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  • Nature Publishing Group  (20,786)
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  • 2015-2019  (39)
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  • 1
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    Strong geologic methane emissions from discontinuous terrestrial permafrost in the Mackenzie Delta, Canada (2017)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  EPIC3Scientific Reports, Nature Publishing Group, 7(5828)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-10-10
    Description: Arctic permafrost caps vast amounts of old, geologic methane (CH4) in subsurface reservoirs. Thawing permafrost opens pathways for this CH4 to migrate to the surface. However, the occurrence of geologic emissions and their contribution to the CH4 budget in addition to recent, biogenic CH4 is uncertain. Here we present a high-resolution (100 m × 100 m) regional (10,000 km²) CH4 flux map of the Mackenzie Delta, Canada, based on airborne CH4 flux data from July 2012 and 2013. We identify strong, likely geologic emissions solely where the permafrost is discontinuous. These peaks are 13 times larger than typical biogenic emissions. Whereas microbial CH4 production largely depends on recent air and soil temperature, geologic CH4 was produced over millions of years and can be released year-round provided open pathways exist. Therefore, even though they only occur on about 1% of the area, geologic hotspots contribute 17% to the annual CH4 emission estimate of our study area. We suggest that this share may increase if ongoing permafrost thaw opens new pathways. We conclude that, due to permafrost thaw, hydrocarbon-rich areas, prevalent in the Arctic, may see increased emission of geologic CH4 in the future, in addition to enhanced microbial CH4 production.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 2
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    Host-specific assembly of sponge-associated prokaryotes at high taxonomic ranks (2017)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  EPIC3Scientific Reports, Nature Publishing Group, 7(2542), ISSN: 2045-2322
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-03-07
    Description: Sponges (Porifera) are abundant and diverse members of benthic filter feeding communities in most marine ecosystems, from the deep sea to tropical reefs. A characteristic feature is the associated dense and diverse prokaryotic community present within the sponge mesohyl. Previous molecular genetic studies revealed the importance of host identity for the community composition of the sponge-associated microbiota. However, little is known whether sponge host-specific prokaryotic community patterns observed at 97% 16S rRNA gene sequence similarity are consistent at high taxonomic ranks (from genus to phylum level). In the present study, we investigated the prokaryotic community structure and variation of 24 sponge specimens (seven taxa) and three seawater samples from Sweden. Results show that the resemblance of prokaryotic communities at different taxonomic ranks is consistent with patterns present at 97% operational taxonomic unit level.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , peerRev , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 3
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    Evolutionary genomics of the cold-adapted diatom Fragilariopsis cylindrus (2017)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  EPIC3Nature, Nature Publishing Group, 541, pp. 536-540, ISSN: 0028-0836
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-03-08
    Description: The Southern Ocean houses a diverse and productive community of organisms. Unicellular eukaryotic diatoms are the main primary producers in this environment, where photosynthesis is limited by low concentrations of dissolved iron and large seasonal fluctuations in light, temperature and the extent of sea ice. How diatoms have adapted to this extreme environment is largely unknown. Here we present insights into the genome evolution of a cold-adapted diatom from the Southern Ocean, Fragilariopsis cylindrus based on a comparison with temperate diatoms. We find that approximately 24.7 per cent of the diploid F. cylindrus genome consists of genetic loci with alleles that are highly divergent from those of temperate diatoms (15.1 megabases of the total genome size of 61.1 megabases). These divergent alleles were differentially expressed across environmental conditions, including darkness, low iron, freezing, elevated temperature and increased CO2. Alleles with the largest ratio of non-synonymous to synonymous nucleotide substitutions also show the most pronounced condition-dependent expression, suggesting a correlation between diversifying selection and allelic differentiation. Divergent alleles may be involved in adaptation to environmental fluctuations in the Southern Ocean.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 4
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    A global multiproxy database for temperature reconstructions of the Common Era (2017)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  EPIC3Scientific Data, Nature Publishing Group, 4(170088), pp. 1-33, ISSN: 2052-4463
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-07-21
    Description: Reproducible climate reconstructions of the Common Era (1 CE to present) are key to placing industrial-era warming into the context of natural climatic variability. Here we present a community-sourced database of temperature-sensitive proxy records from the PAGES2k initiative. The database gathers 692 records from 648 locations, including all continental regions and major ocean basins. The records are from trees, ice, sediment, corals, speleothems, documentary evidence, and other archives. They range in length from 50 to 2000 years, with a median of 547 years, while temporal resolution ranges from biweekly to centennial. Nearly half of the proxy time series are significantly correlated with HadCRUT4.2 surface temperature over the period 1850–2014. Global temperature composites show a remarkable degree of coherence between high- and low-resolution archives, with broadly similar patterns across archive types, terrestrial versus marine locations, and screening criteria. The database is suited to investigations of global and regional temperature variability over the Common Era, and is shared in the Linked Paleo Data (LiPD) format, including serializations in Matlab, R and Python.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 5
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    Paleochannel and beach-bar palimpsest topography as initial substrate for coralligenous buildups offshore Venice, Italy (2017)
    Nature Publishing Group
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2017. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Scientific Reports 7 (2017): 1321, doi:10.1038/s41598-017-01483-z.
    Description: We provide a model for the genesis of Holocene coralligenous buildups occurring in the northwestern Adriatic Sea offshore Venice at 17–24 m depth. High-resolution geophysical surveys and underwater SCUBA diving reconnaissance revealed meandering shaped morphologies underneath bio-concretionned rocky buildups. These morphologies are inferred to have been inherited from Pleistocene fluvial systems reactivated as tidal channels during the post- Last Glacial Maximum transgression, when the study area was a lagoon protected by a sandy barrier. The lithification of the sandy fossil channel-levee systems is estimated to have occurred at ca. 7 cal. ka BP, likely due to the interaction between marine and less saline fluids related to onshore freshwater discharge at sea through a sealed water-table. The carbonate-cemented sandy layers served as nucleus for subsequent coralligenous buildups growth.
    Description: Funded by the Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research within the National Research Program 2011–2013.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 6
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    El Niño increases the risk of lower Mississippi River flooding (2017)
    Nature Publishing Group
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2017. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Scientific Reports 7 (2017): 1772, doi:10.1038/s41598-017-01919-6.
    Description: Mississippi River floods rank among the costliest climate-related disasters in the world. Improving flood predictability, preparedness, and response at seasonal to decadal time-scales requires an understanding of the climatic controls that govern flood occurrence. Linking flood occurrence to persistent modes of climate variability like the El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) has proven challenging, due in part to the limited number of high-magnitude floods available for study in the instrumental record. To augment the relatively short instrumental record, we use output from the Community Earth System Model (CESM) Last Millennium Ensemble (LME) to investigate the dynamical controls on discharge extremes of the lower Mississippi River. We show that through its regional influence on surface water storage, the warm phase of ENSO preconditions the lower Mississippi River to be vulnerable to flooding. In the 6–12 months preceding a flood, El Niño generates a positive precipitation anomaly over the lower Mississippi basin that gradually builds up soil moisture and reduces the basin’s infiltration capacity, thereby elevating the risk of a major flood during subsequent rainstorms. Our study demonstrates how natural climate variability mediates the formation of extreme floods on one of the world’s principal commercial waterways, adding significant predictive ability to near- and long-term forecasts of flood risk.
    Description: This work was funded through the Postdoctoral Scholar Program of the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and the Voss Environmental Postdoctoral Fellows Program at Brown University.
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  • 7
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    Evidence for fungal and chemodenitrification based N2O flux from nitrogen impacted coastal sediments (2017)
    Nature Publishing Group
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2017. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Nature Communications 8 (2017): 15595, doi:10.1038/ncomms15595.
    Description: Although increasing atmospheric nitrous oxide (N2O) has been linked to nitrogen loading, predicting emissions remains difficult, in part due to challenges in disentangling diverse N2O production pathways. As coastal ecosystems are especially impacted by elevated nitrogen, we investigated controls on N2O production mechanisms in intertidal sediments using novel isotopic approaches and microsensors in flow-through incubations. Here we show that during incubations with elevated nitrate, increased N2O fluxes are not mediated by direct bacterial activity, but instead are largely catalysed by fungal denitrification and/or abiotic reactions (e.g., chemodenitrification). Results of these incubations shed new light on nitrogen cycling complexity and possible factors underlying variability of N2O fluxes, driven in part by fungal respiration and/or iron redox cycling. As both processes exhibit N2O yields typically far greater than direct bacterial production, these results emphasize their possibly substantial, yet widely overlooked, role in N2O fluxes, especially in redox-dynamic sediments of coastal ecosystems.
    Description: D.D.B. acknowledges support from the Max Planck Institute for Marine Microbiology. This work was supported by the National Science Foundation grants to W.Z. and S.D.W. (OCE-1260373) and to S.D.W. (EAR-1252161).
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  • 8
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    Differential specificity between closely related corals and abundant Endozoicomonas endosymbionts across global scales (2017)
    Nature Publishing Group
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2016. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in The ISME Journal 11 (2017): 186–200, doi:10.1038/ismej.2016.95.
    Description: Reef-building corals are well regarded not only for their obligate association with endosymbiotic algae, but also with prokaryotic symbionts, the specificity of which remains elusive. To identify the central microbial symbionts of corals, their specificity across species and conservation over geographic regions, we sequenced partial SSU ribosomal RNA genes of Bacteria and Archaea from the common corals Stylophora pistillata and Pocillopora verrucosa across 28 reefs within seven major geographical regions. We demonstrate that both corals harbor Endozoicomonas bacteria as their prevalent symbiont. Importantly, catalyzed reporter deposition–fluorescence in situ hybridization (CARD–FISH) with Endozoicomonas-specific probes confirmed their residence as large aggregations deep within coral tissues. Using fine-scale genotyping techniques and single-cell genomics, we demonstrate that P. verrucosa harbors the same Endozoicomonas, whereas S. pistillata associates with geographically distinct genotypes. This specificity may be shaped by the different reproductive strategies of the hosts, potentially uncovering a pattern of symbiont selection that is linked to life history. Spawning corals such as P. verrucosa acquire prokaryotes from the environment. In contrast, brooding corals such as S. pistillata release symbiont-packed planula larvae, which may explain a strong regional signature in their microbiome. Our work contributes to the factors underlying microbiome specificity and adds detail to coral holobiont functioning.
    Description: This research was supported by a KAUST-WHOI Post-doctoral Partnership Award to MN and a KAUST-WHOI Special Academic Partnership Funding Reserve Award to CRV and AA. Research in this study was further supported by baseline research funds to CRV by KAUST and NSF award OCE-1233612 to AA. RR was supported by the ct-PIRE Project, Robert Lemelson Fellowship, Graduate Research Award (UCLA), Women Divers Hall of Fame—Sister Fund Conservation Award and a Betty and E. P. Franklin Grant in Tropical Biology and Conservation.
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  • 9
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    Assessing the dynamics of organic aerosols over the North Atlantic Ocean (2017)
    Nature Publishing Group
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2017. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Scientific Reports 7 (2017): 45476, doi:10.1038/srep45476.
    Description: The influence of aerosols on climate is highly dependent on the particle size distribution, concentration, and composition. In particular, the latter influences their ability to act as cloud condensation nuclei, whereby they impact cloud coverage and precipitation. Here, we simultaneously measured the concentration of aerosols from sea spray over the North Atlantic on board the exhaust-free solar-powered vessel “PlanetSolar”, and the sea surface physico-chemical parameters. We identified organic-bearing particles based on individual particle fluorescence spectra. Organic-bearing aerosols display specific spatio-temporal distributions as compared to total aerosols. We propose an empirical parameterization of the organic-bearing particle concentration, with a dependence on water salinity and sea-surface temperature only. We also show that a very rich mixture of organic aerosols is emitted from the sea surface. Such data will certainly contribute to providing further insight into the influence of aerosols on cloud formation, and be used as input for the improved modeling of aerosols and their role in global climate processes.
    Description: We gratefully acknowledge the financial support by the H. Dudley Wright and the Henri Moser Foundations, the Rector’s Office and the Institute for Environmental Sciences at the University of Geneva, as well as a generous anonymous donator.
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  • 10
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    Photochemical alteration of organic carbon draining permafrost soils shifts microbial metabolic pathways and stimulates respiration (2017)
    Nature Publishing Group
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2017. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Nature Communications 8 (2017): 772, doi:10.1038/s41467-017-00759-2.
    Description: In sunlit waters, photochemical alteration of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) impacts the microbial respiration of DOC to CO2. This coupled photochemical and biological degradation of DOC is especially critical for carbon budgets in the Arctic, where thawing permafrost soils increase opportunities for DOC oxidation to CO2 in surface waters, thereby reinforcing global warming. Here we show how and why sunlight exposure impacts microbial respiration of DOC draining permafrost soils. Sunlight significantly increases or decreases microbial respiration of DOC depending on whether photo-alteration produces or removes molecules that native microbial communities used prior to light exposure. Using high-resolution chemical and microbial approaches, we show that rates of DOC processing by microbes are likely governed by a combination of the abundance and lability of DOC exported from land to water and produced by photochemical processes, and the capacity and timescale that microbial communities have to adapt to metabolize photo-altered DOC.
    Description: Funding for this work was provided by NSF grants OPP 1023270, 1022876, CAREER 1351745, DEB 1147378, 1347042, 0639790, 1147336, 1026843, PLR 1504006, DOE-JGI-CSP 1782, and the Camille and Henry Dreyfus Foundation Postdoctoral Program in Environmental Chemistry.
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  • 11
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    Defining a critical period for inhibitory circuits within the somatosensory cortex (2017)
    Nature Publishing Group
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2017. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Scientific Reports 7 (2017): 7271, doi:10.1038/s41598-017-07400-8.
    Description: Although experience-dependent changes in brain inhibitory circuits are thought to play a key role during the “critical period” of brain development, the nature and timing of these changes are poorly understood. We examined the role of sensory experience in sculpting an inhibitory circuit in the primary somatosensory cortex (S1) of mice by using optogenetics to map the connections between parvalbumin (PV) expressing interneurons and layer 2/3 pyramidal cells. Unilateral whisker deprivation decreased the strength and spatial range of inhibitory input provided to pyramidal neurons by PV interneurons in layers 2/3, 4 and 5. By varying the time when sensory input was removed, we determined that the critical period closes around postnatal day 14. This yields the first precise time course of critical period plasticity for an inhibitory circuit.
    Description: This work was supported by a fellowship from NUS to SQL, A*STAR intramural funding for the Integrative Neuroscience Programme, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences for JCGS, and a Competitive Research Programme (CRP) grant from the National Research Foundation of Singapore (NRF Grant Number 2008 NRF-CRP 002-082).
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  • 12
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    Climate oscillations reflected within the microbiome of Arabian Sea sediments (2017)
    Nature Publishing Group
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2017. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Scientific Reports 7 (2017): 6040, doi:10.1038/s41598-017-05590-9.
    Description: Selection of microorganisms in marine sediment is shaped by energy-yielding electron acceptors for respiration that are depleted in vertical succession. However, some taxa have been reported to reflect past depositional conditions suggesting they have experienced weak selection after burial. In sediments underlying the Arabian Sea oxygen minimum zone (OMZ), we performed the first metagenomic profiling of sedimentary DNA at centennial-scale resolution in the context of a multi-proxy paleoclimate reconstruction. While vertical distributions of sulfate reducing bacteria and methanogens indicate energy-based selection typical of anoxic marine sediments, 5–15% of taxa per sample exhibit depth-independent stratigraphies indicative of paleoenvironmental selection over relatively short geological timescales. Despite being vertically separated, indicator taxa deposited under OMZ conditions were more similar to one another than those deposited in bioturbated intervals under intervening higher oxygen. The genomic potential for denitrification also correlated with palaeo-OMZ proxies, independent of sediment depth and available nitrate and nitrite. However, metagenomes revealed mixed acid and Entner-Dourdoroff fermentation pathways encoded by many of the same denitrifier groups. Fermentation thus may explain the subsistence of these facultatively anaerobic microbes whose stratigraphy follows changing paleoceanographic conditions. At least for certain taxa, our analysis provides evidence of their paleoenvironmental selection over the last glacial-interglacial cycle.
    Description: his work was primarily supported by NSF MGG Grant #1357017 to MJLC, VG, and LG, and the KAUST-WHOI Special Academic Partnership Program OCRF-SP-WHOI-2013 (grants 7000000463 to XI and 7000000464 to MJLC). Additional financial support was provided via a C-DEBI grant #OCE-0939564 to WDO.
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  • 13
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    Pan-Antarctic analysis aggregating spatial estimates of Adélie penguin abundance reveals robust dynamics despite stochastic noise (2017)
    Nature Publishing Group
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2017. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Nature Communications 8 (2017): 832, doi:10.1038/s41467-017-00890-0.
    Description: Colonially-breeding seabirds have long served as indicator species for the health of the oceans on which they depend. Abundance and breeding data are repeatedly collected at fixed study sites in the hopes that changes in abundance and productivity may be useful for adaptive management of marine resources, but their suitability for this purpose is often unknown. To address this, we fit a Bayesian population dynamics model that includes process and observation error to all known Adélie penguin abundance data (1982–2015) in the Antarctic, covering 〉95% of their population globally. We find that process error exceeds observation error in this system, and that continent-wide “year effects” strongly influence population growth rates. Our findings have important implications for the use of Adélie penguins in Southern Ocean feedback management, and suggest that aggregating abundance across space provides the fastest reliable signal of true population change for species whose dynamics are driven by stochastic processes.
    Description: H.J.L., C.C.-C., G.H., C.Y., and K.T.S. gratefully acknowledge funding provided by US National Aeronautics and Space Administration Award No. NNX14AC32G and U.S. National Science Foundation Office of Polar Programs Award No. NSF/OPP-1255058. S.J., L.L., M.M.H., Y.L., and R.J. gratefully acknowledge funding provided by US National Aeronautics and Space Administration Award No. NNX14AH74G. H.J.L., C.Y., S.J., Y.L., and R.J. gratefully acknowledge funding provided by U.S. National Science Foundation Office of Polar Programs Award No. NSF/PLR-1341548. S.J. gratefully acknowledges support from the Dalio Explore Fund.
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    Long-term passive acoustic recordings track the changing distribution of North Atlantic right whales (Eubalaena glacialis) from 2004 to 2014 (2017)
    Nature Publishing Group
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2017. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Scientific Reports 7 (2017): 13460, doi:10.1038/s41598-017-13359-3.
    Description: Given new distribution patterns of the endangered North Atlantic right whale (NARW; Eubalaena glacialis) population in recent years, an improved understanding of spatio-temporal movements are imperative for the conservation of this species. While so far visual data have provided most information on NARW movements, passive acoustic monitoring (PAM) was used in this study in order to better capture year-round NARW presence. This project used PAM data from 2004 to 2014 collected by 19 organizations throughout the western North Atlantic Ocean. Overall, data from 324 recorders (35,600 days) were processed and analyzed using a classification and detection system. Results highlight almost year-round habitat use of the western North Atlantic Ocean, with a decrease in detections in waters off Cape Hatteras, North Carolina in summer and fall. Data collected post 2010 showed an increased NARW presence in the mid-Atlantic region and a simultaneous decrease in the northern Gulf of Maine. In addition, NARWs were widely distributed across most regions throughout winter months. This study demonstrates that a large-scale analysis of PAM data provides significant value to understanding and tracking shifts in large whale movements over long time scales.
    Description: This research was funded and supported by many organizations, specified by projects as follows: Data recordings from region 1 were provided by K. Stafford and this research effort was funded by the National Science Foundation #NSF-ARC 0532611. Region 2 data were provided by D. K. Mellinger and S. Nieukirk, funded by National Oceanic and Atmospheric Agency (NOAA) and the Office of Naval Research (ONR) #N00014–03–1–0099, NOAA #NA06OAR4600100, US Navy #N00244-08-1-0029, N00244-09-1-0079, and N00244-10-1-0047.
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    Seasonal variations of leaf and canopy properties tracked by ground-based NDVI imagery in a temperate forest (2017)
    Nature Publishing Group
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2017. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Scientific Reports 7 (2017): 1267, doi:10.1038/s41598-017-01260-y.
    Description: Changes in plant phenology affect the carbon flux of terrestrial forest ecosystems due to the link between the growing season length and vegetation productivity. Digital camera imagery, which can be acquired frequently, has been used to monitor seasonal and annual changes in forest canopy phenology and track critical phenological events. However, quantitative assessment of the structural and biochemical controls of the phenological patterns in camera images has rarely been done. In this study, we used an NDVI (Normalized Difference Vegetation Index) camera to monitor daily variations of vegetation reflectance at visible and near-infrared (NIR) bands with high spatial and temporal resolutions, and found that the infrared camera based NDVI (camera-NDVI) agreed well with the leaf expansion process that was measured by independent manual observations at Harvard Forest, Massachusetts, USA. We also measured the seasonality of canopy structural (leaf area index, LAI) and biochemical properties (leaf chlorophyll and nitrogen content). We found significant linear relationships between camera-NDVI and leaf chlorophyll concentration, and between camera-NDVI and leaf nitrogen content, though weaker relationships between camera-NDVI and LAI. Therefore, we recommend ground-based camera-NDVI as a powerful tool for long-term, near surface observations to monitor canopy development and to estimate leaf chlorophyll, nitrogen status, and LAI.
    Description: This research was supported by US Department of Energy Office of Biological and Environmental Research Grant DE-SC0006951, National Science Foundation Grants DBI-959333 and AGS-1005663, and the University of Chicago and the MBL Lillie Research Innovation Award to J.T. and China Scholarship Council (CSC) to H.Y.
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    Spiraling pathways of global deep waters to the surface of the Southern Ocean (2017)
    Nature Publishing Group
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2017. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Nature Communications 8 (2017): 172, doi:10.1038/s41467-017-00197-0.
    Description: Upwelling of global deep waters to the sea surface in the Southern Ocean closes the global overturning circulation and is fundamentally important for oceanic uptake of carbon and heat, nutrient resupply for sustaining oceanic biological production, and the melt rate of ice shelves. However, the exact pathways and role of topography in Southern Ocean upwelling remain largely unknown. Here we show detailed upwelling pathways in three dimensions, using hydrographic observations and particle tracking in high-resolution models. The analysis reveals that the northern-sourced deep waters enter the Antarctic Circumpolar Current via southward flow along the boundaries of the three ocean basins, before spiraling southeastward and upward through the Antarctic Circumpolar Current. Upwelling is greatly enhanced at five major topographic features, associated with vigorous mesoscale eddy activity. Deep water reaches the upper ocean predominantly south of the Antarctic Circumpolar Current, with a spatially nonuniform distribution. The timescale for half of the deep water to upwell from 30° S to the mixed layer is ~60–90 years.
    Description: V.T., L.D.T., and M.R.M. were supported by NSF OCE-1357072. A.K.M., H.F.D., and W.W. were supported by the RGCM program of the US Department of Energy under Contract DE-SC0012457. J.L.S. acknowledges NSF’s Southern Ocean Carbon and Climate Observations and Modeling project under NSF PLR-1425989, which partially supported L.D.T. and M.R.M. as well. C.O.D was supported by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) under Award NNX14AL40G and by the Princeton Environmental Institute Grand Challenge initiative. A.R.G. was supported by a Climate and Global Change Postdoctoral Fellowship from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA). S.M.G. acknowledges the ongoing support of NOAA/GFDL for high-end ocean and climate-modeling activities. J.W. acknowledges support from NSF OCE-1234473.
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  • 17
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    Created mangrove wetlands store belowground carbon and surface elevation change enables them to adjust to sea-level rise (2017)
    Nature Publishing Group
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2017. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Scientific Reports 7 (2017): 1030, doi:10.1038/s41598-017-01224-2.
    Description: Mangrove wetlands provide ecosystem services for millions of people, most prominently by providing storm protection, food and fodder. Mangrove wetlands are also valuable ecosystems for promoting carbon (C) sequestration and storage. However, loss of mangrove wetlands and these ecosystem services are a global concern, prompting the restoration and creation of mangrove wetlands as a potential solution. Here, we investigate soil surface elevation change, and its components, in created mangrove wetlands over a 25 year developmental gradient. All created mangrove wetlands were exceeding current relative sea-level rise rates (2.6 mm yr−1), with surface elevation change of 4.2–11.0 mm yr−1 compared with 1.5–7.2 mm yr−1 for nearby reference mangroves. While mangrove wetlands store C persistently in roots/soils, storage capacity is most valuable if maintained with future sea-level rise. Through empirical modeling, we discovered that properly designed creation projects may not only yield enhanced C storage, but also can facilitate wetland persistence perennially under current rates of sea-level rise and, for most sites, for over a century with projected medium accelerations in sea-level rise (IPCC RCP 6.0). Only the fastest projected accelerations in sea-level rise (IPCC RCP 8.5) led to widespread submergence and potential loss of stored C for created mangrove wetlands before 2100.
    Description: Funding for this research was provided by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Gulf Ecology Division; U.S. Geological Survey, Climate and Land Use Change R&D Program; and U.S. Geological Survey, Environments Program.
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    Epibionts dominate metabolic functional potential of Trichodesmium colonies from the oligotrophic ocean (2017)
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2017. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in ISME Journal 11 (2017): 2090–2101, doi:10.1038/ismej.2017.74.
    Description: Trichodesmium is a genus of marine diazotrophic colonial cyanobacteria that exerts a profound influence on global biogeochemistry, by injecting ‘new’ nitrogen into the low nutrient systems where it occurs. Colonies of Trichodesmium ubiquitously contain a diverse assemblage of epibiotic microorganisms, constituting a microbiome on the Trichodesmium host. Metagenome sequences from Trichodesmium colonies were analyzed along a resource gradient in the western North Atlantic to examine microbiome community structure, functional diversity and metabolic contributions to the holobiont. Here we demonstrate the presence of a core Trichodesmium microbiome that is modulated to suit different ocean regions, and contributes over 10 times the metabolic potential of Trichodesmium to the holobiont. Given the ubiquitous nature of epibionts on colonies, the substantial functional diversity within the microbiome is likely an integral facet of Trichodesmium physiological ecology across the oligotrophic oceans where this biogeochemically significant diazotroph thrives.
    Description: This research was funded by grants from the National Science Foundation to STD (OCE-1332912) and BASVM (OCE-1332898).
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    Tracing the Vedic Saraswati River in the Great Rann of Kachchh (2017)
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2017. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Scientific Reports 7 (2017): 5476, doi:10.1038/s41598-017-05745-8.
    Description: The lost Saraswati River mentioned in the ancient Indian tradition is postulated to have flown independently of the Indus River into the Arabian Sea, perhaps along courses of now defunct rivers such as Ghaggar, Hakra and Nara. The persistence of such a river during the Harappan Bronze Age and the Iron Age Vedic period is strongly debated. We drilled in the Great Rann of Kachchh (Kutch), an infilled gulf of the Arabian Sea, which must have received input from the Saraswati, if active. Nd and Sr isotopic measurements suggest that a distinct source may have been present before 10 ka. Later in Holocene, under a drying climate, sediments from the Thar Desert probably choked the signature of an independent Saraswati-like river. Alternatively, without excluding a Saraswati-like secondary source, the Indus and the Thar were the dominant sources throughout the post-glacial history of the GRK. Indus-derived sediment accelerated the infilling of GRK after ~6 ka when the Indus delta started to grow. Until its complete infilling few centuries ago, freshwater input from the Indus, and perhaps from the Ghaggar-Hakra-Nara, probably sustained a productive marine environment as well as navigability toward old coastal Harappan and historic towns in the region.
    Description: The drilling effort and subsequent study of the cores was funded by Department of Science and Technology (DST), Government of India sponsored research project to DMM (Project No. SR/S4/ES-21/Kachchh Window/P1) under the science of Shallow Subsurface Programme (SSS). N. Khonde gratefully acknowledges Indo-US Post-doctoral Fellowship sponsored by SERB-IUSSTF for research work at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.
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    Cenozoic global cooling and increased seawater Mg/Ca via reduced reverse weathering (2017)
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2017. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Nature Communications 8 (2017): 844, doi:10.1038/s41467-017-00853-5.
    Description: Authigenic clay minerals formed on or in the seafloor occur in every type of marine sediment. They are recognized to be a major sink of many elements in the ocean but are difficult to study directly due to dilution by detrital clay minerals. The extremely low dust fluxes and marine sedimentation rates in the South Pacific Gyre (SPG) provide a unique opportunity to examine relatively undiluted authigenic clay. Here, using Mg isotopes and element concentrations combined with multivariate statistical modeling, we fingerprint and quantify the abundance of authigenic clay within SPG sediment. Key reactants include volcanic ash (source of reactive aluminium) and reactive biogenic silica on or shallowly buried within the seafloor. Our results, together with previous studies, suggest that global reorganizations of biogenic silica burial over the Cenozoic reduced marine authigenic clay formation, contributing to the rise in seawater Mg/Ca and decline in atmospheric CO2 over the past 50 million years.
    Description: Funding for this research was provided by the U.S. National Science Foundation to R.W.M. (OCE1130531) and to J.A.H. (OCE1654571).
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    Aerial photography based census of Adélie Penguin and its application in CH4 and N2O budget estimation in Victoria Land, Antarctic (2017)
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2017. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Scientific Reports 7 (2017): 12942, doi:10.1038/s41598-017-13380-6.
    Description: Penguin guano provides favorable conditions for production and emission of greenhouse gases (GHGs). Many studies have been conducted to determine the GHG fluxes from penguin colonies, however, at regional scale, there is still no accurate estimation of total GHG emissions. We used object-based image analysis (OBIA) method to estimate the Adélie penguin (Pygoscelis adeliae) population based on aerial photography data. A model was developed to estimate total GHG emission potential from Adélie penguin colonies during breeding seasons in 1983 and 2012, respectively. Results indicated that OBIA method was effective for extracting penguin information from aerial photographs. There were 17,120 and 21,183 Adélie penguin breeding pairs on Inexpressible Island in 1983 and 2012, respectively, with overall accuracy of the estimation of 76.8%. The main reasons for the increase in Adélie penguin populations were attributed to increase in temperature, sea ice and phytoplankton. The average estimated CH4 and N2O emissions tended to be increasing during the period from 1983 to 2012 and CH4 was the main GHG emitted from penguin colonies. Total global warming potential (GWP) of CH4 and N2O emissions was 5303 kg CO2-eq in 1983 and 6561 kg CO2-eq in 2012, respectively.
    Description: This work was supported by the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities (Grant No. 312231103), the Chinese Arctic and Antarctic Administration, National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos 41676176 and 41676182), the Chinese Polar Environment Comprehensive Investigation, Assessment Program.
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    Genomic variation in microbial populations inhabiting the marine subseafloor at deep-sea hydrothermal vents (2017)
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2017. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Nature Communications 8 (2017): 1114, doi:10.1038/s41467-017-01228-6.
    Description: Little is known about evolutionary drivers of microbial populations in the warm subseafloor of deep-sea hydrothermal vents. Here we reconstruct 73 metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs) from two geochemically distinct vent fields in the Mid-Cayman Rise to investigate patterns of genomic variation within subseafloor populations. Low-abundance populations with high intra-population diversity coexist alongside high-abundance populations with low genomic diversity, with taxonomic differences in patterns of genomic variation between the mafic Piccard and ultramafic Von Damm vent fields. Populations from Piccard are significantly enriched in nonsynonymous mutations, suggesting stronger purifying selection in Von Damm relative to Piccard. Comparison of nine Sulfurovum MAGs reveals two high-coverage, low-diversity MAGs from Piccard enriched in unique genes related to the cellular membrane, suggesting these populations were subject to distinct evolutionary pressures that may correlate with genes related to nutrient uptake, biofilm formation, or viral invasion. These results are consistent with distinct evolutionary histories between geochemically different vent fields, with implications for understanding evolutionary processes in subseafloor microbial populations.
    Description: R.E.A. was supported by a NASA Postdoctoral Fellowship with the NASA Astrobiology Institute. This work was supported by a NASA Astrobiology Science and Technology for Exploring Planets (ASTEP) grant NNX-327 09AB75G and a grant from Deep Carbon Observatory's Deep Life Initiative to J.A.H. and J.S.S., and the NSF Science and Technology Center for Dark Energy Biosphere Investigations (C-DEBI). Ship and vehicle time in 2012 was supported by the NSF-OCE grant OCE-1061863 to J.S.S.
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    Effect of water activity on rates of serpentinization of olivine (2017)
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2017. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Nature Communications 8 (2017): 16107, doi:10.1038/ncomms16107.
    Description: The hydrothermal alteration of mantle rocks (referred to as serpentinization) occurs in submarine environments extending from mid-ocean ridges to subduction zones. Serpentinization affects the physical and chemical properties of oceanic lithosphere, represents one of the major mechanisms driving mass exchange between the mantle and the Earth’s surface, and is central to current origin of life hypotheses as well as the search for microbial life on the icy moons of Jupiter and Saturn. In spite of increasing interest in the serpentinization process by researchers in diverse fields, the rates of serpentinization and the controlling factors are poorly understood. Here we use a novel in situ experimental method involving olivine micro-reactors and show that the rate of serpentinization is strongly controlled by the salinity (water activity) of the reacting fluid and demonstrate that the rate of serpentinization of olivine slows down as salinity increases and H2O activity decreases.
    Description: This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under Grant OCE-1459433 to R.J.B. and E.M.S. Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (CONACyT), the Virginia Tech Department of Geosciences and Virginia Tech Graduate School provided partial funding to HML during this study. F.K. was supported by The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Endowed Fund for Innovative Research.
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    Seal whiskers vibrate over broad frequencies during hydrodynamic tracking (2017)
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: © The Author(s), 2017. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Scientific Reports 7 (2017): 8350, doi:10.1038/s41598-017-07676-w.
    Description: Although it is known that seals can use their whiskers (vibrissae) to extract relevant information from complex underwater flow fields, the underlying functioning of the system and the signals received by the sensors are poorly understood. Here we show that the vibrations of seal whiskers may provide information about hydrodynamic events and enable the sophisticated wake-tracking abilities of these animals. We developed a miniature accelerometer tag to study seal whisker movement in situ. We tested the ability of the tag to measure vibration in excised whiskers in a flume in response to laminar flow and disturbed flow. We then trained a seal to wear the tag and follow an underwater hydrodynamic trail to measure the whisker signals available to the seal. The results showed that whiskers vibrated at frequencies of 100–300 Hz, with a dynamic response. These measurements are the first to capture the incoming signals received by the vibrissae of a live seal and show that there are prominent signals at frequencies where the seal tactogram shows good sensitivity. Tapping into the mechanoreceptive interface between the animal and the environment may help to decipher the functional basis of this extraordinary hydrodynamic detection ability.
    Description: Funding was provided by the NSF GRFP and NISE section 219 to C. Murphy and by the Office of Naval Research (N000141910468) to B. Calhoun.
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    Seismic hazards implications of uplifted Pleistocene coral terraces in the Gulf of Aqaba (2017)
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2017. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Scientific Reports 7 (2017): 38, doi:10.1038/s41598-017-00074-2.
    Description: The Gulf of Aqaba transform plate boundary is a source of destructive teleseismic earthquakes. Seismicity is concentrated in the central sub-basin and decreases to both the north and south. Although principally a strike-slip plate boundary, the faulted margins of the Gulf display largely dip-slip extensional movement and accompanying footwall uplift. We have constrained rates of this uplift by measurements of elevated Pleistocene coral terraces. In particular the terrace that formed during the last interglacial (~125 ka) is found discontinuously along the length of the Gulf at elevations of 3 to 26 m. Global sea level was ~7 m higher than today at 125 ka indicating net maximum tectonic uplift of ~19 m with an average rate of ~0.015 cm/yr. Uplift has been greatest adjacent to the central sub-basin and like the seismicity decreases to the north and south. We suggest that the present pattern of a seismically active central region linked to more aseismic areas in the north and south has therefore persisted for at least the past 125 kyr. Consequently the potential for future destructive earthquakes in the central Gulf is greater than in the sub-basins to the north and south.
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    Mutations underlying Episodic Ataxia type-1 antagonize Kv1.1 RNA editing (2017)
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2017. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Scientific Reports 7 (2017): 41095, doi:10.1038/srep41095.
    Description: Adenosine-to-inosine RNA editing in transcripts encoding the voltage-gated potassium channel Kv1.1 converts an isoleucine to valine codon for amino acid 400, speeding channel recovery from inactivation. Numerous Kv1.1 mutations have been associated with the human disorder Episodic Ataxia Type-1 (EA1), characterized by stress-induced ataxia, myokymia, and increased prevalence of seizures. Three EA1 mutations, V404I, I407M, and V408A, are located within the RNA duplex structure required for RNA editing. Each mutation decreased RNA editing both in vitro and using an in vivo mouse model bearing the V408A allele. Editing of transcripts encoding mutant channels affects numerous biophysical properties including channel opening, closing, and inactivation. Thus EA1 symptoms could be influenced not only by the direct effects of the mutations on channel properties, but also by their influence on RNA editing. These studies provide the first evidence that mutations associated with human genetic disorders can affect cis-regulatory elements to alter RNA editing.
    Description: This work was supported by the Vanderbilt Molecular Endocrinology Training Program (T32DK007563; E.A.F.K.), a Ruth L. Kirschstein National Research Service Award (F31NS087911; E.A.F.K), a Vanderbilt Dissertation Enhancement Grant (E.A.F.K.), and the Vanderbilt Joel G. Hardman Chair in Pharmacology (R.B.E). Additional support for J.J.C.R. included NINDS (R0111223855, R01NS64259) and the Cystic Fibrosis Foundation Therapeutics (Rosent14XXO). Infrastructural support for J.J.C.R. was provided by NIGMS (P20GM103642), NIMH (G12-MD007600), and NSF (DBI 0115825, DBI 1337284).
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    Topographic enhancement of vertical turbulent mixing in the Southern Ocean (2017)
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2017. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Nature Communications 8 (2017): 14197, doi:10.1038/ncomms14197.
    Description: It is an open question whether turbulent mixing across density surfaces is sufficiently large to play a dominant role in closing the deep branch of the ocean meridional overturning circulation. The diapycnal and isopycnal mixing experiment in the Southern Ocean found the turbulent diffusivity inferred from the vertical spreading of a tracer to be an order of magnitude larger than that inferred from the microstructure profiles at the mean tracer depth of 1,500 m in the Drake Passage. Using a high-resolution ocean model, it is shown that the fast vertical spreading of tracer occurs when it comes in contact with mixing hotspots over rough topography. The sparsity of such hotspots is made up for by enhanced tracer residence time in their vicinity due to diffusion toward weak bottom flows. The increased tracer residence time may explain the large vertical fluxes of heat and salt required to close the abyssal circulation.
    Description: Financial support for A.M. and R.F. under the US National Science Foundation grant OCE-1233832 is gratefully acknowledged. A.M. also acknowledges support from an NSERC PDF award.
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    Organic carbon budget for the eastern boundary of the North Atlantic subtropical gyre : major role of DOC in mesopelagic respiration (2017)
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2017. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Scientific Reports 7 (2017): 10129, doi:10.1038/s41598-017-10974-y.
    Description: Transports of suspended particulate (POCsusp) and dissolved (DOC) organic carbon are inferred from a box-model covering the eastern boundary of the North Atlantic subtropical gyre. Corresponding net respiration rates (R) are obtained from a net organic carbon budget that is based on the transport estimates, and includes both vertical and lateral fluxes. The overall R in the mesopelagic layer (100–1500 m) is 1.6 ± 0.4 mmol C m−2 d−1. DOC accounts for up to 53% of R as a result of drawdown of organic carbon within Eastern North Atlantic Central Water (ENACW) that is entrained into sinking Mediterranean Overflow Water (MOW) that leads to formation of Mediterranean water (MW) at intermediate depths (~900 m). DOC represents 90% of the respired non-sinking organic carbon. When converted into oxygen units, the computed net respiration rate represents less than half the oxygen utilization rates (OUR) reported for the mesopelagic waters of the subtropical North Atlantic. Mesoscale processes in the area, not quantified with our approach, could account in part for the OUR differences observed between our carbon budget and other published studies from the North Atlantic, although seasonal or interannual variability could also be responsible for the difference in the estimates.
    Description: This research was supported by projects ORCA (CTM2005-04701-CO2-01), Malaspina (CSD2008-00077), HOTMIX (CTM2011-30010-C02) and FLUXES (CTM2015-69392-C3), financed by the Spanish “Plan Nacional de I + D”. YSF was supported by a Spanish fellowship from the Agencia Canaria de Investigación, Innovación y Sociedad de la Información (ACIISI). EM has been partially supported by the Copernicus Marine Environment Monitoring Service (CMEMS) MedSUB project, and a post-doctoral grant from the Conselleria d’Educació, Cultura i Universitats del Govern de les Illes Balears (Mallorca, Spain) and the European Social Fund.
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    Restoring tides to reduce methane emissions in impounded wetlands : a new and potent Blue Carbon climate change intervention (2017)
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2017. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Scientific Reports 7 (2017): 11914, doi::10.1038/s41598-017-12138-4.
    Description: Coastal wetlands are sites of rapid carbon (C) sequestration and contain large soil C stocks. Thus, there is increasing interest in those ecosystems as sites for anthropogenic greenhouse gas emission offset projects (sometimes referred to as “Blue Carbon”), through preservation of existing C stocks or creation of new wetlands to increase future sequestration. Here we show that in the globallywidespread occurrence of diked, impounded, drained and tidally-restricted salt marshes, substantial methane (CH4) and CO2 emission reductions can be achieved through restoration of disconnected saline tidal flows. Modeled climatic forcing indicates that tidal restoration to reduce emissions has a much greater impact per unit area than wetland creation or conservation to enhance sequestration. Given that GHG emissions in tidally-restricted, degraded wetlands are caused by human activity, they are anthropogenic emissions, and reducing them will have an effect on climate that is equivalent to reduced emission of an equal quantity of fossil fuel GHG. Thus, as a landuse-based climate change intervention, reducing CH4 emissions is an entirely distinct concept from biological C sequestration projects to enhance C storage in forest or wetland biomass or soil, and will not suffer from the non-permanence risk that stored C will be returned to the atmosphere.
    Description: Research supported by the USGS Coastal & Marine Geology Program, USGS Land Carbon Program, and NOAA Science Collaborative grant #NA09NOS4190153.
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    Reflective imaging improves spatiotemporal resolution and collection efficiency in light sheet microscopy (2017)
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2017. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Nature Communications 8 (2017): 1452, doi:10.1038/s41467-017-01250-8.
    Description: Light-sheet fluorescence microscopy (LSFM) enables high-speed, high-resolution, and gentle imaging of live specimens over extended periods. Here we describe a technique that improves the spatiotemporal resolution and collection efficiency of LSFM without modifying the underlying microscope. By imaging samples on reflective coverslips, we enable simultaneous collection of four complementary views in 250 ms, doubling speed and improving information content relative to symmetric dual-view LSFM. We also report a modified deconvolution algorithm that removes associated epifluorescence contamination and fuses all views for resolution recovery. Furthermore, we enhance spatial resolution (to 〈300 nm in all three dimensions) by applying our method to single-view LSFM, permitting simultaneous acquisition of two high-resolution views otherwise difficult to obtain due to steric constraints at high numerical aperture. We demonstrate the broad applicability of our method in a variety of samples, studying mitochondrial, membrane, Golgi, and microtubule dynamics in cells and calcium activity in nematode embryos.
    Description: This work was supported by the Intramural Research Program of the National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering at the National Institutes of Health. P.L. and H.S. acknowledge summer support from the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole, through the Whitman- and Fellows- program. P.L. acknowledges support from NIH National Institute of Biomedical Imaging and Bioengineering (NIBIB) of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) under grant number R01EB017293. C.S. acknowledges funding from the National Institute of General Medical Sciences of NIH under Award Number R25GM109439 (Project Title: University of Chicago Initiative for Maximizing Student Development [IMSD]) and NIBIB under grant number T32 EB002103. Partial funding for the computation in this work was provided by NIH grant numbers S10 RRO21039 and P30 CA14599. A.U. and I.R.-S. were supported by the NSF grant number 1607645.
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    Rapid global ocean-atmosphere response to Southern Ocean freshening during the last glacial (2017)
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2017. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Nature Communications 8 (2017): 520, doi:10.1038/s41467-017-00577-6.
    Description: Contrasting Greenland and Antarctic temperatures during the last glacial period (115,000 to 11,650 years ago) are thought to have been driven by imbalances in the rates of formation of North Atlantic and Antarctic Deep Water (the ‘bipolar seesaw’). Here we exploit a bidecadally resolved 14C data set obtained from New Zealand kauri (Agathis australis) to undertake high-precision alignment of key climate data sets spanning iceberg-rafted debris event Heinrich 3 and Greenland Interstadial (GI) 5.1 in the North Atlantic (~30,400 to 28,400 years ago). We observe no divergence between the kauri and Atlantic marine sediment 14C data sets, implying limited changes in deep water formation. However, a Southern Ocean (Atlantic-sector) iceberg rafted debris event appears to have occurred synchronously with GI-5.1 warming and decreased precipitation over the western equatorial Pacific and Atlantic. An ensemble of transient meltwater simulations shows that Antarctic-sourced salinity anomalies can generate climate changes that are propagated globally via an atmospheric Rossby wave train.
    Description: This work was funded by the Australian Research Council (FL100100195, DP170104665 and SR140300001) and the Natural Environment Research Council (NE/H009922/1 and NE/H007865/1).
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    Bisphenol A in eggs causes development-specific liver molecular reprogramming in two generations of rainbow trout (2017)
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2017. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Scientific Reports 7 (2017): 14131, doi:10.1038/s41598-017-13301-7.
    Description: Bisphenol A (BPA) is widely used in the manufacture of plastics and epoxy resins and is prevalent in the aquatic environment. BPA disrupts endocrine pathways in fish, but the long-term developmental implications are unknown. We demonstrate that BPA deposition in the eggs of rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss), an ecologically and economically important species of fish, reprograms liver metabolism in the offspring and alters the developmental growth trajectory in two generations. Specifically, BPA reduces growth during early development, followed by a catch-up growth post-juveniles. More importantly, we observed a developmental shift in the liver transcriptome, including an increased propensity for protein breakdown during early life stages to lipid and cholesterol synthesis post- juveniles. The liver molecular responses corresponded with the transient growth phenotypes observed in the F1 generation, and this was also evident in the F2 generation. Altogether, maternal and/or ancestral embryonic exposure to BPA affects liver metabolism leading to development-distinct effects on growth, underscoring the need for novel risk assessment strategies for this chemical in the aquatic environment. This is particularly applicable to migratory species, such as salmon, where distinct temporal changes in growth and physiology during development are critical for their spawning success.
    Description: This study was supported by the Natural Sciences and Engineering Research Council of Canada (NSERC) Discovery and Strategic Project Grants to MMV. Drs. Neel Aluru and Oana Birceanu received a NSERC post-doctoral fellowship and Canada Graduate Scholarship.
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    Pelagic barite precipitation at micromolar ambient sulfate (2017)
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    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2017. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Nature Communications 8 (2017): 1342, doi:10.1038/s41467-017-01229-5.
    Description: Geochemical analyses of sedimentary barites (barium sulfates) in the geological record have yielded fundamental insights into the chemistry of the Archean environment and evolutionary origin of microbial metabolisms. However, the question of how barites were able to precipitate from a contemporary ocean that contained only trace amounts of sulfate remains controversial. Here we report dissolved and particulate multi-element and barium-isotopic data from Lake Superior that evidence pelagic barite precipitation at micromolar ambient sulfate. These pelagic barites likely precipitate within particle-associated microenvironments supplied with additional barium and sulfate ions derived from heterotrophic remineralization of organic matter. If active during the Archean, pelagic precipitation and subsequent sedimentation may account for the genesis of enigmatic barite deposits. Indeed, barium-isotopic analyses of barites from the Paleoarchean Dresser Formation are consistent with a pelagic mechanism of precipitation, which altogether offers a new paradigm for interpreting the temporal occurrence of barites in the geological record.
    Description: This research was made possible with support from the National Science Foundation Division of Ocean Sciences (OCE-PRF 1421196, OCE-1430015, and OCE-1443577), The Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Endowed Fund for Innovative Research, and the Agouron Institute Geobiology Postdoctoral Fellowship Program.
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    Methane- and dissolved organic carbon-fueled microbial loop supports a tropical subterranean estuary ecosystem (2017)
    Nature Publishing Group
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2017. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Nature Communications 8 (2017): 1835, doi:10.1038/s41467-017-01776-x.
    Description: Subterranean estuaries extend inland into density-stratified coastal carbonate aquifers containing a surprising diversity of endemic animals (mostly crustaceans) within a highly oligotrophic habitat. How complex ecosystems (termed anchialine) thrive in this globally distributed, cryptic environment is poorly understood. Here, we demonstrate that a microbial loop shuttles methane and dissolved organic carbon (DOC) to higher trophic levels of the anchialine food web in the Yucatan Peninsula (Mexico). Methane and DOC production and consumption within the coastal groundwater correspond with a microbial community capable of methanotrophy, heterotrophy, and chemoautotrophy, based on characterization by 16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing and respiratory quinone composition. Fatty acid and bulk stable carbon isotope values of cave-adapted shrimp suggest that carbon from methanotrophic bacteria comprises 21% of their diet, on average. These findings reveal a heretofore unrecognized subterranean methane sink and contribute to our understanding of the carbon cycle and ecosystem function of karst subterranean estuaries.
    Description: Funding for T.M.I. and D.B. was provided by TAMU-CONACYT (project no: 2015-049). D.B. was supported by Research-in-Residence program (NSF award #1137336, Inter-University Training in Continental-scale Ecology), Cave Research Foundation Graduate Student Grant, Cave Conservancy Foundation PhD Fellowship, Ralph W. Stone Fellowship (National Speleological Society), Grants-in-Aid of Graduate Student Research Award (Texas Sea Grant College Program), and Boost Fellowship (Texas A&M University at Galveston). Additional financial support was provided by NSF DEB-1257424 (M.B.L. and M.C.L.), the Postdoctoral Program at Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution and U.S. Geological Survey (K.W.B.).
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    Mass coral mortality under local amplification of 2°C ocean warming (2017)
    Nature Publishing Group
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2017. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Scientific Reports 7 (2017): 44586, doi:10.1038/srep44586.
    Description: A 2°C increase in global temperature above pre-industrial levels is considered a reasonable target for avoiding the most devastating impacts of anthropogenic climate change. In June 2015, sea surface temperature (SST) of the South China Sea (SCS) increased by 2 °C in response to the developing Pacific El Niño. On its own, this moderate, short-lived warming was unlikely to cause widespread damage to coral reefs in the region, and the coral reef “Bleaching Alert” alarm was not raised. However, on Dongsha Atoll, in the northern SCS, unusually weak winds created low-flow conditions that amplified the 2°C basin-scale anomaly. Water temperatures on the reef flat, normally indistinguishable from open-ocean SST, exceeded 6°C above normal summertime levels. Mass coral bleaching quickly ensued, killing 40% of the resident coral community in an event unprecedented in at least the past 40 years. Our findings highlight the risks of 2°C ocean warming to coral reef ecosystems when global and local processes align to drive intense heating, with devastating consequences.
    Description: This research was funded by the National Science Foundation (OCE-1031971 and OCE-1605365 to A.L.C), the Sustainability Science Research Program of the Academia Sinica (G.T.F.W. and A.L.C), a Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Coastal Ocean Institute award to T.M.D., and a National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship awarded to T.M.D.
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    Multi-scale magnetic mapping of serpentinite carbonation (2017)
    Nature Publishing Group
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2017. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Nature Communications 8 (2017): 1870, doi:10.1038/s41467-017-01610-4.
    Description: Peridotite carbonation represents a critical step within the long-term carbon cycle by sequestering volatile CO2 in solid carbonate. This has been proposed as one potential pathway to mitigate the effects of greenhouse gas release. Most of our current understanding of reaction mechanisms is based on hand specimen and laboratory-scale analyses. Linking laboratory-scale observations to field scale processes remains challenging. Here we present the first geophysical characterization of serpentinite carbonation across scales ranging from km to sub-mm by combining aeromagnetic observations, outcrop- and thin section-scale magnetic mapping. At all scales, magnetic anomalies coherently change across reaction fronts separating assemblages indicative of incipient, intermittent, and final reaction progress. The abundance of magnetic minerals correlates with reaction progress, causing amplitude and wavelength variations in associated magnetic anomalies. This correlation represents a foundation for characterizing the extent and degree of in situ ultramafic rock carbonation in space and time.
    Description: This project was supported by the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Independent Study Award (Tivey and Tominaga) and by NASA Astrobiology Institute NNA15BB02A (Tominaga). M.T. and A.B. are grateful to B. Jamtveit and H. Austrheim (University of Oslo) for their support during the 2011 and 2013 field campaigns. B.W. and E.A.L. thank the National Science Foundation grant DMS-1521765 and Thomas F. Peterson, Jr for generous support.
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    Implications of improved representations of plant respiration in a changing climate (2017)
    Nature Publishing Group
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2017. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Nature Communications 8 (2017): 1602, doi:10.1038/s41467-017-01774-z.
    Description: Land-atmosphere exchanges influence atmospheric CO2. Emphasis has been on describing photosynthetic CO2 uptake, but less on respiration losses. New global datasets describe upper canopy dark respiration (Rd) and temperature dependencies. This allows characterisation of baseline Rd, instantaneous temperature responses and longer-term thermal acclimation effects. Here we show the global implications of these parameterisations with a global gridded land model. This model aggregates Rd to whole-plant respiration Rp, driven with meteorological forcings spanning uncertainty across climate change models. For pre-industrial estimates, new baseline Rd increases Rp and especially in the tropics. Compared to new baseline, revised instantaneous response decreases Rp for mid-latitudes, while acclimation lowers this for the tropics with increases elsewhere. Under global warming, new Rd estimates amplify modelled respiration increases, although partially lowered by acclimation. Future measurements will refine how Rd aggregates to whole-plant respiration. Our analysis suggests Rp could be around 30% higher than existing estimates.
    Description: C.H. acknowledges the NERC CEH National Capability fund. The support of the Australian Research Council to O.K.A. and P.M. (DP130101252, CE140100008, FT0991448, FT110100457) is acknowledged, as are awards DE-FG02-07ER64456 from the US Department of Energy, Office of Science, Office of Biological and Environmental Research and DEB-1234162 from the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) Long-Term Ecological Research Program (to P.B.R.); and National Science Foundation International Polar Year Grant (to K.L.G.). L.M.M. acknowledges the support of the Natural Environment Research Council (NERC) South American Biomass Burning Analysis (SAMBBA) project grant code NE/J010057/1.
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    Direction of actin flow dictates integrin LFA-1 orientation during leukocyte migration (2017)
    Nature Publishing Group
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-26
    Description: © The Author(s), 2017. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Nature Communications 8 (2017): 2047, doi:10.1038/s41467-017-01848-y.
    Description: Integrin αβ heterodimer cell surface receptors mediate adhesive interactions that provide traction for cell migration. Here, we test whether the integrin, when engaged to an extracellular ligand and the cytoskeleton, adopts a specific orientation dictated by the direction of actin flow on the surface of migrating cells. We insert GFP into the rigid, ligand-binding head of the integrin, model with Rosetta the orientation of GFP and its transition dipole relative to the integrin head, and measure orientation with fluorescence polarization microscopy. Cytoskeleton and ligand-bound integrins orient in the same direction as retrograde actin flow with their cytoskeleton-binding β-subunits tilted by applied force. The measurements demonstrate that intracellular forces can orient cell surface integrins and support a molecular model of integrin activation by cytoskeletal force. Our results place atomic, Å-scale structures of cell surface receptors in the context of functional and cellular, μm-scale measurements.
    Description: Supported by the Lillie Research award from Marine Biological Laboratory and the University of Chicago (C.M.W., T.A.S., S.M., T.T.), NIH 5R13GM085967 grant to the Physiology Course at Marine Biological Laboratory, HHMI Summer Institute at Marine Biological Laboratory (S.M.), NIH CA31798 (T.A.S., P.N., T.I.M.), NIH GM100160 (T.T., S.M.), NIH GM092802 (D.B., N.K.), NIH GM114274 (R.O., S.M.) National Center for Biological Sciences-Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (S.M., J.M.K.), J.C. Bose Fellowship and HFSP Grant RGP0027/2012 (S.M.), NHLBI Division of Intramural Research (C.M.W., V.S.), Swedish Research Council VR 524-2011-891 Fellowship (P.N.), Swedish Society for Medical Research SSMF Fellowship (P.N.), Crafoord Foundation (P.N.).
    Keywords: Actin ; Integrin signalling ; Integrins ; Molecular imaging ; Polarization microscopy
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    Natural habitat of coelacanths (1990)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 346 (6282). pp. 323-324.
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    Publication Date: 2017-08-10
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    Metagenomic discovery of polybrominated diphenyl ether biosynthesis by marine sponges (2017)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature Chemical Biology, 13 (5). pp. 537-543.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-06-25
    Description: Naturally produced polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) pervade the marine environment and structurally resemble toxic man-made brominated flame retardants. PBDEs bioaccumulate in marine animals and are likely transferred to the human food chain. However, the biogenic basis for PBDE production in one of their most prolific sources, marine sponges of the order Dysideidae, remains unidentified. Here, we report the discovery of PBDE biosynthetic gene clusters within sponge-microbiome-associated cyanobacterial endosymbionts through the use of an unbiased metagenome-mining approach. Using expression of PBDE biosynthetic genes in heterologous cyanobacterial hosts, we correlate the structural diversity of naturally produced PBDEs to modifications within PBDE biosynthetic gene clusters in multiple sponge holobionts. Our results establish the genetic and molecular foundation for the production of PBDEs in one of the most abundant natural sources of these molecules, further setting the stage for a metagenomic-based inventory of other PBDE sources in the marine environment.
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    Respiratory and swimming movements in the cephalopod Cranchia scabra (1962)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 196 (4852). pp. 351-352.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-09-09
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    Octopod 'ballooning' response (1992)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 356 (6366). p. 199.
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    Publication Date: 2017-03-14
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    Coelacanth tissue bank (1992)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 357 (6374). p. 105.
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    Publication Date: 2017-08-03
    Type: Article , NonPeerReviewed
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    Diminishing oxygen (1992)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 358 (6389). pp. 710-711.
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-10
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    Interhemispheric transport of carbon dioxide by ocean circulation (1992)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 356 (6370). pp. 587-589.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-10
    Description: ALTHOUGH anthropogenic emissions of carbon dioxide have today created a greater atmospheric CO2concentration in the Northern than in the Southern Hemisphere, a comparison of interhemispheric CO2 profiles from 1980 and 1962 led Keeling and Heimann1,2 to conclude that, before the Industrial Revolution, natural CO2 sources and sinks acted to set up a reverse (south to north) gradient which drove about one gigatonne of carbon each year through the atmosphere from the Southern to the Northern Hemisphere. At steady state, this flux must have been balanced by a counter flow of carbon from north to south through the ocean. Here we present a means to estimate this natural flux by a separation of oceanic carbon anomalies into those created by biogenic processes and those created by CO2 exchange between the ocean and atmosphere. We find that before the Industrial Revolution, deep water formed in the northern Atlantic Ocean carried about 0.6 gigatonnes of carbon annually to the Southern Hemisphere, providing support for Keeling and Heimann's proposal. The existence of this oceanic carbon pump also raises questions about the need for a large terrestrial carbon sink in the Northern Hemisphere, as postulated by Tans et al.3, to balance the present global carbon budget.
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    Upset for Milankovitch theory (1992)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 359 (6398). pp. 779-780.
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-10
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    Deep ocean circulation puzzle (1992)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 356 (6372). pp. 744-746.
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    Publication Date: 2018-03-02
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    Volatiles in submarine glasses as a discriminant of tectonic origin: application to the Troodos ophiolite (1990)
    Nature Publishing Group
    In:  Nature, 343 (6254). pp. 159-161.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-05-08
    Description: ISOTOPE ratios and concentrations of incompatible trace elements are remarkably successful in discriminating the tectonic origin and magmatic source components for basalts1–5. But problems remain with discriminating the tectonic origin of some tholeiites, especially where field relations and other geological evidence are ambiguous. For example, the tectonic origin of basalts from the Troodos ophiolite (Cyprus) has been debated for several decades. Most workers have been unable to distinguish between an island-arc and/or back-arc origin for the ophiolite6–8. Here we use volatile, K2O and TiO2 contents from ∼250 fresh submarine volcanic glasses to discriminate between tholeiites from different tectonic regimes. K2O÷H2O ratios are lower (〈0.70) in spread ing-centre glasses than in those from island arcs and intraplate oceanic islands. Back-arc-basin basalts can generally be separated from mid-ocean-ridge basalts by their high H2O contents. Using this information, we show that some fresh glasses from the Troodos ophiolite have a clear back-arc-basin affinity.
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    A major gene for allergy : fact or fancy? (1992)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature genetics 2 (1992), S. 252-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1546-1718
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] Atopic allergy is comprised of a wide range of IgE-mediated disorders, which can be provoked by an enormous variety of foreign antigens (allergens). Allergic rhinitis (hay fever), asthma, atopic dermatitis (eczema) and certain types of food allergies are among the most common clinical ...
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng1292-252
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    Growing old: the most common mitochondrial disease of all? (1992)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature genetics 2 (1992), S. 251-252 
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    ISSN: 1546-1718
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) is a small (16.5 kilobase) circular molecule which is almost exclusively maternally transmitted. It encodes 13 of the 67 or so subunits of the mitochondrial respiratory chain and oxidative phosphorylation system, in complexes I, III, IV and V. In the last five years, ...
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    Human genes containing polymorphic trinucleotide repeats (1992)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature genetics 2 (1992), S. 186-191 
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    ISSN: 1546-1718
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] Expansions of trinucleotide repeats within gene transcripts are responsible for fragile X syndrome, myotonic dystrophy and spinal and bulbar muscular atrophy. To identify other human genes with similar features as candidates for triplet repeat expansion mutations, we screened human cDNA libraries ...
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng1192-186
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    A germline mutation in the androgen receptor gene in two brothers with breast cancer and Reifenstein syndrome (1992)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature genetics 2 (1992), S. 132-134 
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    ISSN: 1546-1718
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] Breast cancer in men is rare — among the risk factors that have been identified are a family history of breast cancer and evidence of androgen insufficiency. We report a family in which two brothers who both developed breast cancer had clinical and endocrinological evidence of androgen ...
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    Novel mutations in families with unusual and variable disorders of the skeletal muscle sodium channel (1992)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature genetics 2 (1992), S. 148-152 
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    ISSN: 1546-1718
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] Mutations in the skeletal muscle sodium channel gene (SCN4A) have been described in paramyotonia congenita (PMC) and hyperkalaemic periodic paralysis (HPP). We have found two mutations in SCN4A which affect regions of the sodium channel not previously associated with a disease phenotype. ...
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    Missense glucokinase mutation in maturity–onset diabetes of the young and mutation screening in late–onset diabetes (1992)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature genetics 2 (1992), S. 153-156 
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    ISSN: 1546-1718
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] We describe a codon 299 mutation in the glucokinase gene in a British pedigree with maturity–onset diabetes of the young (MODY) resulting in a substitution of glycine to arginine. One out of fifty patients diagnosed with classical late–onset type 2 diabetes mellitus was also found to ...
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    Methylation of CpG sites of two X–linked genes coincides with X–inactivation in the female mouse embryo but not in the germ line (1992)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature genetics 2 (1992), S. 161-166 
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    ISSN: 1546-1718
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] To further our understanding of initiation and imprinting of X–chromosome inactivation, we have examined methylation of specific CpG sites of X–linked Pgk–1 and G6pd genes throughout female mouse development. Methylation occurs around the time of inactivation and earlier for ...
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    Mutations in the vasopressin type 2 receptor gene ( AVPR2 ) associated with nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (1992)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature genetics 2 (1992), S. 99-102 
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    ISSN: 1546-1718
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] Nephrogenic diabetes insipidus (DIR) is an X–linked disorder characterized by insensitivity of the distal nephron for the pituitary hormone, vasopressin. The genetic map location of the DIR gene on chromosome Xq28 coincides with the physical map location of the functional vasopressin renal ...
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    A common origin for cornified envelope proteins? (1992)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature genetics 2 (1992), S. 91-91 
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    ISSN: 1546-1718
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] Sir — Synthesis of the cornified cell envelope (CE) constitutes the ultimate step of keratinocyte differentiation in normal human epidermis. This highly insoluble structure, produced on the inside of the plasma membrane, protects against the loss of body fluids, the entrance of toxic agents ...
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    Submucosal glands are the predominant site of CFTR expression in the human bronchus (1992)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature genetics 2 (1992), S. 240-248 
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    ISSN: 1546-1718
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] We have used in situ hybridization and immunocytochemistry to characterize the cellular distribution of cystic fibrosis (CF) gene expression in human bronchus. The cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) was primarily localized to cells of submucosal glands in bronchial tissues ...
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng1192-240
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    Human homologs of a Drosophila Enhancer of Split gene product define a novel family of nuclear proteins (1992)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature genetics 2 (1992), S. 119-127 
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    ISSN: 1546-1718
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] Notch and the m9/10 gene (groucho) of the Enhancer of split (E(spl)) complex are members of the “Notch group” of genes, which is required for a variety of cell fate choices in Drosophila. We have characterized human cDNA clones encoding a family of proteins, designated TLE, that are ...
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    Periodic paralysis in Quarter Horses: a sodium channel mutation disseminated by selective breeding (1992)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature genetics 2 (1992), S. 144-147 
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    ISSN: 1546-1718
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] We recently reported on a linkage study within a Quarter Horse lineage segregating hyperkalaemic periodic paralysis (HYPP), an autosomal dominant condition showing potassium–induced attacks of skeletal muscle paralysis. HYPP co–segregated with the equine adult skeletal muscle sodium ...
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    Human cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator directed to respiratory epithelial cells of transgenic mice (1992)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature genetics 2 (1992), S. 13-20 
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    ISSN: 1546-1718
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] Human cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) was expressed in transgenic mice under the control of transcriptional elements derived from the human surfactant protein C (SP–C) gene. The hCFTR mRNA was expressed in lungs and testes: in the lung, we found hCFTR mRNA in ...
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    Molecular evolution of the human interleukin–8 receptor gene cluster (1992)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature genetics 2 (1992), S. 31-36 
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    Notes: [Auszug] lnterleukin–8 (IL–8) is the prototype for a family of at least eight neutrophil chemoattractants whose genes map to human chromosome 4q13–q21. Two human IL–8 receptors, IL8RA and IL8RB, are known from cDNA cloning; IL8RA is a promiscuous receptor for at least two other ...
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    Linkage of Rieger syndrome to the region of the epidermal growth factor gene on chromosome 4 (1992)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature genetics 2 (1992), S. 46-49 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
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    Notes: [Auszug] Rieger syndrome is an autosomal dominant disorder of morphogenesis in which previous cytogenetic arrangements have suggested chromosome 4 as a candidate chromosome. Using a group of highly polymorphic short tandem repeat polymorphisms (STRP), including a new tetranucleotide repeat for epidermal ...
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    Physical linkage of two mammalian imprinted genes, H19 and insulin–like growth factor 2 (1992)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature genetics 2 (1992), S. 61-65 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
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    Notes: [Auszug] Parental imprinting is a phenomenon in mammals whereby the maternal and paternal alleles of a gene are differentially expressed. Three murine genes have been shown to display this type of allele–specific expression. Two of them, insulin–like growth factor–2 (Igf–2) and H19, ...
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    Three of a kind (1992)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature genetics 2 (1992), S. 249-250 
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    Notes: [Auszug] As the year draws to a close, it is tempting to look back and ponder some of the major developments in genetics that have occurred during the past 12 months. In contrast to last year, when the discovery of expanding trinucleotide repeats galvanized research into the mechanism of hereditary disease, ...
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    Corrigendum (1992)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature genetics 2 (1992), S. 254-254 
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    Notes: [Auszug] In her editorial Breast cancer genes: how many, where and who are they? (Nature Genetics 2, 89–90), M.-C. King inadvertently omitted a reference to a personal com munication from B. Weber et al. in citing Mfdl88 (D17S579) as a flanking marker for the breast cancer gene BRAC1 on chromosome ...
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    Small nuclear ribonucleoprotein polypeptide N ( SNRPN ), an expressed gene in the Prader–Willi syndrome critical region (1992)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature genetics 2 (1992), S. 265-269 
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    Notes: [Auszug] Prader–Willi syndrome (PWS) is associated with paternally derived chromosomal deletions in region 15q11–13 or with maternal disomy for chromosome 15. Therefore, loss of the expressed paternal alleles of maternally imprinted genes must be responsible for the PWS phenotype. We have mapped ...
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    Charcot–Marie–Tooth type 1A duplication appears to arise from recombination at repeat sequences flanking the 1.5 Mb monomer unit (1992)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature genetics 2 (1992), S. 292-300 
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    Notes: [Auszug] We have constructed a 3.1 megabase (Mb) physical map of chromosome 17p11.2–p12, which contains a submicroscopic duplication in patients with Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease type 1A (CMT1A). We find that the CMT1A duplication is a tandem repeat of 1.5 Mb of DNA. A YAC contig ...
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    Kallmann syndrome gene on the X and Y chromosomes: implications for evolutionary divergence of human sex chromosomes (1992)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature genetics 2 (1992), S. 311-314 
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    Notes: [Auszug] The recently identified gene for X–linked Kallmann syndrome (hypogonadotropic hypogonadism and anosmia) has a closely related homologue on the Y chromosome. The X and Y copies of this gene are located in a large region of X/Y homology, on Xp22.3 and Yq11.2, respectively. Comparison of the ...
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    Mapping of a gene predisposing to early–onset Alzheimer's disease to chromosome 14q24.3 (1992)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature genetics 2 (1992), S. 335-339 
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    Notes: [Auszug] Genetic linkage studies with chromosome 21 DNA markers and mutation analysis of the β–amyloid protein precursor gene located in 21q21.3 have indicated that early–onset Alzheimer's disease (EOAD) is a heterogeneous disorder for which at least one other chromosomal locus exists. We ...
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    Erratum: Linkage disequilibrium mapping in isolated founder populations: diastrophic dysplasia in Finland (1992)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature genetics 2 (1992), S. 343-343 
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    Notes: [Auszug] J. Hästbacka, A. de la Chapelle, I. Kaitila, P. Sistonen, A. Weaver & E. Lander Nature Genetics2, 204–211 (1992) In the Methodology section of this paper the section entitled ‘Estimation of recombination and mutation ’appeared without important mathematical symbols in ...
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    Extending the capabilities of interphase chromatin mapping (1992)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature genetics 2 (1992), S. 171-172 
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    Notes: [Auszug] The last several years have witnessed a revolution in the ability to detect single copy genes and DNA segments with high resolution by non-isotopic in situ hybridization1–5. Not only does this have important applications for mapping specific sequences on metaphase chromosomes, but several ...
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    X inactivation in mammalian testis is correlated with inactive X–specific transcription (1992)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature genetics 2 (1992), S. 192-195 
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    Notes: [Auszug] X chromosome inactivation occurs twice during the mammalian life cycle. In females one of the two X chromosomes of somatic nuclei is inactive, while in males the solitary X chromosome is inactivated during germ cell development. Despite the different properties of the inactivated chromosomes of ...
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    Insulin gene region–encoded susceptibility to type 1 diabetes is not restricted to HLA–DR4–positive individuals (1992)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature genetics 2 (1992), S. 212-215 
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    Notes: [Auszug] Type 1 or insulin–dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) is an autoimmune disease of the insulin–producing pancreatic β–cells which is determined by both genetic and environmental factors. The major histocompatibility complex and the insulin gene region (INS) on human chromosomes ...
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    Cloning of the α–adducin gene from the Huntington's disease candidate region of chromosome 4 by exon amplification (1992)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature genetics 2 (1992), S. 223-227 
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    Notes: [Auszug] We have applied the technique of exon amplification to the isolation of genes from the chromosome 4p16.3 Huntington's disease (HD) candidate region. Exons recovered from cosmid Y24 identified cDNA clones corresponding to the α–subunit of adducin, a calmodulin–binding protein that ...
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    A trithorax–like gene is interrupted by chromosome 11q23 translocations in acute leukaemias (1992)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature genetics 2 (1992), S. 113-118 
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    Notes: [Auszug] Some acute lymphocytic leukaemias, particularly those in young children, are associated with a t(4;11)(q21;q23) reciprocal translocation. We have cloned the translocation breakpoint on chromosome 11q23 and isolated corresponding RNA transcripts from this region. The translocation occurs within a ...
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    Identifying individuals by sequencing mitochondrial DNA from teeth (1992)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature genetics 2 (1992), S. 135-138 
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    Notes: [Auszug] Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was extracted from teeth stored from 3 months to 20 years, including teeth from the semi–skeletonized remains of a murder victim which had been buried for 10 months. Tooth donors and/or their maternal relatives provided blood or buccal cells, from which mtDNA was ...
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    Opening the gates on ion channel diseases (1992)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature genetics 2 (1992), S. 87-89 
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    Notes: [Auszug] Ion channels are essential for a wide range of cellular functions, including muscle contraction, neuronal signalling and exocytosis. This diversity of function is reflected in their enormous variety1. In the past ten years, voltage-dependent and ligand-gated ion channel genes have been cloned and ...
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    A brief history of gene therapy (1992)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature genetics 2 (1992), S. 93-98 
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    Notes: [Auszug] The concepts of gene therapy arose initially during the 1960s and early 1970s whilst the development of genetically marked cells lines and the clarification of mechanisms of cell transformation by the papovaviruses polyoma and SV40 was in progress. With the arrival of recombinant DNA techniques, ...
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    Schizophrenia scepticism (1992)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature genetics 2 (1992), S. 12-12 
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    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
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    Notes: [Auszug] Sir—Jones and colleagues1 report an alanine to valine substitution in codon 713 of the amyloid precursor protein gene (APP) in a single case of chronic schizophrenia. They were unable to detect this mutation in a further 100 unrelated patients with schizophrenia as well as in 105 individuals ...
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    Chromosome 4q DNA rearrangements associated with facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (1992)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature genetics 2 (1992), S. 26-30 
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    Notes: [Auszug] Facioscapulohumeral muscular dystrophy (FSHD) is an autosomal dominant neuromuscular disorder which maps to chromosome 4qter, distal to the D4S139 locus. The cosmid clone 13E, isolated in a search for homeobox genes, was subsequently mapped to 4q35, also distal to D4S139. A subclone, p13E–11, ...
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    Linkage of an important gene locus for tuberous sclerosis to a chromosome 16 marker for polycystic kidney disease (1992)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature genetics 2 (1992), S. 37-41 
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    Notes: [Auszug] Tuberous sclerosis complex (TSC) is an autosomal dominant disorder of unknown aetiology that affects numerous body systems including skin, brain and kidneys. Some TSC has been linked to chromosome 9, additional TSC genes on chromosomes 11 and 12 have been proposed, but the majority of TSC families ...
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    Distinct and overlapping functions of allelic forms of human mannose binding protein (1992)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature genetics 2 (1992), S. 50-55 
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    Notes: [Auszug] Human mannose binding protein (MBP) is a C–type serum lectin involved in first–line host defense against a variety of bacterial, fungal and viral pathogens. Recently an association was found between low levels of serum MBP and an increased frequency of recurrent infections in infants. A ...
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    Erratum: Isolation of a candidate gene for Norrie disease by positional cloning (1992)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature genetics 2 (1992), S. 84-84 
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    Notes: [Auszug] W. Berger, A. Meindl, T.J.R. van de Pol, F.P.M. Cremers, H.H. Ropers, C. Döerner, A. Monaco, A. A. B. Bergen, R. Lebo, M. Warburgh, L. Zergollern, B. Lorenz, A. Gal, E. M. Bleeker-Wagemakers, T. Meitinger Nature Genetics 1, 199–203 (1992) The following revised versions of Figs 2,3,5 ...
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    C1 inhibitor hinge region mutations produce dysfunction by different mechanisms (1992)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature genetics 1 (1992), S. 354-358 
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    Notes: [Auszug] Heterozygosity for a mutant dysfunctional C1 inhibitor protein, a member of the serine proteinase inhibitor (serpin) superfamily, results in type II hereditary angioneurotic oedema. We identified a “hinge” region mutation in C1 inhibitor with a Val to Glu replacement at P14 ...
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    Mutation in mitochondrial tRNA Leu(UUR) gene in a large pedigree with maternally transmitted type II diabetes mellitus and deafness (1992)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature genetics 1 (1992), S. 368-371 
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    Notes: [Auszug] Non–insulin–dependent (type II) diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) is characterized by hyperglycaemia and insulin resistance, and affects nearly 5% of the general population. Inherited factors are important for its development, but the genes involved are unknown. We have identified a large ...
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    Herpesvirus vector gene transfer and expression of β–glucuronidase in the central nervous system of MRS VII mice (1992)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature genetics 1 (1992), S. 379-384 
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    Notes: [Auszug] Genetic disorders affecting the central nervous system (CNS) can potentially be treated by gene transfer using vectors which infect and express genes in post–mitotic neurons. Herpesviruses establish latent infections in neurons during which only one viral gene (LAT) is expressed, thus the LAT ...
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    Corrigendum (1992)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature genetics 1 (1992), S. 320-320 
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    Notes: [Auszug] In ‘No CFTR: are CF symptoms milder?’ contributed by Jeffrey J.Wine (Nature Genet. 1, 10; April 1992) the final two sentances of the second paragraph should have read: One of the earlier homozygous stop codon patients (R553X/W1316X)6 has neither CFTR mRNA9 nor CFTR protein10, and it was ...
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    The human pseudoautosomal GM–CSF receptor α subunit gene is autosomal in mouse (1992)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature genetics 1 (1992), S. 333-336 
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    Notes: [Auszug] The gene encoding the granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor receptor α subunit (CSF2RA) has previously been mapped to the pseudoautosomal region of the human sex chromosomes. In contrast, we report that the murine locus, Csf2ra, maps to an autosome in the laboratory mouse. By in ...
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    A pathogenic mutation for probable Alzheimer's disease in the APP gene at the N–terminus of β–amyloid (1992)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature genetics 1 (1992), S. 345-347 
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    Notes: [Auszug] Mutations at codon 717 in exon 17 of the β–amyloid precursor protein (APP) gene have previously been shown to segregate with early onset Alzheimer's disease in some families. We have identified a double mutation at codons 670 and 671 (APP 770 transcript) in exon 16 which ...
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    Molecular analysis of the muscle pathology associated with mitochondrial DNA deletions (1992)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature genetics 1 (1992), S. 359-367 
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    Notes: [Auszug] Large–scale deletions of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) are associated with a subgroup of mitochondrial encephalomyopathies. We studied seven patients with Kearns–Sayre syndrome or isolated ocular myopathy who harboured a sub–population of partially–deleted mitochondrial genomes ...
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    Split verdict on schizophrenia (1992)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature genetics 1 (1992), S. 231-232 
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    Notes: [Auszug] It is entirely possible that the paper which concludes this issue of Nature Genetics documents little more than a benign, asymptomatic nucleotide substitution in a gene situated on chromosome 21. Then again, it maybe telling us something new and potentially very exciting about schizophrenia: the ...
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    Multilocus polycystic disease (1992)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature genetics 1 (1992), S. 235-237 
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    Notes: [Auszug] The cystic diseases of the kidney are a group of diverse inherited disorders with a single feature in common: the presence of fluid-filled epithelial cysts arising from nephrons. The group includes one of the most common mendelian disorders of Caucasians, autosomal dominant polycystic kidney ...
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    Linkage of epidermolytic hyperkeratosis to the type II keratin gene cluster on chromosome 12q (1992)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature genetics 1 (1992), S. 301-305 
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    Notes: [Auszug] We investigated the molecular genetics of epidermolytic hyperkeratosis (EHK), a dominant disorder characterized by epidermal blistering, hyperkeratosis, vacuolar degeneration and clumping of keratin filaments. Based on this pathology, we have excluded by linkage analysis several candidate genes for ...
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    Pioneer proteins (1992)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature genetics 1 (1992), S. 154-154 
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    Notes: [Auszug] Norrie disease is a rare but extremely severe neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by congenital blindness, mental retardation and progressive hearing loss. The locus maps to the short arm of the X chromosome which has revealed a multitude of genes that can give rise to hereditary blindness. ...
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    The gene for the peripheral myelin protein PMP–22 is a candidate for Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease type 1A (1992)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature genetics 1 (1992), S. 159-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 1546-1718
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] Charcot–Marie-–ooth disease type 1A (CMT1A) is an autosomal dominant peripheral neuropathy associated with a large DNA duplication on the short arm of human chromosome 17. The trembler (Tr) mouse serves as a model for CMT1A because of phenotypic similarities and because the Tr locus ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng0692-159
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  • 97
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    Peripheral myelin protein–22 gene maps in the duplication in chromosome 17p11.2 associated with Charcot–Marie–Tooth 1A (1992)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature genetics 1 (1992), S. 176-179 
    Details
    ISSN: 1546-1718
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] Charcot–Marie–Tooth disease 1A (CMT1A) is a hereditary demyelinating peripheral neuropathy, associated with a DNA duplication on chromosome 17p11.2. A related disorder in the mouse, trembler (Tr), maps to mouse chromosome 11 which has syntenic homology to human chromosome 17p. Recently, ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng0692-176
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  • 98
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    Electronic Resource
    Framing β–amyloid (1992)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature genetics 1 (1992), S. 233-234 
    Details
    ISSN: 1546-1718
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] ß-amyloid deposition is central to the pathology of both Alzheimer's disease (AD) and some forms of cerebral congophilic angiopathy (CA)1. In AD, ß-amyloid deposition is found predominantly in the characteristic neuritic plaques and also in cerebral vessels. In CA, deposition is almost ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng0792-233
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  • 99
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    Electronic Resource
    Genetic linkage of vitelliform macular degeneration (Best's disease) to chromosome 11q13 (1992)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature genetics 1 (1992), S. 246-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1546-1718
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] Macular degeneration is the most common cause of legal blindness in older patients in developed countries. Best's vitelliform dystrophy is an early–onset, autosomal dominant form of macular degeneration characterized by an egg–yolk–like collection of lipofuscin beneath the pigment ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng0792-246
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  • 100
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    Electronic Resource
    Characterization of a yeast artificial chromosome contig spanning the Huntington's disease gene candidate region (1992)
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature genetics 1 (1992), S. 180-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 1546-1718
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: [Auszug] The Huntington's disease (HD) gene has been localized by recombination events to a region covering 2.2 megabases (Mb) DNA within chromosome 4p16.3. We have screened three yeast artificial chromosome (YAC) libraries in order to isolate and characterize 44 YAC clones mapping to this region. ...
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ng0692-180
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