verhältnisse in der unteren Thermosphäre ergibt sich, daß das Maximum der Konzentration an atomarem Sauerstoff seinen Sitz in ungefähr 90 km Höhe hat und unabhängig ist von den Bedingungen des photochemischen Gleichgewichts. Eine solche Verteilung des atomaren Sauerstoffs gestattet einen Schluß auf die Beziehungen, die zwischen dem Transport der Sauerstoffatome und der Emission der Linie 5577 Å des Nachthimmelslichts sowie den niedrigen Temperaturen oberhalb der Mesopause bestehen.
    Abstract: Summary An aeronomic study of departures from photoequilibrium conditions in the lower thermosphere shows that the peak of atomic oxygen concentration occurs in the neighbourhood of 90 km. Its vertical distribution must be associated with the airglow emission at 5577 Å and the low temperatures above the mesopause.
    Notes: Résumé Une étude des conditions aéronomiques dans la thermosphère inférieure montre que le maximum de la concentration de l'oxygène atomique est situé aux environs de 90 km et ne dépend pas des conditions d'équilibre photochimique. Une telle distribution de l'oxygène atomique permet de souligner les relations existant entre le transport des atomes d'oxygène et l'émission de la raie 5577 Å du ciel nocturne et également les basses températures au-dessus de la mésopause.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 10 (1958), S. 328-338 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die auf die planetare Grenzschicht angewandten Bewegungsgleichungen werden für spezielle Verteilungen des Austauschkoeffizienten numerisch integriert. Beschleunigungen werden beibehalten, vertikale, und, in geringerem Maße, zeitliche Variationen des Austauschkoeffizienten angenommen. Die resultierenden Trägheitsschwingungen sind zwar im allgemeinen sehr beschränkt, zeigen jedoch gute Übereinstimmung mit den Beobachtungen. In einzelnen Fällen kann eine Drehung des Windvektors nicht nur im Uhrzeigersinn, sondern auch im Gegenuhrzeigersinn auftreten. Einige Lösungen stimmen gut, andere nicht mit den analytischen Lösungen für einen unbegrenzten Austauschkoeffizienten überein.
    Abstract: Résumé Les équations du mouvement appliquées à la couche limite planétaire sont intégrées pour des distributions particulières du coefficient d'échange turbulent. On tient compte des accélérations et on admet des variations verticales et, en moindre mesure, temporelles du coefficient d'échange. Les oscillations d'inertie qui en résultent sont, il est vrai, très limitées mais s'accordent bien avec les observations. Dans certains cas une rotation de la résultante du vecteur vent peut apparaître, non seulement dans le sens des aiguilles d'une montre, mais aussi en sens contraire. Quelques solutions concordent avec celles que l'on obtient en admettant un coefficient d'échange illimité, d'autres pas.
    Notes: Summary The equations of motion applied to the planetary boundary layer are numerically integrated for certain special eddy viscosity distributions. Accelerations are retained, eddy viscosity varied with height and, to a lesser extent, with time. The resulting inertial oscillations, although very limited in generality, show agreement with observations. Not only clockwise but also counterclockwise rotation of the end point of the wind vector can occur in some cases. Some solutions agree and others disagree with the analytical solutions for unbounded eddy viscosity.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 10 (1958), S. 285-290 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Wenn man den Einfluß nicht-adiabatischer Vorgänge auf die atmosphärischen Prozesse berücksichtigen will, ist es unentbehrlich, die räumliche und zeitliche Verteilung der Strahlungsbilanz innerhalb der Atmosphäre und längs ihren Begrenzungen zu erkennen. Gleich wie für die synoptischen Daten müssen auch die auf die Strahlung bezüglichen Angaben repräsentativ sein.
    Abstract: Résumé Si l'on veut tenir compte des effets non-adiabatiques sur les processus atmosphériques, il est indispensable de connaître la répartition spatiotemporelle du bilan radiatif dans l'atmosphère et le long de ses frontières. Tout comme pour les données synoptiques, les données relatives au rayonnement doivent être représentatives des grandeurs météorologiques mesurées.
    Notes: Summary In order to be able to account for non-adiabatic effects on atmospheric processes, the space and time distributions of actual values of the radiation balance must be known in the atmosphere and at its boundaries. As for synoptic data, the representativeness of radiation data is an essential requirement.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 10 (1958), S. 291-300 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine Methode, das jahreszeitliche Wärmebudget der Atmosphäre zu berechnen, hat auch der Wärmespericherung in den Ozeanen Rechnung zu tragen. Auf Grund von Wasserthermographenwerten und Ozeanoberflächentemperaturen wurden die dem Ozean zugeführten oder von ihm abgegebenen Wärmemengen monatsweise berechnet. Die im Ozean gespeicherte Wärme wurde dann mit der vonGabites aufgestellten Schätzung der durch Strahlung und durch die latente Wärme des Wasserdampfs zugeführten Wärmeenge verglichen und von dieser Vergleichung wurde auf die Erwärmung der Atmosphäre geschlossen. In mittleren Breiten liegt der Erwärmungszuwachs der Atmosphäre während des Großteils des Jahres bei Null, so daß sogar das Vorzeichen der Erwärmung zweifelhaft ist. Während des Großteils des Jahres erfährt die Atmosphäre dagegen in niederen Breiten einen Wärmezuwachs, in hohen Breiten einen Überschuß an Abkühlung. Diese Überschüsse werden durch Bewegungsvorgänge in der Atmosphäre und im Ozean verfrachtet.
    Abstract: Résumé Une méthode visant à calcular le bilan thermique annuel de l'atmosphère doit tenir compte de la chaleur mise en réserve dans les mers. Des mesures de température de l'eau de mer en profondeur et en surface permettent d'établir les quantités de chaleur fournies mensuellement à la mer ou enlevée à celle-ci. La chaleur accumulée fut alors comparée à celle qu'estimeGabites en considérant la chaleur fournie par rayonnement et par la chaleur latente de la vapeur d'eau; on en a tiré une conclusion relative au réchauffement de l'atmosphère. Aux latitudes moyennes, l'accroissement de chaleur de cette dernière est voisine de zéro la plus grande partie de l'année, de sorte que même le signe est douteux. Aux latitudes basses par contre l'atmosphère reçoit de la chaleur pendant la plus grande partie de l'année; elle en perd aux latitudes élevées. Ces gains et ces pertes s'équilibrent in globo par les mouvements de l'air et de l'eau.
    Notes: Summary One method of computing the seasonal heat budget of the atmosphere involves the seasonal heat storage in the oceans. On the basis of bathythermograph data and ocean surface temperatures, the heat added to, or released by the ocean was computed month by month. The heat stored in the ocean was then compared withGabites' estimate of the heat added by radiation and by means of the latent heat of water vapor. From this comparison, the heating of the atmosphere was approximated. In middle latitudes, the net heating of the atmosphere is close to zero during most of the year, so that even the sign of the atmospheric heating is in doubt there. During most of the year, the atmosphere undergoes net heating in low latitudes, and net cooling in high latitudes. The excess is removed by motions of the atmosphere and the ocean.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 10 (1958), S. 339-349 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die vereinfachten Bewegungsgleichungen werden gelöst, um Scheitelbreiten für Trajektorienscharen der Luftbewegungen zu finden, die ausgehend von dem Ruhezustand unter Einwirkung eines konstanten meridionalen Druckgradienten polwärts gerichtet sind. Der allgemeine Fall wird diskutiert und es werden Berechnungen für den 20. westlichen Längengrad der Nordhemisphäre für Januar und Juli durchgeführt. Der resultierende Massentransport zeigt, daß im Januar in 32° N ein Konvergenzgürtel auftreten sollte. Dies stimmt gut überein mit der geographischen Breite der Achse des mittleren subtropischen Hochdruckgürtels zu dieser Jahreszeit. Schließlich wird die Form des klimatologischen Modells für niedere Breiten, das durch diese Berechnungen nahegelegt wird, diskutiert.
    Abstract: Résumé Résolution des équations simpflifiées du mouvement pour déterminer l'origine des faisceaux de trajectoires des courants aériens qui, partant du repos, sont dirigés vers le pôle sous l'effet d'un gradient constant de pression méridien. Discussion du cas général; calcul pour le 20e méridien Ouest de l'hémisphère Nord en janvier et en juillet. Le transport de masse résultant montre qu'il doit y avoir en janvier, a 32° de latitude Nord, une ceinture de convergence ce qui concorde bien avec la latitude de l'axe de la zone moyenne des hautes pressions subtropicales en cette saison. Forme du modèle climatologique aux basses latitudes suggéré par ces calculs.
    Notes: Summary The primitive equations of motion are solved to find peak latitudes of families of trajectories of air moving from low latitudes towards the pole from a state of rest under the action of a constant meridional pressure gradient. The general case is discussed first and then calculations are applied to the 20° West meridian in January and July for the Northern Hemisphere. The resulting mass transposition indicates that a belt of convergence should occur at about 32° N in January; this agrees well with the latitude of the axis of the mean sub-tropical high pressure belt at that time of year. The nature of the climatological model in low latitudes suggested by the calculation is then discussed.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 10 (1958), S. 350-354 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary According to Sprung's formula for obtaining the relative humidity from psychrometer-readings, graphs have been produced. For simplifying the method of reading it has been tried to replace the two-dimensional arrangement by a simple slide rule; in this case the psychrometric formula should correspond to the equationR=100 f(t′)/f(t) (t=dry temperature,t′=wet bulb temperature), which is not fulfilled by Sprung's formula. Another formula is therefore here developed, leading to a satisfactory approximation, provided that the division of theR-scale be somewhat modified and differences be allowed up to 2 1/2%.
    Abstract: Résumé Pour déduire l'humidité relative des observations psychrométriques on emploie généralement la formule de Sprung ou des tableaux graphiques en diverses formes reposant sur celle-ci. Pour simplifier la procédure de lecture on a aussi essayé de remplacer ces représentations bi-dimensionelles par un simple curseur. Dans ce cas la formule psychrométrique devrait remplir la conditionR=100 f(t′)/f(t) (t=température sèche,t′=température mouillée), ce qui ne correspond pas à la formule de Sprung. Pour cette raison, on a développé une autre formule qui permet une approximation suffisante à condition que l'on corrige légèrement l'échelle pourR et qu'on admet des écartes jusqu'a 2 1/2%.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Nach der zur Berechnung der relativen Feuchtigkeit aus Psychrometerablesungen aufgestellten Sprungschen Formel sind graphische Tafeln in verschiedenen Ausführungen hergestellt worden. Um das Ableseverfahren zu vereinfachen, ist auch versucht worden, diese zweidimensionalen Darstellungen durch einen einfachen Rechenschieber zu ersetzen; doch müßte in diesem Fall die Psychrometerformel die Bedingung erfüllenR=100 f(t′)/f(t) (t=Trockentemperatur,t′=Feuchttemperatur), was die Sprungsche Formel nicht tut. Es läßt sich nun eine andere Formel aufstellen, mit deren Hilfe man schon mit einer mäßigen Annäherung auskommt, wenn man die Skaleneinteilung fürR (bzw. logR) etwas korrigiert und Abweichungen bis zu 2 1/2% in Kauf nimmt.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 10 (1958), S. 410-414 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A radiation-turbulence model for the formation of high fog in the Vienna basin is described showing that stratus outside bad weather regions can be expected only on the margin of high-pressure areas with southeastern surface wind. This as well as other conclusions which can be used for forecasts are in perfect agreement with experience.
    Abstract: Résumé Description d'un schéma rayonnement/turbulence de la formation du brouillard élevé dans le bassin de Vienne s'appliquant aux couches de stratus des domaines de haute pression, en dehors des zones de mauvais temps, par vent du Sud-Est au sol. L'expérience vérifie ces conditions de formation et d'autres encore, importants pour la prévision.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein Strahlungs-Turbulenz-Modell der Hochnebelbildung im Wiener Becken beschrieben, das Stratusdecken außerhalb von Schlechtwettergebieten nur bei Hochdruckrandlagen mit südöstlicher Grundströmung erwarten läßt. Sowohl diese, als auch weitere, prognostisch verwertbare Folgerungen stehen mit der Erfahrung völlig im Einklang.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 10 (1958), S. 415-425 
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein Auswertesystem beschrieben, welches auf dem elektronischen Analogieprinzip beruht und für Berechnung der Varianzspektren in stationärer Turbulenz Verwendung findet. Die Genauigkeitsgrenzen werden erörtert. Dieses System wurde für die Auswertung von Beobachtungen mittels eines akustischen Anemometers entwickelt. Beispiele von Varianzspektren der vertikalen Windkomponente nach Beobachtungen in O'Neill, Nebraska, 1953, werden angeführt.
    Abstract: Résumé Exposé d'une méthode de depouillement reposant sur le principe d'analogie électronique et trouvant application dans le calcul des spectres de variance de la turbulence stationnaire. Limites de précision. Le procédé a été employé pour le dépouillement d'observations obtenues à partir d'un anémomètre acoustique. Exemples de spectres de variance de la composante verticale de vent d'après des observations faites à O'Neill, Nebraska en 1953.
    Notes: Summary An analog data reduction system for obtaining variance spectra of stationary time series is described and its accuracy is discussed. This equipment was developed to reduce data obtained with the sonic anemometer. The variance spectra of the vertical wind component observed with the sonic anemometer in 1953 at O'Neill, Nebraska, are presented in Table 1.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 10 (1958), S. 429-444 
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 11 (1958), S. 18-28 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Relations between the space and time means of the velocity field in an autobarotropic current are studied by means of a particular integral of the divergence-free vorticity equation. Conditions for a barotropic atmosphere are derived under which time mean and space mean can be considered equal.
    Abstract: Résumé Grâce à une intégration particulière de l'équation de vorticité sans divergence, l'auteur peut étudier les relations entre les moyennes spatiales et temporelles du champ de vitesse d'un courant autobarotrope. Il en déduit les conditions sous lesquelles dans une atmosphère barotrope on peut égaler la moyenne spatiale et la moyenne temporelle.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung An Hand eines partikulären Integrals der divergenzfreien Vorticity-Gleichung werden Zusammenhänge zwischen dem räumlichen und dem zeitlichen Mittel des Geschwindigkeitsfeldes in einer autobarotropen Strömung untersucht. Es werden für eine barotrop geschichtete Atmosphäre Bedingungen hergeleitet, unter denen das räumliche Mittel gleich dem zeitlichen Mittel gesetzt werden kann.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 11 (1958), S. 64-83 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
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    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Droplets of 5 to 25 μ diameter have been produced by condensation on different metallic mirrors and supercooled until congelation, which begins at −10° C and increases from −15° on with a maximum between −20° and −24°. In concert withJacobi metal support favours the freezing process, probably because of its high thermal conductivity. The freezing temperature depends neither on the size of the droplets nor on the speed of refrigeration.
    Abstract: Résumé On a obtenu par condensation sur différents miroirs métalliques des gouttelettes avec des diamètres de 5 à 25 μ et on les a refroidies jusqu'à congélation. Celle-ci commence à −10° C et se renforce à partir de −15° environ; elle se produit de préférence entre −20° et −24°. Le support métallique favorise, en concordance avec les résultats deJacobi, le processus de congélation en vertu probablement de sa grande conductibilité calorifique. La température de congélation ne dépend pas de la grosseur des gouttelettes ni de la vitesse de refroidissement.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Auf verschiedenen Metallspiegeln wurden durch Kondensation Tröpfchen mit Durchmessern zwischen 5 und 25 μ erzeugt und so lange unterkühlt, bis ihr Gefrierpunkt beobachtet werden konnte. Die Auswertung ergibt, daß der Erstarrungsvorgang an den Tropfen bei −10° C einsetzt und sich ab etwa −15° C verstärkt. Die Temperatur des häufigsten Umschlags von Wasser zu Eis liegt im Bereich zwischen −20°C und −24° C. In Übereinstimmung mitJacobi wird festgestellt, daß metallische Unterlagen das Gefrieren begünstigen, wofür zum Teil deren hohe Wärmeleitfähigkeit verantwortlich gemacht wird. Eine Abhängigkeit der beobachteten Gefriertemperatur von Tropfengröße oder Kühlgeschwindigkeit besteht nicht.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 11 (1958), S. 84-92 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
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    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In dieser Arbeit behandelt der Verfasser neue Ergebnisse seiner Untersuchungen über ionosphärische Ausbreitung in Australien von 1952 bis 1957. Auf eine Betrachtung über die Signalschwächung folgt eine Diskussion über die Ausbreitungswege nach Nordamerika und Westeuropa. Die Folgerungen stimmen mit den früheren Veröffentlichungen des Verfassers auf diesem Gebiet überein.
    Abstract: Résumé L'auteur expose les nouveaux résultats de ses recherches sur la propagation ionosphérique en Australie de 1952 à 1957; il considère l'affaiblissement de la propagation des signaux et les chemins suivis par les ondes vers l'Amérique du Nord et vers l'Europe occidentale. Ces résultats concordent avec ceux qu'il a publiés précédemment.
    Notes: Summary This paper presents new results of the author's investigations on ionospheric propagation in Australia from 1952 to 1957. Considerations on path attenuation are followed by a discussion on the propagation paths to North America and Western Europe. Conclusions are in agreement with the author's previous publications in this field.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 11 (1958), S. 38-47 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The graphic integration of the barotropic vorticity equation usually is carried out by two steps: First, displacement of the lines of equal magnitude of vorticity on the basis of the space-averaged and therefore very conservative geostrophic current field. Secondly, redetermination of the high altitude pressure field from the variation field of the vorticity values by means of an approximation method ofFjörtoft. The latter method can be avoided by using a statistical procedure which accelerates considerably the whole integration. Furthermore, it can be shown that the procedure is placed on a more general basis as the Fjörtoft approximation (by which the Poisson equation is solved) requires special restrictive conditions to assure convergence. A concrete example treated by this method shows that the vorticity distribution determined by combination of statistics and dynamics is somewhat superior to that obtained from the sole steering effect. Therefore, the integration can be extended successfully to a 48 hour period. At the same time, by avoiding averaging over space as applied in the former procedure, a considerable acceleration of the method is made possible, particularly as calculations can be carried out from point to point and with the aid of calculation machines.
    Abstract: Résumé On sait que l'intégration graphique de l'équation barotrope du tourbillon se fait en deux étapes: 1. déplacement des lignes équitourbillonnaires à l'aide du champ de courant géostrophique moyenné par plages et par conséquent très conservatif; 2. calcul du champ moyen de pression en altitude à partir du champ de variation de tourbillon par le procédé approché deFjörtoft. Ce dernier peut être évité par une méthode statistique ce qui rend l'intégration plus rapide. En outre on peut généraliser le procédé de Fjörtoft (permettant de résoudre l'équation de Poisson) qui suppose certaines conditions restrictives pour assurer la convergence. Un exemple concret montre que par combinaison de la statistique et de la dynamique, la distribution du tourbillon établie par la nouvelle méthode est préférable à celle qui résulte de l'emploi pur et simple des cartes de vent en altitude. Il est donc possible d'appliquer l'intégration à une période de 48 heures. En outre la nouvelle méthode s'avère plus rapide, surtout du fait que l'on peut procéder par points et faire appel à une machine à calculer.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die graphische Integration der barotropen Wirbelgleichung wird bekanntlich in zwei Schritten durchgeführt: 1. Verlagerung der Linien gleicher Wirbelgröße mit dem räumlich gemittelten und daher sehr konservativen geostrophischen Stromfeld. 2. Rückermittlung des Höhendruckfeldes aus dem Änderungsfeld der Wirbelgröße durch ein Näherungsverfahren nachFjörtoft. Letzterwähntes Verfahren kann durch ein statistisches Vorgehen vermieden und damit die gesamte Integration wesentlich beschleunigt werden. Außerdem kann man zeigen, daß das Verfahren auf eine allgemeinere Grundlage gestellt wird, da bei der Fjörtoft-Näherung (mit deren Hilfe die Poisson-Gleichung gelöst wird) spezielle, die Allgemeinheit einschränkende Voraussetzungen gemacht werden, um das Vorgehen zur Konvergenz zu bringen. An Hand einer konkreten Wetterlage, auf welche die Methode angewandt wird, zeigt sich, daß die durch Kombination von Statistik und Dynamik gewonnene Wirbelverteilung der nur durch reine Steuerung erhaltenen leicht überlegen ist. Deshalb kann die Integration mit Erfolg auf einen 48stündigen Zeitraum ausgedehnt werden. Gleichzeitig bedingt der Wegfall der bei dem bisherigen Rückermittlungsprozeß angewendeten räumlichen Mittelungen eine wesentliche Beschleunigung des Verfahrens, insbesondere da punktweise und mit Einsatz von Rechenmaschinen gearbeitet werden kann.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 11 (1958), S. 109-113 
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    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine Methode beschrieben, um Signale von Radiosonden mit variablen Sendefrequenzen automatisch mit einem gewöhnlichen Bildfernschreiber zu empfangen. Dadurch erhält man die Möglichkeit, die alte zeitraubende Methode des Handempfanges aufzugeben und Radiosondenbeobachtungen, die früher zwei Personen erforderten, jetzt von einer Person ausführen zu lassen, wodurch Zeit und Personal eingespart werden kann.
    Abstract: Résumé Description d'un procédé permettant de recevoir des signaux de radio-sondes à fréquence variable sur un récepteur fac-simile ordinaire, d'une manière automatique. L'ancien système compliqué de réception peut être abandonné, et des radio-sondages qui jusqu'ici étaient effectués par deux personnes peuvent l'être maintenant par une seule, ce qui permet d'économiser du temps et du personnel.
    Notes: Summary A system is described by means of which signals from variable radio-frequency radiosondes are recorded automatically on a common facsimile recorder. Herewith, the old time-consuming manual recording system can be abandoned and radiosoundings formerly made by two operators can now suitably be made by one operator only. Both time and staff can be saved in this way.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 11 (1958), S. 93-108 
    ISSN: 1436-5065
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    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary In order to study the electrical qualities of the aerosol of the sea and the coast the atmospheric electrical field and the space charge density have been recorded at the surface on the coast of the North Sea, especially in connection with the wind, the surf and the motion of the sea. The values of the field which have been found higher and more variable than those on the continent at sea wind can be explained by the positive electric space charges measured in the sea air. These space charges are transported over the continent and influence the fine-weather field over a certain distance. Most of the positive charges probably arise in the land-swell. The question is discussed whether the maritime aerosol-particles which are found by many authors have an electrical charge.
    Abstract: Résumé Dans l'intention d'étudier les propriétés électriques de l'aérosol marin et côtier, on a enregistré le champ et la densité spatiale électriques au sol sur la côte de la Mer du Nord; puis on les a examinés en rapport avec le vent, le ressac et la houle. Les valeurs élevées et très variables du champ par brise de mer s'expliquent par les charges spatiales positives de l'air marin qui sont transportées sur la terre ferme et forment une partie du champ de beau temps jusqu'à une distance vers l'intérieur encore inconnue. Les charges positives prennent probablement naissance en grande partie dans l'embrun du ressac. L'auteur discute la question de savoir si les particules d'aérosol nées sur la mer et trouvées par de nombreux auteurs sont chargées électriquement on non.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Um Einblicke in die elektrischen Eigenschaften des Meeres- und Küstenaerosols zu erhalten, wurden an der Nordseeküste das luftelektrische Feld und die elektrische Raumladungsdichte am Erdboden registriert und hauptsächlich der Zusammenhang mit Wind, Brandung und Seegang untersucht. Die gegenüber Festlandstationen erhöhten und stark schwankenden Feldwerte bei Seewind lassen sich durch die gemessenen positiven elektrischen Raumladungen in der Meeresluft erklären. Diese werden über das Festland transportiert und liefern einen Beitrag zum Schönwetterfeld auf eine noch unbestimmte Entfernung. Die positiven Ladungen müssen zum größten Teil in der Brandung entstanden sein. Die Frage, ob die von vielen Autoren gefundenen, auf dem offenen Meere entstandenen Aerosolteilchen elektrisch geladen sind, wird diskutiert.
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    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 11 (1958), S. 138-160 
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    Helgoland marine research 6 (1958), S. 202-206 
    ISSN: 1438-3888
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    Topics: Biology
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  • 87
    ISSN: 1438-3888
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    Topics: Biology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary 1.Rathkea octopunctata M. Sars is a north boreal circumpolar anthomedusan. A brief account is given on the general features of its distribution to the present date. In European waters the main area of distribution are the North Sea and adjacent waters. To the south the area of distribution extends into the Mediterranean and the Black Sea, and to the north into arctic boreal waters. 2. In the North Sea and most of the adjacent areas, the occurrence of the medusan is limited to the cold seasons of the year. It appears during the months of October to December, and is always to be found in small numbers in the winter plankton. In the spring, from April to May, there is a great increase in numbers, then within a brief time the medusa disappears almost entirely. In the Mediterranean and the Black Sea, the medusan was described as occurring during the spring, whereas it is a distinct summer form in the arctic boreal area. 3. The medusa has the remarkable ability to reproduce asexually by budding-off medusae. Two different generations of medusae are therefore to be recognized, i.e. a) the primary medusae originating in the ordinary way from medusa buds of the hydroid, b) the secondary medusae produced by the budding process on the manubrium of the primary medusac. The secondary medusae are also able to reproduce asexually in the same way and give rise to more generations so that the stock of medusae is increased. It is because of the asexual reproduction of the medusae that there is a rapid increase of stock during the spring. 4. Primary medusae and secondary medusae can be distinguished by morphometrical means as they exhibit a different ratio of height to width. 5. Comparison has been made of two different areas with regard to the seasonal occurrence of the medusan and the temperature conditions of its habitat. The two areas are the English Channel near Plymouth and the North Frisian Waddensee. In these areas the onset of seasonal occurrence and its duration are nearly the same. Comparative tests of their temperature conditions give the following results: a) the appearance of the medusan in the autumn starts during a period of rapidly falling temperature whereas the springtime abundance, the following period of sexual reproduction, and the more or less sudden disappearance, take place during a period of rapidly rising temperature; b) according to the time of first appearance of the medusan and its disappearance, the higher und lower limits of water temperature respectively are about 15 to 11° C and 11 to 15° C; c) the sexual reproduction takes place within rather narrow limits of temperature only. 6. For the North Frisian Waddensee the temporal and qualitative course of the change of reproduction from the asexual to the sexual has been demonstrated by the analysis of the reproductive behaviour of numerous medusae taken from plankton samples during the spring. Comparative tests of water temperature show that the critical temperature value for the change of reproduction is limited to about 7° C. 7. By rearing both the hydroid and the medusa generations in the laboratory under different temperature conditions, it has been proved experimentally that the essential phases of development and reproduction of Rathkea are dependent on the water temperature. 8. This has been proved first for the process of budding in the hydroid. The production of medusae buds in the hydroid preceding and causing the beginning of the appearance of the medusa in the autumn plankton takes place in the laboratory by lowering the temperature below a higher limit of about 14 to 12° C. 9. Secondly, the process of budding on the manubrium of the medusae is initiated by a falling temperature, and in general is confined to low temperatures below a critical limit of about 6 to 7° C. 10. The speed of budding, (i. e. of the process of formation and development of the medusa buds on the manubrium until their liberation), is slow in medusae kept in a falling temperature or in constant low temperature. Within the range of „budding temperature“ the speed of budding increases with rising temperature. If the temperature rises beyond the critical limit of 6 to 7° C, an increasing speed of budding will be observed at first, too. Then as a result of the rising temperature, the medusae cease the production of buds and start to develop gonads and to reproduce only sexually. 11. Rapid ripening of the gonads occurs at a temperature of about 8 to 9° C, and culmination of sexual reproduction takes place at temperatures of about 9 to 12° C. 12. Every medusan of both the primary and secondary generation is able to reproduce asexually first and then sexually, with the exception of the youngest generation of secondary medusae which was produced on the manubrium of medusae changing from asexual to sexual reproduction, and which reproduces only sexually. 13. Rising temperatures increase the mortality of medusae. It has been proved that a large portion of medusae experimentally exposed to temperatures of about 15 to 16° C will die without having succeeded in reproducing sexually. 14. The secondary medusae react in exactly the same way as the primary to a rising temperature, in particular, an increase in the speed of budding is the first reaction. Therefore, although the single medusan produces a greater number of offspring asexually in lower rather than higher temperatures, a greater increase in numbers results from rising temperatures owing to the quicker succession of generations, and finally the primary medusae and the older secondary ones represent only a small fraction of the entire stock. 15. The latent period, (i. e. the period during which no effect of the rising temperature is visible externally, and which is then followed by the resulting production of germ cells), will be shortened by rising temperature. Furthermore, this period is shorter in secondary medusae than in primary. This is to be explained by the fact that the secondary medusae are already affected by the rising temperature during the process of their formation. 16. The modifying influence of temperature on the medusae can be proved by the variation in growth when they are exposed to different temperatures. In low temperatures growth is slower but the final size is definitely larger than when growth has taken place in higher temperatures. 17. In the progressive succession of generations the youngest generation of secondary medusae is the smallest one owing to the shortening of the latent period by an increased temperature. Apparently, this is to be explained by the earlier start of sexual ripening. 18. The dependence of both methods of reproduction and of their change on temperature conditions has been proved by the following experiment, too. If ripe females, having first reproduced asexually and then sexually, are exposed again to low temperatures they will reproduce asexually once more and at the same time reduce their gonads. In the females, therefore, the processes of production of buds and of germ cells respectively are reversible ones affecting the same type of cell material, i. e. the undeterminated ectoderm cells of the manubrium. From the experiments it appears that the males do not have the same ability. It seems to be true therefore, that all ectoderm cells in the males are determinated definitely and irreversibly after the change from asexual to sexual reproduction. 19. The experiment of rearing primary medusae in constant low temperature conditions did not give a clear result; some of the medusae produced only buds for a long time. Other medusae, especially those which had reached a greater age, started producing germ cells. It should therefore be taken into account, that in old medusae internal factors may influence or negative the effect of temperature. 20. With reference to the last mentioned experiment, the younger secondary medusae are in any case able to transfer the tendency of budding to succeeding generations. In lower temperature conditions, therefore, budding will not be wholly suppressed as will happen in the youngest generation of secondary medusae reproducing only sexually if the temperature rises above the higher critical level. 21. So by examination of the seasonal occurrence of the medusae, its reproductive behaviour, the local temperature conditions and the experimental investigations it has been proved that Rathkea is adapted to the temperature of its habitats and represents a „propagative stenotherm“ species (Ekman, 1935). The final conclusion is that the seasonal occurrence and geographical distribution of this species depend entirely on the conditions of temperature.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Die Verbreitung der AnthomeduseRathkea octopunctata M. Sars wird nach den Literaturangaben beschrieben. Die Meduse ist eine circumpolare nordboreale Form. In den europäischen Gewässern ist das Hauptverbreitungsgebiet die Nordsee mit den angrenzenden Meeresteilen. Das Verbreitungsareal dehnt sich im Süden bis ins Mittelmeer und Schwarze Meer, im Norden bis in die arktisch-boreale Zone aus. 2. Im borealen Hauptverbreitungsgebiet ist das Vorkommen der Meduse im Plankton auf die kalte Jahreszeit beschränkt. Sie erscheint in den Monaten Oktober bis Dezember und ist während der Wintermonate ständig in geringen Mengen im Plankton vorhanden. Im Frühjahr (April bis Mai) tritt eine Massenentwicklung ein, danach verschwindet sie in kurzer Zeit mehr oder weniger vollständig. Im Mittelmeer und im Schwarzen Meer wurde die Meduse bislang für die Frühjahrsmonate beschrieben, während sie im arktisch-borealen Gebiet eine reine Sommerform ist. 3. Die Meduse hat die Fähigkeit, sich ungeschlechtlich durch Medusenknospen zu vermehren. Dadurch treten verschiedene Medusengenerationen auf: a) die Primärmedusen, die in der üblichen Weise aus Knospen der Polypenkolonie entstehen; b) die Sekundärmedusen, die durch Knospenbildung am Manubrium der Primärmedusen erzeugt werden. Die Sekundärmedusen besitzen die gleiche Fähigkeit der asexuellen Fortpflanzung und erzeugen weitere Medusengenerationen, wodurch der Bestand schnell vergrößert wird. Auf diese asexuelle Fortpflanzung der Meduse selbst ist ihre Massenentwicklung im Frühjahr zurückzuführen. 4. Primär- und Sekundärmedusen lassen sich morphometrisch durch ein verschiedenes Höhen-Breitenverhältnis unterscheiden. 5. Zwei verschiedene Gebiete des borealen Hauptverbreitungsgebietes, das Kanalgebiet bei Plymouth und das nordfriesische Wattenmeer bei List a. Sylt werden auf das Vorkommen der Meduse und die Temperaturverhältnisse verglichen. Beginn und Dauer des zeitlichen Auftretens vonRathkea ist in beiden Gebieten annähernd gleich. Die Prüfung der Temperaturverhältnisse ergibt allgemein: a) der Beginn des Auftretens fällt in eine Zeit schnell sinkender Temperaturen, die Massenentwicklung, die anschließende Periode der sexuellen Fortpflanzung und das schnelle Verschwinden fallen in eine Zeit schnell steigender Temperaturen; b) die obere und untere Temperaturgrenze für den Beginn des Auftretens und für das Verschwinden liegen zwischen rund 15 und 11 bzw. 11 und 15° C; c) die sexuelle Fortpflanzung vollzieht sich in engen Temperaturgrenzen. 6. Der Fortpflanzungswechsel im Frühjahr wird in seinem zeitlichen und qualitativen Ablauf durch die Analyse von Planktonfängen demonstriert. Die Prüfung der Wassertemperatur ergibt, daß die kritische Temperaturgrenze, bei der der Wechsel erfolgt, bei etwa 7° C liegen muß. 7. Durch die Aufzucht der Polypen- und Medusengeneration im Laboratorium konnte im Temperaturversuch nachgewiesen werden, daß die entscheidenden Phasen der Entwicklung und Fortpflanzung vonRathkea deutlich temperaturabhängig sind. 8. Die Bildung der Medusenknospen in der Polypenkolonie, die Voraussetzung für den Beginn des Auftretens der Meduse im Plankton ist, erfolgt bei sinkender Temperaturtendenz unterhalb einer oberen Grenze von rund 14 bis 12° C. 9. Die Medusenknospung am Manubrium der Primärmedusen beginnt bei fallender Temperaturtendenz und ist an tiefe Temperaturen unterhalb einer kritischen Temperaturgrenze von 6 bis 7° C gebunden. 10. Die Knospungsgeschwindigkeit ist bei sinkenden Temperaturen und bei gleichmäßig tiefen Temperaturen unter der kritischen Grenze gering. Bei steigender Temperatur im Bereich der „Knospungstemperatur“ nimmt die Knospungsgeschwindigkeit zu; das gleiche ist anfangs beim Überschreiten der kritischen Grenze der Fall. Anschließend erfolgt die Reifung der Gonaden, womit die Knospung beendet wird. 11. Eine schnelle Reifung der Gonaden ist an Temperaturen von 8 bis 9° C gebunden; der Höhepunkt der sexuellen Fortpflanzung im Frühjahr liegt bei 9 bis 12° C. 12. Einunddieselbe Meduse besitzt die Fähigkeit, sich zuerst asexuell durch Knospen, dann durch Keimzellen fortzupflanzen. Das gilt in gleicher Weise für die Primär- wie die Sekundärmedusen. Nur die jüngste Generation der Sekundärmedusen, die am Manubrium der bereits in Umwandlung begriffenen Muttermedusen gebildet wird, pflanzt sich ausschließlich sexuell fort. 13. Die Sterblichkeit der Meduse nimmt mit steigenden Temperaturen zu. Sie war im Versuch bei Temperaturen von 15 bis 16° C so groß, daß ein großer Teil der Medusen nicht mehr zur sexuellen Fortpflanzung gelangte. 14. Die von den Primärmedusen erzeugten Sekundärmedusen reagieren auf steigende Temperaturen in der gleichen Weise; insbesondere nimmt die Knospungsgeschwindigkeit anfangs ebenfalls zu. Wenn daher auch die Einzelmeduse bei niedriger Temperatur mehr Tochtermedusen erzeugt als bei hoher, so resultiert aus der schnelleren Aufeinanderfolge der Generationen bei steigender Temperatur doch die sprunghafte Vergrößerung des Bestandes, in dem die Primärmedusen und älteren Sekundärmedusen schließlich nur noch einen geringen Bruchteil ausmachen. 15. Die Latenzzeit, d. h. die Zeitspanne, nach der bei Temperaturerhöhung die Bildung der Keimzellen einsetzt, wird mit steigender Temperatur verringert. Sie ist ferner bei den Sekundärmedusen geringer als bei den Primärmedusen. Das kann damit erklärt werden, daß die Sekundärmedusen unter den Einfluß der höheren Temperatur bereits während ihrer Bildung gelangen. 16. Der modifizierende Einfluß der Temperatur auf die Medusengeneration zeigt sich auch in einem unterschiedlichen Wachstum der Wärme- und Kältetiere. Bei niedriger Temperatur ist das Wachstum verlangsamt, doch ist die Endgröße bei Kältetieren deutlich gegenüber der der Wärmetiere gesteigert. 17. In Zusammenhang damit und mit der zunehmenden Verkürzung der Latenzzeit bei steigender Temperatur und bei zunehmender Generationsfolge steht, daß die jüngsten Generationen der Sekundärmedusen die kleinsten sind, vermutlich als Folge des früheren Eintritts der Geschlechtsreife. 18. Die Temperaturabhängigkeit der beiden Fortpflanzungsarten und ihres Wechsels konnte auch dadurch nachgewiesen werden, daß geschlechtsreife Weibchen durch Temperaturerniedrigung erneut zur Knospenbildung veranlaßt werden können, womit eine Reduktion der Gonaden verbunden ist. Knospenbildung und Keimzellreifung sind damit beim Weibchen reversible Vorgänge, die sich am gleichen Zellmaterial abspielen, den indifferenten Ektodermzellen des Manubriums. Den geschlechtsreifen Männchen fehlt nach den bisherigen Versuchen diese Fähigkeit. Bei ihnen ist allem Anschein nach mit beendetem Fortpflanzungswechsel das gesamte Zellmaterial endgültig determiniert. 19. Der Versuch, Primärmedusen ständig bei tiefen Temperaturen unterhalb der kritischen Grenztemperatur zu züchten, ergab bislang kein eindeutiges Resultat. Zum Teil bildeten die Medusen nur Knospen; z. T. begann bei den Tieren einer fortgeschrittenen Altersstufe die Bildung der Keimzellen. Daher muß mit der Möglichkeit gerechnet werden, daß bei alten Medusen innere Faktoren die Wirksamkeit der Temperatur überdecken und aufheben können. 20. Bei solchen Versuchen wird aber die Knospungstendenz durch die jungen Sekundärmedusen stets auf die folgende Generation übertragen; sie erlischt also nicht, wie das bei steigenden Temperaturen oberhalb der kritischen Grenze bei der jüngsten Generation der Sekundärmedusen der Fall ist, die sich nur sexuell vermehrt. 21. Aus der Prüfung des zeitlichen Auftretens, des Fortpflanzungsverhaltens der Meduse und der örtlichen Wassertemperaturen einerseits, aus den Ergebnissen der experimentellen Untersuchungen andererseits geht hervor, daßRathkea in die Temperaturverhältnisse des freien Meeres genau eingepaßt ist, und daß zeitliches Auftreten und geographische Verbreitung allein von der Temperatur abhängen.
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    Helgoland marine research 6 (1958), S. 193-201 
    ISSN: 1438-3888
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Zusammenfassung 1. Die Atmung vonArenicola wird in einer speziellen Apparatur gemessen, die den Würmern möglichst natürliche Verhältnisse in U-förmigen Röhren bietet. 2. Im Bereich zwischen 0,45 und 10,46 g wächst der Sauerstoffverbrauch der Würmer proportional dem Gewicht. 3. Zwischen einem Sauerstoffgehalt von 5500 cmm/l und 800 cmm/l ist der Sauerstoffverbrauch konstant. Unterhalb 800 cmm/l sinkt der Verbrauch ab.
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    Rheologica acta 1 (1958), S. 264-268 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
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    Rheologica acta 1 (1958), S. 268-274 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
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    Rheologica acta 1 (1958), S. 280-285 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es wird zunächst die Deformation eines cartesischen Koordinatensystems in der Zeitδ t untersucht. Daraus ergibt sich, daß die Ableitung von Tensoren nach der Zeit kontravariant und nicht kovariant zu bilden ist. Im Anschluß daran wird die Schiebung und die Scherung beim ideal elastischen Medium und bei derMaxwellschen Flüssigkeit untersucht.
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    Rheologica acta 1 (1958), S. 251-257 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine Reihe von Zustandsumwandlungen sind seit vielen Jahren bekannt, z. B. Sol-Gel-Übergänge und Zustandsänderungen von Gasen und binären flüssigen Mischungen im kritischen Gebiet. Andere sind Untersuchungsobjekt der letzten Zeit als Folge der steigenden technischen Bedeutung der Hochpolymeren und Thermoplaste geworden: glasige Erstarrung des Glyzerins, mesomorphe Umwandlungen von Schwefel. Der Autor hat eine Anzahl dieser Umwandlungen untersucht, indem er a) die Viskosität, b) die Geschwindigkeit und Adsorption von Ultraschallwellen und c) die Dämpfung von Scherwellen gemessen und diese sämtlichen Fakten mit den rheologischen Eigenschaften während der Zustandsänderung verknüpft hat
    Notes: Abstract A number of transitions of state have been known for many years. Such are the sol-gel transitions and those which accompany the change of state of a vapour or a binary liquid mixture in the critical region. Others have been the subject of recent study in consequence of the industrial development of high polymers and thermo-plastics.Such are the vitreous transition of glycerine and the mesomorphic change in sulphur. The author has been studying a number of these changes, measuring (a) viscosity (b) velocity and absorption of ultrasonic waves (c) attenuation of shear waves and relating these factors to the rheological properties in the change of state.
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    Rheologica acta 1 (1958), S. 257-260 
    ISSN: 1435-1528
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Bekanntlich entwickelt viskoelastisches Material, einer stationären laminaren Scherung unterworfen, eine Spannung in Scherrichtung, und es ist von Interesse, ob bei Verschwinden der Zugspannung diese Anlaß zu Normalkomponenten der Dehnungserholung führen kann, zusätzlich zur Tangentialkomponente. Dies wurde unter Bedingungen untersucht, bei denen nach der Scherung Gelegenheit für Spannungsrelaxation gegeben war, bei plastifiziertem PC. Das heiße Material wurde in einen Konsus-Platten Rheometer bei 1.0 sec−1 geschert und konnte dann ohne Rückfederung abkühlen. Es wurden geeignete Proben ausgeschnitten und über die Temperatur bei der Scherung hinauf aufgeheizt und anschließend die Rückfederung gemessen. Zusätzlich zu einer teilweisen Rückbildung der Scherung traten beträchtliche Schrumpfungen in der Scherrichtung auf. Außerdem war die Verdickung senkrecht zu den Scherebenen stärker als parallel. Die Deformationserholung stieg bis zu 10–15 an und verminderte sich dann in Übereinstimmung mit früheren Versuchen über Schererholung unmittelbar nach dem Scheren.
    Notes: Summary It is well known that viscoelastic materials, subjected to steady laminar shearing, develop a tension in the direction of shear, and it is of both practical and theoretical, interest to determine whether, this can give rise to normal components of strain recovery parallel and perpendicular to this direction, in addition to the tangential component corresponding to the applied shear. This has been investigated for the condition where there is opportunity for stress relaxation after shearing, plasticised polyvinyl chloride being used for the purpose. The hot material was sheared in a cone- and-plate rheometer at 1.0 sec−1, and then allowed to cool without recovery being permitted. It was then removed, and suitable specimens were cut and re-heated above the shearing temperature, the resultant recovery being measured. In addition to partial shear recovery there was considerable retraction in the direction of shear. Moreover the accompanying expansion in the transverse plane was greater perpendicular to the shear planes than parallel to them. The strain recovery increased with applied shear till the latter reached 10–15, and then diminished, in agreement with previous tests on shear recovery immediately after shearing.
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    Colloid & polymer science 157 (1958), S. 50-53 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Zusammenfassung In Fortsetzung früherer Untersuchungen wird mit der Abreißwinkelmethode die Haftfähigkeit des Wassers und wässeriger Elektrolytlösungen an Paraffinoberflächen gemessen. Es wird gezeigt, daß für diek-Konstante der bereits früher bestätigten Gleichung sinα=k2rn/m·g die folgende Beziehung gültig ist:k=2/1σ fg¦cosΘ2-cosΘ 12¦, woσ fg die Oberflächenspannung der Flüssigkeit,Θ 1 den Rückzugswinkel undΘ 2 den Vorrückwinkel (“advancing and receding contact angle”) bedeutet. Der Abreißwinkel nimmt unter sonst gleichen Bedingungen mit der Zunahme der Oberflächenrauhigkeit zu. Die Neutralsalze beeinflussen nur in geringem, aber doch feststellbarem Maße die Haftfähigkeit des Wassers. Diek-Werte nehmen mit der Elektrolytkonzentration in um so kleinerem Maße zu, je größer die Wertigkeit des Kations ist.
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    Colloid & polymer science 157 (1958), S. 59-61 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Colloid & polymer science 157 (1958), S. 124-133 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
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    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Colloid & polymer science 157 (1958), S. 144-153 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Es werden elektrische Modelle für das mechanische Relaxationsverhalten isotroper Medien abgeleitet. Ausgehend von den bekannten Zweipolen der skalaren Theorie werden zunächst für den ebenen Formänderungszustand Modelle aus bekannten positiven Schaltelementen aufgebaut. Diese sind Sechspole, die aus je einem symmetrischen Vierpol und einem Zweipol bestehen. Für das allgemeine tensorielle Verhalten isotroper Medien werden unter Verwendung von negativen Schaltelementen strukturell einfach gebaute Ersatzschaltungen ermittelt. Diese werden durch Zwölfpole gebildet, die sich aus je einem vollsymmetrischen Sechspol und drei identischen Zweipolen zusammensetzen.
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    Colloid & polymer science 157 (1958), S. 161-188 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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    Colloid & polymer science 158 (1958), S. 1-3 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Berechnung der Objekttemperaturen im Elektronenmikroskop nachv. Borries undGlaser führt zu Widersprüchen mit an anderer Stelle beschriebenen Experimenten (3, 5). Eine Überprüfung der Rechnungen ergibt, daß das thermische AbsorptionsvermögenA dünner Folien um Größenordnungen zu hoch angesetzt wurde und für die von der Folie aus dem Elektronenstrahl aufgenommene Leistung Δn nachLeisegang kleinere Werte einzusetzen sind. Unter Benutzung berichtigter Werte fürA und Δn errechnen sich Objekttemperaturen, die mit den genannten Experimenten verträglich sind.
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    Colloid & polymer science 158 (1958), S. 22-28 
    ISSN: 1435-1536
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei Kationenaustauschern mit starren Baueinheiten und fixierten negativen Ladungen kann bei geringer Flächendichte dieser Ladungen der Ionenaustausch in bezug auf die Kationen äquimolar erfolgen nach $${\text{Me}}^{\text{ + }} \left[ {{\text{Austauscheranion}}} \right]^ - + {\text{Me}}^{{\text{2 + }}} + {\text{X}}^ - \rightleftarrows ({\text{X}}^ - {\text{Me}}^{{\text{2 + }}} )^ + \left[ {{\text{Austauscheranion}}} \right]^ - + {\text{Me}}^{\text{ + }}$$ Wenn die sterischen Verhältnisse eine genügende Annäherung der Baueinheiten oder Teilchen erlauben, kann an Stelle des äquimolaren Austausches ein teilweise äquivalenter Austausch unter Vernetzung der Baueinheiten bzw. Teilchen auftreten nach $${\text{2Me}}^{\text{ + }} \left[ {{\text{Austauscheranion}}} \right]^ - + {\text{Me}}^{{\text{2 + }}} \rightleftarrows \left[ {{\text{Austauscheranion}}} \right]^ - + {\text{Me}}^{{\text{2 + }}} + \left[ {{\text{Austauscheranion}}} \right]^ - + 2{\text{Me}}^{\text{ + }}$$ Der äquimolare Ionenaustausch ist zum Verständnis der Flockung lyophiler Kolloide durch Elektrolyte von Interesse und gibt eine einfache Deutung dafür, daß die innerkristalline Quellung nur mit einwertigen austauschbaren Kationen zur Aufteilung in einzelne Baueinheiten führt, mit zweiwertigen Kationen aber begrenzt bleibt.
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