ALBERT

Description: There comes a time in the history of nearly every genus when it becomes almost immoral to add new species without first having surveyed the genus as a whole. Dendrophthora has reached this state. From the time of its first recognition as a separate entity to the present, new species have been described, often on very tenuous grounds, and usually without an indication of infrageneric relationships, until today we are faced with a staggering mass of specific epithets in complete chaos. The genus has not been comprehensively studied for more than half a century, and no balanced attempt has as yet been made to establish natural divisions within. Having become interested in the morphology of this and the related genus Phoradendron (KUIJT, 1959), I was naturally led on to some taxonomic considerations. My stay in Europe in 1958-1959 enabled me to visit the major European herbaria, and the notes and sketches accumulated there soon pointed the way to the present work.

Description: The genus Praravinia was created by KORTHALS (in TEMMINCK, Verhand. Nat. Gesch. Ned. Overz. Bezitt., Bot., p. 189, tab. 41, 1839-1842) for a plant which he had collected in the south-eastern part of Borneo. He described it as similar in habit and doubtless nearly related to Urophyllum WALL. His diagnosis of the genus, however, does not substantiate this point of view, for it contains two statements which seem to exclude the possibility of a near affinity: the aestivation of the corolla lobes is described as imbricate, whereas in Urophyllum and its allies it is always valvate, and the number of corolla lobes is said to be half as large as that of the stamens, a condition unknown not only in Urophyllum but in the whole family. As in the description of the species the aestivation is correctly set down as valvate, the first statement need not trouble us: the word “imbricate” in the generic diagnosis is obviously a slip of the pen. The other statement, however, is repeated in the description of the species, but it strikes one as anomalous that immediately afterwards the 8—12 stamens are said to alternate with the corolla lobes, as this of course would be impossible when the latter were but half as numerous as the first. The discrepancy between the number of the corolla lobes and of the stamens led MIQUEL in his “Flora Indiae Batavae II, p. 225 (1857)” to consider Praravinia as a quite singular genus, rather out of place in the family Rubiaceae: it reminded him, he says, of the Samydeae (Flacourtiaceae). When he wrote this, he knew the genus merely from the description given by KORTHALS, but afterwards he found an opportunity to study the latter’s material. In his “De quibusdam Rubiaceis, Apocyneis et Asclepiadeis” (Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. IV, p. 136, 1869) he proposes, as a result of this investigation, to exclude the genus from the Rubiaceae, and to raise it to family rank. The new family, for which he introduces the name Metrocladeaceae, should be regarded, however, as nearly related to the Rubiaceae. The description of the genus given by MIQUEL is much more detailed than the original one, but it unfortunately repeats its principal errors: the corolla is described as 4- to 6-merous, and its aestivation as imbricate. The male flower dissected by him is preserved in the Utrecht Herbarium; it is a fairly young bud, opened by a longitudinal slit. The corolla lobes had apparently been separated by a slight pressure, but I at once got the impression that it had been insufficient to effect a complete separation, and that the lobes were still cohering in pairs. I have boiled the flower therefore once more, and by exercising in my turn a slight pressure I succeeded in setting all the lobes free. Since then I have seen mature flowers of this and other species in which the isomery of corolla and androecium was unmistakable. MIQUEL’s speculations on the taxonomic position of the genus were based therefore on a false supposition, and need no further consideration; the analysis carried out below will show that KORTHALS was quite right when he placed Praravinia in the neighbourhood of Urophyllum.

Description: Of the family Oenotheraceae the genus Jussieua is the only one occurring in Suriname. The peculiar Oocarpon torulosum (Arn.) Urb., which has been recorded from Amazonian Peru, Brazil, British and French Guiana, Cuba and Santo Domingo, has up till now not been collected in the colony, but on account of its presence in the neighbouring countries it is there also to be expected. As for the name of the only Suriname genus, it was spelled by LINNAEUS in Genera Plantarum, ed. I (1737), p. 126, Jussieua but afterwards in his Flora Zeylanica (1747), p. 75, changed in Jussiaea.

Description: The name Pleiocarpidia was coined by K. SCHUMANN (ENGLER und PRANTL, Natürliche Pflanzenfamilien, Nachträge I, p. 314, 1897) for a genus described in 1873 by HOOKER f. (BENTHAM et HOOKER, Genera Plantarum II (1), p. 71) as Aulacodiscus: HOOKER’S genus had to be rebaptized, because the name Aulacodiscus had been used already in 1844 by EHRENBERG for a genus belonging to the Diatomeae. A proposal made by O. KUNTZE(POST et KUNTZE, Lexicon, 1904) to change the spelling of the name introduced by SCHUMANN in Pliocarpidia can not be accepted, as there is no rule prescribing the transcription of the Greek diphthong in the manner advocated by the proposer. The plant on which HOOKER’S genus was founded, a small tree not uncommon in the Malay Peninsula, had been described already several years before by WIGHT (Calc. Journ. Nat. Hist. VII, p. 144, 1847) under the name Axanthes enneandra. The specific epithet points to the presence of nine stamens in the flower, but this is exceptional: in the flowers investigated by me the ordinary number proved to be seven. The genus Axanthes Bl., to which the species had been referred by WIGHT, was reduced shortly afterwards by BENTHAM and HOOKER f. (Niger Flora,p. 396,1849) and independently by KORTHALS (Ned. Kruidk. Arch. II, 2, p. 194,1851) to Urophyllum Wall. Later HOOKER made an exception for Axanthes enneandra Wight. The flowers of this plant were described by him as 8- to 16-merous, and on account of this character and of the presence of a “peltate stigma” he referred it to a new genus. Afterwards a second species from the same region was described by KING and GAMBLE under the name Aulacodiscus Maingayi, but this proved identical with the first (cf. RIDLEY, Flora of the Malay Peninsula II, p. 64, 1923). A really new species, however, was found in Mindanao: it was described by Merrill as Pleiocarpidia lanaensis.

Description: Among the Acanthaceae grown in the glasshouses of the University Botanic Garden, Utrecht, a plant labelled Aphelandra velutina drew my attention, first, because it obviously belonged to an entirely different genus, and secondly, because a description under this name could nowhere be found. The coincidence of these two grounds for bewilderment might be explained by assuming that Aphelandra was merely a perversion, probably caused by the inadvertency of a transcriber, of the true generic name. This sounded plausible enough, but the name itself could not be found, for all attempts to refer the plant to one of the existing genera failed. It looked as if the plant might have been described somewhere, but for the time being there was no indication at all as to the whereabouts of this description. A clue to the origin of the name was obtained some time afterwards when I found in the Utrecht herbarium a specimen belonging to the same species which was labelled Eranthemum velutinum: the specific epithet, therefore, was the same, but the generic name was different and, as I will show presently, nearer to the mark. The specimen, which dated from 1922, had been collected by the roadside in the Buitenzorg suburb Kotta Paris, and had apparently been named by an official of the Buitenzorg Botanic Gardens. It is, however, certainly no native Javanese plant, for the flora of Java, and particularly that of Buitenzorg, is well known, and a rather conspicuous plant like this one could not have escaped the attention: it was obviously a runaway from one of the neighbouring gardens.

Description: JEAN BAPTISTE CHRISTOPHE FUSÉE AUBLET est né à Salon (Provence) le 4 nov. 1720 et mort à Paris le 6 mai 1778. Dès son enfance il se passionna pour l’étude des plantes. Il alla étudier la botanique à Montpellier. De Montpellier il se rendit à Lyon, où il fit la connaissance de CHRISTOPHE DE JUSSIEU et il s’engagea dans le service des hôpitaux de l’armée commandée par l’infant DON PHILIPPE. Dégoûté bientôt de la vie des camps, il prit son congé, et vint à Paris. Là il se logea dans la maison du chimiste VANEL, suivait les cours de chimie de ROUELLE, visitait les environs de Paris en naturaliste et consultait BERNARD DE JUSSIEU comme une bibliothèque, pour nous servir de son expression. Ensuite il s’engagea au service de l’état et fut chargé d’établir à l’île-de-France (Mauritius) une pharmacie centrale et un jardin de botanique. Il s’embarqua en décembre 1752 et arriva vers la fin du mois d’août suivant. Il y fit un séjour de neuf ans, pendant lequel il envoya maintes fois des collections de plantes, de minéraux et d’animaux à la patrie. A peine de retour en France, il reçut l’ordre de s’embarquer à Bordeaux pour la Guyane. Il mit à la voile le 20 mai 1762, et mouilla l’ancre le 23 juillet à l’île de Cayenne. Le 24 sept. 1764 AUBLET prit un moment la direction de l’établissement colonial du môle Saint-Nicolas à Saint Domingue; et au commencement de l’année suivante il revint en France. C’est à Paris qu’il profita des conseils de BERNARD DE JUSSIEU pour mettre en ordre ses collections de plantes et pour rédiger l’important ouvrage, qui a pour titre: Histoire des plantes de la Guiane françoise, Londres et Paris, 1775, 4 vol. in 4°, dont deux de planches. Ces notices biographiques ont été empruntées à la Nouvelle Biographie Universelle, vol. III, Paris, 1852 et à l’introduction précédant son livre et écrite par AUBLET lui-même.

Description: Whilst studying the material of the genus Securidaca for the “Flora of Suriname”, I found it in most cases extremely difficult or even impossible to identify the species. The original descriptions are, as a rule, very short, and they have been based for a good deal on incomplete material: mature fruits, for instance, are often missing. Hence it is not surprising that on quite a number of species the opinions of taxonomists disagree. Accordingly on the one hand we may find in the various collections the most different species lumped together under the same name, while on the other hand one and the same species may appear under several names. A study of the type specimens therefore, was obviously very desirable. I am indebted to the “VAN EEDEN FONDS” for enabling me to visit the Herbarium in Paris, where I could clear up some misunderstandings with regard to the Suriname species. This study includes all the Suriname specimens preserved in the Herbaria of Utrecht, Leiden, Kew, Brussels, Geneva and Berlin, together with the material collected outside Suriname and available in the Utrecht and Paris collections, and the British Guiana plants of the Kew Herbarium. To get an impression of the genus as a whole, several species not occurring in Suriname have been studied, but a thorough investigation was made of the Suriname ones only. The results of this investigation will be given below.

Description: In the years 1954-1957 The Foundation for Biocenological Research (Stichting tot Onderzoek van Levensgemeenschappen, S.O.L.) carried out an extensive study on the vegetation of about 125 former river beds in the Netherlands. They were situated along the great rivers and their branches, viz. Meuse, Oude Maas (“Old Meuse”), Heusdense Maas (“Heusden Meuse”), Rhine, Lek, Merwede, Waal and IJsel. The work was made possible by a grant of the Netherlands Organisation for Pure Research (Nederlandse Organisatie voor Zuiver Wetenschappelijk Onderzoek, Z.W.O.). Dr. M. F. Mözer Bruijns proposed and supervised the investigation, and Dr. V. Westhoff took part in the interpretation of the results. The field work was carried out by A. J. Quené-Boterenbrood (1954-55), W. A. E. van Donselaar-ten Bokkel Huinink (1955-56), J. van Donselaar (1955— 57), Ir. L. G. Kop (1956-57), P. J. Schroevers (1954-55) and E. E. van der Voo (1954-57). Our study had several aims. The collected material had to contribute to our knowledge of a number of plant species and communities, especially of those playing a part in the hydrosere found in various kinds of water. With respect to the communities it should comprise their floristic composition as well as a definition of their habitat. Moreover, the former river beds should be classified according to their plant communities as well as to their abiotical properties. This classification should be useful as a basis for the choice of future naturereserves (see Gorter and Westhoff, 1952; Van Donselaar, 1956; Westhoff and Leentvaar, 1957).

Description: Op 8 okt 1960 vond de heer J.C. Tanis, custos van het Biologisch Station “Schellingerland” op Terschelling, in de nabijheid van dit Station een bloeiend exemplaar van Erica cinerea L. Na opzending van een bloeiende tak via ondergetekenden naar het Rijksherbarium werd deze determinatie bevestigd. Deze opmerkelijke waarneming geeft aanleiding tot commentaar, temeer, daar men op het eerste gezicht geneigd is, hier enig verhand te zien met de ontdekking van twee andere, mediterraan-atlantische, Erica-soorten in dezelfde omgeving, te weten E. scoparia L. door Th.J. Reichgelt in 1952 (zie van Ooststroora en Reichgelt 1956) en E. ciliaris L. door P. Runge in 1955 (zie Runge 1956, van Ooststroom en Reichgelt 1956).

Description: The following is an author’s summary of the (as yet unpublished) thesis by Dr. J.A.R. Anderson of Kuching, Sarawak (see III. Personal news). Both the author and botanical science are to be congratulated with the completion of this important work, which we hope before long to see in print. The thesis embodies the results of botanical and ecological work on the coastal and deltaic peat swamp forests of Sarawak and Brunei undertaken intermittently over a period of ten years. Profiles of peat swamps have been prepared from the results of the level surveys and peat borings. A characteristic raised bog structure has been found in all swamps. A bog plain is usually present, and is most extensive on more inland swamps. The peat soils are markedly acidic and oligotrophia. Preliminary results from measurements of the stilted water table indicate that variations are more pronounced in the centre of swamps than near the margins. A comprehensive collection of botanical specimens of all flowering plants, ferns and fern allies has been made; 242 tree species have been recorded, and it is considered that knowledge on the representation of the arboreal flora is virtually complete.

Description: The Natural History of Rennell Island, British Solomon Islands. Scientific Result of the Danish Rennell Expedition, 1951, and the British Museum (Natural History) Expedition, 1959. Vol. 5 (Botany and Geology), ed. by Torben Wolff. Danish Science Press, Copenhagen, 1960, 7-152 pp., many figs and photogr. This volume was issued in 5 instalments. The first (1957) contains a paper by N. Foged: Diatoms from Rennell Island. The second (1958) contains papers by E.B. Bartram: Musci, by T. Wolff: Vascular Plants from Rennell and Bellona Islands (a list of 31 spp. identified by F.R. Fosberg, and a few names of seeds), and by J.C. Grover: The Geology of Rennell and Bellona. The third instalment (1960) contains papers by T. Levring: A List of Marine Algae from Rennell Island, and by Lise Hansen: Some Macromycetes from Rennell and Alcester Islands. For the botanist may also be of interest T. Wolff’s general introduction in vol. 1 of the series (1955) 9-31. Proceedings of the Symposium on Humid Tropics Tjiawi (Indonesia) December 1958. Publication of Unesco Science Cooperation Office for Southeast Asia. Printed at New Delhi, no date; received March 1961; xv + 312 pp., map of Brunei, vegetation maps, photogr. Biographical notes of authors; discussions. Sponsored by the Council for Sciences in Indonesia and Unesco; Chairman Prof. Kusnoto Setyodiwiryo.

Description: Alston, A.H.G. J.A. Crabbe, A.H.G. Alston (1902-1958). A bibliography of his writings, with a short introduction and a list of new taxa and nomenclatural changes published by him. J. Soc. Biol. Nat. Hist. 3 (1960) 383-404.

Description: Description de Psilocybe callosa (Fr. per Fr.) Quél., espèce oubliée et mal connue, et de deux espèces nouvelles.

Description: Mycoleptodonoides Nikol. is compared with other genera, Hydnum aitchisonii Berk, is redescribed, and for it the new combination Mycoleptodonoides aitchisonii (Berk.) Maas G. is proposed.

Description: In einem jüngst erschienenen Aufsatz schreibt Du Rietz (1941 S. 6): ”Pylaiella rupincola (Aresch.) Kylin ist mit Conferva litoralis L. identisch. Kein Grund liegt vor anzunehman‘, dass Linné die auf Ascophyllum an der schwedischen Westküste wachsende Pylaiella litoralis sensu Kylin gekannt und in seine Conferva litoralis miteinbezogen hat. Der Name Pylaiella litoralis (L.) Kjellm. muss deshalb für P. rupincola (Aresch.) Kylin beibehalten werden. Für P. litoralis sensu Kylin schlägt Verf. den neuen Namen Pylaiella Kylinii vor.“ Bei meinen Untersuchungen über Pylaiella litoralis (1933 und 1937) war ich zu der Auffassung gekommen, dass diese Art in sich zwei verschiedene Arten enthielt. Für die eine behielt ich den Namen P. litoralis (L.) Kjellm., die andere nannte ich P. rupincola (Aresch.) Kylin 1937 S. 5, und dies zwar aus historischen Gründen. In der Literatur hatte man nämlich die im allgemeinen auf den gröberen Fucaceen epiphytisch wachsende Pylaiella als die Hauptform betrachtet, die im allgemeinen auf Felsen wachsende rupincola dagegen als eine Nebenform. Und um nun die Nomenklatur, in der Weise wie sie sich historisch entwickelt hatte, so wenig als irgend möglich zu verändern, bezeichnete ich die Hauptform als P. litoralis (L.) Kjellm., die Nebenform dagegen als B. rupincola (Aresch.). Kylin. Du Rietz behauptet jetzt, dass ich die Nomenklaturgesetzte übertreten habe. Ehe ich indessen diese Frage des näheren auseinandersetze, werde ich P. litoralis und P. rupincola kurz besprechen.

Description: Anne Antoinette van Bosse, fille de M. Jacob van Bosse et de Mme Jaqueline Jeanne née Reynvaan, naquit à Amsterdam le 27 mars 1852. Très jeune encore elle perdit sa mère; sa soeur, son ainée de 10 ans, prit sa place aussi bien qu’elle put. Outre cette soeur elle avait trois frères. Selon l’usage de cette époque les familles aisées n’envoyaient pas leurs filles à l’école, ainsi Anna van Bosse reçut à la maison son instruction par une institutrice de nationalité suisse. La botanique et la zoologie furent d’emblée ses branches préférées; les fréquentes visites au jardin zoologique ”Artis“ y contribuèrent pour une grande part. l’Observation des animaux exotiques lui procurait un grand plaisir et jusqu’à présent elle porte un grand intêret à ”Artis“.

Description: Summarizing, it appears that Eucommia has the greatest number of characters in common with the Urticales. This is shown by the similarity of the inflorescences as well as by the unisexual flowers and the dioecy. In both groups the pistil consists of 2 connate carpels and the ovary is usually 1-celled by abortion, while the stigmata are generally papillate. Further general points of relation with the Urticales are the originally spiral phyllotaxis, which becomes later on pseudo-distichous, simple vessel perforations, libriform with bordered pits, unicellular hairs and the occurrence of calciumcarbonate and silica as well as of latex elements. Yet, it seems difficult to indicate any particular family in the Urticales to which Eucommia should be most related. While the fruit recalls Ulmus and the latex elements Urtica and Cannabis, the spirally thickened vessel walls remind us of some Morus species. In addition, Eucommia is isolated by the facts that in the Urticales the perianth is never entirely wanting, that there is only one ovule in the cell of the ovary, that stipules are very frequent, that calciumoxalate is characteristic (it is wanting in Eucommia) and that the superficial suberization is subepidermal in the Urticales and epidermal in Eucommia. After the Urticales the Euphorbiaceae-Hippomaneae seem to be the nearest of kin, on account of a number of anatomical and morphological characters. However, the Euphorbiaceae usually possess a 3-celled ovary, a 2-celled one occasionally occurs in the Hippomaneae. Next follow the Hamamelidaceae which have, however, two fertile carpels but of which Distylium and Altingia show a reduction in the perianth and the latter moreover a similar leaf shape.

Description: The island of Enggano is the most southern of a series of islands situated parallel to the Western coast of Sumatra. In 1936 the island was visited by Dr. W. J. LüTJEHARMS, who stayed there from the end of May to the beginning of July collecting materials for the Herbaria at Buitenzorg and Leiden. During this excursion he also collected some zoocecidia, which were sent to me for classification by the Director of the Rijksherbarium, Leiden. The collection consists of 16 galls on various plants; many of them were already known as occurring in other parts of the Malay Archipelago; others are new, these are marked with an asterisk. A collection of 16 galls is actually to small to give insight into the wealth of galls of this tropical island; so far, however, nothing was known about the galls of the island, and since it is unlikely that the place will before long again be examined as to its galls, I deemed it worthwile to describe this small collection.

Description: Spiranthes sinensis (Pers.) Ames, also known under the synonym S. australis (R. Br.) Lindl., is a terrestrial orchid widely spread in Asia, which is rather well known in Western Europe, because it has repeatedly been found growing spontaneously in pots in orchidhouses. In Blumea 6(2): 361 (1950) the plant described as Ophrys lancea Thunb. ex Sw. was considered to be identical with the first and it was thought that the recombination Spiranthes lancea (Thunb. ex Sw.) B. B. S. was necessary. The reasons given for this transfer were: (1) the short diagnosis of Ophrys lancea given by Winberg in Florula Javanica, p. 8 (1825); (2) the original diagnosis of O. lancea in Swartz’s well-known dissertation on the classification of orchids in Kongl. Vet. Akad. Handl. Stockh. 21: 223 (1800); (3) the presence of the apparent holotype in the Thunberg herbarium (Uppsala).

Description: Mr F. H. Hildebrand, who is going gradually through the tree species from New Guinea, pointed my attention to this species, the type of which is in the Rijksherbarium at Leyden (in fruiting state). It was collected by Zippelius who rightly recognized its alliance; he added a MS description and gave it the MS name Epicharis lasiocarpa. Miquel subsequently described it in the genus Dysoxylum, but the curved fern-like leaftip and other characters leave no doubt about its belonging to Chisocheton. There are at Leyden two further collections of it from New Guinea, both made by Teysmann, HB 6058 and 6060.

Description: Hallier ²) subdivided the Convolvulaceae into two groups, viz. the Psiloconiae, with smooth pollen grains, and the Echinoconiae with spinose ones. The genera of the Psiloconiae occurring in Malaysia have been dealt with in parts I and II of the present paper, with exception of the genus Erycibe, which shall be treated in a special monograph. The group of Echinoconiae contains two tribes, viz. 1. Ipomoeeae and 2. Argyreieae, both represented in Malaysia. The genus Ipomoea belongs to the Ipomoeeae.

Description: G. abbreviata J.J.S. in Fedde, Rep. 35, 1934, 292; Sleum., Reinwardtia 4, 1957, 172. SUMATRA. Tapanuli, Tele, S. of Sidikalang, Alston 14878. Westcoast, G. Singgalang, 1900 m, Meijer 5919.

Description: The publication of the supplement 1 of the well known and essential reference work of “A Bibliography of Eastern Asiatic Botany” is very welcome. It is a continuation of the original work, which closed with 1936, and extends through 1958. It covers the botanical literature on eastern Asia, as indicated by the title, which comprises China, Japan, Korea, Ryukyu, Mongolia and Soviet eastern Asia, as well as the major published papers appertaining to adjacent areas. It has been prepared on essentially the same pattern as the original volume while the subject index has been treated perhaps in a more thorough manner. The volume contains over 11,000 extensively and carefully annotated entries occupying 414 pages. The work is in English but the titles, papers and author names in oriental characters are fully cited, which is an improvement as compared with the original volume. It includes now the original Chinese, Japanese and Korean titles and author names as published in oriental characters as well as translations or transliterations of them. In addition, the supplement fortunately covers the extensive Russian literature, nearly 1600 entries, on Soviet eastern Asia. All Russian titles are transliterated into Roman letters and are also translated. All these improvements make this bibliography more complete than the original volume and extend its usefulness.

Description: Within the genus Vaccinium L. this revision of its Malaysian species — which comprises more than half of the total number of species of the genus — is the last in a series of modern treatments made for North America by W. H. Camp, for the Pacific area by C. Skottsberg, and for tropical America and tropical Asia by the present author. The work formerly done in Malaysian Vaccinium has been limited to islands, as that by J. J. Smith and Schlechter for a part of New Guinea, by Copeland f. for the Philippines, and by Amshoff for Java, with the shortcomings necessarily connected with such too local work. The sections proposed for the Malaysian species in my general system in 1941 have been found still useful and are kept here except a nomenclatural change in one section and the expansion in species due to the large amount of indetermined material collected in Celebes and especially in New Guinea.

Description: Whilst visiting the Leeward Group, little time could be spared to the collecting of mammals; from Odocoileus and Sylvilagus however, a rather representative series could be obtained. Regarding this, I must offer my grateful thanks and appreciation to the people who so ably and kindly assisted in securing the specimens. I am especially obliged to Mr. van der Linde Schotborgh for presenting me with a living Curaçoan deer and to Mr. de Wit for organizing our three shooting-parties, ending with the aquisition of the type of Odocoileus gymnotis curassavicus. Señorita Fanny Maneyro made me a present of a two days old fawn, on the occasion of a short visit to her uncles estate on the Peninsula de Araya. Little “Chacopato” was bottle-fed in my room in Porlamar, with the devoted assistance of Maximiliana, the hotel-owners step-daughter. This apartment he soon shared with an adult deer from Margarita, which however died a few months later. During this time the hotel-owner, Clémente Sibú, who was very fond of animals, overlooked many annoying things, which another would never have let pass. After my departure to Curaçao, “Chacopato” stayed in “Hotel Central”, where he was later joined by his two prospective wives “Guanta” and “Carúpana”, until our departure for the Netherlands. After being kindly entertained on board of the „Van Rensselaer”, they started family-life in the grounds of my parents country-house near The Hague.

Description: The region which forms the field of these studies lies between Trinidad and the Goajira-peninsula, off the northcoast of South America, comprising of seventeen islands or island-groups with a total area of about 2000 square kilometers. It is a part of the Venezuelan Republic, excepting Curaçao, Aruba and Bonaire, which is Netherlands territory. The total number of inhabitants can be estimated at 164000, chiefly confined to Margarita (70000), Curaçao (61000), Aruba (24000), Bonaire (5500) and Coche (3000). This region was visited in 1936 and 1937 with the main object of studying the land and freshwaterfauna, excluding birds and the greater part of the insects. For comparison some parts of the adjacent continent were also visited.

Description: 1. Im Vorderen Filzmoos am Warscheneck, an einer Stelle ca. 100 m nördlich vom Linzerhaus auf einer Höhe von ca. 1400 m wurde eine Probenserie gesammelt. Die Mächtigkeit der durchbohrten Ablagerungen war 590 cm und die folgenden Schichten wurden gefunden: 0—225 cm Sphagnumtorf 225—285 cm Hypnazeentorf 285—460 cm Kalkgyttja 460—590 cm grauer Ton. Die Filzmoose am Warscheneck wurden von Garns (1947, p. 252) als Karstfilze klassifiziert. Letztere sind eine besondere Art von erodierten Latschenhochmooren, welche auf grösseren Höhen in den Nördlichen Kalkalpen und im Ketten-Jura vorkommen.

Description: The alcyonarian fauna of the West Indies is prolific and conspicuous and has been known for many years, with the natural result that a great many more species have been described than actually exist. The deep-water fauna, which received little attention prior to the work of VERRILL, was thoroughly reviewed by DEICHMANN in 1936. The shallow-water and reef fauna was the subject of a series of extensive papers by KUKENTHAL and his collaborators, KUNZE, MOSER, RIESS, BIELSCHOWSKY, and TOEPLITZ, but this ambitious study appears to have been based upon inadequate collections and its usefulness is seriously limited by the number of synonyms and misidentifications that it contains. No comprehensive survey of the fauna exists, and there is no satisfactory guide for the identification of specimens. This paper, which was prepared at the request of Dr. P. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK, Secretary of the Stichting ‘Natuurwetenschappelijke Studiekring voor Suriname en de Nederlandse Antillen’ (Foundation for Scientific Research in Surinam and the Netherlands Antilles), forms such a guide and at the same time reviews the fauna to the extent permitted by the collections in hand and the literature. With Dr. HUMMELINCK’S collection of West Indian octocorals serving as a nucleus, the pertinent material in the collections of the U.S. National Museum was critically revised and correlated with the literature in order to gain an accurate picture of the known fauna. As a result of this study, it was possible to recognize 75 species of alcyonarians belonging to the orders Telestacea, Alcyonacea, Gorgonacea, and Pennatulacea inhabiting the reefs and shallow waters of the warm western Atlantic. An additional 21 species from deeper water are also included for comparative purposes or because they inhabit the transitional zone just below the region of active reef growth. Seventeen species and a few growth forms are described as new to science. Each species is diagnosed and illustrated with drawings of the details of spiculation and, in the case of new or especially common species, photographs of the colonial form. Taxonomic keys with couplets illustrated for clarity are provided to facilitate the identification of specimens. The species described in this paper are arranged as indicated in the Table of Contents (p. 3—7). A total of 96 species are described from the region including the Bermudas, the southeastern coast of the United States, the Bahamas and Antilles, and the east coast of South America south to the reefs of Brazil. Of these, 52 species occur in the reef habitat proper or closely associated with it, and another 23 species occur in depths of 25 fathoms or less. The orders Telestacea, Alcyonacea, and Pennatulacea are togehter represented by only 13 species within the bathymetric limits set forth, the remaining 83 belonging to the order Gorgonacea. The littoral and reef-dwelling representatives of the last-named order belong for the most part to the two families Plexauridae and Gorgoniidae, which include 35 and 34 species respectively. When the shallow-water alcyonarian fauna is added to the deep-water fauna as reported by DEICHMANN, a total of 196 species is revealed for the area. This is a fauna of only modest proportions when compared with that of the East Indies, where some 445 species (exclusive of Pennatulacea) were obtained by the ‘Siboga’ Expedition, but nevertheless, the gorgonians are the dominant sessile animals on many of the reefs of Florida, the Bahamas, and the Antilles. This dense population consists chiefly of about a dozen species, all the others being rare or of local occurrence, so it appears that the reef fauna is rich in individuals but poor in species. The distribution of alcyonarians is influenced by a variety of factors, among them salinity, temperature, illumination, depth of water, and character of the bottom. It is not possible to single out any one factor as the most important, since they all interact closely, but there is no doubt that temperature is one of the most influential. Although temperature requirements and tolerations have not been determined experimentally for alcyonarians, they can reasonably be assumed to parallel more or less closely those of the principal reef-formers. It has been observed that formation of reefs does not take place in waters that drop below 68°F. for any appreciable period during the winter. Since active growth of reefs occurs at Bermuda, the northernmost limit of the West Indian fauna, its annual minimum temperature of 66°F, may be taken as the limit for reef formation in the West Indian area. Tropical alcyonarians occur up to this minimum isotherm of both coasts of Florida. Most alcyonarians are stenohaline and require salinities within the range found in the open sea. However, the occurrence of a few species, such as Leptogorgia setacea of the southeastern coast of the United States, in the brackish inshore waters of bays and river mouths indicates that a limited degree of euryhalinity does occur in the Octocorallia. A rough and solid bottom is apparently as necessary for the attachment of gorgonian planulae as it is for those of madrepores, and the importance of this requirement is clearly demonstrated on the west coast of Florida, where reef communities gain a foothold only on the scattered solid outcrops on an otherwise broad, sandy shelf. A few species of Gorgonacea are known to live unattached, the colonies apparently doing so in some cases because no suitable objects were available for attachment, in others because they were broken loose from their original solid support but continued to live in a prone position. Certain deep-water gorgonacean groups (families Chrysogorgiidae and Isididae) that inhabit areas with a scarcity of solid material are able to adapt the form of their holdfast to the conditions present at the time of metamorphosis, producing either a calcareous basal disk for attachment to shells and stones, or a branched, rootlike process for anchoring the colony firmly in a muddy bottom. The pennatulaceans, which are adapted for life on soft bottoms, require either sand or mud and therefore are not found closely associated with reef communities. The octocorals of the reefs are restricted bathymetrically to the upper 25 fathoms of water, perhaps because of their symbiotic zooxanthellae, which require sunlight for the process of photosynthesis, but the physiological relationships of zooxanthellae and their coelenterate hosts are in general less clearly understood in the octocorals than in the madrepores, so the cause of the bathymetricphotic correlation cannot be stated in general terms. Obviously, the vertical distribution of those octocorals that are dependent upon their zooxanthellae for nutrition is governed by the physiological requirements of the algae. In those octocorals that are nutritionally independent of their zooxanthellae (as appears to be generally the case among scleractinian corals) other ecological factors must limit bathymetric distribution. In the West Indies, almost all of the shallow-water octocorals, which represent 38% of the total known fauna, belong to the two families Plexauridae and Gorgoniidae. Very few members of these families extend downward below 25 fathoms, and very few members of the deep-water families venture into water shallower than this. In the East Indies, where a rich tropical alcyonarian fauna exists, 59% of the species taken by the ‘Siboga’-Expedition lived in depths shallower than 50 meters, but this fauna is inordinately rich in groups poorly represented in the West Indies, where 85% of the species are gorgonaceans. In both regions, somewhat more than 40% of the gorgonaceans occur in depths less than 50 meters. The alcyonarians are an important component of the reef community, perhaps more so in the West Indies than elsewhere in the tropics because of the great profusion of a few conspicuous forms in the reef habitat. They provide shelter and sustenance for a wide array of casual associates, epizoa, commensals, and parasites, ranging from other coelenterates to fishes. Moreover, when they die they liberate great quantities of calcareous spicules which are then available for incorporation into the general mass of the reef. The alcyonarian fauna of the warm parts of the western Atlantic shows a high degree of endemism and only indistinct subdivision into smaller faunal regions. It is possible to distinguish a Carolinian fauna occupying the southeastern coast of the United States, with part of its species occurring only along the Atlantic coast and part of them with isolated populations in the northern Gulf of Mexico. At least three species follow the continental coast more or less continuously from the Carolinas to Brazil. This is basically a continental fauna and its species do not range out into the West Indian islands. The fauna of the West Indies is essentially an insular fauna and it suffers depletion wherever it invades continental coasts. The largest number of reef dwelling species seems to occur in the northern islands of the Lesser Antilles, the Greater Antilles, and the Florida Keys. At the present time, more species are known from the last-named locality than from the islands of the Greater Antilles, but it has certainly been more thoroughly explored. Intensive collecting will probably reveal an even larger number of species in the northeastern part of the Antilles. Antillean species extend along both coasts of Florida northward to about the 66°F. minimum surface isotherm, but their number is sharply diminished. A small group of the hardiest species reaches Bermuda, which is the northernmost outpost of the West Indian fauna. Records indicate that the Antillean fauna becomes attenuated also toward the southern islands of the Lesser Antilles, and the Leeward Group along the coast of South America has a fauna comparable in many respects with that of Bermuda. However, the fauna of Bermuda is restricted by the low temperature of the water during midwinter (66°F), a limiting factor that does not exist at the low latitude of the Leeward Islands. The fauna must instead be restricted by other ecological factors, perhaps imposed by the proximity of the continental coast. The alcyonarian fauna of the reefs of Brazil, although composed largely of West Indian genera — Plexaurella, Muriceopsis, Lophogorgia — shares few species, perhaps no more than three or four, with the Antillean region to the north, and is probably the most distinct of the subregions of the western Atlantic. Within the broad limits of the warm western Atlantic fauna 1 region, extending from Bermuda south to Brazil, we can distinguish an insular Antillean fauna centered in the northeastern part of the Antilles; a continental Carolinian fauna along the southeastern Atlantic seabord, some of its species with disjunct populations in the Gulf of Mexico and some following virtually the entire coastline from the Carolinas to Brazil; and a Brazilian fauna extending northward along the South American coast as far as Trinidad. The presence in the West Indies of Alcyonarian genera known also in the tropical Indo-West Pacific can be explained only on the basis of former faunal continuity. The presence of a small amphi-American element clearly points to the existence of a continuous East Pacific-West Atlantic (or trans-American) fauna during the past, and the high level of endemism in the West Indian region suggests a subsequent rapid development of a new fauna from remnants of the old, left behind after closure of the Central American seaways. The distribution of modern alcyonarians corroborates the former existence of a great equatorial sea, the Tethys, that permitted circumtropical distribution of marine animals, which geology tells us existed during much of Earth’s history between the Cambrian and the Tertiary.

Description: Diese Arbeit enthält die Beschreibung einiger neuer Arten aus den Asphaltgesteinen der Insel Buton, sowie Bemerkungen über schon bekannte Species. Wie überall im ostindischen Archipel ist auch hier K. Martin vorangegangen, indem er 1933 und 1935 insgesamt 35 neue Arten beschrieben und abgebildet hat; diese Anzahl hat sich jetzt bis auf 86 vermehrt. Die hier behandelten Fossilien empfing ich z. T. aus den Sammlungen des Geologischen Institutes der Universität Amsterdam; einen kleinen Teil dieser Sammlung hat Prof. H.A. Brouwer von der Direktion der „Mijnbouwmaatschappij Boeton” erhalten, ein anderer Teil wurde diesem geologischen Museum geschenkt von Herrn Dr. W.P. de Roever, dessen Vater, Herr J.W. de Roever, damals Inspektor der „Stoomvaart-Maatschappij Nederland”, die Fossilien während eines Aufenthaltes auf der Insel Buton aus gleicher Quelle empfing; von beiden Sammlungen ist der genauere Fundort nicht bekannt. Dr. C.O. van Regteren Altena hat die obenerwähnten Mollusken zuerst durchgesehen, konnte diese Arbeit aber nicht beenden und überliess mir das Material zur weiteren Bearbeitung, dabei auch seine Notizen freundlichst zu meiner Verfügung stellend. Es war für uns beide von Interesse, unsere palaeontologischen Ergebnisse auf diese Weise durch Vergleich an einer und derselben Sammlung indopacifischer Mollusken nachprüfen zu können und ich danke Herrn v. Regteren herzlich für diese Gelegenheit zu einem regen Gedankenaustausch. Dass ich diese Arbeit luiternehmen konnte, verdanke ich selbstverständlich auch der Freundlichkeit der Direktion des hiesigen geologischen Institutes.

Description: This annotated list of the mammals, lizards and mollusks of the Leeward Group, is based on author’s collection and therefore includes additional mainland-records of the island-species. As a rule a short commentary is given only as a guide to the adopted nomenclature and classification, in case of controversial data which are not yet settled, if important for our knowledge of regional distribution, mentioning vernacular names. Regarding the mammals, all known material-records are included.

Description: In 1928 maakte J. Cosijn, als eerste Leidsche student, een begin met de detailkaarteering 1:25000 van een deel der Bergamasker Alpen. Thans is dit werk zoover gevorderd, dat een strook tusschen het Lago di Como en het Ogliodal vrijwel geheel gekaarteerd is. Dat bij zoovele onderzoekers verschil van opvatting over het bepalen van stratigrafische grenzen heerscht, valt niet te verwonderen. Zoo ontstonden feitelijk drie groote problemen, t. w.

Description: La région étudiée est située dans les montagnes du Liban, à cheval sur le Liban Sud et la plaine de la Békaa et s’approche des contreforts de l’Anti-Liban (Fig. 2, p. 256, Fig. 3, p. 260). Cette région fut choisie parce qu’elle s’étend sur un terrain géologiquement fort intéressant et parce que le fond topographique venait d’être levé. Elle couvre la région haute du Liban Sud, de l’un à l’autre bord, déborde un peu à l’Ouest sur le plateau cénomanien côtier et pénètre largement à l’Est dans la Békaa. Dans la région haute le Crétacé inférieur est exceptionnellement développé et riche en faune et le Jurassique y constitue la longue crête du Djebel Barouk. Dans la Békaa se trouvent les termes plus élevés de la série stratigraphique; Cénomanien, Turonien, Sénonien et Eocène, de sorte que toute la série, depuis le Kimmeridgien jusqu’à l’Eocène compris, est représentée.

Description: The Pasoemah region S of the Goemai Mts. in W. Palembang is largely occupied by Quaternary volcanics, which form a sharply dissected plateaulike country, whose surface gradually slopes downward in an ENE direction from ± 1000 m to ± 300 m above sea-level, conformably to the courses of the Selangis and Lematang Rivers above their point of confluence. Where the Lematang River unites with the Moelak River, the acid welded tuffs of the Pasoemah highland, to which attention will be drawn in this paper, are cut off by a steep bluff, formed undoubtedly by retrogressive erosion, which was substantially facilitated by the presence of vertical cleavage planes in the rhyolitic tuff series. In the Goemai Mts., described elsewhere in detail by K.A.F.R. Musper (1937) and also dealt with by the present writer in a previous paper (J. Westerveld, 1941), a core of strongly folded lower-Cretaceous sediments, cut by various intrusiva, is covered unconformably by a steeply tilted series of Eogene or old-Miocene andesitic tuffs and breccias, the Lower Kikim tuffs, which again are covered with slight unconformity by the old-Miocene Upper Kikim tuffs or basal section of the Batoeradja-Telisa series. The base of the Pasoemah volcanics is generally formed by the S-ward dipping Telisa beds or upper part of the latter series; a monotonous sequence of Globigerina marls and shales with intercalated andesitic tuffs and breccias, layers of glauconitic sandstone, platy or concretionnary limestones, and occasional horizons with plant remains. Below the Quaternary tuff mantles this series unquestionably merges S-ward into the late-Miocene Lower Palembang beds, which only seem to be exposed quite locally at the bottom of the Selangis gorge NE of Pageralam (Musper, 1937, p. 41). The lower and thickest portion of the flat-lying, post-Tertiary, volcanic sequence is formed by welded rhyolitic tuffs, and the upper part by andesitic tuffs and agglomerates from the andesitic volcanoes, which border the Pasoemah highland on the W (G. Dempo), the S (the volcanoes of the Semendoh highland) and the E (the G. Isau-isau). Of these eruption points the Dempo volcano and the Semendoh volcanoes lie outside the map region.

Description: In the Ordovician sandstones of the Cantabrian Mountains a replacement of the micas by carbonate minerals could be observed. The absence of metamorphic minerals suggests a diagenetic replacement. This is supported by the finding of the same type of replacement in some undisturbed Pliocene sediments of an intramontane basin in the French Pyrenees. It seems that replacement can occur at any stage during diagenesis.

Description: My revision of the Burseraceae in Pulle’s Flora of Suriname is extended here to a monographic treatment of those Burseraceous genera of which representatives occur in Suriname. Engler’s monograph of this family dates from nearly sixty years ago, and since that time many new species have been published. These additions and the large number of minor and major problems which presented themselves, doubtless justify the publication of this study. I am bound to admit however that not all problems could be solved. The present paper is divided into a General Part and a Taxonomic Part. The critical remarks concerning the whole family and its tribes are dealt with in the General Part, and those referring to the separate genera and species are to be found in the appropriate place in the Taxonomic Part; to the former is added a list of general literature, and to the latter a list of collectors’ numbers and indices of vernacular and scientific names.

Description: In my revision of the Turneraceae for PULLE’s Flora of Suriname, I have accepted the genera Piriqueta and Turnera in the delimitation given to them by URBAN. The distinction rests on the presence in Piriqueta of a “corona” at the insertion of the petals. This corona, however, is often so weakly developed as to be almost invisible, and as moreover, the African representatives of Piriqueta appear to be more easily distinguishable from the American ones than the latter from some of the Turneras, the taxonomic importance of this organ appears to be somewhat dubious. A decision of the question, however, would necessitate a more extensive study of the genera than the demands of the present revision would justify; owing to lack of material, moreover, such a study would be impossible at the present time. The only species by which the genus Piriqueta is represented in Suriname was split by Urban in a fairly large number of varieties, of which four have been quoted by him from Suriname, namely: the var. genuina, the var. latifolia, the var. foliosa and the var. bracteolata. The var. foliosa differs from the type mostly in a more luxuriant growth and is very probably nothing but a form growing under somewhat different conditions. The bracteoles of the var. bracteolata are rather variable in size, and even in the specimen quoted by URBAN in the main not different from those found in other plants; it is not impossible that the somewhat larger size of some of them may be due to the presence of parasites. The leaves of the var. latifolia are distinctly wider than those of the type, and it is not improbable that this difference will prove constant. A study in the field, eventually supplemented by culture experiments. however, would be necessary to decide the point. For the present it is perhaps better not to lay too much stress on this rather insignificant difference.

Description: In three former river beds of the river Waal near Zaltbommel a study was made of the factors which determine the differentiation in the vegetation. The water in each of the three beds is eutrophic. One of the beds is situated inside the main dike of the present river, the two other ones outside the latter, i.e. in the area which is exposed to the yearly returning floods. In only one of the two former river beds outside the dike a current is noticeable during these periods. At that time clay is deposited, and the bottom of these two beds accordingly consists of clay. In the former bed that is protected against these floods by the dike, only in the central part of the bottom the clay is still exposed, whereas nearer to the bank it is covered by a layer of peat. The vegetation in so far as it might be regarded as a natural one, was studied in detail, and appeared to consist in the main of a community belonging to the Potamion (in the deeper part), pioneer facies of the Scirpeto-Phragmitetum (Phragmition), later stages in the development of this association (a.o. “floating mat” -communities), one belonging to the Magnocaricion (in the shallower water), and, in the case of the former bed inside the dike, a carr-wood. The vegetation varied, however, in the different beds and eventually also in different parts of the same bed. The way in which the vegetation in the three former river beds differs, appeared to depend i.a. on the degree in which the various species are able to resist the current, and this mainly depends on their way of rooting. Only species like Phragmites and Scirpus lacustris can maintain themselves in places that are exposed to a strong current, because they are firmly anchored in the soil. Weakly anchored species like the two Typha’s are found only in places where there is no current, and the development of floating mats is possible only in stagnant water. Apart from the presence or absence of a current, important factors are the depth of the water and the consistence of the soil in which the plants are rooting. The correlation between the depth of the water and the nature of the vegetation appears in the succession of the Potamion by way of the pioneer facies of the Scirpeto- Phragmitetum to the later stages in the development of this association. In less deep water the consistence of the soil comes to the fore. In the former beds outside the dike the vegetations belonging to the Scirpeto-Phragmitetum grow on a muddy soil showing little or no cohesion, but the Caricetum gracilis-vesicariae (Magnocaricion) is confined to soils showing a higher degree of rigidity. Of great importance is the faculty to multiply vegetatively by means of rhizomes, which is found everywhere where a definite species determines the character of the vegetation, i.e. where a definite facies is present. This applies to the vegetations found on the floating mats too, which possess a frame work consisting of rhizomes. At first the latter belong exclusively to Typha angustifolia, but in subsequent stages of their development rhizomes of other species too take part in the development of this frame work. In the course of their development these floating mats may reach a considerable thickness. This growth in thickness is accompanied by a change in the type of vegetation. In the bed behind the dike the floating mats are particularly well-developed, but at places where in this bed no floating mats are present, the plant remains sink to the bottom, where they give rise to the formation of a layer of peat. On the latter a vegetation of Carex riparia, representing the Magnocaricion, and a Salix cinerea-stand develops. The plant remains found in the bottom (peat as well as clay) were studied by the aid of the microscope, and in this way it proved possible to reconstruct the succession in the beds, except in those places where during the period of flood a current is present, because in that case the plant remains are swept away. It was proved that a vegetation belonging to the Potamion appeared first and was always succeeded by pioneer facies of the Scirpeto-Phragmitetum, eventually followed by later stages in the development of this association. The Caricetum gracilis-vesicariae, on the other hand, was no stage in this succession, but developed in the shallow water of the marginal zone on a bare soil. The floating mats in their initial stage appeared to develop as an extension of a Typha angustifolia-vegetation rooting in the bottom, overgrowing subsequently the pioneer facies of Equisetum fluviatile and/or a Potamion-vegetation. Other species settled on the floating mat as soon as it attained a certain thickness because of sedimentation of clay and/or plant remains. Below the floating mats in the bed behind the dike a layer of peat was found which proved to consist of remains of Stratiotes aloides, a species which at present is met here but rarely. Peat of the same composition was also present below the open spaces between the floating mats, i.e. on the spots where the vegetation of Carex riparia and that of Salix cinerea is found.

Description: Die Frage nach der Art, wie die nordwesteuropäische Calluna-Heide entstanden ist, und wann dies geschah, wurde in den letzten Jahren erneut diskutiert. In der vorliegenden Mitteilung wird versucht, auf Grund der Resultate pollenanalytischer Untersuchungen kleiner Moore im Heidegebiet der niederländischen Provinz Drenthe einen Beitrag zur Lösung dieses Problems zu geben. Der von uns begangene Weg wurde bereits 1931 von OVERBECK (1) *) vorgeschlagen. Dieser Autor brachte damals auch schon ein Beispiel derartiger Untersuchungen in der Bearbeitung kleiner Moore auf der Vegesacker Geest in der Nähe von Bremen: des Moores bei Lilkendey und des Garlstedter Moores. Die Erscheinung, welche hier wichtig ist, ist folgende: In den Diagrammen der Ablagerungen beider Moore zeigen sich starke Anschwellungen der Ericaceenkurve zur Zeit des Buchenanstieges, die sich wohl nicht ausschliesslich oder auch nur zum grösseren Teil auf die Produktion an Ericaceenpollen des Moores zurückführen lassen. OVERBECK hebt hervor, dass diese Tatsache eine starke Ausbreitung der Heide gegen Ende der Bildungszeit des älteren Hochmoortorfs anzeigt, also im Subboreal, das etwa der Bronzezeit entspricht.

Description: In trying to prepare the account of the Myrtaceae for PULLE’s Flora of Suriname I soon found that a revision of the Myrtaceae of whole Guiana, especially of French Guiana, and preferably also of the Amazonian district, is necessary. The account would be of little value as long as our knowledge of the synonymy and the distribution of the species is so incomplete. The Myrtaceae of Guiana have been treated by BERG in Linnaea XXVII (1855—56) p. 1—512, XXIX (1858) p. 207—256 and XXX (1861) p. 647—713. Yet many species previously described from French Guiana, especially by AUBLET and by DE CANDOLLE, were not known to BERG. Moreover, BERG often based species on insufficient material, as has been pointed out by URBAN in his revision of the West Indian Myrtaceae in Engl. Bot. Jahrb. XIX (1895) p. 563. In this publication of URBAN the synonymy of several species common to the West Indies and Guiana is cleared up (Trinidad and Tobago are included in the West Indies). Another valuable contribution is SAGOT’s too little noticed account of the Myrtaceae of French Guiana in Annales Sciences Naturelles 6.20 (1885) p. 181—198. But SAGOT apparently did not know BERG’s last publication in Linnaea XXX, in which RICHARD’s collection from French Guiana is treated. Thus SAGOT sometimes cites specimens of RICHARD without knowing that they must be duplicates of the types of one of BERG’s new species and his account remains very incomplete.

Description: Though an excellent, critical monograph of the genus Cassipourea was published some years ago by ALSTON (in Kew Bulletin, 1925, p. 241—276), I should like to make a few remarks on the South-American species of this genus as my revision for PULLE’s Flora of Suriname III.2 has brought to light a few new facts. It will also give me an opportunity to refer to a publication of BRIQUET on some American representatives of this genus (in Candollea IV, 1931, p. 342—350), which disagrees with regard to a number of species with ALSTON’s interpretations. The species which covers the largest area is the chiefly West-Indian C. elliptica (Sw.) Poir. Formerly also a number of West- Brazilian and Peruvian specimens were referred to it, but ALSTON pointed out that these plants belonged to another species for which he introduced the name C. peruviana. A new West-Indian species, based on Broadway nr. 3841 and 4631, both from Tobago, was described by BRIQUET under the name C. Broadwayi. This species is, in my opinion, conspecific with C. elliptica. BRIQUET amply discussed the differences with C. latifolia Alston from Trinidad, but does not mention its relationship to C. elliptica. , though, in view of the latter’s area of distribution, this would have been more to the point. That ALSTON had already referred Broadway nr. 3841 to C. elliptica was apparently overlooked by BRIQUET. In opposition to BRIQUET I agree with ALSTON that no value should be set on the varieties of C. elliptica described by GRISEBACH (Fl. Br. W. Ind. Isl., I860, p. 274).

Description: Paspalum montanum HENR. nov. spec. Perennis, caespitosa, stricte erecta, ad 60 cm alta; culmi glabri, plurinodes, nodis adpresse pubescentibus; vaginae arctae vel parum hiantes, hirsutae vel villoso-pubescentes, ligula scariosa, brunnea; laminae lineares, ad 1 cm latae vel inferiores angustiores, ad 20 cm longae, acuminatae, nervo crasso praeditae; inflorescentia terminalis, paniculata, e racemis paucis, in axillis barbatis, 4—5 cm longis formata; rhachis partialis subplana, leviter undulata, spiculae binatae, inaequaliter pedicellatae, altera subsessilis, altera longiter pedicellata, pedicelli glabri, subangulati; spiculae leviter sed distincte obovatae, strigosae, 2 mm longae, ad 1.4 mm latae, apice obtusae, vix vel leviter tantum acutatae, nervis haud visibilis, gluma inferior deest, gluma superior et lemma sterilis aequilongae, lemma fertilis 1.7 mm longa, badia vel brunnea, suborbicularis, distincte striato-punctata, haud nitida.

Description: In Juni 1960 vond ik in gezelschap van mijn collega’s M. Baaijens en K. Boelens op de noordelijke Makkumer Waard een Carex-soort, die ik niet herkende. Bij determinatie bleek het te zijn de in Nederland niet eerder aangetroffen Carex divisa Huds., welke determinatie bevestigd werd door de heer Th.J. Reichgelt. Alvorens nader op deze nieuwe vondst in te gaan, eerst iets over het terrein waar de plant werd aangetroffen. Langs de zuidelijke en westelijke kust van Friesland zijn na het tot stand komen van de Afsluitdijk en de daarmee gepaard gaande verlaging van de waterstand een aantal zandige platen nagenoeg permanent droog komen te liggen. Alleen hij storm raken de platen door opwaaiing soms overstroomd.

Description: Mr Supadmo, Bogor Herbarium, hopes to make a field trip to the Pakanbaru area in Central Sumatra in 1961.

Description: Flora of Java. In May 1961 the English translation of this great work was completed, except for the Bambusaceae which Mr Ch. Monod de Froideville is engaged in writing up. Dr. R.C. Bakhuizen van den Brink Jr has finished the nomenclatural polishing. It is hoped that this voluminous work can be published in 1962. The main body was written by Dr. C.A. Backer, who for many families had the assistance of specialists. Forest Botany in North Borneo. Dr. W. Meijer of Sandakan has prepared a mimeographed report under this title, April 1961, 33 pp. He describes summarily the present state of our knowledge, gives particulars about botanical work in North Borneo up till the present, a survey of dipterocarp genera, a tentative list of climbers (a much neglected group!), of palms, gymnosperms, a sketch of forest types, and notes on several related subjects.

Description: In Eerbeek, in einem der schön gelegenen Dörfer der Provinz Gelderland, steht ein altes Schloss, von der Verkehrsstrasse weit entfernt, und am Bach entlang zu erreichen. Es ist das sogenannte ”Huis Eerbeek“, das Haus der Frau Dr. Weber, die Herrin im wahren Sinne des Wortes. Da können wir heute der neunzigjährigen begegnen, beim Heruntersteigen der steinernen Treppe, oder auch am Teiche, bei den Karpfen und Enten; nicht selten auch trifft man sie ihre schönen Buchenalleen musternd, durch die sie mit raschen Schritten sich fortbewegt. Täglich nach dem Mittagsmahl geht sie spazieren, manchmal um mit dem Gärtner und mit ihren Bauern etwas zu besprechen. Und was gibt es in der heutigen Zeit nicht alles auf einem Gut zu tun, das Gut, das sie mit ihrem Gatten gehütet und entwickelt hat, bei welcher Arbeit sie beide ihren grossen biologischen Interessen frönen konnten.

Description: It needs an explanation why among the botanical papers published in this volume to honour Mrs. Weber—van Bosse on her 90th birthday a zoological contribution has been inserted. Those who have read the curriculum vitae of this wellknown botanist in the foregoing pages of this volume will not wonder, for they know that she has been keenly interested for more than half a century in the zoological work of her late husband. And so among the chorus of botanists the voice of a zoologist could hardly be missed. For many years I have enjoyed the friendship of both, and I am grateful for this opportunity to show Mrs. Weber my affection and my admiration. When contemplating an adequate theme for this paper it occurred to me that in some way or other it had to dwell on the relations between zoology and botany and as the distribution of animals is a branch of science which has always interested both Max Weber and me, I decided on the influence which the distribution of plants has on that of animals.

Description: In a tube (no 282) containing several specimens of algae collected by Dr R. E. Vaughan, Curepipe, Mauritius, in quiet lagoons at Black River Bay a few specimens of a small delicate Griffithsia occurred as an epiphyte upon Laurencia papillosa (Forssk.) Grev. Since this plant has turned out to be a not previously described species it is a great pleasure to me on the occasion of Mme Dr A. Weber—van Bosse’s 90th birthday to name it in honour of her in the hope that Mme Weber will take it not only as a proof of my gratitude for a friendship extending over many years, but also as a token of my admiration for the important contribution made by Mme Weber to our knowledge of the tropical marine algal flora, especially by her great classic work ”Liste des Algues du Siboga“.

Description: The Talaud Islands are forming part of the Malay Archipelago, being situated north of Celebes and the Moluccas, south of Mindanao and east of the Sangihe group, between 3°45’ and 5°35’ N. lat. and 126°32’ and 127°10’ E. long. The main group consists of three larger islands, viz. Karakelong, Salebaboe and Kaboeroeang. The Nenoesa islands, a group formed by the small islands of Garete, Karaton, Merampi, Mengkopoe, Intata, Kakelotan and Maroh are situated northeast of the main group, including also Miangas (Palmas), an islet about 65 miles north of Karakelong, near Mindanao.

Description: Herba valde caespitosa. Folia linearia, interdum falcata, 0.8—4 X 0.2—0.5 cm, vel basi interdum subabrupte usque ad 1 cm dilatata, glabra, axillis pilis longis albis munita. Pedunculi 0.5—4 cm longi, 5—8-costulati. Bracteae involucrantes oblongae vel ovato-oblongae, pallide luteae, glabrae; bracteae florales conchatae, late ovatae, panduratae vel oblongo-obovatae, nigrescentes sed interdum basi pallide lutei, extus parte apicali albo-pilosae. Receptaculum longe pilosum. Flos ♂: sepala 3, interdum 2, connata, basi excepta nigrescentia, parte apicale albo-pilosa; petala 3, connata, glandulosa, extus apice et intus omnino albo- vel luteo-pilosa. Flos ♀: sepala 3, libera, naviculata, nigra, extus parte apicali albo- vel luteo-pilosa; petala 3, inaequalia, extus glabra, intus omnino albo-pilosa, glandulosa; ovarium 3-loculare. Typus: van Steenis 9691 in L. Herbs forming dense semi-globose pin-cushions or cushion-rings of great extent, up to 5 cm high. Leaves linear, sometimes falcate, 0.8—4 by 0.2—0.5 cm, at base sometimes subabruptly broadened to 1 cm, acute, 6—10-nerved, fenestrate, glabrous except for long white hairs in the axils. Peduncles (0.5—)1—2.5(—4) cm long, 5—8-ribbed, glabrous, sheath 0.8—2(—2.5) cm long, at base with long white hairs. Heads obovoid to semi-globose, 2—5 by 2—7 mm, involucral bracts oblong or ovate-oblong, 3.5—4.5 by 1—2 mm, obtuse, 1-nerved, glabrous, pale yellowish, florad bracts conchate, broadly ovate to oblong-obovate, 2.5—3.5 by 1—1.5 mm, cuspidate, sometimes scarious along apical part of margin, blackish at least for ¾, with white hairs on outside in apical part, otherwise glabrous; receptacle with long white hairs. ♂ Flowers: sepals 3, very rarely 2, tubuliformously connate but the two lateral ones connate at base only, boat-shaped, 2.5—3 by about 1 mm, obtuse, with white hairs on outside of apical part, blackish for at least ¾; petals 3, tubuliformously united, very unequal in length, the free lobes oblong, the median one about 1 mm long, the lateral ones about 0.5 mm long, with white hairs along margin and on inside, with an ovoid, black gland on inside; stamens 6, anthers black. ♀ Flowers: sepals 3, free, boat-shaped, 2.5—3.5 by about 1 mm, cuspidate, black, with white hairs on outside of apical part; petals 3, unequal, oblanceolate, the median one longer than the lateral ones, 2.5—3.5 by about 0.5 mm, obtuse, with white or yellowish hairs on inside, with an ovoid, black gland on inside; ovary deeply 3-lobed, about 1 by 1 mm; style about 1.5 mm long, the three filiform branches moreover about 1.5 mm long. Seeds ellipsoid, dark brown, glabrous.

Description: Several years ago the Director of the Bernice P. Bishop Museum, Honolulu, was kind enough to lend me the Sapotaceous material from the Pacific region preserved in its Herbarium. It has been enumerated underneath together with additional material from other herbaria. These have been quoted by means of the following abbreviations, which are taken from Lanjouw’s list, published in Chronica Botanica V, 1932, 142. A. = Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University, Jamaica Plain (Mass.), U.S.A. B. = Botanisches Museum, Berlin-Dahlem. Bish. = Bernice P. Bish. Museum, Honolulu, Hawaiian Isl. and some specimens from the private herbarium of Mr O. Degener. Bz. = Herbarium, Gov. Botanic Gardens, Buitenzorg, Java. Cal. = California Botanical Gardens, San Francisco. G. = Institut de Botanique systématique de l’Université de Genève. GB. = Botanical Garden, Göteborg. GH. = Gray Herbarium of Harvard University, Cambridge (Mass.), U.S.A. K. = Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. L. = Rijksherbarium, Leiden. NY. = New York Botanical Garden, New York. O. = Universitetets Botaniske Museum, Oslo. P. = Muséum National d’Histoire Naturelle, Lab. de Phanérogamie, Paris. PRC. = Botanical Institute, Charles University, Praha. Besides, a number of the specimens quoted are probably represented in other, particularly American herbaria, of which no data were available. I wish to tender my sincere thanks to the directors of the institutions mentioned for their kind assistance.

Description: A few localities in which collecting has been done in 1930 (cf. Zool. Jb. Syst. 64, 1933) are included without special numbering. A capital-letter after the station-number indicates a different habitat or a comparable habitat in another locality; an ordinary-letter indicates that the same habitat has already been studied before.

Description: Much has been said of the geographical relations and the origin of the West Indian fauna, especially as to that of its vertebrates and mollusks. Mostly the islands off the Venezuelan coast, for the greater part within sight of the South American continent, remained out of question, although obvious differences between the fauna of Curaçao and that of the adjacent mainland were rather quickly noticed and its affinity towards the fauna of the Greater Antilles even emphasized (Bland, 1861; Baker, 1924). Without going into the West Indian fauna as a whole, or the current theories that try to explain its distribution, an attempt is being made to find out what palaeogeographical indication is given by the fauna of the Leeward Group, by careful examination of the distribution of its mammals, reptiles, amphibians, fishes and mollusks, — these being the only groups, perhaps with exception of the birds, which are sufficiently well known to serve as a base for zoogeographical considerations. Biocoenoses were not studied, only the distribution of species and subspecies was taken into account. The biotopes usually being very small and scattered by many isolating factors formed by accidental circumstances, the fauna being very poor and the biology of the species practically unknown, it will be clear that we have to be unpretentious in our aim and very careful in our conclusions.

Description: En Espagne septentrionale, dans la province de León, à une dizaine de kilomètres au NO de la ville de Cistierna, s’étend un bassin houiller entre le Rio Porma et le Rio Esla, perpendiculaire à ces fleuves et avec la ville de Sabero au centre. La situation précise peut être retrouvée sur les feuilles 130 et 131 du service topographique d’Espagne. Ce bassin houiller de Sabero, dont la longueur est de 13 km et la largeur n’excède pas 2 km, suit une direction franchement E\u2500O au pied du versant méridional de la chaîne des montagnes Cantabriques. Les assises, qui ont un aspect si régulier au bord septentrional du bassin, se comportent d’une manière plus compliquée au bord méridional. Il est rare qu’un horizon spécifique traverse la largeur du bassin sans s’amincir ou sans changer de composition sédimentaire. La plupart des couches de charbon en exploîtation au côté N n’ont pas été retrouvées au côté S. On suppose que l’origine de la cuvette houillère est due à une faille de direction E\u2500O longeant le bord septentrional du bassin. Cette faille hypothétique sépare deux compartiments, dont le compartiment septentrional a fourni, en surgissant, la plupart du matériel détritique. Le compartiment méridional a été basculé, son bord S s’affaisant et son bord N s’élevant. Ces deux phénomènes expliquent le caractère asymétrique du dépôt, aussi bien au point de vue sédimentaire que tectonique. Le plan axial du synclinal dans la série houillère se trouve plus proche de la bordure méridionale du bassin et des plis secondaires se sont formés, là, où la série était le plus mince: c’est à dire, à la même bordure méridionale. Le dépôt est d’un âge stéphanien.

Description: In June 1937 the State Museum of Geology and Mineralogy at Leiden received from Mr. A.S. Dresden at Amsterdam a diamond crystal of a hitherto unknown shape. The crystal is colourless and transparent. Mr. J. Bolman determined its weight at 0.1698 g and its specific gravity at 3.4165.

Description: The metamorphic rock sequence, ranging from micaschists to migmatites, and the intrusive rocks, granites and various dykes, of a coastal region of Galicia are described. A map and a general section give their distribution.

Description: This survey of the scorpions of the Leeward Group is based on author’s collection and therefore includes some mainlandrecords from northern Venezuela and northeastern Colombia. Material from Curaçao, deposited in the “Zoölogisch Museum, Amsterdam” (A) and the “Rijksmuseum van Natuurlijke Historie, Leiden” (L) has been included, and the few island-records which were found in literature mentioned. Important new localities are indicated by an exclamation-mark. A description of the localities may be found in the 1st and the 4th paper of this series.

Description: The Spanish region of Galicia is situated in the extreme north-western part of the country due North of Portugal and West of Asturias. It is bordered by the Atlantic Ocean to the West and by the Bay of Biscay to the North (see fig. 1). The area under investigation concerns the western provinces of La Coruña and Pontevedra mainly. Apart from early reconnaissance work by Schulz (1858), Barrois (1892), Sampelayo (1922), Lotze (1945), Carlé (1945), Navarro and del Valle (1959) the area is at present being investigated and mapped on a scale of 1:50.000 by López de Azcona, Parga Pondal and their associates for the Instituto Geológico y Minero de España. So far nine sheets and explanatory memoirs have been published between 1948 and 1956. Parga Pondal has also published a geological sketch map on a scale of 1:400.000 and an explanatory note of the province of La Coruña in 1956, and since 1931 he has contributed substantially to the knowledge of Galician geology in a series of papers concerning petrological, mineralogical, tectonic and sedimentological aspects of it. Between 1955 and 1959 de Sitter and Zwart conducted geological research by the Department of Structural and Applied Geology of the University of Leyden in the area between Lage and Malpica. Summaries of their results appeared in 1955 and 1957, while one of their associates, Insinger, published a short account of his work in the vicinity of Mugía in 1961.

Description: Die vorliegende Arbeit stellt ein ausführliches Resumé einer Arbeit in holländischer Sprache dar: „De geologie van het westelijk deel van het Heuvelland van Monferrato tusschen Turijn en Murisengo”, Dissert. Leiden, Augustus 1941 2). Das bearbeitete Gebiet ist bisher, namentlich in tektonischer Hinsicht, nur oberflächlich untersucht worden. Störungen wurden nie erwähnt, Profile waren nur spärlich vorhanden. Da sich die Stratigraphie als ausserordentlich interessant erwies, sobald die feineren Merkmale in einer Karte eingetragen wurden, wie es hier geschah 3), konnte zum ersten Mal ein Schema der sedimentären Genese für einen erheblichen Teil der Berge von Monferrato aufgestellt werden.

Description: As far as I know, only three papers are dealing with Charophyta of the Netherlands West Indies. In 1858, in “Monatsbericht der königlichen Akademie der Wissenschaften, Berlin”, BRAUN records two species from Paramaribo, viz. Nitella microcarpa A. BR. and Chara hydropitys REICHENB. ap. MOESSL. These species are also enumerated in the “Fragmente einer Monographie der Characeen” (BRAUN & NORDSTEDT, 1882), in which another species is recorded from Curaçao, viz. Chara gymnopus A. Br. f. curassavica A. BR., now to be named Chara zeylanica Willd. f. curassavica (A. BR.) H. et J. GROVES. The third paper is that of H. and J. GROVES in URBAN’s Symbolae Antillanae (1911), in which the last-named species is once more recorded. In 1930 Mr P. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK made an excursion to Curaçao, Aruba and Bonaire with the main object of studying the land and freshwater fauna. In 1936 and 1937 he again visited these islands and, moreover, a.o. the island of Margarita off the Venezuelan coast, the Venezuelan peninsula Paraguaná and the Colombian peninsula La Goajira (WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK, 1940). In the various inland-waters also Algae and Phanerogams have been collected. The aquatic Phanerogams were described by VAN OOSTSTROOM (1939); the Charophyta will be the subject of the present paper.

Description: Die Pflanzendecke unseres Landes hat während des Quartärs grosse Änderungen erlitten. Dies wird besonders deutlich beim Vergleich der limburgischen fossilen Flora, wie sie in einer vortrefflichen Arbeit des Ehepaares REID (Lit. 1) beschrieben ist, mit der gegenwärtig einheimischen Vegetation. Im allgemeinen wird die erwähnte Flora für jungtertiär gehalten, jedoch ist ihre Stelle im Pliozän umstritten. Von den ungefähr 240 Phanerogamen, von welchen sich Reste im Ton von Reuver, Swalmen und Brunssum vorfanden, sind laut der Berechnung von E. M. REID nur 12% heute indigen und 88% exotisch; mehr als die Hälfte der letzteren sind identisch mit rezenten sino-amerikanischen Arten (Lit. 2).

Description: Among the most aberrant types of pollen grains found in plants which have been referred to the family Acanthaceae, are those of the genera Meyenia N. ab E. and Thomandersia Baill. Although the pollen grains were described by LINDAU under different names, those of the first genus as cogwheel-shaped and those of the latter as lenticular, they are really very similar: in both genera they are depressed globose, provided with five or more meridional grooves extending from the equator to about halfway the poles, and without clearly circumscribed germ pores. The difference between the two kinds of grains lies in the presence or absence of ribs: in Meyenia the grooves are borne on the top of ribs separated from each other by shallow depressions, whereas in Thomandersia the whole surface between the grooves is more or less evenly bent. Material of Meyenia was not yet available to me, but judged from the description the genus differs but slightly from Thunbergia L.f. sensu Lindau. In fact, the two genera have often been united. The pollen grains of Thunbergia sensu Lindau resemble those of Meyenia in the absence of germ pores and in the presence of grooves, but the latter are never meridional: as a rule, they are more or less serpentine (cf. BREMEKAMP in Rec. d. trav. bot. néerl. XXXV, 1938, pp. 142—143, fig. 2 A—G and Tab. XIII B—E).

Description: Among the collections made by H. E. ROMBOUTS from 1935— 1938 on the expeditions to the Suriname-Brazil frontier there are a number of Euphorbiaceae which are either new, or rare. As I was engaged in other work I could not begin the study of these specimens before August of this year. Because of the international troubles I have not been able to secure type-specimens from foreign herbaria, so that in some cases my interpretation of earlier described species may be wrong, though most of the problems could be solved satisfactory with the aid of the material preserved at Leiden and Utrecht. Most of these specimens were collected by ROMBOUTS on the Great Savanna near the sources of the Sipaliwini River, which forms part of the boundary between Brazil and Suriname. Former studies on ROMBOUTS’ collections had shown already that this region is comparatively rich in rare or new species. It would be of the utmost importance if a botanist could visit this region to collect on a large scale and to make a study of the vegetation. Without doubt the results would justify the comparatively low expenses needed for such an expedition.

Description: In a channel, which will be cut off soon, an investigation has been started in rihich the influence of the changing ecological factors will be studied. A ar’s cycle of Diatoms, investigated in the period March 1959 to March 1960 elded some interesting results. In early June Eucampia zoodiacus E. showed a Maximum, whereas Guinardia flaccida (Castr.) Perag. showed its maximum in July, mhen Eucampia zoodiacus E. was in its turn rare. Porosira glacialis (Grun.) Jörgensen, which comes from more Northern areas showed a maximum in early April. Coscinodiscus gigas praetexta (Janisch) Hustedt appeared regularly from late August, (temp. 20,4° C), until February 1960 (temp. 3,3° C). Hustedt mentions this species as occurring in the Mediterranean Sea. Some additions are made to the existing descriptions of the two last mentioned pecies.

Description: In verband met het hieraan voorafgaande artikel van de heer Van der Ploeg lijkt het mij niet ondienstigs aan te geven, hoe Carex divisa zich van de in ons land voorkomende verwante soorten onderscheidt. Verwarring is alleen mogelijk met een der soorten uit de sectie Arenariae, want buiten deze sectie is C. divisa de enige soort met meer dan een aartje aan de top van de stengel uit het ondergeslacht Vignea, die een ver kruipende wortelstok bezit. Van alle Nederlandse soorten van genoemde sectie verschilt C. divisa – die tot de sectie Divisae behoort – doordat alle aartjes aan de voet vrouwelijk en aan de top mannelijk zijn. Bij de Nederlandse Arenariae zijn of alle aartjes aan de voet mannelijk en aan de top vrouwelijk (C. brizoides, C. praecox, C. ligerica en meestal C. reichenbachii) òf is een deel der aartjes geheel mannelijk of geheel vrouwelijk (C. arenaria, C. disticha en soms C. reichenbachii).

Description: Het Correspondentieblad, dat gedurende enige jaren zijn diensten aan de Nederlandse floristiek en het Nederlandse vegetatie-onderzoek heeft bewezen, wordt met deze aflevering afgesloten. Het zal, zoals wij U reeds eerder mededeelden, in gedrukte vorm worden voortgezet onder de titel „Gorteria”. Als laatste nummer van de serie ontvangt U hierbij een volledige inhoudsopgave van het blad, die naar wij hopen van nut zal kunnen zijn bij het naslaan van de erin voorkomende artikelen en korte mededelingen.

Description: Hut determineren van de in Nederland nog al eens met graan aangevoerde vertegenwoordigers van het Boraginaceae-geslacht Amsinckia Lehm. levert met de in onze flora’s voorkomende tabellen nog al moeilijkheden op. Bij de bewerking van dit geslacht voor de Flora Neerlandica stelden wij een determinatietabel op, die, naar het ons voorkomt, wat meer zekerheid geeft. Voor een juiste bepaling der soorten is het beslist nodig om of levende bloemen te onderzoeken òf gedroogde bloemen op te weken, daar anders het aantal nerven van de bloemkroon en de plaats van inplanting der meeldraden niet te zien zijn.

Description: The frontispiece may not be particularly exciting to the general public, but this new, modest building embodies the extremely welcome news in representing the new Herbarium of the Forest Service in Sarawak at Kuching. This means certainly a milestone in modern botanical progress in this State. Its establishment is due to the energy and tenacity of the forest officers who have during the last ten years done, and are doing, basic research work on the forest composition of Sarawak and Brunei, and to which the name of Mr Browne, Mr Smythies, Mr Anderson and Dr. Brunig will always remain attached. Duplicates of the old but very important collections of Haviland and Hose, Moulton, etc. had for years been housed in the Sarawak Museum, but were badly stored and remained a cinderella because the activities of the Museum were mainly ethnographical, zoological, and archaeological. And although there was recently a temporary honorary curator of plants through the efforts of Mr Seal, the situation became unbearable. But fortunately the darkest hour is before the dawn and it is a great pleasure to all of us that there is now a reasonable place where work on forest exploration and taxonomy of Bornean plants can be performed at Kuching. We offer our sincere congratulations with this achievement to all concerned. May the work and the Herbarium blossom forth in abundant fruitful future development is our ardent wish.

Description: In order to distribute from the British Museum the remainder of C.E. Carr’s Papua, 1935-36, orchid duplicates it has been necessary first to work out a detailed itinerary of his expedition so as to complete the label data accompanying each specimen. This has been done by reference to the counterfoils of his field label books and to one volume of his diary now at the British Museum. This volume, possibly the only one now remaining after Carr’s untimely death before the end of his expedition, contains entries up to Jan. 19, 1936. Resulting from this investigation the details as given under COLLECTING LOCALITIES, sub-heading S.E. NEW GUINEA in Flora Malesiana I, 1 (1950) 100 should now be replaced by the following. Central Division: From Jan.-Aug. 1935 he worked the lowland country around and to the N.W. of Port Moresby, then to the N.E., collecting mainly at Kanosia (sea-level, Jan., Febr., and April), Veiya (sea-level, March), Rouna (1300 ft, April-July) and Koitaki (1500 ft, April-July); began journey towards the Owen Stanley Range (Aug. 16) travelling via Hailogo (3000 ft, Aug. 31-Sept. 4), thence to the S. slopes of the Range camping at Boridi (4700 ft), the chief village of the Seregina tribe; stayed there (Sept.- Dec.) collecting between 3000-5000 ft. Northern Division: Left Boridi (Dec. 3) for a camp at 6000 ft near Alola on the N. side of the Range, collecting there and at the Lala river (5500 ft) from Dec. 1935 to early Jan. 1936; moved to a subsidiary camp nearer the Gap (8000 ft) to work altitudes up to 10,000 ft (Jan. 12-30); continued down to Isuarava collecting there between 3500-4500 ft and again by the Lala river (5000 ft) and that part of the Yodda river just below Isuarava at 3500 ft (Jan. 31-March 15); at Kokoda (1200 ft, March 17-May 23). Last dated specimen was collected at Fara river (May 24, 1936). Although he had originally intended to do so, Carr never reached Mt Victoria (133367 ft). He considered that the difficulties of carrying and provisioning the expedition up to such a high altitude, together, with the cost, were too great to warrant the journey which he reckoned, when at his camp at the Gap, to be at least four days’ march away. It was also his intention to proceed through from Kokoda to Buna on the N. coast in order to have achieved a coast to coast crossing of New Guinea. As the only diary now available does not cover this period of his expedition it is not possible to say whether the few numbers from Saputa (200 ft), Inapa (500 ft) and Buna (sea-level) (April 5-8, 1936) were actually collected en route by Carr himself, or by his native collectors who frequently brought back specimens when sent out in search of food supplies.

Description: Mr J.A.R. Anderson of Kuching, Sarawak, has been awarded the degree of Ph.D. by the University of Edinburgh, in absentia, on July 6, 1961. The title of his thesis is: The ecology and forest types of the peat swamp forests of Sarawak and Brunei in relation to their silviculture. It is a privilege to insert a summary of it in this Bulletin under VII. For a reference to a preliminary paper, see Bibliography. Mr I.H. Burkill was congratulated on attaining his 90th birthday, May 18, 1960, and, as we learnt from Dr. Holtturn, he in the meantime celebrated his 91th in excellent health. In honour of his birthday the Gardens’ Bulletin, Singapore, vol. 17, part 3, was dedicated to him and filled with some special articles by Dr. H. Santapau, Mr C.X. Furtado, and Prof. Dr. R.E. Holttum dealt with his activities in India and Malaysia.

Description: Cyatheaceae. Prof. Dr. R.E. Holttum, Kew, is still working on this very large and difficult family for the Flora Malesiana; its treatment will form the 2nd instalment of the Pteridophyte series. Lindsayoid group. Dr. K.U. Kramer, Utrecht, started on revising this group for the Flora Malesiana. He had to interrupt this work because of joining an expedition to Surinam.

Description: Gazetteer to the Philippine Road map, compiled by M. Jacobs. Reprints of precursory papers, as far as available. Dates of Publication. Reprints from Flora Malesiana Bulletin No 14, p. 641 and Wo 15, p. 730. Supplements to the list by W.T. Stearn and M.J.van Steenis-Kruseman.

Description: H.H. Allan, Flora of New Zealand. Vol. 1, 1961, liv + 1085 pp., 40 text figs., 4 end paper maps. Owen, Wellington. The author died in 1957; this volume, which contains the pteridophytes, gymnosperms, and dicots, was seen through the press by Lucy B. Moore. The book weighs no more than 560 grams, so thin the paper is. This will require very careful handling from the reader, but few books are worth it as much as this one. The improvement compared with Cheeseman’s Manual of the New Zealand Flora (1906) is enormous, and shows that the matter has been worked over completely. The introductory matter contains a record of literature on New Zealand Tracheophyta from year to year from 1769 onwards; an explanation of the New Zealand botanical region; a list of plant name authors with brief annotations; a synopsis of orders. Attached at the end are Latin diagnoses of new taxa, a glossary, a list of Maori plant names, and addenda.

Description: L'éditeur de ce journal vient de recevoir de Mme Ruge, née Baenziger, une des plus anciennes amies de Mme Weber, la lettre suivante, qu’il est heureux de pouvoir faire imprimer ci-dessous: Ma chère Anna, Quatre-vingt-dix ans! Voilà pour la première fois dans notre amitié de longues années que je constate une indiscrétion de votre part; vous à qui l’on pouvait à bon droit reprocher un excès de discrétion tant sur le domaine de la pensée que sur celui de l’action. Et cependant, ces quatrevingt-dix ans vous ont été imposés par les puissances au dessus de nous. Certes, les années écoulées depuis la mort de votre mari vous ont placé devant line bien lourde tâche, mais d’autant plus lumineuse me semble votre vie avant ce douloureux événement. Que de multiples richesses, que de souvenirs précieux à des événements, auxquels j’ai pu prendre part. Au moment que je fis votre connaissance je me rappelle votre enthousiasme de pouvoir suivre des cours à l’université; vous et deux autres dames étudiantes parmi les premières admises à l’université. En pensées, je vous revois rentrant avec le professeur Weber d’un voyage aux Indes, votre sympathie pour les aborigènes de l’Insulinde, vos histoires savoureuses d’une réception par un prince indigène et de ses filles, votre haut estime pour un prêtre, le Rév. Père le Cocq d’Armandville et pour son travail dans l’île de Flores. Tout cela valait certes les récits habituels de voyage imprimés, souvent si longs et fastidieux. Comme je me rappelle la soirée, quand vous me racontiez de votre séjour dans l’extrême Nord à Tromsô, de votre course dans un petit bateau à partir de Vardô, piloté par un couple lappon à travers les rapides d’une rivière qui, aboutissant dans un fjord, devait vous conduire au débarcadère du vapeur, qui était sur le point de lever l’ancre pour le dernier départ de la saison vers le Sud. Encore maintenant je ressens votre tension: arrivons nous à temps, oui où non! Les provisions de voyage étaient épuisées, la vraie faim se faisait sentir, heureusement qu’au petit restaurant du port on faisait bouillir le saumon, la seule nourriture de l’endroit, mais voilà la sirène du vapeur, qui appelle d’urgence les voyageurs et empêche de goûter au saumon. Plus calmement et plus selon mon goût s’effectua l’excursion à l’île de Vlieland, que les deux couples d’amis entreprirent pendant un congé de la Pentecôte. Un char à bancs nous déposa à De Cocksdorp, le bateau-poste nous conduisit de Texel à Vlieland; en somme un voyage sans émotions et qui pourtant amena le conducteur de la chariole à nous demander s’il s’agissait pour nous autres vraiment d’une partie de plaisir.

Description: Dr. C. A. BACKER and Dr. O. POSTHUMUS, Varenflora voor Java. Overzicht deiop Java voorkomende varens en varenachtigen, hare verspreiding, oekologie en toepassingen. Uitgave van (Fern flora for Java. Conspectus of the ferns and fern allies occurring in Java, their distribution, ecology and use. Issued by) ’s Lands Plantentuin, Buitenzorg, June 1939. I—XLVII, 1—370, 1 Plate, 1 map and 81 text figures. — ƒ 7.50. The users both at home and abroad of Dr. BACKER’s florae have always regretted that, however carefully these books have been prepared, most of them were imperfect in one way or another. They were either restricted to certain vegetations (weedflorae for tea and sugar-cane) or did not cover all groups of vascular plants; the ”Flora van Batavia“ (1907), the ”Schoolflora voor Java“ (1911) contain only the Dicotyledoneae-Dialypetalae, the ”Handboek voor de flora van Java“ (1928) contains scattered families of the Ferns and Fern Allies, Gymnosperms and many Monocotyledons. This phenomenon is probably due to the fact that BACKER is a most accurate and painstaking worker, who is inclined to refrain from publication unless he is reasonably sure to be correct; and we all know how difficult it is to reach a mental state of this description. However, BACKER has for some years been engaged in preparing with untiring and admirable energy, a new and complete ”Schoolflora voor Java“, the manuscript of which is rapidly growing to maturity. When the Pteridophytes were completed as far as the regions up to 3300’ were concerned, Dr. POSTHUMUS suggested a collaboration in order to make a complete flora of vascular cryptogams. This collaboration of our keenest connoisseur of the Java flora and our best pteridologist resulted in the book, which we have the pleasure to announce and recommend here. Together with the new. ”Schoolflora“ to which we may be looking forward soon, it will form the first reliable flora of the vascular plants of Java. Although the Dutch language is probably less unapproachable than the Russian one, with which Soviet botanists try to convince the world that everybody should know Russian (or that it is not necessary that other peoples should know Russian botany?), it is, I think, to be regretted that our mother tongue has been chosen for a book which many foreign botanists, notably in British Malaya and British Borneo, may desire to use. This is the more so, as the book does not only contain keys to the determination and descriptions of the 15 families, 104 genera and 515 species, but also interesting chapters on the distribution (with map), the ecology, the sociology and the use of the plants described. Also the introductory paragraphs (pp. XIII—XXX) contain many valuable and interesting notes on the morphology; the wording of these chapters is probably not easy for those who are only little familiar with our language, as BACKER has a certain predilection for a literary style.

Description: An attempt has been made to subdivide a very polymorphous plant species by means of a quantitative statistical method. This method has been based upon the following working hypothesis: 1° as some morphological characters of the material, concerning e. g. the shape of the leaves, the length of the pedicels etc., show an extremely great variation, each of these characters in every specimen at hand may be stated to be in one of three (one intermediate and two extreme) conditions; 2° if a character happens to be in an intermediate condition in a relatively great number of specimens the difference between the extreme conditions of that character may be considered insignificant from a taxonomical point of view; 3° the fewer characters of two or more specimens are differing significantly (in the way mentioned), the more reason there is to consider those specimens to belong together; and, on the contrary, the more numerous the significant differences are, the more reason there is to distribute the specimens to two (or more) different groups. On the basis of this working hypothesis the material at hand, consisting of 143 specimens (all considered to belong to the Sapotaceous Planchonella sandwicensis, which was discussed in a paper by Lam), could be subdivided into two different groups. Five characters were chosen, each allowing to state one intermediate and two opposite extreme conditions. Of these the shape of the leaf proved to be a most important criterion for a subdivision. After this had been stated, a purely quantitative check was made which largely endorsed the result.

Description: In the winter and early spring of 1916 Mrs. Anna Weber-van Bosse at her hospitable residence near Eerbeek initiated me in the study of Freshwater Algae. For several years after that date in numerous trips all over this country I collected and studied some thousands of samples from all kinds of freshwater ponds and lakes, canals and streams. The Desmids soon drew my special attention, when an unexpectedly rich and varied Desmid flora was found in certain fens and ponds in the diluvial and moor districts of our country.

Description: Since the beginning of the printing of the author’s revision of ’The Genus Rhododendron in Malaysia’ in July 1959 (published in Reinwardtia 5, 2 (March 1960) 45-231), recently collected herbarium material especially from Borneo and New Guinea has amounted to such an extent, that a supplement becomes necessary. The numbers refer to those given in the author’s above cited work.

Description: The only hitherto known comprehensive studies on the Netherlands Indian Charophyta appeared in 1897 and 1899 in the ”Prodrome de la Flore Algologique des Indes Neerlandaises“, and were compiled by E. DE WILDEMAN. These papers intend to give a mere enumeration of all Charophyta published up to 1896, and therefore mainly contain the species recorded by the famous Charaphytologists ALEX. BRAUN and OTTO NORDSTEDT in 1849, 1882, 1888 and 1889. In the twentieth century only three papers were published on the Charophyta of this area, viz. that by DE WILDEMAN (1900), that by GUTWINSKY (1902), and that by FILARSZKY (1934). The first-named author worked up the specimens occurring in Java, the second one adds two species to this list, whereas the latter studied materials collected in 1928 and 1929 by the German Limnological Sunda Expedition.

Description: Dr. P. Wagenaar Hummelinck entrusted me with the study of 20 adult specimens of a new species of Cyathura which he collected in fresh-water springs of the limestone-region in Curaçao. These localities are described in the 1st and the 4th paper of this series.

Description: 1. Vorbemerkungen. Lange Zeit kannte man nur eine Art dieser interessanten Gattung aus dem Obereocän der Insel Java, nämlich Buccinulum jogjacartense (Martin) [Martin, 1914, S. 142]. Vor kurzem beschrieb dann Oostingh eine zweite javanische Art, nun aus dem Pliocän von Süd-Bantam (1939, S. 117). Inzwischen hatten aber Wanner und Hahn (1935, S. 250) zwei Arten dieser in der rezenten indopacifischen Fauna nicht vertretenen Gattung als eine Art beschrieben und sie ausserdem unter die Gattung Siphonalia eingereiht. Dank der Freundlichkeit von Herrn Prof. Wanner erhielt ich die Originale dieser Arten zwecks weiterer Untersuchung und konnte dabei feststellen, dass die Beschreibung, welche seinerzeit zwei Arten unter einer einzigen zusammenfasste, nicht zutreffend war. Ferner liegen mir noch mehr Arten vor aus dem Miocän der Insel Sumatra und Borneo, die in holländischen Sammlungen (generisch unbestimmt) vorhanden waren; nach eingehender Prüfung liessen sich weitere Arten darunter nicht nachweisen, sodass die Resultate sich in vorliegender Mitteilung zusammenfassen lassen.

Description: In this second paper the red beds outcropping in the northern part of the Duero basin have been treated regarding their mineral and pebble composition, chemical parameters, and surface textures of quartz sand grains, taking as basis the results reported in the first paper. These deposits originate from soils in the source area, and have been rapidly supplied into the basin by braiding rivers. Heavy mineral associations and pebble composition prove the source area to be lying north and west of the area of deposition. Ferric iron oxides, clay mineral associations, and hydrogen ion concentrations point to a red soil formation in the source area which had not yet attained the laterite stage, but which had already suffered alkaline leaching. The presence of frosted and pitted quartz sand grains and the occurrence of marls are due to the high carbonate content of the waters in the area of deposition, which is caused by dissolution of limestones in the source area. The general conclusions from the analyses are: (1) that the red beds are “primary detrital” in the sense of Krynine; (2) that the climate in the mountain area during the red soil formation is presumed to have been a tropical savannah climate, that is, warm and fairly humid, at least seasonally; (3) that the climate was drier in the basin, which favoured the preservation of the red beds. Furthermore, from the presence of blue tourmaline grains within a limited zone, an ancient course of a river in the basin at that particular time could be reconstructed, which gives another indication for a south-easterly drainage direction.

Description: As early as 1863 Sorby proved that pitted pebbles are the result of solution at the points of mutual contact in a conglomerate. As cause he suggested solution under pressure in saturated, stagnant groundwater by what has afterwards been designated Riecke’s principle. By the examination of polished cuts through a pitted conglomerate I found confirmation of this hypothesis. The alternate explanation by Daubrée, Kumm and others of solution in water held by capillarity at the points of contact could not cause the observed shapes of the pits. The experiments they used to disprove Sorby’s view are fundamentally incorrect. They attempted to form pits by a solvent liquid, instead of using pressure and saturated water. Groningen, November 1942.

Description: This paper contains the results of the study of the fish-collection, made by P. Wagenaar Hummelinck, on the islands of the Leeward Group and some parts of the adjacent South-American continent, in 1936—’37 and in 1930. The latter have already been studied by Miss M. Sanders (1936) and are only included for completeness’ sake. The material has been presented to the Zoological Museum of Amsterdam.

Description: 1) Examining the Semper-collection of mollusca from the Philippines kept in the Leyden Geological Museum, I met with some generic undetermined specimens of a representative of the genus Atopodonta (from Tertiary strata only rarely recorded), all belonging to one and the same species, which appeared never to have been described before. This genus 1) is known from the Eocene of the Paris basin represented by two species, viz. the typespecies Atopodonta conformis (Deshayes), 1860 [Deshayes,. Anim. s. vert., I, p. 419, plate 28, fig. 14—16 (“Venus”); Cossmann, Catal. ill., I, 1886, p. (98— 100) 99, plate 6, fig. 3—6 (excl. plate 8, fig. 3—4)] and A. tapina Cossmann, 1886 (l.c., p. 100, plate 6, fig. 7—9). These are the only European species. In 1941 I was in a position to describe the first Neogene representative that is known, strange enough this time from the Younger Miocene of Eastern Borneo; and only some time ago I recognized a second species in a collection of mollusca from the Older Miocene Rembang-beds of Java. To these scarce data the shells of the Semper-collection form a welcome addition.

Description: Part I of this monograph has been published in volume 10 of this Journal, pp. 241—320, 1938. Preparing this second part I met with the help and assistance from many persons and institutes again, for which I express my most cordial thanks here. The figures illustrating this paper have been drawn once more by Mr. L. P. Pouderoyen, while the „Zoologisch Insulinde Fonds” supplied the cost of these illustrations.

Description: The account of a twelve day excursion is preceded by a short general description of the Central Pyrenees, their stratigraphy and structure and the regional metamorphism. The day by day description of the excursion follows the route which twice crosses the Paleozoic of the Pyrenees.

Description: Bei unserer Untersuchung der Geologie des Turiner Beckens veranlasste uns die dort aufgefundene Tertiärsedimentation uns mit dieser faszinierenden Erscheinung näher zu beschäftigen. Schon früher haben sich eine Reihe von Forschern mit diesem Problem auseinandergesetzt, und man muss annehmen, dass die Einteilung der verschiedenen Schichtungsarten — sedimentäre Phänomene von höchster Bedeutung — am besten genetisch zu erfolgen hat, wie u. a. Kumm (20) und Brinkmann (7) es getan haben. Dazu zwingen uns auch die geologischen Verhältnisse, auf die wir an erster Stelle mit einigen Bemerkungen über das Tertiär der Turiner Berge eingehen wollen. Wir können hier nur kurz die wichtigsten Daten und Ansichten über die Entstehungsweise bestimmter Schichtenfolgen zur Sprache bringen; für nähere Einzelheiten der hier benutzten geologischen Belege verweisen wir auf eine ausführliche Arbeit über das Turiner Tertiär: Beets (5). Mit verschiedenen Autoren verstehen wir unter Schichtung den vertikalen Material-und (oder) Texturwechsel innerhalb einer Gesteinsserie, welcher sowohl in beschränkter wie auch mehr ausgebreiteter horizontaler Richtung ungefähr gleichzeitig stattfindet (cf. auch Kumm, 20, S. 199). Brinkmann (7) gibt eine ausgezeichnete Uebersicht der verschiedenen Schichtungsarten, die man bisher beobachtet hat, und ihrer möglichen Erklärungen; so auch Dacqué (9): eine allgemeine Uebersicht. Wir wollen dann besonders jene komplexe Schichtung, die von Stamp (26) besprochen wurde, und die hier u. a. in Abb. 2b dargestellt ist, näher behandeln. Von dieser Art komplexer Schichtung bestehen manche Varianten, die zwar zuweilen als prinzipiell abweichende Typen dargestellt werden, aber u. E. die gleiche Entstehungsursache haben und nur graduell verschiedenen Genesen zugrunde liegen: Abb. 2 a—c und Abb. 4 a—b.

Description: Crystals of the notched or grooved type are known from some minerals which crystallise in the cubic system. From diamond grooved octahedrons are known, whose grooves remind us of octahedral faces, or the faces of triakis octahedra or hexakis ostahedra. From haüynite too grooved octahedrons are pictured, whose grooves are bordered by octahedral faces. Grooved analcite is known in icositetrahedrons, the grooves are bordered by faces of the same icositetrahedron.

Description: A male skull of Tapirus terrestris (L.) originating from Dutch Guiana (Leiden Museum, reg. no. 11632), received from the Rotterdam Zoological Garden through the kind intermediary of Mr. F. J. APPELMAN on July 15, 1952, is remarkable for the abnormal development of its right P1. The full permanent dentition is in place except for the posterior premolars and last molars, which are in alveolo. The teeth are but little worn and, apart from the right P1, they do not show anv unusual characters. The left P1 has the shape normally found in the Brazilian tapir; the crown is triangular with rounded angles, and bears a continuous outer crest (ectoloph) extending from the front angle (parastyle) to the posterior outer cusp (metacone). The position of the central outer cusp (paracone), merged in the crest, is indicated only by a weak vertical ridge on the labial face of the ectoloph, flattening toward the crown base, the paracone style. The posterior inner cusp (hypocone) is a low but distinct, anteroposteriorly elongated elevation of the cingulum. The protocone is just visible as a tiny cusp on the lingual cingulum, internal to the paracone. The labial cingulum is shown as a slight swelling all along the base of the ectoloph. There is a broad posterior root, imperfectly subdivided into a larger labial and a smaller lingual portion, and there is a single anterior root; the roots are but slightly divergent. The anteroposterior diameter of the crown is 17.1 mm, the posterior width, 13.2 mm.

Description: This paper contains the diagnoses in Latin of a new genus, new sections of some genera, several new species and a number of new varieties which will be dealt with by the author in English in a publication entitled: “A monograph of the genus Protium and some allied genera (Burseraceae)”, to be published in Rec. Trav. bot. néerl. XXXIX, p. 211 (1942) and in Meded. bot. Mus. en Herb. Utrecht 90 (1942). Protium BURM.f. sectio Eu-Protium SWART n. sect.

Description: This study deals with the vegetation of about 125 former beds of the larger rivers in the Netherlands. It includes all communities of higher plants except the carrs, which are dealt with in a separate paper by Kop (1961). The investigation of the communities aimed at a knowledge of their floristic composition as well as at a definition of their habitat. The description and the classification of the units was carried out according to the concepts and methods of the Braun-Blanquet school (Braun-Blanquet, 1932, 1951; Becking, 1957). Moreover, among the former river beds types were recognized, characterized by a special set of communities and by correlated abiotical properties. A number of vegetation-units are described here for the first time, viz. The Polygoneto-Nymphoidetum (alliance Potamion) with the subass. typicum and the subass. potametosum pectinati. According to descriptions of vegetations found in the literature the subass. typicum is also present in former river beds of the Rhine in Germany about up to Bingen (LAUTERBRON, 1917); more to the south it is replaced by the Trapo-Nymphoidetum (OBERDORFER, 1957). The Sparganieto-Glycerietum fluitantis polygonetosum (alliance Glycerieto-Sparganion). The main difference with the habitat of the other subassociations (see MAAS, 1959), where the water is moving either permanently (brooks) or at least now and then (ditches), is that the vegetation is influenced by the current only during the shortlasting annual floods. The Cicuteto-Caricetum pseudocyperus (alliance Phragmition) is to be divided into two subassociations, viz. the subass. typicum and the subass. comaretosum. The main difference between the habitats of the two subassociations appears to be that the first is eutrophic and the second more mesotrophic. The Scirpetum triquetri et maritimi typhetosum (alliance Phragmition). In contrast with the other subassociations (see ZONNEVELD, 1960), this one occurs only in oligoto mesohalinic, stagnant water. The Caricetum elatae (alliance Magnocaricion) is revised. Carex hudsonii is the only characteristic species found throughout the area in which the association occurs. The community everywhere participates in the hydrosere on sand or peat. The following subdivision was made: Subass. typicum; the community is eutraphentous; according to the literature it is found in Switzerland (KOCH, 1926), S. Germany (OBERDORFER, 1957) and Belgium (LEBRUN c.s., 1949; VANDEN BERGHEN, 1952 a). Subass. comaretosum: more mesotraphentous than the subass. typicum; found in N. Germany (TÜXEN, 1937; PASSARGE, 1955 b) and the Netherlands. Of the Valerianeto-Filipenduletum (alliance Filipendulo-Petasition) two new subassocaitions are established, viz.: Subass. juncetosum; it is the replacing-community of a mesotraphentous variant of the Alnetum glutinosae. Subass. senecietosum; represented in the river forelands outside the tidal area; it replaces there an eutraphentous Salicion-community, and may be natural if the development of trees is prevented by ice-drift. Eight types of former river beds were distinguished. Two of these could be subdivided into some subtypes. Their classification according to their communities and their abiotical properties is summarized in table 26. Descriptions of habitats which more or less resemble one of these types of former river beds, are known from other parts of the Netherlands and from the adjoining parts of Germany and Belgium. However, as far as we know, of the types described by us, viz. those represented in the river forelands along the upper courses of the rivers, seem to differ from all habitats that have been described so far.

Description: In the year 1930 Mr P. WAGENAAR HUMMELINCK, Utrecht, made a trip to the Netherlands West Indian Islands of Curaçao, Bonaire and Aruba with the intention of collecting zoological objects and of gathering data of zoogeographical interest (see lit. 8). In the years 1936—37 he again collected in these islands and, moreover, visited the islands of Margarita and Los Testigos off the coast of Venezuela, the Venezuelan peninsula Paraguaná and the Colombian peninsula La Goajira. To get a better impression of ecological circumstances in pools and puddles of which a zoological inventory was made, he also gathered Algae and floating and submerged Phanerogams occurring in the collecting stations. On the collector’s request the present author made a study of the aquatic Phanerogams, which gave rise to some critical notes. As, moreover, several new localities were discovered and a series of ecological particulars were given by the collector, a complete enumeration of the collected specimens may follow. The specimens were preserved in small collecting bottles in alcohol and in formaline and are now inserted both in the Rijksherbarium at Leiden and in the University Herbarium at Utrecht.

Description: The post-Glacial history of the forests in the Netherlands has been reconstructed fairly well by pollen analysis of several bogs. At the same time stratigraphical investigations shed some light on the way in which these bogs had been built up, i.e. on the plants by which, in the various forest periods, peat was formed. Though these data are quite interesting, they do not give a good impression of the entire synchronal herbaceous flora, as they are limited to the peatbuilding plants. As yet very little is known of the rest of the vegetation (water-, marsh- and land-plants) of the late-Pleistocene and Holocene periods. We must look for their remains in other deposits, particularly in clay and sand, wherein however few land plants will be found, as their chance of preservation is very small. The best strata for an investigation of this kind he, as a rule, beneath the groundwater level, and this is a great handicap for collecting samples. Deep pits have been dug lately by the “Rijkswaterstaat” (Government office for the maintenance of dikes and canals) and as they are kept dry by intensive pumping, they are very useful for our purpose. The construction of a lock near Wijk bij Duurstede, province of Utrecht, gave us an opportunity for studying a profile extending from 4.70 m —NAP (i.e. 4.70 m below Ordnance Datum of Amsterdam) to 3.75 m + NAP (i.e. 3.75 m above O.D.). From this ± 8.5 m high profile, a complete set of samples was taken for pollen analysis, and larger quantities for macroscopical investigation. A special word of thanks is due to the technical staff of the “Rijkswaterstaat” for their kind assistance at the field work. Wijk bij Duurstede is situated in the Rhine delta, where the “Kromme Rijn”, now but a backwater of a formerly important river arm of the Rhine, branches off to the NW (see map, fig. 1). The youngest sediments consist of river clay, deposited in the broad valley of the Rhine, measuring here ± 25 km in width. About 6 km to the NE the Utrecht hill range, a push moraine dating from the Riss glacial epoch, rises up.

Description: Few cytological data are available of the Loganiaceae. Its subfamily Buddleioideae, often considered a separate family, is a well-defined group, as far as could be concluded from the chromosome number. On the other hand, nothing can be said with certainty of the other subfamily, the Loganioideae, because the available data are still insufficient. Hitherto, the chromosome numbers of the following seven species of Loganioideae, studied by MOHRBUTTER (1936) and Moore (1947), are known: Gelsemium sempervirens 2n = 16 (MOORE, 1947) Strychnos laurina 2n = 24 (MOHRBUTTER, 1936) Strychnos nux-vomica 2n = 24 (MOHRBUTTER, 1936) Strychnos sansibariensis 2n = 24 (MOHRBUTTER, 1936) Spigelia marilandica 2n = 48 (MOORE, 1947) Fagraea fragrans 2n = 12 (MOHRBUTTER, 1936) Fagraea liloralis 2n = 12 (MOHRBUTTER, 1936) These data seem to indicate that the basic chromosome number of the Loganioideae is X = 6.

Description: Während eines Studienaufenthaltes an der Station Internationale de Géobotanique Méditerranéenne et Alpine in Montpellier, Direktor Professor J. Braun-Blanquet, wurden vom Verfasser in Süd-frankreich, (Languedoc), in den Weinbergen der Umgebung Montpelliers sowie im Departement Pyrenees Orientales 72 pflanzensoziologische Aufnahmen gemacht. Nach J. Braun-Blanquet gehört die Vegetation der Weinberge des Languedoc zu der Assoziation Diplotaxidetum erucoidis (Br.- Bl. 1931). J. Braun-Blanquet hat hauptsächlich in den Jahren 1929-1938 in den Weinbergen des Languedoc 36, noch nicht publizierte, Aufnahmen gemacht; später, 1949—1952, kamen noch einige weitere hinzu. Es handelt sich dabei fast ausschliesslich um Herbst-Aufnahmen. In der ersten Periode: 2 Aufnahmen vom September 13 Aufnahmen vom Oktober 7 Aufnahmen vom November 5 Aufnahmen vom Dezember 2 Aufnahmen vom Januar 2 Aufnahmen vom April 1 Aufnahme vom Mai In der zweiten Periode: 1 Aufnahme vom Mai 2 Aufnahmen vom Oktober 1 Aufnahme vom November

Description: Pages 220-279 of the International Code of Botanical Nomenclature (1956) are occupied by a list of conserved and rejected names of genera of Spermatophyta. The origins and history of conservation have been discussed by Stafleu (Taxon 5: 85-95). As a result of his study it became evident that the list is no longer in harmony with current concepts of nomenclature and the rules for maintaining them. The desirability of a general revision of the list is obvious; such a revision was begun by Stafleu several years ago. It proved, however, an impossible task for one person to achieve in the intervals between ordinary duties. Consequently application was made by The International Association for Plant Taxonomy to the National Science Foundation (Washington) for a grant in furtherance of this project. The grant was awarded early in 1958, enabling the present authors to work together for some seven weeks in Holland and England, principally in the Institute of Systematic Botany of the University of Utrecht and the Botany Department of the British Museum (Natural History). During this period we completed the verification (begun by Stafleu alone) of almost every citation in the list, and the evaluation of every conservation and rejection in the light of the current rules of nomenclature. The final manuscript was prepared later, in Utrecht and New York; an additional conference of the authors was made possible by Stafleu’s visit to the United States in December, 1958. A proposal has been presented to the Ninth International Botanical Congress, to be held at Montreal in 1959, to replace the current list of conserved and rejected names of genera of Spermatophyta by a new list based on that which follows (see Synopsis of Proposals, Regnum Vegetabile 14: 79. 1959).

Description: All botanists acquainted with the family Rubiaceae will agree that the present subdivision is far from satisfactory and that more than one of its tribes are either artificial or ill-defined or both. The genera dealt with in this paper are said to belong to the Mussaendeae, but the distinction between this tribe and the Hedyotideae as defined by BENTHAM and Hooker f. (Oldenlandieae K. SCh.) rests merely on the succulence or non-succulence of the fruit and must therefore be regarded as both artificial and ill-defined: artificial, because from a morphological point of view the difference between dry and fleshy fruits is certainly not more important than that between the capsular and schizococcous fruits brought together in the first group and not more weighty than that between the various kinds of berries and drupes referred to the second; ill-defined, because the baccate fruits are sometimes dehiscent and the schizococcous ones more or less fleshy. The absence of a sharp line of demarcation separating the dry from the fleshy fruits doubtless explains the fact that the distinction has never been rigorously applied: Mussaenda L., the standard genus of the tribe with fleshy fruits, at present comprises several species provided with capsules, and plants with drupaceous fruits, by BLUME rightly referred to a genus of their own, Metabolos, have been included by BENTHAM and Hooker f. in Hedyotis L. and by K. SCHUMANN in Oldenlandia L. RIDLEY’S genus Pomazota was referred to the Hedyotideae, because the fruit, though soft and succulent, opens at last, but it is, as I will show elsewhere, identical with Coptophyllum KORTH. non GARDN., which on account of its baccate fruit was put in the Mussaendeae. Other examples might be adduced, but these will suffice to show that the distinction is a source of confusion and should be given up as soon as possible.

Description: The generic name Mapouria Aubl. should be applied to those Psychotrieae in which the following set of characters is found: deciduous stipules, heterostylous flowers, seeds without a longitudinal intrusion on the commissural side and an endosperm in which the spermoderm penetrates in the form of a network which may be confined to the commissural side but which, as a rule, extends over the whole surface. This means that it should be used also for those species which up to now have been included in Grumilea Gaertn. It need not be given up in favour of Psychotria. The name Psychotria may provisionally be retained in the conventional sense, with the proviso, however, that species with deciduous stipules or without a single or double longitudinal intrusion at the commissural side of the seed should be excluded. The endosperm may be ruminate, but the intrusions of the spermoderm should be confined to the bottom of the grooves on the convex side. The choice of a type species for this genus is better postponed until a decision has been reached on the question whether this group of species may be regarded as a natural one.