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  • wheat  (110)
  • Springer  (110)
  • American Meteorological Society
  • Institute of Physics
  • 1995-1999  (55)
  • 1990-1994  (55)
  • 1940-1944
  • 1996  (55)
  • 1994  (55)
  • 1942
Collection
Keywords
Publisher
  • Springer  (110)
  • American Meteorological Society
  • Institute of Physics
Years
  • 1995-1999  (55)
  • 1990-1994  (55)
  • 1940-1944
Year
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    DNA in wheat seeds from European archaeological sites (1994)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 50 (1994), S. 571-575 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Ancient DNA ; archaeobotany ; carbonized grain ; DNA sequences ; glutenin alleles ; seed proteins ; Triticum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract We have used hybridization analysis to detect ancient DNA in wheat seeds collected from three archaeological sites in Europe and the Middle East. One of these samples, carbonizedT. spelta dated to the first millennium BC, has yielded PCR products after amplification with primers directed at the leader regions of the HMW (high molecular weight) glutenin alleles. Sequences obtained from these products suggest that the DNA present in the Danebury seeds is chemically damaged, as expected for ancient DNA, and also indicate that it should be possible to study the genetic variability of archaeological wheat by ancient DNA analysis. Finally, we describe a PCR-based system that enables tetraploid and hexaploid wheats to be distinguished.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01921727
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    First survey on the natural occurrence of Fusarium mycotoxins in Bulgarian wheat (1996)
    Springer
    Mycopathologia 136 (1996), S. 47-52 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0832
    Keywords: Fusarium ; mycotoxins ; occurrence ; trichothecenes ; wheat ; zearalenone ; deoxynivalenol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Wheat for human consumption (140 samples) was collected after harvest from all regions of Bulgaria. The 1995 crop year was characterized by heavy rainfall in the spring and summer months. The internal mycoflora of wheat samples was dominated by Fusarium spp. and Alternaria spp., and storage fungi were rarely present. The samples were analysed for contamination with Fusarium mycotoxins deoxynivalenol (DON), 3-acetyldeoxynivalenol (3-AcDON), 15-acetyldeoxynivalenol (15-AcDON), T-2 Toxin (T-2), diacetoxyscirpenol (DAS), and zearalenone (ZEA), using enzyme immunoassay methods. DON and ZEA were the predominant toxins, with a contamination frequency of 67% and 69%, respectively. The average levels of these toxins in positive samples were 180 μg/kg (DON) and 17 μg/kg (ZEA), maximum concentrations were 1800 μg kg−1 and 120 μg kg−1, respectively. Acetyl derivatives of DON, namely 3-AcDON and 15-AcDON, were found in 2.1 % and 0.7% of the samples, at at maximum level of about 100 μg kg−1. Only one sample was positive for T-2 (55 μg/kg), DAS was not detected. This is the first report about the natural occurrence of a range of Fusarium mycotoxins in wheat for human consumption in Bulgaria.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00436660
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Assessing risk associated with N fertilizer recommendations in the absence of soil tests (1994)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 40 (1994), S. 175-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Nitrogen response ; on-farm research ; risk ; probability ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In many developing countries, fertilizer recommendations must be made in the absence of plant and soil analyses. When the region is variable in terms of soils, weather, and magnitude of response to fertilizer, a recommendation is likely to involve a high degree of risk for the farmer. Quantification of such risk is key to developing appropriate recommendations for the farmer. However, most methodologies generally used in analyzing fertilizer trials do not allow adequate quantification, especially as a continuous function, of the risk associated with a given recommendation. Three years of on-farm trials conducted in the High Valley of Mexico were used to evaluate different methodologies for generating N fertilization recommendations and their associated risk for wheat (Triticum aestivum) production in the absence of soil tests. When the traditional approach, using average yield responses or separate trial results, was used, an economic optimum was identified, but it was not possible to quantify the associated risk. In contrast, however, by using a combination of response surface methodology and simple probability analysis, the risk associated with any given recommendation was developed, even under the highly variable conditions of the study zone. The approach uses a treatment difference matrix (developed using average yield differences between a treatment and the zero N (0N) check) and its associated standard deviation over locations. From the matrix, an equation (being a function of N rate and relative grain:N price ratios) was developed that shows the probability of outperforming the 0N check for the economic optimum rate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750463
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sustainable yield trends of irrigated maize and wheat in a long-term experiment on a loamy sand in semi-arid India (1996)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 46 (1996), S. 225-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: long-term experiment ; maize ; wheat ; fertilizers ; farm yard manure ; weedicide application ; yield sustainability ; zinc deficiency ; nutrient uptake ; cropping sequence ; organic carbon build-up
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Long-term field experiments play an important role in understanding the complex interactions of plants, soils, climate and management and their effects on sustainable crop production. A long-term fertilizer experiment with maize-wheat-cowpea (fodder) is in progress since 1971 at Punjab Agricultural University farm Ludhiana, India. The experimental result for the first 21 years showed that application of N alone or in combination with P did not produce as much maize and wheat grains as the application of N, P and K together. Eight years after the start of the experiment, the optimal levels of N, P and K application (100% NPK) were unable to sustain the similar (maize) yield level as before because of Zn deficiency. Whereas in FYM amended plots the Zn deficiency did not appear and the higher crop yields could be sustained. The chemical control of weeds could not sustain the maize productivity at the same level as the manual removal of weeds. It was concluded that the high level of crop production can be sustained with the application of N, P and K under intensive cropping system provided deficiency of any of the micronutrient does not crop up. The deficiency of Zn is most likely to occur in semi-arid light textured alluvial soils under intensive cropping without the addition of farm yard manure/organic manures. In maize based cropping systems, manual control of weeds may be preferred to the chemical one. Addition of FYM in conjunction with 100% NPK is most beneficial both from bio-physical and economic point of view.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00420557
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of soil pH on the requirement for water-soluble phosphorus in triple superphosphate fertilizers (1994)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 40 (1994), S. 207-214 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: available P ; citrate insoluble P ; phosphorus sources ; triple superphosphate ; Triticum aestivum ; water soluble P ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A greenhouse study was conducted to determine if soil pH affects the requirement for water-soluble P and the tolerance of water-insoluble impurities in TSP fertilizers. Two commercial TSP fertilizers were selected to represent a range in phosphate rock sources and impurities. Phosphate fertilizer impurities were isolated as the water-washed fraction by washing whole fertilizers with deionized water. TSP fertilizers with various quantities of water-soluble P (1.2 to 99% water-soluble P) were simulated by mixing the water-washed fertilizer fractions or dicalcium phosphate (DCP) with reagent-grade monocalcium phosphate (MCP). The fertilizers were applied to supply 40 mg AOAC available P kg−1 to a Mountview silt loam (fine-silty, siliceous, thermic Typic Paleudults). Wheat (Triticum aestivum (L.)) was harvested at 49 and 84 days after planting. Soil pH values at the final forage harvest were 5.4±0.16 and 6.4±0.15. At a soil pH of 5.4, the TSP fertilizers required only 37% water-soluble P to reach maximum yields while at pH 6.4 the fertilizers required 63% water-soluble P. Results of this study show that higher levels of water -insoluble P can be tolerated in TSP fertilizers when applied to acid soils. Phosphorus uptake was not affected by soil pH, but for the mixtures containing the fertilizer residues the source having the lowest level of Fe and Al had a higher relative agronomic effectiveness.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750467
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Wheat growth from phosphorus fertilizers as affected by time and method of application in soil with an acidic subsurface layer (1994)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 39 (1994), S. 77-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Acidic subsurface layer ; application rate ; North Carolina phosphate rock ; placement method ; time of application ; triple superphosphate ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Using soils with an acidic subsurface layer, three glasshouse experiments were carried out to evaluate the effect of placement method and application rate of triple superphosphate (TSP) and North Carolina phosphate rock (NCPR) on dry matter (DM) yields. Time of application of NCPR on DM yield response of wheat was also studied. For Experiment 1, soil was collected in depth intervals of 0–2; 4–6; 6–8; and 8–10 cm from a red earth (chromic luvisol). The treatments included two P sources (TSP and NCPR), three placement methods (broadcast, banded or mixed into the subsurface layer, 6–8 cm), and six application rates. In this P deficient soil with an acidic subsurface layer, there was relatively little effect of application method of TSP on wheat yield responses. The maximum dry matter yield responses for broadcast, band and mix application methods was 30, 42 and 50 %, respectively. Responses to NCPR broadcast, band and mix methods were 20, 9 and 44 %, respectively. Mixing NCPR into to acidic subsurface layer produced yields similar to those from TSP although a higher application rate of P as NCPR was needed to achieve this outcome. Treatments for Experiments 2 and 3 were time of application of NCPR (0 and 30 days before sowing) and rate of application of NCPR (0 and 40 mg P/pot). In Experiment 2 (same soil as Experiment 1) application of NCPR prior to sowing, resulted in higher Colwell P concentration than when applied at sowing, but time of application had no effect on final DM yields. Experiment 3 used a red podzolic (chromic luvisol) soil which had a lower P-status, was more acid and had a lower exchangeable Ca2+ concentration than the red earth. Application of NCPR prior to sowing resulted in lower DM yield than when it was applied prior to sowing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750159
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The residual effectiveness of previously applied copper fertiliser for grain yield of wheat grown on soils of south-west Australia (1994)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 39 (1994), S. 11-18 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Copper fertiliser ; nitrogen fertiliser ; residual effectiveness ; Triticum aestivum L. ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The residual effectiveness of copper (Cu) applied 18 to 21 years previously was estimated for grain yield of wheat. In one field experiment, current levels of Cu fertiliser were applied and its effectiveness was compared to that of the same level of Cu applied previously. The effects of nitrogen (N) fertiliser on the Cu concentration in the youngest emerged blade and in the grain, as well as the effects of N levels on the grain yield of wheat, were also studied. Where the recommended level of Cu fertiliser had been applied previously, its residual effectiveness depended on the soil type. On the grey sands over clay and gravelly sands over clay, the residual Cu would last approximately 20 years where wheat is grown in rotation with a legume crop (Lupinus augustifolius L.) and where N fertiliser is applied at high levels (92 kg N ha−1). On the yellow brown sandy earths of the Newdegate district, the residual value was in excess of 30 years. When Cu levels in the soil are marginal, high levels of N applied to wheat crops grown on stubbles of legume crops (high soil N) could suffer from induce Cu deficiency which could reduce grain production. Critical concentrations of Cu in the youngest emerged blade of less than 1.2 mg Cu kg−1 at Gs50–59 would indicate Cu deficiency. Cu concentrations of less than 1.1–1.2 mg Cu kg−1 in the grain suggest that the wheat crop is marginally supplied with Cu. In both situations, Cu fertiliser needs to be applied before the next crop.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750152
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Penicillium bilaji and phosphorus fertilization effects on the growth, development, yield and common root rot severity of spring wheat (1994)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 39 (1994), S. 97-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Cochliobolus sativus ; common root rot ; Penicillium bilaji ; phosphorus fertilization ; tillering ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A strain ofPenicillium bilaji Chalabuda (PB) has recently been commercially released as a seed inoculant to increase phosphorus (P) uptake by wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of drill applied P (15 kg P ha−1) with PB seed inoculation on early growth, development, P uptake, and grain yield of ‘Stoa’ spring wheat at four sites in North Dakota. Fertilization with P consistently enhanced early season growth, main stem development, tillering and P uptake. Seed inoculation with PB had little or no effect on these traits. Phosphorus fertilization tended to increase common root rot severity (CRR, incited byCochliobolus sativus (Ito & Kurib) Drechs.), while PB inoculation had no effect. Grain yields were significantly increased by P fertilization at one location. Inoculation with PB also increased grain yield at this location. The reason why PB inoculation increased yield at this location is not evident, as plant growth and P uptake were not enhanced earlier in the season. Averaged across all four sites, PB inoculation increased wheat yields 66 kg ha−1, which is similar to averaged yield responses reported from the Prairie Provinces of Canada.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750908
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Homologues of wheat ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes - TaUBC1 and TaUBC4 are encoded by small multigene families in Arabidopsis thaliana (1994)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 24 (1994), S. 651-661 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: protein degradation ; ubiquitin conjugating enzymes ; DNA repair ; N-end recognition ; wheat ; Arabidopsis thaliana
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Covalent attachment of ubiquitin to other cellular proteins has been implicated in a multitude of diverse physiological processes in eukaryotes including selective protein degradation. This attachment is carried out by a multi-enzyme pathway consisting of three classes of enzymes: ubiquitin-activating enzymes (E1s), ubiquitin-conjugating enzymes (E2s), and ubiquitin-protein ligases (E3s). E2s accept activated ubiquitin from E1 and conjugate it to target proteins with or without the participation of specific E3s. Previously, we have isolated wheat cDNAs encoding 16 and 23 kDa E2s, TaUBC1 and TaUBC4, respectively. TaUBC1 shows structural homology to the yeast RAD6 E2 that is essential for DNA repair whereas TaUBC4 is related to the yeast ScUBC8 E2, both of which effectively conjugate ubiquitin to histones in vitro but as yet are without a known in vivo function. Here, we report the isolation of genomic and cDNA homologues of these genes from Arabidopsis thaliana. In Arabidopsis, both of these E2s are encoded by three member gene families. Members of the AtUBC1 gene family, comprising AtUBC1, 2 and 3, encode 150–152 amino acid proteins that are 83–99% identical to each other and TaUBC1 and contain four introns that are conserved with respect to position. Members of the AtUBC4 gene family, comprising AtUBC4, 5 and 6, encode 187–191 amino acid proteins that are 73–88% identical to each other and TaUBC4 and contain five introns that are conserved with respect to position. In contrast, AtUBC1-3 gene products are only 31–36% identical to those derived from AtUBC4-6. mRNA for each family was detected in Arabidopsis roots, leaves, stems, and flowers indicating that members of each family are expressed in most if not all tissues.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023561
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    cDNA encoding a wheat (Triticum aestivum cv. Chinese Spring) glycine-rich RNA-binding protein (1996)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 30 (1996), S. 1301-1306 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: abscisic acid ; glycine-rich ; ribonucleoprotein ; RNA-binding protein ; RNP motif ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A wheat cDNA encoding a glycine-rich RNA-binding protein, whGRP-1, was isolated. WhGRP-1 contains two conserved domains, the RNA-binding motif (RNP motif) combined with a series of glycine-rich imperfect repeats, characteristic of a conserved family of plant RNA-binding proteins. Northern analysis revealed that whGRP-1 mRNA accumulates to high levels in roots and to lower levels in leaves of wheat seedlings. whGRP-1 mRNA accumulation is not enhanced by exogenous abscisic acid in seedlings and accumulates to very high levels during wheat embryo development, showing a pattern different from that of the ABA-inducible wheat Em gene.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00019560
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Differential display-mediated rapid identification of different members of a multigene family, HSP16.9 in wheat (1996)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 31 (1996), S. 575-584 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: differential display ; heat shock proteins ; non-coding regions ; PCR ; reverse transcription ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Isolation of cDNAs encoding individual members of a gene family is essential for assessing their role in a biological phenomenon. However, this process is often laborious and slow due to highly conserved protein-coding region that interferes with the isolation of the individual members. Identification of gene-specific probes from 3′ non-coding regions of different members can assist in the fast retrieval and characterization of individual members of a multigene family. We used the recent technique of differential display for the same purpose. As an example of a multigene family in plants, we selected a heat shock protein gene family, HSP16.9 from wheat, with estimated 12 members. We modified the original differential display technique for selective amplification of the 3′ non-coding regions of different wheat HSP16.9 genes by replacing the random 10-mer in the original method with a conserved HSP16.9 gene family-specific primer. Sixteen cDNA fragments from these experiments were sequenced and they represent 8 different members of a 12 member gene family. Our succes can be attributed to shorter 3′ non-coding regions that are typical of higher-plant genes and use of highly conserved gene family-specific primer in these experiments. This modified differential display technique can be of general application to other plant systems where cloning of the different members of a gene family is desired.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00042230
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A pollen allergen-encoding gene is expressed in wheat ovaries (1996)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 32 (1996), S. 435-445 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: male sterility ; ovary ; parthenogenetic lines ; pollen allergen ; subtractive hybridization ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract To isolate genes specifically expressed at the initiation of plant embryo development we have applied a sensitive subtractive hybridization technique for three isogenic wheat lines of the so-called ‘Salmon system’ with either zygotic or autonomous embryo development. Here we present a gene sequence showing a high homology to grass pollen allergens of type II/III thought to be expressed in pollen tissue only. Surprisingly, the pollen allergen-like sequence, designated Tri a III, is also expressed in gynoecia of the sexual, male fertile wheat line ‘(aestivum)-Salmon’, whereas the two parthenogenetic and male sterile wheat lines ‘(caudata)-Salmon’ and ‘(kotschyi)-Salmon’ completely lack any Tri a III transcript. Our data suggest a positive correlation between the expression of this clone and the manifestation of male fertility. Northern and in situ hybridization analysis revealed that, in addition to its presence in pollen, Tri a III is expressed in the parenchymatous tissue of ‘(aestivum)-Salmon’ ovaries exclusively at the day of anthesis. This precise temporal and spatial expression pattern suggests a more general function of the pollen allergen-like sequence Tri a III not limited to the exhibition of allergens in pollen grains.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00019095
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The amino acid sequence and reactive site of a single-headed trypsin inhibitor from wheat endosperm (1994)
    Springer
    The protein journal 13 (1994), S. 187-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-4943
    Keywords: Trypsin inhibitor ; wheat ; primary structure ; reactive site ; Bowman-Birk
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract The sequence of a trypsin inhibitor, isolated from wheat endosperm, is reported. The primary structure was obtained by automatic sequence analysis of the S-alkylated protein and of purified peptides derived from chemical cleavage by cyanogen bromide and digestion withStaphylococcus aureus V8 protease. This protein, named wheat trypsin inhibitor (WTI), which is comprised of a total of 71 amino acid residues, has 12 cysteines, all involved in disulfide bridges. The primary site of interaction (reactive site) with bovine trypsin has been identified as the dipeptide arginyl-methionyl at positions 19 and 20. WTI has a high degree of sequence identity with a number of serine proteinase inhibitors isolated from both cereal and leguminous plants. On the basis of the findings presented, this protein has been classified as a single-headed trypsin inhibitor of Bowman-Birk type.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01891977
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A chimeric gene (orf256) is expressed as protein only in cytoplasmic male-sterile lines of wheat (1994)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 26 (1994), S. 535-539 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cytoplasmic male sterility ; coxI ; mitochondria ; membrane protein ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mitochondria derived from Triticum timopheevi have a chimeric gene, orf256, immediately upstream from coxI. Antibodies to a peptide corresponding to a part of the encoded amino acid sequence of orf256 detect a 7 kDa protein on western blots of mitochondrial proteins from cytoplasmic male-sterile (cms) wheat (T. aestivum nucleus, T. timopheevi mitochondria) but not in mitochondrial proteins from T. aestivum, T. timopheevi, or cms plants restored to fertility by introduction of nuclear genes for fertility restoration. The 7 kDa protein appears to serve as a marker for cms wheat. Its occurrence as an integral protein of the inner membrane may indicate a cms effect through an influence on mitochondrial membrane function.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00039566
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sharp divergence between wheat and barley at loci encoding novel members of the trypsin/α-amylase inhibitors family (1994)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 26 (1994), S. 1231-1236 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: chromosome mapping ; inhibitors of trypsin/α-amylases ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Amino acid sequences for three members (CMx1, CMx2, and CMx3) of a new subfamily of trypsin/α-amylase inhibitors in wheat have been deduced from the nucleotide sequences of the corresponding cDNAs. A cDNA clone encoding CMx1 was selected from a wheat developing endosperm library using a probe that encoded barley trypsin inhibitor BTI-CMe at low stringency. Sequences corresponding to CMx2 and CMx3 were obtained from cDNA amplified by the polymerase chain reaction. The three CMx sequences contain a premature stop codon after 363 nt, as well as a second stop codon at the same position as in BTI-CMe (nt 439–441). Southern analysis of DNAs from diploid, tetraploid, and hexaploid wheats, as well as from aneuploid lines, indicate that there is a single CMx locus in each of the three genomes of hexaploid wheat, respectively associated with chromosomal arms 4AS, 4BS, and 4DL. These genes are expressed early during endosperm development and not expressed at detectable levels in other tissues. Evolutionary implications are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00040705
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A novel plant peptidyl-prolyl-cis-trans-isomerase (PPIase): cDNA cloning, structural analysis, enzymatic activity and expression (1996)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 32 (1996), S. 493-504 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cDNA ; expression ; FKBP ; PPIase ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A novel cDNA encoding for a peptidyl-prolyl-cis-trans-isomerase (PPIase) belonging to the FK506-binding protein (FKBP) family was isolated from wheat. It contains an open reading frame of 559 amino acids and it represents the first plant FKBP-PPIase to be cloned. It possesses a unique sequence which is composed of three FKPB-like domains, in addition to a putative tetratricopeptide repeat (TPR) motif and a calmodulin-binding site. The recombinant FKBP-PPIase expressed in and purified from Escherichia coli exhibits PPIase activity that is efficiently inhibited by the immunosuppressive drugs FK506 and rapamycin. Northern blot analysis showed that wheat FKBP was found mainly in young tissues. Polyclonal antibodies revealed the presence of cross-reacting proteins in embryos, roots and shoots. The unique structural features, the enzymatic activity and the presence of putative isoforms in wheat tissues indicate the possibility of the involvement of wheat PPIase in essential biological functions, similar to other members of the FKBP gene family.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00019101
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  • 17
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A ribosomal protein S10 gene is found in the mitochondrial genome in Solanum tuberosum (1994)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 25 (1994), S. 743-749 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: apocytochrome b pseudogene ; pea cox1 ; plant mitochondria ; potato ; S10 ribosomal protein ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The S10 ribosomal protein gene (rps10), which has not been previously reported in any angiosperm mitochondrial genome, was identified by sequence analysis in the potato mitochondrial DNA. This gene is found downstream of a truncated non-functional apocytochrome b (cob) pseudogene, and is expressed as multiple transcripts ranging in size from 0.8 to 5.0 kb. Southern hybridization analysis indicates that rps10-homologous sequences are not present in the wheat mitochondrial genome. Sequence analysis of a single-copy region of the pea mitochondrial genome located upstream of cox1 [11] shows that a non-functional rps10 pseudogene is present in this species. These results suggest that the functional genes coding for wheat and pea mitochondrial RPS10 polypeptides have been translocated to the nucleus.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029612
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  • 18
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Triticum aestivum puroindolines, two basic cystine-rich seed proteins: cDNA sequence analysis and developmental gene expression (1994)
    Springer
    Plant molecular biology 25 (1994), S. 43-57 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5028
    Keywords: cDNA sequence ; cystine-rich proteins ; gene expression ; puroindolines ; tryptophan-rich domain ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract From a mid-maturation seed cDNA library we have isolated cDNA clones encoding two Triticum aestivum puroindolines. Puroindoline-a and puroindoline-b, which are 55% similar, are basic, cystine-rich and tryptophan-rich proteins. Puroindolines are synthezised as preproproteins which include N- and C-terminal propeptides which could be involved in their vacuolar localization. The mature proteins have a molecular mass of 13 kDa and a calculated isoelectric point greater than 10. A notable feature of the primary structure of puroindolines is the presence of a tryptophan-rich domain which also contains basic residues. A similar tryptophan-rich domain was found within an oat seed protein and a mammalian antimicrobial peptide. The ten cysteine residues of puroindolines are organized in a cysteine skeleton which shows similarity to the cysteine skeleton of other wheat seed cystine-rich proteins. Northern blot analysis showed that puroindoline genes are specifically expressed in T. aestivum developing seeds. No puroindoline transcripts as well as no related genes were detected in Triticum durum. The identity of puroindolines to wheat starch-granule associated proteins is discussed as well as the potential role of puroindolines in the plant defence mechanism.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00024197
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    Accelerated production of transgenic wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) plants (1996)
    Springer
    Plant cell reports 16 (1996), S. 12-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-203X
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum L. ; wheat ; transformation ; biolistics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract We have developed a method for the accelerated production of fertile transgenic wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) that yields rooted plants ready for transfer to soil in 8–9 weeks (56–66 days) after the initiation of cultures. This was made possible by improvements in the procedures used for culture, bombardment, and selection. Cultured immature embryos were given a 4–6 h pre-and 16 h post-bombardment osmotic treatment. The most consistent and satisfactory results were obtained with 30 μg of gold particles/bombardment. No clear correlation was found between the frequencies of transient expression and stable transformation. The highest rates of regeneration and transformation were obtained when callus formation after bombardment was limited to two weeks in the dark, with or without selection, followed by selection during regeneration under light. Selection with bialaphos, and not phosphinothricin, yielded more vigorously growing transformed plantlets. The elongation of dark green plantlets in the presence of 4–5 mg/l bialaphos was found to be reliable for identifying transformed plants. Eighty independent transgenic wheat lines were produced in this study. Under optimum conditions, 32 transformed wheat plants were obtained from 2100 immature embryos in 56–66 days, making it possible to obtain R3 homozygous plants in less than a year.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01275440
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    Growth promotion ability of zoysiagrass rhizosphere fungi in consecutive plantings of wheat and soybean (1996)
    Springer
    Mycoscience 37 (1996), S. 163-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1618-2545
    Keywords: consecutive planting ; Phoma sp. ; plant growth-promotion ; potting medium ; soybean ; wheat ; zoysiagrass rhizosphere fungi
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Several isolates ofPhoma sp., certain nonsporulating fungi, as well asPenicillium andTrichoderma, all isolated from zoysiagrass rhizosphere, promoted growth of wheat and soybean under greenhouse conditions. However, the ability of these rhizosphere fungi to enhance plant growth varied with the crop tested. For example, most of the fungi effectively promoted the growth of wheat, whereas only a few fungi were effective on soybean. In consecutive plantings of wheat and soybean grown in soil previously infested with these zoysiagrass rhizosphere fungi, the growth promotion ability of the fungi was lowered. However, addition of fresh potting medium appeared to restore their growth-promotive effects. It appears that the activation of plant growth-promoting fungi in soil might depend on the availability of organic substrates to colonize, as evidenced by the promotion of plant growth.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02461341
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    Characterization of the translocated chromosome using fluorescencein situ hybridization and random amplified polymorphic DNA on twoTriticum aestivum—Thinopyrum intermedium translocation lines resistant to wheat streak mosaic or barley yellow dwarf virus (1996)
    Springer
    Chromosome research 4 (1996), S. 583-587 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6849
    Keywords: in situ hybridization ; intermediate wheatgrass ; translocation ; virus resistance ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Fluorescencein situ hybridization (FISH) was used to determine the breakpoint of the translocation chromosome in two bread wheat (Triticum aestivum) germplasm lines withThinopyrum intermedium chromatin carrying resistance to either wheat streak mosaic virus (WSMV) or barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV). In addition, genome-specific random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) markers were used to ascertain the genomic sources of theTh. intermedium chromosomes carrying the WSMV or BYDV resistance. CI17766, a WSMV-resistant wheat germplasm line derived from induced homoeologous pairing by using theph1b mutant, had a translocation chromosome composed of the complete 4AL and about 45% of proximal 4AS from wheat, and the entire 4ES ofTh. intermedium. The BYDV-resistant translocation line, TC14, derived from tissue culture, had a very short distal segment of 7StL fromTh. intermedium terminally attached to 56% of the proximal 7DL. These observations indicate that translocations in these wheat germplasm lines did not involve centromeric breaks and fusion but were a result of homoeologous chromosome recombination.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02261721
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    Evaluation of various methods for the detection of barley yellow dwarf virus by the tissue-blot immunoassay and its use for virus detection in cereals inoculated at different growth stages (1994)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 100 (1994), S. 71-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; oat ; Avena sativa ; barley ; Hordeum vulgare ; serology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Various modifications of the tissue-blot immunoassay (TBIA) for the detection of barley yellow dwarf virus (BYDV, luteovirus) were compared. Similar results were obtained by using three different labelled molecules; goat anti-rabbit antibodies conjugated to alkaline phosphatase, protein A conjugated with alkaline phosphatase and goat anti-rabbit antibodies conjugated with colloidal gold. Blocking the nitrocellulose membrane with polyvinyl alcohol for 1 min was effective and allowed the procedure to be shortened by one hour. TBIA was sensitive enough to detect BYDV in old dry tissue wich had been soaked in water for 1 h. BYDV was monitored by TBIA in wheat, oat and barley after inoculation at heading, flowering and grain filling growth stages. The later the inoculation date, the greater the chance of detecting the virus in stem bases rather than in the upper part of the stem. The later the inoculation the less virus moved, from the inoculated tiller to other tillers of the same plant.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01871967
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    Extractable sulphate and organic sulphur in soils and their availability to plants (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 164 (1994), S. 243-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: organic sulphur ; soil testing ; sulphate ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Ten soils collected from the major arable areas in Britain were used to assess the availability of soil sulphur (S) to spring wheat in a pot experiment. Soils were extracted with various reagents and the extractable inorganic SO4-S and total soluble S(SO4-S plus a fraction of organic S) were determined using ion chromatography (IC) or inductively-coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AES), respectively. Water, 0.016 M KH2PO4, 0.01 M CaCl2 and 0.01 M Ca(H2PO4)2 extracted similar amounts of SO4-S, as measured by IC, which were consistently smaller than the total extractable S as measured by ICP-AES. The amounts of organic S extracted varied widely between different extractants, with 0.5 M NaHCO3 (pH 8.5) giving the largest amounts and 0.01 M CaCl2 the least. Organic S accounted for approximately 30–60% of total S extracted with 0.016 M KH2PO4 and the organic C:S ratios in this extract varied typically between 50 and 70. The concentrations of this S fraction decreased in all soils without added S after two months growth of spring wheat, indicating a release of organic S through mineralisation. All methods tested except 0.5 M NaHCO3-ICP-AES produced satisfactory results in the regression with plant dry matter response and S uptake in the pot experiment. In general, 0.016 M KH2PO4 appeared to be the best extractant and this extraction followed by ICP-AES determination was considered to be a good method to standardise on.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00010076
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    Biofumigation: Isothiocyanates released frombrassica roots inhibit growth of the take-all fungus (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 162 (1994), S. 107-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: canola ; glucosinolates ; Indian mustard ; take-all ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The presence of root tissue of the brassicas canola and Indian mustard inhibited growth of pure cultures of the fungal pathogen which causes take-all of wheat [Gaeumannomyces graminis (Sacc.) Arx and Oliver var.tritici, abbreviated as Ggt]. Ggt growth was generally inhibited more in the presence of Indian mustard roots than canola roots. Dried irradiated roots were consistently effective in reducing Ggt growth, but growth inhibition by young live roots and macerated roots was not consistent. The inhibitory compound(s) were shown to be volatile because the symmetry of Ggt growth was not affected by the proximity of theBrassica tissue. Volatile breakdown products from maceratedBrassica roots were identified using a gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer. The major compounds found were isothiocyanates (ITCs). Canola roots released mostly methyl ITC and Indian mustard roots released mostly phenylethyl ITC. Low concentrations of these and related compounds inhibited growth of Ggt in pure culture when supplied as the vapour of pure chemicals in concentrations within the range expected during breakdown ofBrassica roots in soil.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01416095
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    3Hthymidine incorporation of rhizosphere bacteria influenced by plant N-status (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 162 (1994), S. 113-116 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonium ; nitrate ; split-roots ; root exudate ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of plant-root N-status on bacterial growth in the rhizosphere was studied with 5-week-old wheat plants grown in soil with low N content obtained by mixing 9:1 gravel:sandy loam. As a consequence of N limitation, significant increase in3Hthymidine (Tdr) incorporation rate occured 3 days after addition of 30 mM ammonium compared to controls without ammonium. Plants were grown with split-roots to separate the effect of soil N from effect of plant root derived organic matter-N on bacterial activity. The increase in nitrate concentration from 10 mM to 30 mM at one part of the root system led to significant increased3HT dr incorporation in the rhizosphere at the other part of root system after 4 days showing that the composition of root exudates became more favourable for bacterial growth when plants were fertilized with the higher level of nitrate.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01416096
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    Growth, biomass allocation and water use efficiency of two wheat cultivars in a mediterranean environment; a pot experiment under field conditions (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 162 (1994), S. 241-247 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: biomass allocation ; carbon isotope discrimination ; growth ; water use efficiency ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Plants of two bread wheat cultivars,Triticum aestivum L. ‘Katya Al’ and ‘Mexipak 65’, were grown in pots during the crop season in the field in NW Syria, a region with a Mediterranean climate. The experiment involved two treatments. Control plants were well-watered throughout the experiment (watering to 0.22 g water g−1 dry soil). In the second treatment, water was withheld from the plants until soil water content had decreased to 0.10 g water g−1 dry soil, the level that was maintained thereafter. Water use was measured by weighing the pots, and growth by destructive sampling. Growth of Katya and Mexipak was similar. Mexipak had a lower (though not significant atp〈0.05) plant water use efficiency (WUEp) in both treatments due to higher rates of water loss. On a leaf area basis differences in water use were especially high since Mexipak had a smaller total leaf area. In spite of a smaller investment in photosynthesizing area, Mexipak achieved similar growth as Katya. Carbon isotope discrimination and organic nitrogen concentration (both higher for Mexipak) suggest that Mexipak accomplished higher mean net photosynthetic rates with a higher mean leaf diffusive conductance, higher intercellular carbon dioxide partial pressure, and possibly a greater investment in the photosynthetic apparatus compared to Katya. Differences in carbon isotope discrimination suggest a larger difference in average photosynthetic WUE (net photosynthesis/transpiration) than in plant WUE. This could indicate that loss of carbon in respiration was greater in Katya. Gas exchange measurements on the youngest fully expanded leaves showed only minor differences between the cultivars. It is hypothesized that Mexipak, with a smaller total leaf area, is able to maintain high leaf conductance and photosynthesis for a longer period of time during the day or during the life span of leaves.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01347711
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    The 2,4-D-induced wheat para-nodules are modified lateral roots with structure enhanced by rhizobial inoculation (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 159 (1994), S. 121-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate ; para-nodule ; Rhizobium trifolii ; structure ; Triticum aestivum L. ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nodular outgrowths (para-nodules or p-nodules) on the roots of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cv. Miskle seedlings were induced by treatment with 0.3 and 0.6mg L−1 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetate (2,4-D). When co-inoculated with Rhizobium trifolii strain ATCC 14480, more p-nodules were formed at these levels and p-nodulation occured at 0.1 mg L−1 indicating that inoculation enhances 2,4-D-induced p-nodulation. Similar to lateral roots, the p-nodules arose from the pericycle opposite the phloem tissues and were free from the cortical cells of the parental root at all stages of development. Structurally, the p-nodules exhibited tissue differentiation. They possessed a highly organized central vascular cylinder connected to that of the parent root, an endodermis, a cap, and an apical and lateral meristems. P-nodules formed by 2,4-D treatment alone were irregularly lobed due to uncoordinated activity of the apical meristem, while those in the combined 2,4-D and inoculation treatment were more globose. The results of the present study indicate that the 2,4-D-induced wheat p-nodules are modified lateral roots, the structure of which is enhanced by rhizobial inoculation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00009294
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    The completion of cell proliferation and growth in wheat radicle (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 167 (1994), S. 43-49 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: DNA contents ; DNA synthesis ; growth ; proliferation ; radicle ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The pattern of proliferation and growth of cortical and central metaxylem cells in a radicle and the transitional zone of a wheat embryo was studied during the final stages of embryogenesis. Cell divisions finished nearer the root tip in the central metaxylem than was the case in the cortex. After divisions ceased the cells of both tissues maintained the ability to synthesize DNA and the cells began DNA endoreduplication. The maximal levels of endoreduplication were 4C and 8C in cortical and central metaxylem cells, respectively. As a result of nonsimultaneous cessation of divisions, the metaxylem cells were two or three times longer than cortical cells. The proportion of cells with the maximal DNA content was smaller in the transitional zone than in the radicle. During the final embryonal stages cell growth rate was decreased. It was established that the transition of cells to DNA synthesis was inhibited in all sites of the radicle during the completion of embryogenesis. The cell growth was topped in proximal sites of the radicle. In the division zone the cells which had already begun DNA synthesis were able to complete it and divided. Cell growth stopped simultaneously with completion of proliferation in this zone.
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    Nutrient inflow and root proliferation during the exploitation of a temporally and spatially discrete source of nitrogen in soil (1996)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 178 (1996), S. 185-192 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonium ; heterogeneity ; inflow ; localised nutrient ; mineralisation ; 15N ; nitrate ; organic residue ; proliferation ; roots ; soil ; uptake ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract To obtain nutrients mineralised from organic matter in the soil, plants have to respond to its heterogeneous distribution. We measured the timing of nitrogen uptake by wheat from a localised, 15N labelled organic residue in soil, as well as the timing of changes in root length density. We calculated the rates of N uptake per unit root length (inflows) for roots growing through the residue and for the whole root system. A stimulated local inflow appeared to be the main mechanism of exploitation of the residue N during the first five days of exploitation. 8% of the N that the plants would ultimately obtain from the residue was captured in this period. Roots then proliferated in the residue. This, together with a rapidly declining N inflow, contributed to the capture, over the next seven days, of 63% of the N that the plants derived from the residue. After that time, massive root proliferation occurred in the residue, but relatively little further N was captured.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011582
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    Yield and water use of wheat (Triticum aestivum) in a Mediterranean environment: Cultivar differences and sowing density effects (1996)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 181 (1996), S. 251-262 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: evapotranspiration ; grain yield ; irrigation ; plant density ; water use efficiency ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Yield of eight wheat cultivars was evaluated under rainfed and irrigated conditions in a Mediterranean environment. Variation in grain yield resulted from variation in both aboveground biomass production and in harvest index. Under rainfed compared to irrigated conditions, grain yield, biomass and days to heading were decreased, whereas harvest index was increased. Grain yield of the different cultivars under rainfed conditions correlated with that under irrigated conditions in one of the two years. Among cultivars, harvest index under rainfed and irrigated conditions were correlated in both years. Water was used more efficiently for biomass production, and equally efficiently for grain production, under irrigated compared to rainfed conditions. Under rainfed conditions, crop water use efficiency was higher for cultivars developed for rainfed environments than for those developed for high-rainfall or irrigated environments. Cultivars with low-rainfall target environments had the lowest evapotranspiration under rainfed conditions. Under rainfed conditions, differences between the cultivar groups in crop water use efficiency corresponded with trends in water use efficiency of individual plants and with the ratio of photosynthesis to transpiration, measured on plants grown in a growth room. Early in the season, water was used more efficiently for biomass production at high sowing densities than at low sowing densities. Through faster biomass production and ground cover a smaller proportion of the evapotranspired water was lost in soil evaporation and a larger proportion was transpired. However, the net effect was a greater water use in the early phases of growth and consequently a lower water availability later in the season, leading to similar yields regardless of sowing density.
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    Genotypic variation in zinc efficiency and resistance to crown rot disease (Fusarium graminearum Schw. Group 1) in wheat (1996)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 186 (1996), S. 219-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: crown rot ; Fusarium ; fungal disease ; genotypes ; wheat ; zinc ; zinc efficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A crown rot disease in wheat caused by the fungusFusarium graminearum Schw. Group 1 is a widespread problem in chronically Zn-deficient Australian soils. A link between crown rot and Zn deficiency was established by Sparrow and Graham (1988). This paper reports a test of a further hypothesis, that wheat genotypes more efficient at extracting zinc from low-zinc soils are more resistant to infection by this pathogen. Three wheat cultivars (Excalibur, Songlen and Durati) of differential Zn efficiency were tested at three zinc levels (0.05, 0.5 and 2.0 mg Zn kg−1 of soil) and three levels ofF. graminearum S. Group 1 inoculum (0.1 g and 0.3 g kg−1 live chaff-inoculum and control having 0.1 g kg−1 dead chaff inoculum). Six weeks after sowing dry matter production of shoots and roots was decreased byFusarium inoculation at 0.05 mg and 0.5 mg kg−1 applied Zn.Fusarium inoculum at 0.1 g was as effective as 0.3 g kg−1 for infection and decreasing dry matter. The infection at the basal part of culm decreased significantly by increasing the rate of Zn application. Excalibur, a Zn-efficient cultivar (tolerant to Zn deficiency) produced significantly more shoot and root dry matter, and showed less disease infection compared with Zn-inefficient cultivars (Durati and Songlen) at low (0.05 mg Zn kg−1 soil) and medium (0.5 mg Zn kg−1 soil) Zn fertilization rates. Higher rate of Zn fertilization (2.0 mg Zn kg−1 soil) reduced the disease level in Durati to the level of Excalibur but the disease level of Songlen was still high, indicating its high Zn requirement and or sensitivity to crown rot. The data on Zn uptake show that Excalibur, being Zn-efficient, was able to scavenge enough Zn from Zn-deficient soil, we suggest that besides sustaining growth Excalibur was able to build and maintain resistance to the pathogen; inefficient cultivars needed extra Zn fertilization to achieve performance comparable to that of Excalibur. The present study indicates that growing Zn-efficient cultivars of wheat along with judicious use of Zn fertilizer in Zn-deficient areas where crown rot is a problem may sustain wheat production by reducing the severity of the disease as well as by increasing the plant vigour through improved Zn nutrition. ei]Section editor: R Rodriques-Kalana
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    Genetic basis of grain filling rate in wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Thell.) (1994)
    Springer
    Euphytica 76 (1994), S. 33-44 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; genetic basis ; grain filling rate ; genetic effects
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Grain filling rate in wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Thell.) positively influences grain yield under a wide range of conditions. The effective utilization of this trait in breeding depends on an understanding of its genetic control. A study was, therefore, conducted to determine the genetic basis of grain filling rate in six crosses of wheat. Higher order genic interactions and/or linkage were important in the genetic regulation of grain filling rate (GFR) in the majority of crosses. Additive ([d]) and dominance ([h]) gene effects were important in the control of GFR in main ears (ME) and whole plant ears (WPE). Additive and additive × additive epistatic effects were the most important in the genetic control of GFR in last ears (LE). Location effects on genetic effects for GFR were significant (P 〈 0.05) in all ear types of some crosses except in ME. Genotype × environment interaction effects were important (P 〈 0.001) in LE and WPE. It was concluded that the inheritance of GFR is complex and is dependent on ear type. Breeding procedures that facilitate the exploitation of non-additive and additive gene effects were recommended for the genetic improvement of grain filling rate of wheat.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00024018
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    Analysis of disease resistance and quality characters of F1 hybrids of crosses between wheat (Triticum aestivum) and spelt (Triticum spelta) (1994)
    Springer
    Euphytica 75 (1994), S. 105-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: wheat ; spelt ; crosses ; hybrids ; quality ; disease resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary With the objective of creating new combinations of disease resistance and quality, hybrids between wheat and spelt (spelt is well adapted to cool and wet conditions) were produced and the expression of heterosis was analysed. Three winter wheat varieties were crossed reciprocally with two spelt cultivars and the F1 hybrids were tested under artificial inoculation with stripe rust, powdery mildew and leaf rust. Disease susceptibility and quality characters (protein content, Zeleny value, grain hardness) were assessed in two year field trials. For stripe rust the F1 hybrids were resistant if one of the wheat parents was resistant. Combinations with the susceptible wheat cultivar ‘Arina’ were all susceptible irrespective of using a resistant spelt partner. Although the infection with powdery mildew was rather low, a similar reaction was obtained with the susceptible wheat variety ‘Bernina’. Leaf rust revealed very specific varietal influences. The two susceptible wheat varieties ‘Bernina’ and ‘Arina’ resulted in susceptible F1 hybrids when combined with a moderately resistant spelt. Only when they were crossed with a resistant spelt cultivar the F1 hybrids were resistant. ‘Forno’, a leaf rust resistant wheat, gave resistant F1 hybrids in all combinations. Without exception the quality characters tested showed a negative heterosis effect resulting in protein levels and Zeleny values close to or below the values of the lower parent. It appears to be possible to produce resistant F1 hybrids, mostly dominated by the resistance level of the wheat partner. The quality of the hybrids is mainly suitable for biscuit and spelt specific products; it needs specific screening for combinations with acceptable breadmaking quality.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00024537
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    Reaction of tritordeum to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 88 (1996), S. 165-174 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: wheat ; tritordeum ; Hordeum chilense ; Fusarium culmorum ; Septoria nodorum ; scab ; deoxynivalenol ; ergosterol ; resistance ; Triticum spp
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Hordeum chilense is a wild barley extensively used in wide crosses in the Triticeae. It could be a valuable source of resistance to Fusarium culmorum and Septoria nodorum. Some H. chilense x Triticum spp. amphiploids, named tritordeums, were more resistant than the parental wheat line to these diseases, others were not. Average contents of ergosterol and deoxynivalenol (DON) suggested that resistance to colonization by Fusarium was the highest for Hordeum chilense, followed by tritordeum and wheat in decreasing order. In particular, the H. chilense genotypes H7 and H17 enhanced the wheat resistance to F. culmorum in its tritordeum offsprings. Resistance to S. nodorum in tritordeum was not associated with tall plant height. There is sufficient genetic variation for resistance to F. culmorum and S. nodorum among tritordeum to allow the breeding of lines combining short straw and resistance to both diseases.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023887
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    Aneuploids as a key for new molecular cloning strategies: development of DNA markers by microdissection using Triticum aestivum-Aegilops markgrafii chromosome addition line B (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 89 (1996), S. 41-47 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Aegilops markgrafii ; aneuploids ; chromosome specific library ; DOP-PCR ; microdissection ; molecular markers ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary We established a chromosome specific DNA library of the Aegilops markgrafii chromosome B. Eight microdissected chromosomes B obtained from a monosomic T. aestivum-Aegilops markgrafii addition line were PCR-amplified and the DNA was cloned in Escherichia coli DH5α. Clones were characterized by dot blot hybridization with total Ae. markgrafii DNA. 62% of clones represented repetitive sequences and 38% low or single copy sequences. The estimated length of excised inserts varied between less than 200 bp and more than 500 bp. The average size of inserts was 310 bp.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00015717
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    Inter-varietal chromosome substitution lines in wheat — revisited (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 89 (1996), S. 1-10 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: aneuploidy ; chromosome substitutions ; height ; wheat ; yellow rust
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The difficulties in developing inter-varietal chromosome substitution lines in wheat are reviewed. The use of genetical, cytological and molecular markers is suggested as a way of overcoming them. These difficulties and the use of markers, as well as the need to develop duplicate lines to detect background variation, are described using the development and analysis of the Cappelle-Desprez (Bezostaya 1) chromosome substitution set as an example. The effects of substituting Bezostaya 1 chromosomes on final plant height and adult-plant resistance to yellow rust are reported. The large number of aneuploids and substitution lines available in wheat provides a tremendous, international resource, which should be exploited in the future.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00015712
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    Effects of homoeologous group 1 and 6 chromosomes of the Cappelle-Desprez (Bezostaya 1) substitution lines on aspects of bread-making quality of wheat (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 89 (1996), S. 17-25 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Bread-making quality ; chromosome effects ; grain hardness ; SDS-sedimentation volume ; substitution lines ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The group 1 and 6 inter-varietal chromosome substitution lines of Cappelle-Desprez (Bezostaya 1) were intercrossed along with the donor and recipient varieties, Cappelle-Desprez and Bezostaya 1, to give 36 genetically different families. The analysis of the means of these families showed that variation in SDS-sedimentation volume fitted a predominantly additive model. There were no significant within or between chromosome interactions among the group 1 and 6 chromosomes. Nor was there any evidence for interactions between these chromosomes and those of the background. Significant dominance/within chromosome interactions amongst the background chromosomes were however detected. Some of the positive effects on SDS-sedimentation were associated with increased grain hardness. Chromosome effects on % grain protein were not correlated with SDS-sedimentation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00015714
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    Comparative mapping and its use for the genetic analysis of agronomic characters in wheat (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 89 (1996), S. 27-31 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: agronomic characters ; QTL ; RFLP maps ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The advent of molecular marker systems has made it possible to develop comparative genetic maps of the genomes of related species in the Triticeae. These maps are being applied to locate and evaluate allelic and homoeoallelic variation for major genes and quantitative trait loci within wheat, and to establish the pleiotropic effects of genes. Additionally, the known locations of genes in related species can direct searches for homoeologous variation in wheat and thus facilitate the identification of new genes. Examples of such analyses include the validation of the effects of Vrn1 on chromosome 5A on flowering time in different crosses within wheat; the indication of pleiotropic effects for stress responses by the Fr1 locus on chromosome 5A; the detection of homoeologous variation for protein content on the homoeologous Group 5 chromosomes; and the detection of a new photoperiod response gene Ppd-H1 in barley from homoeology with Ppd2 of wheat.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00015715
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    The use of wheat aneuploids for the chromosomal assignment of microsatellite loci (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 89 (1996), S. 33-40 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: aneuploids ; automated DNA sequencer ; chromosomal location ; microsatellite marker ; PCR ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The chromosomal assignment of 64 PCR-amplified microsatellite loci and 29 additional fragments amplified by the same primer pairs is described for bread wheat (Triticum aestivum). The distribution over the different chromosomes and chromosome arms appears to be random. The highest proportion of microsatellite loci is found on the B genome, followed by the A and D genome. About half of the primer pairs amplified unique fragments, while the other half amplified additional fragments. 25% of the primer pairs, mostly designed to clones of a PstI-library, amplify fragments on homoeologous chromosomes. In some cases, more than one fragment on a single chromosome or fragments on non-homoeologous chromosomes occurred. The use of an automated DNA sequencer accounts for the accurate resolution of multiple fragments and enables to differentiate between fragments, amplified by a single primer pair, with size differences as small as two base pairs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00015716
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    The influence of flowering time genes on environmental adaptability in European wheats (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 89 (1996), S. 49-57 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: adaptability ; earliness per se ; photoperiod sensitivity ; vernalization sensitivity ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In order to obtain high levels of environmental adaptability in wheat varieties it is essential they flower at times appropriate to particular environmental conditions. The influence of three distinct genetic systems that together determine time of flowering is reviewed here. Vernalization genes are seen to be particularly important to winter wheats for their direct or indirect effects on winter hardiness. Vernalization genes play a minor role in determining flowering time in autumn sown winter wheats but insensitivity is essential if spring sown wheats are to flower. Day length sensitive photoperiod genes play a major role in determining flowering time and adaptability of autumn sown wheats. Insensitivity can promote yield advantages of over 35% in Southern European environments. 15% in Central Europe and offers benefits even in the UK. At present only a single allele of Ppd1 appears to have been introduced into commercial European wheat varieties. The merits of alternative Ppd1 alleles or different loci are discussed. The influence of earliness per se genes that determine flowering time independently of environmental stimuli is less well documented than the effect of photoperiod and vernalization genes. It is likely that genes on chromosomes belonging to groups 2, 3, 4, 6 and 7 may act to modify flowering time independently of environmental stimuli probably by determining numbers of vegetative and floral primordia being initiated or the rate of initiation of the primordia. Earliness per se genes appear to be widespread in European wheats and play a significant role in determining the exact time plants flower.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00015718
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    The relationships between the dwarfing genes of wheat and rye (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 89 (1996), S. 69-75 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: dwarfing genes ; gene mapping ; GA insensitivity ; rye ; Secale cereale ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The improvement of lodging resistance by introducing major dwarfing genes, classified either as GA insensitive or GA sensitive, is one of the main strategies chosen by cereal breeders. In the present paper the current knowledge about the genetics, chromosomal localisation and the homoeoallelic relationships of the dwarfing genes in wheat and rye is reviewed. The confusing system of the symbolisation of the GA insensitive dwarfing genes/alleles in wheat is discussed and a nomenclature based on rules for gene symbolisation in wheat is proposed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00015721
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    Chromosomal location of genes controlling grain size in a large grained selection of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 89 (1996), S. 77-80 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Chromosomal location ; grain size ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Grain size in wheat is the most stable yield component and has a favorable effect on flour yield. To identify the chromosomes associated with the large grains of line G603-86, (grain weight over 60 mg and grain length of about 9 mm), F3 lines, extracted from F2 populations obtained from F1 monosomics of crosses between G603-86 (P1) and the monosomic set of Favorit (P2) were tested in the field. ANOVA showed significant differences among parents for grain weight and grain length, but not for grain width or the factor expressing the difference in grain form and density. Homoeologous groups had significant effects on grain weight and on all components of grain weight, while genomes were not significantly different for any of these characters. Grain weight was significantly increased by chromosomes 6D and 4A of G603-86. Grain length was significantly increased by chromosomes 4A, 4B, 2B, 3A and 1B, grain width by chromosomes 1A and 1B, and the factor form-density by chromosomes 6D and 6A. The high grain size in G603-86 results from the effects of genes located on many chromosomes which affect grain dimensions, form and density.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00015722
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    The effects of whole chromosome substitutions differing in alleles for hybrid dwarfing and photoperiodic sensitivity on tissue culture response (TCR) in wheat (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 89 (1996), S. 81-86 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: chromosome substitutions ; hybrid dwarfness ; photoperiodic response ; tissue culture response ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The wheat varieties Chinese Spring, Marquis and Thatcher and five intervarietal ‘Chinese Spring’ substitution lines for chromosomes 2B (2 lines), 2D (2 lines) and 4A*, differing from the recipient variety in alleles for hybrid dwarfing genes and/or the photoperiodic response genes were analysed for tissue culture response (TCR). It could be demonstrated that only chromosome 2B has a major effect on TCR. Allelic variation at the hybrid dwarfing loci seems to have no effect on tissue culture performance, even in the combination D1D2D3 which gives the grass dwarf phenotype. Also the allelic constitution at the Ppd loci, gave no indication for a direct major effect of those alleles, however there seems to exist genetical factors for TCR on the homoeologous group 2 chromosomes which may be closely linked to the Ppd loci.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00015723
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    Use of a synthetic hexaploid Triticum miguschovae for transfer of leaf rust resistance to common wheat (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 89 (1996), S. 99-102 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum miguschovae ; wheat ; leaf rust resistance ; transfer lines ; monosomic analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Triticum miguschovae, a genome addition synthetic, was used as a source for transfer of leaf rust (Puccinia recondita tritici) resistance to common wheat. This synthetic, developed from two wild species Triticum militinae and Aegilops squarrosa, proves a valuable donor of the genes for leaf rust resistance. Leaf rust resistance was transferred from T. miguschovae by both dominant and recessive genes. Stable lines phenotypically similar to their recurrent parents Kavkaz and Bezostaya 1 but differing from them in a high level of leaf rust resistance were obtained. The genes for resistance in 3 selected lines differed from each other and from the known effective genes Lr9, Lr19, and Lr24. The resistance of one of them (line 1229) is controlled by two complementary interacting genes located on chromosome 7B and 1D was revealed by monosomic analysis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00015725
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    An assessment of the potential of 4DS.4DL-4s l L translocation lines as a means of eliminating tall off types in semi-dwarf wheat varieties (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 89 (1996), S. 103-106 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Aneuploidy ; dwarfing genes ; Triticum aestivum ; preferential transmission ; Aegilops sharonensis ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Wheat varieties tend to be chromosomally unstable producing on average 2–3% of plants with abnormal chromosome numbers. A number of semi dwarf wheat varieties, carrying the gibberellic acid insensitive dwarfing genes Rht1 or Rht2, have been seen to produce distinct tall off types due to reduction in dosage of the chromosome carrying the dwarfing gene. The UK variety ‘Brigand’, carrying Rht2 on chromosome 4D, produced very distinct tall off types when this chromosome was reduced in dosage. The frequency of tall off types was sufficiently high to cause the variety to fail United Kingdom statutory uniformity tests. An attempt to prevent the loss of chromosome 4D was made by constructing translocation chromosomes involving the short arm of chromosome 4D, which carries Rht2, and the long arm of chromosome 4S l from Aegilops sharonensis, which carries a gene(s) conferring preferential transmission. The work in this paper describes the field evaluation of two lines carrying 4DS.4DL-4S l L translocations, and demonstrates their success in preventing spontaneously occurring monosomy of chromosome 4D in semi-dwarf wheats.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00015726
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    Sequential combinations of C-banding and in situ hybridization and their use in the detection of interspecific introgressions into wheat (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 89 (1996), S. 107-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: C-banding ; FISH ; heterochromatin ; in situ hybridization ; rye ; Secale cereale ; Secale montanum ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The sequential combination of C-banding and in situ hybridization techniques applied in this or in a reverse order, are used to recognize targeted chromosomal regions in cereals. Both methods are described whereby standard chromosome squash preparations are followed by: i) C-banding technique using Leishman stain and a slightly modified in situ hybridization technique using biotin-labeled DNA probes, or ii) fluorescence in situ hybridization technique and C-banding. Both approaches have been successfully used onto mitotic chromosomes of rye and wheat resulting suitable for both their identification and detection of targeted sites.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00015727
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    Fluorescent in situ hybridization — a useful aid to the introduction of alien genetic variation into wheat (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 89 (1996), S. 113-119 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: alien introduction ; chromosome pairing ; fluorescent in situ hybridization ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) of DNA to plant chromosomes has proved to be a powerful cytogenetic tool. The value of fluorescent in situ hybridization of total genomic DNA (GISH) of related species is demonstrated in the determination of wheat/alien chromosome pairing in hybrids. Its use for assessing the relative merits of the various genes that affect chromosome pairing is also shown. The ability of GISH to identify the presence in wheat of whole alien chromosomes or alien chromosome segments is illustrated. The potential of FISH for detecting repeated DNA sequences, low copy sequences and single copy genes is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00015728
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    History of wheat breeding for a half century in Japan (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 89 (1996), S. 215-221 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: agronomic characteristics ; breeding trends ; quality ; year of release ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Wheat breeding efforts for a half century in Japan were investigated by using of 129 varieties registered in MAFF from 1929 to 1984 in the view point of case history for three years. Varieties released in each breeding station are classified apparently by growth habit associated closely with duration of the cold requirement. Heading date is earlier in varieties released in southwest breeding stations (southern varieties) than in varieties released in northern breeding stations (northern varieties). Culm length is higher and the pre-harvest sprouting is more sensitive in northern varieties. In quality characters, northern varieties has the higher milling rate, lower apparent amylose content and larger particle size of flour. In varieties released in the Tohoku district, trend of breeding direction with time is smaller ear numbers and larger 1,000-grain weight and greater resistance to powdery mildew. In varieties released in the Kyushu district, a significant correlation with released year was clearly observed with regard to early maturity, short culm length, less grain crude protein content, less apparent amylose content and higher milling rate on breeding advancement.
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    Field assessment of quantitative resistance to yellow rust in ten spring bread wheat cultivars (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 90 (1996), S. 9-16 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Puccinia striiformis ; stripe rust ; epidemiology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Ten spring bread wheat cultivars with a susceptible seedling reaction to race 14E14 of yellow rust were tested at three locations to assess the level and stability of quantitative resistance. Quantitative resistance was expressed in terms of disease severity (DS), area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC), apparent infection rate (r), infection type (IT) and infection density. Large genotypic differences were observed for all variables measured. Morocco was the most susceptible cultivar. Based on its high infection type (IT=9) throughout the epidemics, it most likely does not possess any resistance. All other cultivars carry quantitative resistance. The levels ranged from very low (Taichung 23) to very high (Parula). Resistance levels were lower in Quito, Ecuador than at the other locations. Most likely, the lower temperatures in Quito resulted in a reduced expression of quantitative resistance to yellow rust and to obtain the same protection as at the other two locations, more resistance genes are needed. Therefore, to accumulate genes for quantitative resistance, Quito is considered to be the better location. Though significant cultivar-location interactions were detected, they were small compared to the cultivar and location effect. Therefore, they are considered of little importance and it is concluded that quantitative resistance is a stable trait, in the sense that cultivar rankings are hardly affected by environment. The contribution of infection growth to the development of yellow rust was demonstrated. Between 29 and 66% of the increase in disease severity could be contributed to growth of infections. These figures are probably an underestimation of the real contribution as new infections are very small, thus reducing the average size of infections and their contribution to the increase of disease severity.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025154
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    Molecular mapping of an aluminum tolerance locus on chromosome 4D of Chinese Spring wheat (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 91 (1996), S. 31-35 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: aluminum ; linkage map ; marker ; RFLP mapping ; Triticum aestivum ; Triticum turgidum ; wheat ; durum wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The tolerance of aluminum (Al) of disomic substitution lines having the chromosomes of the D genome of Triticum aestivum L. cv. Chinese Spring individually substituted for their homoeologues in T. turgidum L. cv. Langdon was investigated by the hematoxylin method. The disomic substitution lines involving chromosome 4D were more Al tolerant than Langdon. The tolerance was found to be controlled by a single dominant gene, designated Alt2, that is in the proximal region of the long arm of chromosome 4D. The locus was mapped relative to molecular markers utilizing a population of recombinant chromosomes from homoeologous recombination between Chinese Spring chromosome 4D and T. turgidum chromosome 4B. Comparison of the location of Alt2 in this map with a consensus map of chromosomes 4B and 4D based on homologous recombination indicated that Alt2 is in a vicinity of a 4 cM interval delineated by markers Xpsr914 and Xpsr1051. The Alt2 locus is distal to marker Xpsr39 and proximal to XksuC2. The Altw locus is also proximal to the Knal locus on chromosome 4D that controls K+/Na+ selectivity and salt tolerance. In two lines, Alt 2 and Knal were transferred on a single 4D segment into the long arm of T. turgidum chromosome 4B.
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    In vitro selection of wheat callus tolerant to high levels of salt and plant regeneration (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 91 (1996), S. 127-140 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: In vitro selection ; salt tolerance ; Triticum aestivum L. ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Embryogenic calli isolated from immature embryos of four wheat cultivars were subjected to three in vitro selection methods for salt tolerance. The effect of NaCl on the selected and unselected cell lines has been investigated. The results indicated that the relative growth rate of callus decreased as the concentration of NaCl increased in both callus lines. The selected callus line gave a higher growth weight in the presence of NaCl in the medium and was highly significant as compared with unselected callus line across medium protocols in all wheat cultivars. The dry weight of both kinds of callus lines of all wheat cultivars increased markedly with increasing NaCl concentration in most cases. The Na+ and Cl- contents of both callus lines were increased with increasing salinity levels while K+ content was decreased. The selected callus line of each cultivar at the same salinity level produced significant amounts of Na+, K+ and Cl- higher than the unselected callus line in most salinity levels. However, the unselected callus lines of the cultivars Giza-157 and Sakha-90 at the same salinity level produced significant amounts of K+ higher than the selected callus line in most salinity levels. The proline content of both kinds of callus lines for all wheat cultivars was increased with increasing salinity level. However, the selected callus line gave a significantly higher proline content than the unselected callus line in all wheat cultivars at the same Salinity level. Results from the in vitro selection for NaCl tolerance showed that the stepwise method of increasing NaCl in the medium was more effective for plant regeneration than other methods.
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    Factors influencing the development of bread wheat plant types to be grown in the ‘transitional zone’ in northern Syria (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 91 (1996), S. 153-162 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: adaptation ; intrinsic earliness ; Triticum aestivum ; vernalization ; wheat ; Syria
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary This study sought to identify factors that influence wheat development in the transitional wheat growing zone of northern Syria. Three development factors were studied, intrinsic earliness, and responses to vernalization and to photoperiod. Two sets of wheat were studied, each composed of lines with differing combinations of development factors. Set 1 comprised 20 parental and breeding lines utilized by the CIMMYT/ICARDA facultative and winter wheat breeding program based at Tel Hadya. Set 2 comprised 19 parental and breeding lines utilized by an Australian winter wheat breeding program based at Temora. Field development was recorded in greatest detail at one site. Tel Hadya, using the state of differentiation of the apex of the main tiller of sampled plants. To extend findings, development was also recorded as the time from sowing to ear emergence for later sowings of wheat at Tel Hadya, and in sowings at four other regional sites. The significance of each development factor was tested in multiple regressions that predicted either stage of apical development at Tel Hadya, or time to ear emergence in all trials. It was found that intrinsic earliness was the major factor associated with development, in both sets of wheat. Response to photoperiod had a much smaller and less consistent effect. Response to vernalization had least effect on development, possibly because low temperature in winter delayed development for a longer period than was required to fully vernalize winter wheats. Our results suggested it may not be directly relevant whether spring or winter wheats are grown in the transitional zone of northern Syria. The desired phenotype for the region, of slow development prior to double ridge, then fast development to ear emergence, cannot be simply achieved from combinations of the three development factors. Selection for improved adaptation to the region must continue to rely on direct field observations.
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    CIMMYT's approach to breed for drought tolerance (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 92 (1996), S. 147-153 
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    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: breeding methodology ; drought patterns ; input-efficiency ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary About 32% of the 99 million ha wheat grown in developing countries experiences varying levels of drought stress. Three major drought types have been identified: Late drought (LD) is common in the Mediterranean region, early drought (ED) is found in Latin America and wheat is produced on residual soil moisture (RM) in the Indian subcontinent and part of Australia. Until 1983, CIMMYT selected all germplasm under near optimum conditions for its yield potential and tested only advanced lines under drought. In spite of many critics, this approach proved to be successful, since in the mid 80's CIMMYT germplasm was grown on 45% of the wheat area in LC with annual rainfall from 300–500 mm and on 21% in areas with less than 300 mm. Since 1983, CIMMYT's drought breeding methodology is to alternate segregating populations between drought stressed and fully irrigated conditions (FI) and to test advanced lines under a line source irrigation system. To compare the efficiency of these approach, yield of four, mostly leading varieties, from each of the regions with LD, ED, RM, and FI and twelve recent CIMMYT cultivars selected for high yield under FI and RM conditions (ALT) were compared under four different moisture regimes (FI, LD, ED, and RM) in 89–90 and 90–91 in Yaqui Valley, Mexico. Genotypic correlation between yield and days to flowering, days to maturity, height, grains m-2, TKW, test weight and grain fill period were calculated. Mean grain yield of the four best lines in the ALT group was highest under all moisture stress regimes, followed by the FI-group. However, the highest yielding cultivar within each moisture regime was from the FI-group under FI, from the LD-group under LD, and from the ALT-group under ED and RM conditions. Estimates for genetic advance suggest that FI is the best environment for increasing grain yield even in all three drought environments. This indicates that yield potential per se is beneficial also in drought environments. The highest yield in drought environments was realized by the CIM cultivars selected under FI and RM. Simultaneous evaluation of the germplasm under near optimum conditions, to utilize high heritabilities and identify lines with high yield potential, and under stress conditions to preserve alleles for drought tolerance seem at present the best strategy.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022840
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    Genetic variation for nitrogen use efficiency in winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 92 (1996), S. 221-224 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: hybrid lines ; nitrogen efficiency ; variation ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The new European Common Agricultural Policy and environmental considerations are certainly to change agricultural practices toward low input cultivation systems. Nitrogen is one of the main inputs of winter wheat in northern France and it contributes highly to phreatic water pollution. A research programme has then been set up in order to study whether it is possible to breed for winter wheat cultivars using more efficiently N fertilisers. Less nitrogen would be applied, decreasing pollution risks and operational costs. It has been shown that a large variation exists for N related traits and for the resistance against N deficiency. On the one hand the cv Arche is very resistant to N deficiency, its yield on low N conditions (with no N fertiliser) is on average 89% of its yield on high N conditions (with a high N application). On the other hand, cv Récital is very susceptible to N deficiency as this same percentage is only 61%. A study on 10 hybrids showed that heterosis for grain yield was higher at low N level than at high N level. This was due to a higher number of grains per m2.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022848
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    Seedling root response of some Kenyan bread wheat cultivars grown in acid nutrient culture solution containing aluminum (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 158 (1994), S. 141-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: acid tolerance ; cultivar differences ; root tolerance index ; Triticum aestivum L. ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The objective of this study was to determine whether a series of Kenyan bread wheat cultivars differed in tolerance to aluminum toxicity. Fourteen Kenyan wheat cultivars representing current and former widely grown cultivars of diverse pedigree origin, and two control cultivars, Maringa (Al-tolerant) and Siete Cerros (Al-susceptible), were tested in solution cultures with 0 (control), 148, 593, and 2370 μM Al at pH 4.6. Highly significant (p≤0.01) differences in seedling growth were observed among cultivars for root mass, root length and root tolerance index (RTI). Significant (p≤0.05) cultivar × treatment interactions were observed for root mass and RTI. All characters were negatively affected by increased Al concentration, with root length and root mass being affected the most. RTI is a commonly used index which measures the relative performance of individual cultivars with and without aluminum stress. High levels of tolerance to Al were identified in the Kenyan cultivars by evaluating RTI with this simple nutrient solution technique. Romany and Kenya Nyumbu had RTI values approaching those of the Al tolerant Brazilian cultivar Maringa, a spring wheat standard that has been used for high Al tolerance.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00007927
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    Evaluation of the use of a model rhizodeposition technique to separate root and microbial respiration in soil (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 165 (1994), S. 89-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: barley ; glucose ; microbial respiration ; pulse-labelling ; rhizodeposition ; root respiration ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A model rhizodeposition technique to estimate the root and microbial components of 14C soil/root respiration in pulse-labelling experiments is described. The method involves the injection of model rhizodeposits, consisting of 14C-labelled glucose, root extract or root cell wall material, into the rooted soil of an unlabelled plant, simultaneously with the pulse-labelling of a separate but similar plant with 14CO2. In a growth chamber experiment with 30 day old wheat and barley the contribution of direct root respiration to 14C soil/root respiration over a 26 day period after labelling was estimated 89–95%. Estimates of direct root respiration in field-grown wheat and barley at different development stages in most cases accounted for at least 75% of 14C soil/root respiration over a 21 day period after labelling. The mineralization rate of injected 14C-glucose was positively correlated with the concentration of glucose-C established in soil. The use of the method in rhizosphere carbon budget estimations is evaluated.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00009966
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    Combined effect of salinity and hypoxia in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) and wheat-Thinopyrum amphiploids (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 166 (1994), S. 47-54 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: amphiploid ; hypoxia ; salinity ; Thinopyrum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of sodium chloride salinity and hypoxia were studied in eight wheat lines and three wheat-Thinopyrum amphiploids in vermiculite-gravel culture. The lines were treated with either 100 or 150 mol m−3 NaCl with and without hypoxia. Saline hypoxic conditions significantly reduced the vegetative growth, water use, grain and straw yields for all wheat varieties except the amphiploids, whereas NaCl or hypoxia alone had less pronounced effects. In addition, saline hypoxic stress reduced K+ concentration and increased significantly the Na+ and Cl− concentrations in cell sap expressed from leaves. There was more Na+ and Cl− accumulation in wheats than the amphiploids in hypoxic conditions at 150 mol m−3 NaCl. Of the wheats, Pato was the most sensitive at all stress levels while aTriticum aestivum cv. Chinese Spring ×Thinopyrum elongatum amphiploid was the most tolerant of the three amphiploids.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02185480
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    Effects of growth period, plant age and changes in solution aluminium concentrations on aluminium toxicity in wheat (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 166 (1994), S. 21-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminium ; growth period ; phosphorus ; plant age ; root length ; root width ; solution culture ; techniques ; Triticum aestivum ; variation ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of growth period (time between transplanting and harvesting), plant age at which aluminium (Al) was added to solution, changes in Al concentration, and solution culture techniques (monitoring and adjusting solution Al concentrations thrice weekly or weekly replacement of the solutions) were investigated using a low ionic strength (2.7×10−3 M) solution culture technique. The wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) cultivars Waalt (Al-tolerant) and Warigal (Al-sensitive), or the near isogenic lines bred from these cultivars (RR for the Al-tolerant line and SS for the Al-sensitive line) were grown. In all experiments and treatments, Al additions were required to maintain the nominal concentration. The decline in solution Al concentrations was partially attributed to formation of an Al-hydroxy-phosphate precipitate with an Al:P molar ratio of 2.8 to 4.0. Increasing the growth period from 14 to 28 days increased Al sensitivity in Warigal but not in Waalt. When plants were exposed to Al for the same time, increasing the age of the plants that Al was added to solution decreased sensitivity to Al. Differential Al tolerance between the two lines was evident when solutions were monitored thrice weekly or replaced weekly. However, the Al concentration required to reduce relative yield by a given amount when the solutions were replaced weekly was about twice that when the solutions were monitored. With a constant growth period of 28 days, increasing solution Al concentrations for 3 or more days resulted in decreased yields at harvest. The exact effect depended on the cultivar, plant part (tops or roots), when solution Al concentrations were increased and the duration of the increase. For example, increasing Al concentrations from 5 μM to 20 μM for 10 days reduced yield in the RR line by approximately 50% in the tops and 30% in the roots beyond the effect of 5 M but had no effect in the SS line due to yields already being low at 5 μM. Adding 10 μM Al to solution for 6 days at the beginning of the experiment reduced yield by 25% in the RR line and 50% in the SS line. In contrast, adding 10 μM Al for 6 days in the middle of the growth cycle had no effect on the RR line but reduced yield by approximately 25% in the SS line. These results show that growth period, the age of the plants at which Al is added and the technique used (monitored or weekly replacement) all need to be considered when comparing results from different experiments. These results also show that the Al concentrations in solution need to be regularly monitored in long term experiments.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02185477
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    Variation in acquisition of soil phosphorus among wheat and barley genotypes (1996)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 178 (1996), S. 223-230 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: barley ; cultivar ; acquisition efficiency ; rhizosphere ; root hairs ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract To assess the extent of variation in phosphorus acquisition efficiency of some winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), winter and spring barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) genotypes, depletion of inorganic phosphorus (P) extractable with 0.5 M NaHCO3 (NaHCO3-Pi) from the rhizosphere soil was studied. Nutrients supply, rhizosphere soil pH and soil water content was kept equal for all the genotypes with the aim to reduce the confounding variation due to these factors. The experimental set up implied that no difference in the relative growth rates, nitrogen, potassium and calcium content of shoot dry matter occurred among the genotypes. The winter wheat, winter barley and spring barley genotypes differed significantly (p〉0.05) in their efficiency to acquire NaHCO3-Pi from the rhizosphere soil. The efficiency of the winter wheat genotypes to acquire NaHCO3-Pi from rhizosphere soil ranked Kraka 〉 Gawain 〉 Foreman 〉 Sleipner = Obelisk 〉 Kosack 〉 Pepital 〉 Arum. Winter wheat genotypes differed in extent of P depletion profiles in the rhizosphere, indicating variation in root hair length. The winter barley and spring barley genotypes also showed significant differences in their P depletion profiles near roots. The efficiency of the winter barley genotypes to acquire soil P in the rhizosphere ranked Hamu 〉 Frost 〉 Marinka 〉 Astrid 〉 Clarine = Angora. The efficiency of spring barley genotypes to acquire NaHCO3-Pi in the rhizosphere ranked Canut 〉 Etna ≅ Riga 〉 Digger 〉 Peel 〉 Semal 〉 Alexis. The rhizosphere pH remained unchanged, suggesting that additional mechanisms such as root hair formation and root exudates play a significant role in causing variation in P acquisition among the genotypes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00011587
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    Redox transformations and plant uptake of selenium resulting from root-soil interactions (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 158 (1994), S. 1-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: acid soils ; ascorbic acid ; barley ; gallic acid ; manganese oxides ; oxidation-reduction ; rhizosphere ; root exudates ; selenium ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Batch studies were conducted with Mn oxides (birnessite-hausmannite mixture, BHM) and samples of four soil series from the Mid-Atlantic region of the USA to determine effects of reducing organic acids, similar to those found in the rhizosphere, on the SeO3/SeO4 distribution. Jackland (Typic Hapludalf), Myersville (Ultic Hapludalf), Christiana (Aeric Paleaquult), and Evesboro (Typic Quartizipsamment) A and B horizon soil samples with and without prior Mn oxide reduction were incubated aerobically for 10 d with 0.1 mmol kg-1 SeO3 and 0 or 25 mmol kg-1 of ascorbic acid, gallic acid, oxalic acid, or citric acid. Selenite was also added to BHM (10 mmol kg-1) with 0 or 0.1 mmol kg-1 ascorbic acid. The availability of Se for plant uptake as a result of root-soil interactions was examined using growth chamber studies with barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) and wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seedlings grown in 150-mL cone-shaped containers to maximize root-soil surface interactions and to create ‘rhizosphere’ soil throughout the root zone. In the BHM system ascorbic acid increased oxidation of SeO3 to SeO4 to 33% of added SeO3. In the presence of ascorbic and gallic acids and Mn oxides, oxidation of SeO3 to SeO4 occurred in the B horizons of all the soils and in the A horizons of Jackland and Myersville soils. Removal of Mn oxides decreased the oxidation in some samples. Wheat and barley plants were able to accumulate up to 20 μmol Se kg-1 from the Jackland soil when soluble Se was not measurable. The root-soil interactions in the Jackland soil with barley and wheat provided the plant with Se from insoluble sources. The results also indicate that Mn oxides coming in contact with reducing root exudates have a greater ability to oxidize SeO3 to SeO4. Thus, rhizosphere processes play an important role in the availability of Se for plant uptake.
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    Colonisation of wheat by VA-mycorrhizal fungi was found to be higher on a farm managed in an organic manner than on a conventional neighbour (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 160 (1994), S. 33-40 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: organic agriculture ; phosphorus ; rock phosphate ; VA-mycorrhizas ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Levels of colonisation by vesicular-arbuscular (VA)-mycorrhizal fungi were compared between adjacent farms, one operated in a conventional manner and the other run according to organic farming principles. Wheat grown on the organic farm was found to have VA-mycorrhizal colonisation levels consistently 2 to 3 times higher than wheat on the conventional farm. Glasshouse and field trials indicated that the lower colonisation levels on the conventional farm were due to continual use of fertiliser containing soluble phosphorus (P). The fertiliser appeared to have an immediate negative effect on the rate of colonisation, and also appeared to have a long term negative effect through maintaining higher levels of soluble P in the soil, and by decreasing inoculum levels. Use of the relatively insoluble reactive rock phosphate fertiliser on the organic farm did not decrease levels of VA-mycorrhizas. Colonisation levels did not vary between wheat varieties, and herbicides and seed dressings were also not found to be having any significant effect on levels of colonisation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00150343
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    Aluminum-induced deposition of (1,3)-β-glucans (callose) inTriticum aestivum L. (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 162 (1994), S. 273-280 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminum resistance ; (1, 3)-β-glucans ; callose ; roots ; stress indicator ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Aluminum (Al)-induced damage to leaves and roots of two Al-resistant (cv. Atlas 66, experimental line PT741) and two Al-sensitive (cv. Scout 66, cv. Katepwa) lines ofTriticum aestivum L. was estimated using the deposition of (1, 3)-β-glucans (callose) as a marker for injury. Two-day-old seedlings were grown for forty hours in nutrient solutions with or without added Al, and callose deposition was quantified by spectrofluorometry (0–1000 µM Al) and localized by fluorescence microscopy (0 and 400 µM Al). Results suggested that Al caused little damage to leaves. No callose was observed in leaves with up to 400 µM Al treatment. In contrast, root callose concentration increased with Al treatment, especially in the Al-sensitive lines. At 400 µM Al, root callose concentration of Al-sensitive Scout 66 was nearly four-fold that of Al-resistant Atlas 66. After Al treatment, large callose deposits were observed in the root cap, epidermis and outer cortex of root tips of Scout 66, but not Atlas 66. The identity of callose was confirmed by a reduced fluorescence in Al-treated roots: firstly, after adding an inhibitor of callose synthesis (2-deoxy-D-glucose) to the nutrient solution, and secondly, after incubating root sections with the callosedegrading enzyme β-D-glucoside glucohydrolase [EC 3.2.1.21]. Root callose deposition may be a good marker for Al-induced injury due to its early detection by spectrofluorometry and its close association with stress perception.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01347714
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    Gravitropic response growth angle and vertical distribution of roots of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 165 (1994), S. 323-326 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: genotype ; gravitropic response ; root depth index (RDI)_ ; root growth angle ; root vertical distribution ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Recent work on root distribution, growth angles and gravitropic responses in Japanese cultivars of winter wheat are reviewed. Vertical distribution of roots, which influences the environmental stress tolerance of plants, was observed in the 12 Japanese cultivars in the field. The root depth index (RDI: the depth at which 50% of the root length has been reached) differed among the cultivars at the stem elongation stage. Since the RDI was closely related to the growth angle of seminal roots obtained in a pot experiment, it was assumed that growth angle is useful for predicting vertical root distribution among wheat genotypes. Gravitropic responses of the primary seminal root of 133 Japanese wheat cultivars assessed by measuring the growth angle in agar medium, were larger in the northern Japanese cultivars and smaller in the southern ones. It was also found that the geographical variation resulted from the wheat breeding process, i.e. genotypes with limited gravitropic responses of roots had been selected in the southern part of Japan where excessive soil moisture is one of the most serious problems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00008076
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    Losses of14C from roots of pulse-labelled wheat and barley during washing from soil (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 166 (1994), S. 93-99 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: barley ; 14C ; pulse-labelling ; roots ; washing losses ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In crop carbon budget studies losses of root material during storage and washing of samples may cause considerable errors. To correct data from field experiments where rhizosphere C fluxes in wheat and barley were determined by14C pulse-labelling at different development stages, experiments were performed to quantify losses of14C from roots during washing. Losses of14C from wheat roots grown on nutrient solution and stored in different ways, decreased from on average 45% of total14C content 8 days after labelling to 27% after 21 days. This decrease was probably related to the incorporation of14C into structural compounds. During washing of oven-dried soil cores of held-grown wheat and barley 3 weeks after labelling, different size classes of losses of14C from the roots increased substantially with the development stage of the crop at labelling. The 0.3–0.6 mm size class increased from 5% of the14C in roots 〉 0.3 mm in young plants to 25% at ripening, and the 〈 0.3 mm size class increased from 8 to 41% of total14C content. The latter size class was, however, determined by washing handpicked roots and may therefore partly consist of adhering exudates, mucilages and microorganisms. The effect of development stage on root washing losses was attributed to root senescence which increases the fragility of roots. Thus, especially at the rate development stages root washing losses caused a severe underestimation of the root14C content. However, with these results the14C distribution patterns of the field experiments could be adequately corrected.
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    Differences in the metabolic responses of root tips of wheat and rye to aluminium stress (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 167 (1994), S. 165-171 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: aluminium tolerance ; enzymes ; root tips ; rye ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of aluminium (Al) ions on the metabolism of root apical meristems were examined in 4-day-old seedlings of two cereals which differed in their tolerance to Al: wheat cv. Grana (Al-sensitive) and rye cv. Dańkowskie Nowe (Al tolerant). During a 24 h incubation period in nutrient solutions containing 0.15 mM and 1.0 mM of Al for wheat and rye, respectively, the activity of first two enzymes in the pentose phosphate pathway (G-6-PDH and 6-PGDH) decreased in the sensitive cultivar. In the tolerant cultivar activities of these enzymes increased initially, then decreased slightly, and were at control levels after 24 h. In the Al-sensitive wheat cultivar a 50% reduction in the activity of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase was observed in the presence of Al. Changes in enzyme activity were accompanied by changes in levels of G-6-P- the initial substrate in the pentose phosphate pathway. When wheat was exposed for 16 h to a nutrient solution containing aluminium, a 90% reduction in G-6-P concentration was observed. In the Al-tolerant rye cultivar, an increase and subsequently a slight decrease in G-6-P concentration was detected, and after 16 h of Al-stress the concentration of this substrate was still higher than in control plants. This dramatic Al-induced decrease in G-6-P concentration in the Al-sensitive wheat cultivar was associated with a decrease in both the concentration of glucose in the root tips as well as the activity of hexokinase, an enzyme which is responsible for phosphorylation of glucose to G-6-P. However, in the Al-tolerant rye cultivar, the activity of this enzyme remained at the level of control plants during Al-treatment, and the decrease in the concentration of glucose occurred at a much slower rate than in wheat. These results suggest that aluminium ions change cellular metabolism of both wheat and rye root tips. In the Al-sensitive wheat cultivar, irreversible disturbances induced by low doses of Al in the nutrient solution appear very quickly, whereas in the Al-tolerant rye cultivar, cellular metabolism, even under severe stress conditions, is maintained for a long time at a level which allows for root elongation to continue.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01587612
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    Phytosiderophore release in bread and durum wheat genotypes differing in zinc efficiency (1996)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 180 (1996), S. 183-189 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: genotypes ; phytosiderophores ; wheat ; zinc deficiency ; zinc efficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of the zinc (Zn) nutritional status on the rate of phytosiderophore release was studied in nutrient solution over 20 days in four bread wheat (Triticum aestivum cvs. Kiraç-66, Gerek-79, Aroona and Kirkpinar) and four durum wheat (Triticum durum cvs. BDMM-19, Kunduru-1149, Kiziltan-91 and Durati) genotypes differing in Zn efficiency. Visual Zn deficiency symptoms, such as whitish-brown necrosis on leaves and reduction in plant height appeared first and more severe in Zn-inefficient durum wheat genotypes Kiziltan-91, Durati and Kunduru-1149. Compared to the bread wheat genotypes, all durum wheat genotypes were more sensitive to Zn deficiency. BDMM-19 was the least affected durum wheat genotype. Among the bread wheat genotypes, Kirkpinar was the most sensitive genotype. In all genotypes well supplied with Zn, the rate of phytosiderophore release was very low and did not exceed 1 μmol 32 plants-1 3h-1, or 0.5 μmol g-1 root dry wt 3h-1. However, under Zn deficiency, with the onset of visual Zn deficiency symptoms, the release of phytosiderophores was enhanced in bread wheat genotypes up to 7.5 μmol 32 plants-1 3h-1, or 9 μmol g-1 root dry wt 3h-1, particularly in Zn-efficient Kiraç-66, Gerek-79 and Aroona. In contrast to bread wheat genotypes, phytosiderophore release in Zn-deficient durum wheat genotypes remained at a very low rate. Among the durum wheat genotypes BDMM-19 had highest rate of phytosiderophore release. HPLC analysis of root exudates showed that 2′-deoxymugineic acid (DMA) is the dominating phytosiderophore released from roots of Zn-efficient genotypes. In root extracts concentration of DMA was also much higher in Zn-efficient than in inefficient genotypes. The results demonstrate that enhanced synthesis and release of phytosiderophores at deficient Zn supply is involved in Zn efficiency in wheat genotypes. It is suggested that the expression of Zn efficiency mechanism is causally related to phytosiderophore-mediated enhanced mobilization of Zn from sparingly soluble Zn pools and from adsorption sites, both in the rhizosphere and plants.
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    C-band polymorphism and structural rearrangements detected in common wheat (Triticum aestivum) (1994)
    Springer
    Euphytica 78 (1994), S. 1-5 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; C-band polymorphism ; structural rearrangements ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Giemsa C-banding allows for the identification of all 21 chromosome pairs of hexaploid wheat. However, variation in banding patterns of individual chromosomes and structural rearrangements exist between different cultivars making chromosome identification more difficult. The paper summarizes the available data on C-band polymorphism and structural rearrangement present in wheat cultivars and germplasms.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00021392
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    The effect of temperature on seed set and embryo development in reciprocal crosses of wheat and barley (1994)
    Springer
    Euphytica 78 (1994), S. 53-58 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Hordeum vulgare ; barley ; intergeneric hybridization ; influence of temperature ; embryo development
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effect of temperature on seed set and embryo development in reciprocal crosses of barley and wheat was assessed in crosses involving two spring barley varieties (Betzes, Martonvásári 50) and one wheat variety (Chinese Spring). Detached tillers placed in nutrient solution were pollinated in controlled environments at constant day-night temperature regimes (12, 15, 18 and 21° C) with a light intensity of 30,000 lux and a relative humidity of 80%. When barley was used as the female, lower temperatures (12 and 15° C) produced the maximum seed set, whereas for the reciprocal cross, the highest temperature (21° C) produced the best seed set in the Chinese Spring × Betzes combination. Low temperature retarded the embryo development. The highest numbers of hybrid plants were produced at 18° C and 21° C in the barley × wheat cross and in the wheat × barley cross, respectively. Embryos of about 1.5 mm length in the barley × wheat cross, and of about 1.0 mm length in the wheat × barley cross germinated successfully. The smallest embryo giving rise to hybrid plants was 0.57 mm in the barley × wheat cross and 0.51 mm in the wheat × barley cross.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00021397
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    Estimation of genetic parameters for in vitro traits in wheat immature embryo cultures involving high X low regeneration capacity genotypes (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 87 (1996), S. 119-125 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; gene action ; heritability ; wheat ; tissue culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Estimates of gene actions were obtained for five in vitro traits of immature wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) embryo cultures from a cross of two wheat cultivars and the resulting reciprocal, F1, F2 and backcross populations. The contribution of additive gene effects to in vitro traits was not as important as the dominance gene effects. Epistatic gene effects were relatively more important than either additive or dominance gene effects. Of the individual types of digenic epistatic effects, the dominance x dominance estimates were relatively larger in magnitude for all in vitro culture traits measured. The maternal effect played a minor role in the inheritance of the in vitro studied traits since the difference among the reciprocal values was not significant. It is shown from the generation mean method that epistasis played a major role in the inheritance of most of the traits under study. The negative values of additive and dominance genetic variance were estimates of zero. Heritability estimates, in broad sense, were relatively high for the in vitro studied traits. In some cases, heritability estimates in broad and narrow senses are almost equal since the estimation of dominance genetic variance led to negative values. According to the results of the gene effects, dominance and epistasis were important for the shoot formation trait. Selection would be effective among the isolated genotypes on individual basis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00021884
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    The effect of chromosome 1AL/1RS translocation on agronomic performance of 85 F2-derived F6 lines from three Triticum aestivum L. crosses (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 89 (1996), S. 363-369 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Secale cereale ; Triticum aestivum ; yield components ; 1AL/1RS translocation ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The effect of the 1AL/1RS chromosome translocation on grain yield and other agronomic characteristics of 85 random F2-derived F6 bulks from three 1AL 1RS × 1A bread wheat crosses was determined under optimum and reduced irrigation conditions at CIANO, Yaqui Valley, Sonora, Mexico, during the 1991–1992 and 1992–1993 crop production cycles. Harvest plots of 5.0 m2 were arranged in an alpha lattice design with three replications. The 1AL/1RS translocation increased grain yield, above-ground biomass, spikes/m2, and test weight under both irrigated and dryland conditions. Homozygous chromosome 1A lines, on the other hand, possessed longer spikes with more grains. The 1AL/1RS cultivars had an advantage in 1000-grain weight, which was detected only under optimum irrigation. The translocation lines showed later maturity and longer grainfilling period than the 1A genotypes under one irrigation treatment. A significant relationship between grain yield and test weight was detected only among the 1AL/1RS genotypes, indicating that they possess heavier and plumper grains than the 1A genotypes. These results encourage the continued use of the 1AL/1RS translocation in wheat improvement.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022294
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    Wheat embryogenesis and haploid production in wheat × maize hybrids (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 90 (1996), S. 315-324 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: embryogenesis ; wheat ; maize ; Triticum aestivum ; Zea mays ; haploidy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Embryogenesis was analyzed in wheat × maize hybrids using paraffin sectioning. Embryogenesis in wheat × maize hybrids is different from that in self-pollinated wheat plants. Development of the embryo is not accompanied by the formation of an endosperm. The endosperm nuclei remain free in the cytoplasm, fail to advance into the cellular stage, and degenerate at a later time. The antipodal cells quickly degenerate in the fertilized ovaries of wheat × maize hybrids similar to self-pollinated ovaries. The antipodal cells remain normal in unpollinated ovaries. The pre-embryo will abort if it is allowed to develop on the plant, because of a nutritional shortage in the absence of an endosperm. Therefore, embryo rescue is necessary for haploid production from a wheat × maize hybrids. Haploid polyembryos were obtained from spikelet culture of wheat × maize hybrids. The formation of polyembryos is due to the cleavage of the pre-embryo and the effect of 2,4-D. The frequency of haploid embryo production and plant regeneration is affected significantly by maize genotypes, but not by wheat genotypes. The concentration of 2,4-D affects only the size of the embryo.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027482
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    Adaptation of wheat rusts to the wheat cultivars in former Czechoslovakia (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 92 (1996), S. 95-103 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: rusts ; virulence genes ; wheat ; resistance genes ; Czech Republic ; Slovak Republic ; Triticum aestivum ; Thalictrum species
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In former Czechoslovakia virulence of rusts attacking wheat was studied since the sixties. Since the same time genes for resistance in the registered cultivars were identified. The role of Berberis and Thalictrum as alternate hosts for stem rust and leaf rust, respectively, was investigated as well. Determined changes of virulence in rust populations could only partially be ascribed to changes of resistance genes in the grown cultivars. Unnecessary genes for virulence had no negative effect on the fitness of the pathogen. All tested samples of aeciospores from barberries attacked rye, not wheat. None of Thalictrum species occurring in the Czech and Slovak Republics was found to host wheat leaf rust. However, the sexual stage of wheat stem rust and wheat leaf rust could be induced on Berberis vulgaris and Thalictrum speciosissimum, respectively. General epidemiological conclusions are drawn from the results and experience of the last 35 years.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022834
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    Assessment of genetic variability in hexaploid wheat landraces of Pakistan based on polymorphism for HMW glutenin subunits (1996)
    Springer
    Genetic resources and crop evolution 43 (1996), S. 211-220 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: genetic diversity ; HMW glutenin subunits ; landraces ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Sixty hexaploid wheat landraces collected from five regions of Pakistan were assessed for genetic variability in terms of high molecular weight (HMW) glutenin subunits as revealed by SDS-PAGE. The germplasm appeared to be diverse and unique on the basis of HMW glutenin subunit compositions. Out of 24 alleles detected at all the Glu-1 loci, four belonged to Glu-A1, 12 to Glu-B1 and eight to Glu-D1 locus. The number of novel HMW glutenin subunits detected were 1, 4 and 6 at the three loci (Glu-A1, Glu-B1, Glu-D1), respectively. The frequency distribution patterns of 24 allelic variants detected at the three Glu-1 loci in 1080 samples analysed for 60 accessions were determined both on the basis of individual accessions and on the basis of regions (accessions pooled across the regions). One allele (“null”) at the Glu-A1 locus, three alleles (17+18, 7+8, 14) at the Glu-B1 locus and, two alleles (2+12 and 2**+12′) at the Glu-D1 locus were found most frequently distributed in the 60 populations. Maximum variation was observed in the Baluchistan and Gilgit regions of Pakistan in terms of distribution of novel Glu-1 alleles. A higher gene diversity was observed between the populations as compared to the gene diversity within the populations while, a reverse pattern of gene diversity was observed when populations were pooled across the regions (higher within the regions than between the regions). A data base has been generated in this study which could be expanded and usefully exploited for cultivar development or management of gene bank accessions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00123273
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    Evaluation of Chinese Triticeae for resistance to Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus (BYDV) (1994)
    Springer
    Genetic resources and crop evolution 41 (1994), S. 35-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: wheat ; grass ; wide crossing ; China ; Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus (BYDV) ; luteovirus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus (BYDV) is recognised as a major pathological constraint to cereal production in northern China and several widespread epidemics have been reported. The host range of BYDV includes not only cereals but many grasses. The indigenous Triticeae of northern China have likely been exposed to significant disease pressure from BYDV and therefore may be a potential source of BYDV resistance for cereal improvement. A wide range of Triticeae accessions collected over three expeditions in northern China were evaluated for resistance to BYDV. Seedlings were artificially inoculated and virus levels then assayed by ELISA. Resistance and immunity to BYDV were found to be widely distributed among the seven genera of Triticeae included in the screening. A high proportion of resistant and immune accessions was found in the genera Hordeum, Leymus, Elymus and Elytrigia. The wide range of reaction types to BYDV found within many species, and even between accessions of some species, indicates that natural selection for BYDV resistance may have been relatively recent in the Chinese Triticeae. A high proportion of resistance and/or immunity was found in Xinjiang compared to the general distribution. From the Chinese Triticeae tested the Leymus species may be the most appropriate material to initiate transfer of BYDV resistance to wheat.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00051421
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    Genetic research as the valid base of strategies for breeding rust resistant wheats (1996)
    Springer
    Genetica 97 (1996), S. 243-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-6857
    Keywords: durable resistance ; induced resistance ; leaf rust ; rust resistance ; stem rust ; stripe rust ; wheat ; wheat breeding
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract It is known that few wheat cultivars maintain their resistance to rust diseases for a long period of time, particularly when crop populations become genetically more uniform. A number of genetically diverse, so far unexploited, sources of rust resistance in the natural as well as mutagenized population of wheat cultivars were identified. Several of these genes were placed in agronomically superior well-adapted backgrounds so that they could be used as pre-breeding stocks for introducing genetic diversity for resistance in a crop population. Some of these stocks when employed as parents in several cross combinations in a breeding programme have generated a number of promising cultivars with diversity for resistance. Many presently grown wheats in India, near-isogenic lines each with Lr14b, Lr14ab, Lr30 and certain international cultivars were identified as possessing diverse sources of adult plant resistance (APR) to leaf rust. Prolonged leaf rust resistance in some of the Indian cultivars was attributed to the likely presence of Lr34 either alone or in combination with other APR components. Tests of allelism carried out in certain cultivars that continue to show adequate levels of field resistance confirm the presence of Lr34, which explains the role that this gene has played in imparting durability for resistance to leaf rust. Also, Lr34 in combination with other APR components increases the levels of resistance, which suggests that combination of certain APR components should be another important strategy for breeding cultivars conferring durable and adequate levels of resistance. A new adult plant leaf rust resistance source that seems to be associated with durability in ‘Arjun’ has been postulated. Likewise, cultivars possessing Sr2 in combination with certain other specific genes have maintained resistance to stem rust. Further, non-specific resistances that were transferred across widely different genotypes into two of the popular Indian wheats provided easily usable materials to the national breeding programmes for imparting durable resistance to stripe rust.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00055311
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    Ethylene as promoter of wheat grain maturation and ear senescence (1994)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 15 (1994), S. 107-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: aminoethoxyvinylglycine ; ear senescence ; ethephon ; ethylene ; grain maturation ; silver thiosulfate ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This work was aimed at testing the involvement of ethylene in the maturation of grain and senescence of the foliar structures of the wheat inflorescence. Whole wheat ears emitted ethylene to the atmosphere. From pre-anthesis, ethylene emission progressively increased from 0.76 nl g−1FW h−1 to a peak 1.53 nl g−1FW h−1 at the hard dough stage of the grains, to fall to a minimum of 0.10 nl g−1FW h−1 at the dormant seed stage. Ethephon increased the ethylene release, hastened the process of grain maturation and senescence of the ears. Aminoethoxyvinylglycine and silver thiosulfate produced the opposite effects. It is concluded that ethylene plays a role in grain maturation and in the senescence of the green bracts of the inflorescence.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00024098
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    Gibberellins and α-amylase gene expression in germinating wheat grains (1994)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 15 (1994), S. 261-270 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: abscisic acid ; α-amylase ; germination ; gibberellin(s) ; paclobutrazol ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Gibberellins (GAs), GA8, GA17, GA19, GA20, GA29, and GA79 were identified by full-scan gas chromatography-mass spectrometry in a purified acidic fraction and GA8, GA20, GA79, and GA90 in a hydrolysed conjugate fraction from mature wheat grains. Gibberellin A20-13-O-glucoside was also quantified directly as the permethyl derivative in dry seed. The scutellum was identified as the major site of de novo GA biosynthesis by measuring ent-kaurene accumulation in vivo in grains treated with 2S,3S-paclobutrazol. Several GAs of the early 13-hydroxylation GA pathway began to accumulate in the axis and scutellum between 24 and 48 hours in untreated grains germinated at 15°C. Bioactive GA1 and GA3 also increased in the endosperm during this period, whereas abscisic acid contents of embryo and endosperm declined rapidly over 48 hours following imbibition. Treating grains with 2S,3S-paclobutrazol reduced GA1 plus GA3 content of scutella by 70–80% over 4 days without affecting significantly the steady-state pool of α-amylase mRNA transcripts. In contrast, a 50–80% reduction in the content of bioactive GAs in the endosperm was associated with a 70–78% decrease in transcripts for both α-amylase gene families in aleurones of paclobutrazol-treated grains. It was concluded that the initiation of α-amylase gene expression in wheat scutella was independent of de novo GA biosynthesis, whereas that in the aleurone was largely dependent on embryo-produced GAs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029899
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    Effectiveness of different phosphatic fertilizers measured using labelled superphosphate and phosphorus taken up by plants (1994)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 39 (1994), S. 31-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Compost ; diammonium phosphate ; phosphorus availability ; fertilizer effectiveness ; 32P ; rock phosphate ; superphosphate ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The agronomic effectiveness of three P fertilizers (diamonium phosphate, rock phosphate and compost) was studied in a greenhouse experiment using wheat. A radioisotopic method, using triple superphosphate labelled with32P, was used to evaluate the P in dried tops that was derived from i) the soil, ii) labelled superphosphate and iii) the fertilizer being studied. The ratio between P uptake from each fertilizer and P uptake from the soil was used to compare the effectiveness of the different fertilizers. P derived from diammonium phosphate was greater than P derived from the soil, except in one soil. P derived from rock phosphate was always lower than P derived from the soil. The effectiveness of compost depended on soil type. Compost can produce two kind of effects: i) a direct P contribution and ii) an indirect effect improving P uptake from the soil. The radioisotopic method can be used to study the effectiveness of fertilizers even when there are no differences in yield.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750154
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    Large granules, nests or bands: Methods of increasing efficiency of fall-applied urea for small cereal grains in North America (1994)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 38 (1994), S. 61-87 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Band placement ; barley ; cereal grains ; fall-applied N ; fertilizer efficiency ; large urea granules ; LUG ; method of placement ; nest placement ; nitrification ; time of application ; urea fertilizer ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In North America where the climate is cool enough only one crop is grown yearly, N fertilizers are sometimes applied in the previous fall rather than in the spring for fall- or spring-sown cereal grains. However, in areas where snow accumulates in winter, fall application of N fertilizers is generally inferior to spring application. Substantial nitrification takes place in winter and subsequent N loss occurs primarily in early spring by denitrification after the snow melt. Immobilization of N is also greater with fall- than spring-applied N fertilizers. Nitrogen is more efficiently retained in the soil as NH4 and thus more effectively used by plants if formation of nitrite (NO2) and NO3 is reduced or prevented by inhibiting nitrification. The nitrification is reduced when urea is placed in bands, because of high pH, ammonia concentration and osmotic pressure in the soil. The rate of nitrification is further reduced when urea is placed in widely-spaced nests (a number of urea prills placed together at a point below the soil surface) or as large urea granules (LUG) by reducing contact between the nitrifying bacteria and the NH4 released upon urea hydrolysis. A further reduction in nitrification from LUG can be obtained by addition of chemical nitrification inhibitors (such as dicyandiamide (DCD)) to LUG. The concentration of a chemical inhibitor required to suppress nitrification decreases with increasing granule size. The small soil-fertilizer interaction zone with placement of urea in nests or as LUG also reduces immobilization of fertilizer N, especially in soils amended with crop residues. The efficiency of fall-applied N is improved greatly by placing urea in nests or as LUG for small cereal grains. Yields of spring-sown barley from nests of urea or LUG applied in the fall are close to those obtained with spring-applied urea prills incorporated into the soil. Delaying urea application until close to freeze-up is also improved the efficiency of fall-applied N. This increased effectiveness of urea nests or LUG is due to slower nitrification, lower N loss over the winter by denitrification, and reduced immobilization of applied N. Fall application of LUG containing low rates of DCD slows nitrification, reduces over-winter N loss, and causes further improvement in yield and N uptake of winter wheat compared to urea as LUG alone in experiments in Ontario; in other experiments in Alberta there is no yield advantage from using a nitrification inhibitor with LUG for barley. Placement of LUG or nests of urea in soil is an agronomically sound practice for reducing N losses. This practice can eliminate or reduce the amount of nitrification inhibitor necessary to improve the efficiency of fall-applied urea where losses of mineral N are a problem. The optimum size of urea nest or LUG, and optimum combination of LUG and an efficient nitrification inhibitor need to be determined for different crops under different agroclimatic conditions. The soil (texture, CEC, N status), plant (winter or spring crop, crop geometry, crop growth duration and cultivar) and climatic (temperature, amount and distribution of precipitation) factors should be taken into account during field evaluation of LUG. There is a need to conduct region-specific basic research to understand mechanisms and magnitudes of N transformations and N losses in a given ecosystem. Prediction of nitrification from LUG or urea nests in various environments is needed. In nitrification inhibition studies with LUG and chemical nitrification inhibitors, measurements of nitrifier activity will be useful. Finally, there is need for development of applicators for mechanical placement of LUG or urea prills in widely-spaced nests in soil.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750063
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    Effect of selenium-enriched calcium nitrate, top-dressed at different growth stages, on the selenium concentration in wheat (1994)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 38 (1994), S. 199-203 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: calcium nitrate ; growth stages ; sodium selenate-enriched fertilizers ; Se concentration ; silty clay soil ; top-dressing ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A greenhouse experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of Se contained in calcium nitrate, top-dressed at different growth stages, on the Se concentration in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Selenium as sodium selenate was added to Ca (NO3)2 and NPK (21-4-10) during the manufacturing process. A silty clay soil with soil pH of 6.1 was used. Four selenium treatments incorporated in Ca (NO3)2 were top-dressed at both the tillering and heading growth stages at rates of 0, 15, 30, and 45 mg kg−1 of Ca (NO3)2 fertilizer equivalent to about 0, 0.003, 0.007, 0.01 mg Se kg−1 soil, respectively. A fifth treatment of 20 mg Se kg−1 of NPK (21-4-10%) equivalent to 0.007 mg Se kg−1 soil was basal dressed at the time of sowing. Calcium nitrate with or without Se was top-dressed at the rate of 35 mg N kg−1. In addition all pots received a basal dose of N at the rate of 7 0 mg N kg−1 through a NPK(21-4-10) fertilizer. The Se-enriched Ca (NO3)2 increased the uptake and concentration of Se in wheat significantly (ρ〉0.05) with increasing concentration of Se in the fertilizer applied. The Se concentration in wheat grain increased from 〈1.1 to 468µg Se kg−1 in the first year when the concentration in the Se-enriched Ca (NO3)2 was increased from 0 to 45 mg Se kg−1 but the corresponding increase in the second and third year was lower. The Se concentration in the grain was more than twice of that in the straw. The uptake and concentration of Se in wheat, except in the second year, was generally higher when Se was top-dressed at heading as compared to that when it was top-dressed at tillering but the concentration differences between time of application were not statistically significant(ρ〉0.05). Basal application of Se-enriched NPK (0.007 mg Se kg−1 soil) was only half as effective as an equivalent rate of Se in top-dressed Seenriched Ca(NO3)2 in increasing the Se concentration in wheat and the concentration levels among these treatments were significantly (ρ〉0.01) different. It was concluded that topdressing of Se-enriched Ca(NO3)2 at 30 mg Se kg−1 is an effective method of application to increase the Se concentration in wheat grain to a level, 〉 100µg kg−1 dry matter, considered adequate for human consumption.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00749692
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    The effect of fertilizer placement on nitrogen uptake and yield of wheat and maize in Chinese loess soils (1996)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 47 (1996), S. 81-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: China ; Loess Plateau ; maize ; 15N ; Nitrogen ; urea ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Field trials were carried out to study the fate of15N-labelled urea applied to summer maize and winter wheat in loess soils in Shaanxi Province, north-west China. In the maize experiment, nitrogen was applied at rates of 0 or 210 kg N ha−1, either as a surface application, mixed uniformly with the top 0.15 m of soil, or placed in holes 0.1 m deep adjacent to each plant and then covered with soil. In the wheat experiment, nitrogen was applied at rates of 0, 75 or 150 kg N ha−1, either to the surface, or incorporated by mixing with the top 0.15 m, or placed in a band at 0.15 m depth. Measurements were made of crop N uptake, residual fertilizer N and soil mineral N. The total above-ground dry matter yield of maize varied between 7.6 and 11.9 t ha−1. The crop recovery of fertilizer N following point placement was 25% of that applied, which was higher than that from the surface application (18%) or incorporation by mixing (18%). The total grain yield of wheat varied between 4.3 and 4.7 t ha−1. In the surface applications, the recovery of fertilizer-derived nitrogen (25%) was considerably lower than that from the mixing treatments and banded placements (33 and 36%). The fertilizer N application rate had a significant effect on grain and total dry matter yield, as well as on total N uptake and grain N contents. The main mechanism for loss of N appeared to be by ammonia volatilization, rather than leaching. High mineral N concentrations remained in the soil at harvest, following both crops, demonstrating a potential for significant reductions in N application rates without associated loss in yield.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01985721
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    Effect of increasing distance fromAcacia nilotica trees on wheat yield (1994)
    Springer
    Agroforestry systems 25 (1994), S. 23-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9680
    Keywords: Acacia nilotica ; wheat ; border trees ; crop yield ; Pakistan
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Planting trees in the cultivated fields of Pakistan is a controversial topic between foresters and agriculturists. Some farmers believe that trees significantly reduce their crop yields; therefore they avoid planting trees in their fields. On the other hand, many foresters claim trees are beneficial for crops. This study was conducted to determine the influence of boundary trees (Acacia nilotica) on the growth and yield of associated wheat crops under irrigated conditions in Punjab, Pakistan. Results indicate that close proximity to trees adversely affected tillers/m2, weight/1000 grain and the grain yield of wheat planted up to a distance of 8.5 m from the trees. Plant height and grains/spike were least affected. In general, the growth and yield of wheat improved as distance from the tree increased. Tree size did not affect wheat height, tillers/m2, grains/spike or weight/1000 grain. The grain yields were slightly lower near the largest trees (50–54.9 cm DBH trees).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00705704
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    Paclobutrazol protects wheat seedlings from injury due to waterlogging (1996)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 18 (1996), S. 201-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: paclobutrazol ; protection ; stress ; waterlogged ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) seeds were imbibed for 18 h in 40 mM KCl solution containing either distilled water or 100 mg l−1 paclobutrazol (PBZ, a triazole) and then air dried. Seeds were germinated in a greenhouse and one set of seedlings was grown under non-stressed conditions. Another three sets were stressed by waterlogging at three different stages when the PBZ-treated seedlings were 3, 6, or 10 cm above the soil surface. During waterlogging, the soil was saturated by maintaining the water level 3 cm above the soil surface. For waterlogged plants, the first visible symptoms of chlorosis and wilting occurred 2 to 4 days after stress was initiated. There was a concomitant decrease in chlorophyll (a+b) and carotenoid levels. A decrease in fluorescence and increase in leakiness indicated photoinhibitory damage, lower photosynthetic efficiency, and a loss of membrane integrity. These symptoms of stress induced by waterlogging at different stages were reduced by PBZ.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00024383
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    Effect of induction medium pH and maltose concentration on in vitro androgenesis of hexaploid winter triticale and wheat (1994)
    Springer
    Plant cell, tissue and organ culture 39 (1994), S. 49-53 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5044
    Keywords: agar ; anther culture ; Ficoll ; maltose ; pH ; triticale ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Low levels of in vitro androgenesis limit the utility of anther culture as a routine tool for the improvement of triticale. The objectives of this research were to determine the effect of induction medium modifications on the embryoid induction (EI) and green plant regeneration (GPR) of three hexaploid winter triticales and a hexaploid winter wheat. Medium modifications were factorial combinations of gelling agents, pH and maltose concentration. There was a significant difference in the response of wheat and triticales. An induction medium pH of 4.8 vs. 5.8 led to higher EI percentages in all cases and in Ficoll containing medium to a significantly higher GPR in the wheat, but it had no effect on the response of the triticales. Maltose at 0.26 M vs. 0.21 M increased the EI of both the triticales and the wheat but led to higher GPR only in the case of wheat. Averaged over genotypes, induction media with agar and Ficoll 400 were superior to the liquid form. In terms of GPR the wheat gave the highest response: 9.1%. The GPR percentages for the triticales ranged from 1.4 to 7.1. Genotype specificity must be overcome if anther culture is to be routinely used in diverse arrays of triticale germplasm.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00037591
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    Heterosis of grain weight in wheat hybrids with Triticum timopheevi cytoplasm (1994)
    Springer
    Euphytica 75 (1994), S. 189-193 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Grain filling characteristics ; heterosis ; Triticum timopheevi cytoplasm ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Two kinds of wheat hybrids with the same nuclear genotype but different cytoplasms (one with T.timopheevi cytoplasm, i.e., A/R, and the other with T.aestivum cytoplasm, i.e., B/R) were produced by two 3 × 5 incomplete diallel crosses of 3 A-lines, 3 corresponding B-lines and 5 R-lines, respectively. Experimental results did not show significant differences between the hybrids of A/R and B/R in grain filling characteristics and grain weight. The beterosis of grain weight seems mainly determined by the nuclear genotype. Although the seeds set on most A-lines were shrivelled, such a phenomenon was not found in grains set on F1. The duration of the lag period (D1) and the average grain filling rates during the linear period and the mature period (i.e., FR2 and FR3) were significantly and positively related to 1000-grain weight. It was in these factors that most hybrids displayed clear mid-parent (MP) heterosis. The amount of grain weight heterosis was not significantly related to MP value. This indicates that the grain weight heterosis of wheat hybrids will not decrease with an increase of the MP value.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00025603
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  • 86
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    Genetics of leaf rust resistance in 13 accessions of the Watkins wheat collection (1994)
    Springer
    Euphytica 80 (1994), S. 151-155 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: leaf rust resistance ; Puccinia recondita ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The inheritance of leaf rust resistance was studied in 13 accessions of the A.E. Watkins wheat collection. Eight of the accessions (V409, V624, V628, V712, V731, V734, V745, and V855) were shown to have gene Lr33 and four of these (V409, V624, V628, and V731) also have LrW. Accessions V624 and V338 have LrB, and V377 and V488 have Lr11. V46 has an unidentified gene that gives an intermediate level of resistance. V860 has a partially dominant gene that gives a fleck reaction to avirulent isolates in the seedling stage. This gene is different from LrW and may be previously unidentified. It has been assigned the temporary gene symbol LrW2. In addition to seedling-effective genes, V46, V731, and V745 may have Lr34 and V745 may have Lr13. The adult-plant resistance in V488, V624, and V860 could not be identified. Seedling gene LrW2 and some of the adult-plant resistance should be useful sources of resistance.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00039311
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    Evolution of virulence patterns in yellow rust races and its implications for Ereeding for resistance in wheat in Kenya (1994)
    Springer
    Euphytica 80 (1994), S. 165-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; Puccinia striiformis ; yellow rust ; durable resistance ; race-specific resistance ; residual resistance ; races ; virulence, Kenya
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Virulence patterns of yellow rust isolates collected in Kenya between 1986–1989 were compared with earlier results. The number of virulence factors per race and the range in virulence factors both increased considerably. Before 1976 races carried on average 4.5 to 5.0 virulence factors, whereas the races after 1986 had a mean of 6.5 virulence factors. The range in the number of virulence factors increased from some seven to eight in the first period to 12 in the second out of the 17 evaluated. In the period 1986–1989 another three virulence factors (2, 9 and A) were assessed. All three occurred at a high frequency. Virulence neutralizing the resistance genes Yr2, Yr2+, Yr6, Yr6+, Yr7, Yr7+, Yr8, Yr9, Yr9+ and those in the cultivars Anza (A), Strubes Dickkopf (SD) and Suwon92/Omar (SU) occurred at a high frequency, while virulence for Yr3V, Yr4+, Yr5, CV and SP (resistance in Carstens V and Spaldings Prolific resp.) were not found. The remaining three virulence factors for Yr1, 10 and 3N were rare. In the past ten years the resistance of most released cultivars became ineffective in less than six years. They were shown to carry race-specific major resistance genes such as Yr7+, Yr9+, SD and A. However, in the field, the resistance of the cultivars was not completely neutralized. A residual resistance, ranging from moderate to fairly high, was observed in all cultivars in which the major gene resistances were neutralized by corresponding virulence genes. Other wheat cultivars such as Africa Mayo, Kenya Kudu, Enkoy, Kenya Leopard, Bounty, Frontatch, Bonny and Kenya Plume appeared to keep their resistance over a condiserable period of time. They are considered to be durably resistant to the Kenyan yellow rust populations. This form of resistance, together with the residual resistance, can be recommended for use in breeding programmes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00039647
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    Genotypic differences in polyembryo formation and somatic embryogenesis increment in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), following 2,4-D treatment (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 89 (1996), S. 345-348 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: gramineae ; polyembryony ; somatic embryogenesis ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In the course of experiments performed to obtain haploid wheat plants in which 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) was applied to developing spikes, it was found that three cultivars showed a different ability to produce polyembryos (Thatcher 20.19%, Chris 7.06%, Dollar 0%). This behaviour was related to their capacity to form somatic embryos. Diploid immature embryos cultured in vitro after 2,4-D treatment, gave a higher frequency of embryogenic callus in Thatcher and Chris than in Dollar. As the common factor in both experiments was the 2,4-D treatment we propose that the three cultivars showed a differential sensitivity to 2,4-D.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022291
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    CIMMYT's approach to breeding for wide adaptation (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 92 (1996), S. 175-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: adaptation ; durable resistance ; N-use efficiency ; stability ; wheat ; yield potential ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The wheat area in developing countries, including China, is around 100 million ha. To address the needs of these very diverse wheat growing areas, CIMMYT has defined 12 wheat mega-environments (ME). A ME is defined as broad, not necessarily continuous often transcontinental area with similar biotic and abiotic stresses, cropping systems and consumer preferences. The factors describing each ME are presented. CIMMYT's breeding methodology is centered around the development of widely adapted germplasm with high and stable yield across a wide range of environments. Segregating populations are alternating screened in two diverse environments in Mexico. One key requirement is that all germplasm is tested under near optimum conditions for its yield potential. The second one is multi-locational testing of advanced lines at sites that represent a given ME (key locations) and careful screening of germplasm for tolerance to abiotic and biotic stresses specific to that environment. This methodology has permitted the pyramiding of a large number of multiple resistance genes for use against a wide spectrum of diseases and tolerance to abiotic stresses within each ME. In addition, the widespread testing of lines allows the identification of traits which are beneficial in several environments. Data from international nurseries are used to further delineate environments within an ME. This approach has proven to be successful since around 70% of the spring wheat area in developing countries (excluding China) is planted to varieties derived directly or indirectly from CIMMYT germplasm. The performance of the bread wheat cultivar Pastor in international trials is given as an example for a wide adaptation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022843
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    Scaling CO2-photosynthesis relationships from the leaf to the canopy (1994)
    Springer
    Photosynthesis research 39 (1994), S. 321-350 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5079
    Keywords: big leaf ; conductance ; forest ; model ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Responses of individual leaves to short-term changes in CO2 partial pressure have been relatively well studied. Whole-plant and plant community responses to elevated CO2 are less well understood and scaling up from leaves to canopies will be complicated if feedbacks at the small scale differ from feedbacks at the large scale. Mathematical models of leaf, canopy, and ecosystem processes are important tools in the study of effects on plants and ecosystems of global environmental change, and in particular increasing atmospheric CO2, and might be used to scale from leaves to canopies. Models are also important in assessing effects of the biosphere on the atmosphere. Presently, multilayer and big leaf models of canopy photosynthesis and energy exchange exist. Big leaf models — which are advocated here as being applicable to the evaluation of impacts of ‘global change’ on the biosphere — simplify much of the underlying leaf-level physics, physiology, and biochemistry, yet can retain the important features of plant-environment interactions with respect to leaf CO2 exchange processes and are able to make useful, quantitative predictions of canopy and community responses to environmental change. The basis of some big leaf models of photosynthesis, including a new model described herein, is that photosynthetic capacity and activity are scaled vertically within a canopy (by plants themselves) to match approximately the vertical profile of PPFD. The new big leaf model combines physically based models of leaf and canopy level transport processes with a biochemically based model of CO2 assimilation. Predictions made by the model are consistent with canopy CO2 exchange measurements, although a need exists for further testing of this and other canopy physiology models with independent measurements of canopy mass and energy exchange at the time scale of 1 h or less.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00014590
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    Carbon translocation to the rhizosphere of maize and wheat and influence on the turnover of native soil organic matter at different soil nitrogen levels (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 161 (1994), S. 233-240 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: C distribution ; native soil organic matter ; rhizosphere ; root released carbon ; wheat ; Zea mays
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Wheat and maize were grown in a growth chamber with the atmospheric CO2 continuously labelled with 14C to study the translocation of assimilated carbon to the rhizosphere. Two different N levels in soil were applied. In maize 26–34% of the net assimilated 14C was translocated below ground, while in wheat higher values (40–58%) were found. However, due to the much higher shoot production in maize the total amount of carbon translocated below ground was similar to that of wheat. At high N relatively more of the C that was translocated to the root, was released into the soil due to increased root respiration and/or root exudation and subsequent microbial utilization and respiration. The evolution rate of unlabelled CO2 from the native soil organic matter decreased after about 25 days when wheat was grown at high N as compared to low N. This negative effect of high N in soil was not observed with maize.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00046394
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    Root length and biomass losses during sample preparation with different screen mesh sizes (1994)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 161 (1994), S. 299-303 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: faba bean ; root length density ; root measurement methods ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Data are presented on the differences in root length density (RLD), dry matter (DM), and root diameter values determined on wheat and faba bean using sieves of different mesh size to separate roots from soil during sample preparation. Screens with 0.2, 1, and 2 mm (0.04, 1, and 4 mm2) aperture were used. Roots collected on the 2-mm sieve represented on average 55% of the weight and only 10% of the total length collected using a 0.2-mm sieve. With a 1-mm sieve 75% of weight was retained, but only 34% of the length. In the 0–20 cm soil layer average RLD and DM values ranged between 1.3 and 2.5 cm cm-3 and 215 and 136 g m-2 for faba bean and wheat respectively with 2 mm screens and 14.6 and 18.1 cm cm-3 and 313 and 202 g m-2 with 0.2 mm sieves. RLD was more affected than weight since losses from coarse screens were largely due to fine root fractions, although the 1-and 2-mm screens retained a small amount of fine roots that were long or attached to main structures. Variability was higher for measurements on coarser screens. The use of screens much coarser than the diameter of fine roots is not recommended for the study of surface-related phenomena in which root length quantification is necessary, while it may be acceptable for gross comparisons of root weight and spatial extent.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00046401
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    Combining abilities of in vitro traits in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) immature embryo cultures (1994)
    Springer
    Euphytica 76 (1994), S. 169-175 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; combining ability ; in vitro culture ; genotypic and phenotypic correlations ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Combining ability for six in vitro culture traits in wheat were studied in a 8×8 diallel cross (excluding reciprocals). Specific combining ability effects (sca) were significant for all six traits derived from immature embryos on two media protocols, whereas general combining ability (gca) variances were significant only for five of them. Furthermore, based on ratios obtained by comparing the ratio of K2 gca to K2 sca, sca was more important than gca for all six traits. Genetic correlations between shoot formation and other in vitro traits, except callus weight and root formation, were higher in magnitude than the corresponding phenotypic correlations estimates, indicating the importance of genetic effects.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022161
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    Gene action and heritability for photosynthetic activity in two wheat crosses (1994)
    Springer
    Euphytica 76 (1994), S. 235-238 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; wheat ; photosynthesis ; gene action ; heritability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Gene action and heritability for photosynthetic activity were estimated from generation means in two wheat crosses during two stages (5 th leaf and flag leaf between 2 and 5 days after anthesis). Six generations were available for each cross: parents (P1 and P2), F1, F2 and backcrosses (BC1 and BC2). Correlations between some morphophysiological characters and photosynthetic activity of the flag leaf was also determined. The joint scaling test described by Mather & Jinks was used to determine the gene action. It showed that them; [d]; [h]; [i], [l] (mean, additivity, dominance, additive x additive interallelic interaction effects, dominance x dominance interallelic interaction effects) model fits the two crosses at both measurement times. All the model genetic components were significant for the flag leaf, however for the 5 th leaf only [h]; [i] and [l] were significant. The presence of additive and additive x additive effects suggested the possibility of selecting for this character using the flag leaf so as to obtain pure inbred lines. Dominance effects [h] were negative and dominance x dominance effects [l] were positive. Broad sense heritability values were medium to low. There were no correlations between the studied morphophysiological characters and the photosynthetic activity.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022168
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    The derivation of compensating translocations involving homoeologous group 3 chromosomes of wheat and rye (1994)
    Springer
    Euphytica 79 (1994), S. 75-80 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: intergeneric gene transfer ; misdivision ; rye ; Secale cereale ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The Sr27 translocation in WRT238 was found to consist of chromosome arms 3RS of rye and 3AS of common wheat. An attempt was made to purposely produce compensating translocations having 3RS and a wheat homoeologous group 3L arm. To achieve this, plants, double monosomic for 3R and a wheat homoeologous group 3 chromosome, were irradiated (7.5 Gy gamma rays) or left untreated before being used to pollinate stem rust susceptible testers. Segregation for stem rust resistance was studied to identify F2 families with Sr27-carrying translocated chromosomes, these were confirmed by means of C-banding. Compensating translocations 3RS3AL and 3RS3BL) were obtained readily and at similar frequencies from untreated and irradiated plants (respectively, 7.2% and 9.3%). Both translocation types have impaired transmission and segregate approximately 3: 2 (present: absent) in the F2.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00023578
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    Coleoptile tiller development is associated with fast early vigour in wheat (1994)
    Springer
    Euphytica 80 (1994), S. 119-124 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: coleoptile tiller ; Triticum aestivum ; vigour ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Faster canopy development in temperate cereals can result in more efficient utilization of wate, light and nutrients if these are in limited supply. It can also result in more competitive plants and less use of herbicides. The possible importance of the coleoptile tiller for increasing early vigour in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) was determined for twelve F4 lines in two experiments. Each F4 line was chosen for variation in the presence and absence of a coleoptile tiller in plants in the previous generation; each F4 line was traced to a single F2 plant from a multiple convergent cross of sixteen parents. Eight plants of each of the F4 lines were grown in a single row in both experiments. Just after the coleoptile tiller appeared, plants within each line were classified into one of two groups; one group contained plants with large coleoptile tillers whereas the other group had either small coleoptile tillers or none at all. Leaf expansion rates were determined non-destructively at regular intervals, and plants were harvested to determine leaf and tiller characteristics when there were about five mainstem leaves. There was substantial variation in the leaf area of the coleoptile tiller both between groups and among lines. In both experiments plants with a large coleoptile tiller had 24–30% more leaf area and dry weight than plants selected with a small or absent coleoptile tiller up to the final harvest. Leaf expansion rates (increase in leaf area per day) were 25 to 35% greater in the large coleoptile tiller selections from the time tillers first appeared to the time of harvest, whereas the relative leaf expansion rate (increase in leaf area per unit of leaf area present per day) of the large selections was significantly greater than the small selections only at the time of appearance of the coleoptile tiller and just after. There was no evidence that the early appearance of a coleoptile tiller was associated with the largest seedlings or that it inhibited the growth of later tillers. It is concluded that selection for the appearance of a large coleoptile tiller should improve the early vigour of temperate cereals.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00039306
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    Expression of late maturity α-amylase in wheat containing gibberellic acid insensitivity genes (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 88 (1996), S. 69-76 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: dwarfing genes ; late maturity α-amylase ; gibberellic acid insensitivity ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Two wheat cultivars, Spica and Lerma 52, which consistently produce high levels of α-amylase during the later stages of grain development (late maturity α-amylase), were crossed with a set of four near-isogenic lines carrying the tall (rht) allele or one of the dwarfing genes Rht1, Rht2 or Rht3 (GA-insensitive alleles). The F1 and F2 populations were developed and analysed for grain α-amylase and plant height. The Rht3 gene exhibited the strongest influence on plant height and strongly inhibited new α-amylase synthesis during the later part of grain ripening. By comparison, Rht1 and Rht2 had a less pronounced effect but still significantly reduced the expression of late maturity α-amylase. These observations suggest that gibberellic acid is involved either directly or indirectly in this phenomenon. The implications of the effect of dwarfing genes on expression of late maturity α-amylase are discussed in relation to cultivar improvement and to the identification and control of high α-amylase germplasm.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029267
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    Inheritance of late maturity α-amylase in wheat (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 88 (1996), S. 61-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: inheritance ; late maturity α-amylase ; wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Two wheat cultivars that consistently show high levels of grain α-amylase at harvest ripeness, in the absence of preharvest sprouting, were crossed with a control, low α-amylase cultivar, and F1, F2 and BC1 populations were developed. Grain of these populations was analysed for α-amylase activity at harvest ripeness. Distribution and segregation patterns were consistent with control at a single locus with high α-amylase the recessive allele. This mode of inheritance would make it extremely difficult to differentiate homozygous low α-amylase lines from heterozygotes (low α-amylase phenotype but carriers of high α-amylase) and has important implications for wheat breeders. High α-amylase, termed late maturity α-amylase, was not linked with the awned inhibitor gene, B2, located on the long arm of chromsome 6B.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00029266
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    Transfer of the recessive crossability allele kr1 from Chinese Spring into the winter wheat variety Martonvásári 9 (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 90 (1996), S. 301-305 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: crossability ; kr1 gene ; rye ; Secale cereale ; Triticum aestivum ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The recessive of crossability allele kr1 was transferred from the spring wheat variety Chinese Spring (CS) into the winter wheat variety Martonvásári 9 (Mv9) by backcrossing the Mv9 × CS hybrids with Mv9. The Mv9 variety possesses dominant Kr1 alleles and is heterogeneous at the kr2 locus, so that some individual plants carry recessive kr2 alleles. The selection of plants possessing the recessive kr alleles from the (Mv9 × CS)Mv9 BC1 generation was carried out according to the seed set achieved when pollinated with rye (Secale cereale L. cv. Mercator). The partial dominance of the Kr alleles made it possible to differentiate between plants heterozygous at the Kr1 locus and Kr1Kr1 homozygous dominant plants. Two selfed consecutive progenies were tested by pollination with rye to select the homozygous recessive kr1kr1kr2kr2 plants and to check the result of the selection after each backcross. As a result of three backcrosses with Mv9 and two selfings after each backcross the selected progenies had 61.6% seed set with rye tested on sixty individual plants. These data confirm that after the third backcross the selected Mv9 kr1 line carries necessive crossability alleles Kr1 and Kr2, but the genotype is 93.75% Mv9.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00027480
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    Relationship between allelic variation of Glu-1 and Gli-1/Glu-3 prolamin loci and gluten strength in hexaploid wheat (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 91 (1996), S. 141-148 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: electrophoresis ; gluten strength ; prolamins ; Triticum aestivum ; variation ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Allelic variation of prolamin loci was examined in the F2 from crosses between the hexaploid wheat varieties: ‘Cajeme 71’, ‘Yécora 70’, ‘Ablaca’, ‘Anza’, ‘Pané 247’ and ‘Axona’. Different allelic blocks for gliadins and LMW glutenin subunits were determined in Gli-1, Gli-2 and Glu-3 loci. A percentage of recombination of 1.5 ± 0.3 was determined between Gli-A1 and Glu-3 in the F2 progeny of ‘Yécora 70’ x ‘Axona’. A significant positive association was found between gluten strength, measured by SDS-sedimentation volume, and the prolamins coded by ‘Anza’ Gli-D1/Glu-D3 loci and ‘Yécora 70’ Gli-A1/Glu-A3 loci. Interactions between non homeologous loci Glu-1 and Gli-1/Glu-3 were also found.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00021063
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