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  • Other Sources  (1,575)
  • EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING  (1,203)
  • LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)  (361)
  • Deutschland
  • Getreide
  • Kartoffeln
  • 1980-1984  (1,564)
  • 1925-1929  (11)
  • 1984  (749)
  • 1980  (815)
  • 1925  (11)
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  • Other Sources  (1,575)
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  • 1980-1984  (1,564)
  • 1925-1929  (11)
Year
  • 1
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    Der Rostbefall des Weizens im Jahre 1925 (1925)
    In:  Deutsche Landwirtschaftliche Presse, Jahrgang 52, Nr. 38, p. 450
    Details
    Publication Date: 1925
    Description: Allgemeine Beobachtungen zum Rostbefall von Weizen im Jahr 1925 trotz langer Trockenperioden KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Einfluss des Niederschlags auf die Infektion; auch kurze starke Niederschläge zwischen langen Trockenperioden sind ausreichend um einen großflächigen Befall zu bewirken. KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta Nied +, dann Infektion +;
    Keywords: Deutschland ; 1925 ; Anbautermine ; Niederschlag ; Pflanzenkrankheit ; Trockenheit ; Weizen
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  • 2
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    Eine Getreidelaufkäferplage (Zabru tenebrioides) (1925)
    In:  Die kranke Pflanze 2, p. 117-119
    Details
    Publication Date: 1925
    Description: Allgemeine Beobachtungen zum Auftreten und zur Wanderung des Getreidelaufkäfers und dessen Larven; Nennung von Möglichkeiten zur Bekämpfung des Insekts KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Abhängigkeit der Stärke des Auftretens von der Temperatur KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta T+, dann Auftreten der Larven +
    Keywords: Sachsen ; Beginn 20. Jahrhundert ; Insekten ; Boden ; Ertrag ; Getreide ; Landwirtschaft ; Pflanzenschädling ; Roggen ; Temperatur ; Weizen
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  • 3
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    Beobachtungen über die diesjährige Dürre (1925)
    In:  Pflanzenbau, Halbmonatsschrift für Saatwesen, Anbau und Pflege der Kulturpflanzen. II. Jahrgang 1925/26 S.106-108.
    Details
    Publication Date: 1925
    Description: Einfluss der Trockenheit im Sommer auf Getreide, Leguminosen und Zuckerrüben KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Einfluss der Temperatur und des Niederschlags auf den Ertrag KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta T (Vorjahreswinter) + und Delta Nied (Sommer) -, dann Pflanzenschädlinge (Erbsenwickler, Fritfliege) +; Delta T (Vorjahreswinter) + und Delta Nied (Sommer) -, dann Ertrag (Kartoffeln) +; Delta T (Vorjahreswinter) + und Delta Nied (Sommer) -, dann Ertrag (Sommergerste) -;
    Keywords: Pommern ; 1925 ; Ertrag ; Getreide ; Niederschlag ; Trockenheit
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  • 4
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    Die Maikäfer in Deutschland. Mitteilungen über Flugjahre und Entwicklungsdauer von Melolontha melolontha L. und Melolontha hippocastani F. (1925)
    In:  Arbeiten aus der biologischen Bunbdesanstalt für Land- und Forstwirtschaft 14, Heft 1; Parey, Springer, Berlin; p.1-76
    Details
    Publication Date: 1925
    Description: Detaillierte Auflistung des Maikäferauftretens verschiedener Jahre aus dem Zeitraum 1900-1920 aus ganz Deutschland in Bezirks- teilw. sogar Gemeindeauflösung wird gegeben. Der Einfluß der Temperatur in Form von 9°C Mitteltemperatur als Grenze für die Generationenanzahl der beiden Maikäferarten Melolontha melolontha L. und Melolontha hippocastani F. wird diskutiert. Eine Karte über die Generationsdauer der beiden Maikäferarten im deutschen Reich, teilweise auf Bezirksebene, ist enthalten. KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Deutschland ; 1855-1923 ; Forst ; Pflanzenschädling
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  • 5
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    Über den Einfluß der Witterung auf den Knollenansatz und Knollengewicht der Kartoffel (1925)
    In:  Zeitschr. Pflanzenbau 2.
    Details
    Publication Date: 1925
    Description: Zusammenhang Witterung und Knollenansatz und -gewicht bei Kartoffeln KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Kartoffeln ; Ertrag ; Witterung
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  • 6
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    Boden, Klima und Kartoffelerträge (1925)
    In:  Der Kartoffelbau, Nr. 69
    Details
    Publication Date: 1925
    Description: Zusammenhang der Witterungselemente, insbesondere der Sommerniederschläge zum Ertrag bei Kartoffeln KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Breslau ; 1901-1921 ; Kartoffeln ; Ertrag ; Witterung
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  • 7
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    Über den Einfluß der Witterungsfaktoren auf die Ernteerträge (1925)
    In:  Kühn-Archiv:53-78.
    Details
    Publication Date: 1925
    Description: Einführung der Rangordnungs- und Korrelationsmethode anhand langjähriger Beobachtungen, Einfluss des Niederschlages und der Temperatur auf den Ertrag von Erbsen, Kartoffeln, Weizen, Hafer und Roggen KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Einfluss der Witterung (Temperatur und Niederschlag) auf den Ertrag KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta T (März und April) + und Delta Nied (März und April) -, dann Erträge (Erbsen) +; Delta T (Mai und Juni) - und Delta Nied (Mai und Juni) +, dann Erträge (Erbse) +; Delta T (Oktober Vorjahr) +, dann Erträge (Kartoffel) +; Delta T (März) + und Delta T (Mai und Juni) -, dann Erträge (Winterweizen) +; Delta Nied (Januar bis März)-, dann Erträge (Hafer) +; Delta Nied (Januar bis März)-, dann Erträge (Winterroggen) +;
    Keywords: Halle ; 1893-25 ; Kartoffeln ; Ertrag ; Fichte ; Hafer ; Korrelationsmethode ; Niederschlag ; Rangordnungsmethode ; Roggen ; Temperatur ; Weizen ; Witterung
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  • 8
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    Die Beziehung zwischen Ernte und Witterung in der Landwirtschaft (1925)
    In:  Diss., Göttingen
    Details
    Publication Date: 1925
    Description: Ergebnisse ( Korrelationsmethode) der Bezeihung zwischen Witterung und Ertrag vieler Kulturen eingeteilt nach Monaten KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Beziehungen zwischen Witterung (Temperatur und Niederschlag)und Ernte KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta Nied (erste 10 Blütetage) -, dann Ertrag (Roggen) +; Delta Nied (Beginn der Blüte bis 10 tage nach Ende der Blüte)-, dann Ertrag (Winterweizen) +; Delta Nied (während der 20 Tage nach Beginn der Blüte) -, dann Ertrag (Sommerweizen) +; Delta Tmit (während der 20 Tage nach dem Aufgang) -, dann Ertrag (Hafer) +; Delta Tmin (während der 20 Tage nach dem Aufgang) -, dann Ertrag (Gerste) +; Delta Tmit (während der 20 Tage nach Beginn der Blüte) -, dann Ertrag (Kartoffeln) +; Delta Nied (vom Aufgang bis zum Beginn der Blüte) -, dann Ertrag (Erbsen) +; Delta Nied +, dann Ertrag (Vietsbohnen) +;
    Keywords: Göttingen ; 1901-1922 ; Kartoffeln ; Ertrag ; Hafer ; Korrelationsmethode ; Niederschlag ; Temperatur ; Weizen ; Witterung ; Erbsen
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  • 9
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    Der Einfluß des Klimas auf die Erntebeschaffenheit des Getreides (1925)
    In:  Mitt. Deut. Landw. Gesell. 40:950-55.
    Details
    Publication Date: 1925
    Description: Zusammenhang zwischen Weizenqualität und den klimatischen Verhältnissen, Schwerpunkt auf die Physiologie des Samens und Qualität (Backfähigkeit) KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Europa ; letzten100 Jahre ; Ertrag ; Getreide ; Klima ; Niederschlag ; Temperatur ; Weizen
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  • 10
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    Zwei verbreitete Weizenschädlinge dieses Jahres (1925)
    In:  Sächs. Landw. Zeitschr. 73, p.614
    Details
    Publication Date: 1925
    Description: Beschreibung der Schäden und Erscheinungsformen des Weizenhalmtöters und der Weizenhalmfliege im Jahre 1926 in Sachsen. Nur bedingte Verknüpfung mit klimatischen Parametern. KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: KATASTER-DETAIL:
    Keywords: Sachsen ; 1926 ; Getreide ; Pflanzenschädling ; Weizen
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  • 11
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    Insektenschädigungen am Getreide (1925)
    In:  Georgine, Jahrgang 102, Nr. 68, p. 806-807
    Details
    Publication Date: 1925
    Description: Biologie und Bekämpfung von Fritfliege, Getreideblumenfliege, scheckige oder gelbe Halmfliege, Weizenfliege, Hessenfliege KATASTER-BESCHREIBUNG: Einfluss der Witterung (Temperatur, Niederschlag und Wind) auf die Schädlinge KATASTER-DETAIL: Delta T (Winter) +, Anzahl Maden der Halmfliege +; Delta Nied (September) + und Delta Wind (September) +, dann Hessenfliege -
    Keywords: Deutschland ; 1903-1925 ; Insekten ; Anbautermine ; Boden ; Ertrag ; Getreide ; Hafer ; Niederschlag ; Pflanzenschädling ; Temperatur ; Vegetationsperiode ; Weizen ; Wind ; Witterung ; Düngung ; Gerste
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  • 12
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    Radar-visible wind streaks in the Altiplano of Bolivia (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-06
    Description: Isolated knobs that are erosional remnants of central volcanoes or of folded rocks occur in several areas of the Altiplano are visible on both optical and images. The optically visible streaks occur in the immediate lee of the knobs, whereas the radar visible streaks occur in the zone downwind between the knobs. Aerial reconnaissance and field studies showed that the optically visible streaks consist of a series of small ( 100 m wide) barchan and barchanoid dunes, intradune sand sheets, and sand hummocks (large shrub coppice dunes) up to 15 m across and 5 m high. On LANDSAT images these features are poorly resolved but combine to form a bright streak. On the radar image, this area also appears brighter than the zone of the radar dark streak; evidently, the dunes and hummocks serve as radar reflectors. The radar dark streak consists of a relatively flat, smooth sand sheet which lacks organized aerolian bedforms, other than occasional ripples. Wind velocity profiles show a greater U value in the optically bright streak zone than in the radar dark streak.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Washington Rept. of Planetary Geology Program, 1983; p 271-272
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  • 13
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    The erosion of streamlined islands, longitudinal grooves and scour marks: Implications to the origin of the Martian outflow channels (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-06
    Description: The diversity of proposed origins for large Martian outflow channels results from the differing interpretations given to the landforms associated with the outflow channels. In an attempt to help limit the possible mechanisms of channel erosion, detailed studies of three of the channel features were done; the streamlined islands, longitudinal grooves and scour marks. This examination involved a comparison of the martian streamlined islands with various streamlined landforms on Earth including those found in the Channel Scabland in large rivers, glacial drumlins, and desert yardangs. The comparisons included statistical analyses of the landform lengths versus widths and positions of maximum width, and an examination of the degree of shape agreement with the geometric lemniscate which was in turn demonstrated to correspond closely with true airfoil shapes. The analyses showed that the shapes of the martian islands correspond closely to the streamlined islands in rivers and the Channel Scabland land. Drumlins show a much smaller correlation. Erosional rock islands formed by glaciers are very much different in shape.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Washington Rept. of Planetary Geol. Programs; p 200-202
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  • 14
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    Seeds in space experiment (P0004-1) (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The specific objectives of this experiment are to evaluate the effects of space radiation on the survivability of seed stored in space under sealed and vented conditions and to determine possible resulting mutants and changes in mutation rates.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF); p 146-147
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  • 15
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    Free-flyer biostack experiment (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The free-flyer biostack experiment is part of a radiobiological space research program that includes experiments in space as well as in accelerators on Earth. The program has been specially designed to increase knowledge concerning the importance, effectiveness, and hazards of the structured components of cosmic radiation to man and to any biological specimen in space. Up to now, our understanding of the ways in which HZE particles might affect biological matter is based on a few spaceflight experiments from the last Apollo missions and on the limited data available from heavy-ion irradiation from accelerators. In the near future, accelerators capable of accelerating particles up to higher atomic numbers and higher energies will promote increased activity in ground-based studies on biological effects of HZE particles. Comparison of data from such irradiation experiments on Earth with those from an actual spaceflight experiment will show any potential influence of the inevitably attendant spaceflight factors (e.g., weightlessness) on the radiobiological events.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: NASA. Langley Research Center Long Duration Exposure Facility (LDEF); p 139-145
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  • 16
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    Multiprocess evolution of landforms in the Kharga Region, Egypt: Applications to Mars (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-06
    Description: In order to understand better the polygenetic evolution of landforms on the martian surface, field studies were conducted in and around the Kharga Depression, Egypt. The Kharga region, on the eastern edge of Egypt's Western Desert, was subject to erosion under mostly hyperarid climatic conditions, punctuated by brief pluvial episodes of lesser aridity, since early Pleistocene time. The region contains numerous landforms analogous to features on the martian surface: yardangs carved in layered surficial deposits and in bedrock, invasive dune trains, wind-modified channels and interfluves, and depressions bounded by steep scarps. Like many of the topographic depresions on Mars, the Kharga Depression was invaded by crescentic dunes. In Egypt, stratigraphic relations between dunes, yardangs, mass-wasting debris, and wind-eroded flash-flood deposits record shifts in the relative effectiveness of wind, water, and mass-wasting processes as a function of climate change.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Washington Rept. of Planetary Geology Program, 1983; p 225-227
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  • 17
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    Experiments examining the shapes of isolated bars in comparison with those occurring in braided rivers (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-04-06
    Description: Sand bars and islands within braided rivers have characteristic rhomboid or diamond shapes, often becoming very complex in form as the density of islands increases. Similar forms are observed in the martian outflow channels where the islands occur in groups. This contrasts with the more isolated martian islands which have airfoil shapes, as do isolated streamlined islands in rivers and in the Channeled Scabland. These observations indicate that the bar and island forms are controlled by the density of the islands, with increasing island interaction and flow modification as the density increases. As a continuation of previous flume experiments on the shapes of isolated islands, a new series of experiments investigate the modifications produced by a progressive increase in island density, finally leading to a true braided system.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Washington Rept. of Planetary Geol. Programs; p 198-199
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  • 18
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    Characteristics of the SIR-A system and images (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Sample images obtained with the Shuttle Imaging Radar A (SIR-A) are presented, along with design and performance features of the SIR-A, Seasat and Landsat images of the same scenes for comparison purposes. The SIR-A functions at the L-band 25 cm at a frequency of 1278 GHz with a spectral bandwidth of 6 MHz. The images were taken at an angle of 47 deg and furnished a resolution of 40 m from an altitude of 259 km. The images covered a ground swath 50 km wide. The images are provided to assist in the development of effective techniques for interpreting radar imagery. The SIR-A instrument is a precursor of another imaging device which will be flown around Venus. The images provided include sections of France, Sardinia and Algeria.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photo Interpretation (ISSN 0031-8523); 23; 4-17
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  • 19
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    Analysis of Landsat-4 Thematic Mapper data for classification of forest stands in Baldwin County, Alabama (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A computer-implemented classification has been derived from Landsat-4 Thematic Mapper data acquired over Baldwin County, Alabama on January 15, 1983. One set of spectral signatures was developed from the data by utilizing a 3x3 pixel sliding window approach. An analysis of the classification produced from this technique identified forested areas. Additional information regarding only the forested areas. Additional information regarding only the forested areas was extracted by employing a pixel-by-pixel signature development program which derived spectral statistics only for pixels within the forested land covers. The spectral statistics from both approaches were integrated and the data classified. This classification was evaluated by comparing the spectral classes produced from the data against corresponding ground verification polygons. This iterative data analysis technique resulted in an overall classification accuracy of 88.4 percent correct for slash pine, young pine, loblolly pine, natural pine, and mixed hardwood-pine. An accuracy assessment matrix has been produced for the classification.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 20
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    Satellite land remote sensing advancements for the eighties; Proceedings of the Eighth Pecora Symposium, Sioux Falls, SD, October 4-7, 1983 (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Among the topics discussed are NASA's land remote sensing plans for the 1980s, the evolution of Landsat 4 and the performance of its sensors, the Landsat 4 thematic mapper image processing system radiometric and geometric characteristics, data quality, image data radiometric analysis and spectral/stratigraphic analysis, and thematic mapper agricultural, forest resource and geological applications. Also covered are geologic applications of side-looking airborne radar, digital image processing, the large format camera, the RADARSAT program, the SPOT 1 system's program status, distribution plans, and simulation program, Space Shuttle multispectral linear array studies of the optical and biological properties of terrestrial land cover, orbital surveys of solar-stimulated luminescence, the Space Shuttle imaging radar research facility, and Space Shuttle-based polar ice sounding altimetry.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 21
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    Offshore oil in the Alaskan Arctic (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Oil and gas deposits in the Alaskan Arctic are estimated to contain up to 40 percent of the remaining undiscovered crude oil and oil-equivalent natural gas within U.S. jurisdiction. Most (65 to 70 percent) of these estimated reserves are believed to occuur offshore beneath the shallow, ice-covered seas of the Alaskan continental shelf. Offshore recovery operations for such areas are far from routine, with the primary problems associated with the presence of ice. Some problems that must be resolved if efficient, cost-effective, environmentally safe, year-round offshore production is to be achieved include the accurate estimation of ice forces on offshore structures, the proper placement of pipelines beneath ice-produced gouges in the sea floor, and the cleanup of oil spills in pack ice areas.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); 225; 371-378
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  • 22
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    Calculations of radar backscattering coefficient of vegetation-covered soils (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The present investigation has the objective to develop a simple 'user's' model for simulating the measured radar backscattering coefficients from vegetation-covered fields in conjunction with the data obtained by Jackson et al. (1980, 1982). The theoretical work reported by Fung and Eom (1981) provides the basis for the model. Certain modifications are related to a consideration of the effect of a vegetation canopy. The first part of the model is concerned with a description of scatter from rough bare soil, while the second part takes into account the effect of a vegetation cover. It is shown that the measured angular distribution of the backscattering coefficient of vegetation-covered fields can be satisfactory reproduced by using the developed model.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment (ISSN 0034-4257); 15; 119-133
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  • 23
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    Atmospheric effect on classification of finite fields (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The atmospheric effect on the upward radiance of sunlight scattered from the earth-atmosphere system is strongly influenced by the contrasts between fields and their sizes. In this paper, the radiances above finite fields are computed to simulate radiances measured by a satellite. A simulation case including 11 agricultural fields and four natural fields (water, soil, savanah, and forest) is used to test the effect of field size, background reflectance, and optical thickness of the atmosphere on the classification accuracy. For a given atmospheric turbidity, the atmospheric effect on classification of surface features may be much stronger for nonuniform surfaces than for uniform surfaces. Therefore, the classification accuracy of agricultural fields and urban areas is dependent not only on the optical characteristics of the atmosphere, but also on the size of the surface elements to be classified and their contrasts. It is concluded that new atmospheric correction methods, which take into account the finite size of the fields, are needed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment (ISSN 0034-4257); 15; 95-118
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  • 24
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    The influence of autocorrelation in signature extraction - An example from a geobotanical investigation of Cotter Basin, Montana (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The presence of positive serial correlation (autocorrelation) in remotely sensed data results in an underestimate of the variance-covariance matrix when calculated using contiguous pixels. This underestimate produces an inflation in F statistics. For a set of Thematic Mapper Simulator data (TMS), used to test the ability to discriminate a known geobotanical anomaly from its background, the inflation in F statistics related to serial correlation is between 7 and 70 times. This means that significance tests of means of the spectal bands initially appear to suggest that the anomalous site is very different in spectral reflectance and emittance from its background sites. However, this difference often disappears and is always dramatically reduced when compared to frequency distributions of test statistics produced by the comparison of simulated training sets possessing equal means, but which are composed of autocorrelated observations.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161); 5; 315-332
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  • 25
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    Objective assessment of Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer data for land cover mapping (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The validity of using data from the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer (AVHRR) of the satellites NOAA-6 and NOAA-7 for land cover mapping is assessed by making comparisons with much higher resolution LANDSAT multi-spectral scanner (MSS) data. Near synchronous data for both systems are analysed for test sites in the Imperial Valley, California, the Nile Delta, and southern Italy. The results strongly indicate that despite the very coarse resolution of the AVHRR data compared with conventional MSS data they are sufficiently strongly correlated to suggest that the former have significant potential for land cover mapping, especially at small scales and for large areas. Hence the outstanding benefits of AVHRR data, namely their high temporal frequency, relative cheapness and low data volumes for image processing, may readily be taken advantage of for such tasks.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161); 5; 497-504
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  • 26
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    Thermal microwave emission from vegetated fields - A comparison between theory and experiment (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The radiometric measurements over bare field and fields covered with grass, soybean, corn, and alfalfa were made with 1.4- and 5-GHz microwave radiometers during August-October 1978. The measured results are compared with radiative transfer theory treating the vegetated fields as a two-layer random medium. It is found that the presence of a vegetation cover generally gives a higher brightness temperature T sub B than that expected from a bare soil. The amount of this T sub B excess increases with increase in the vegetation biomass and in the frequency of the observed radiation. The results of radiative transfer calculations, which include a parameter characterizing ground surface roughness, generally match well with the experimental data.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892); GE-22; 143-150
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  • 27
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    Inversion of vegetation canopy reflectance models for estimating agronomic variables. II - Use of angle transforms and error analysis as illustrated by Suits' model (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The technique for inverting a vegetation canopy reflectance model described earlier (Goel and Strebel, 1983) is investigated further. The novel concept of an 'angle transform' is introduced. This concept allows the formation of functions of reflectances at different view zenith and azimuth angles, which are either sensitive or insensitive to a certain agronomic parameter. A proper combination of these functions can allow determination of all the important agronomic and spectral parameters from measured canopy reflectance data. The technique is demonstrated using Suits' (1972) model for homogeneous canopies. It is shown that leaf area index, leaf reflectance and transmittance, and average leaf angle all can be determined from the canopy reflectance at a set of selected view zenith and azimuth angles. A sensitivity analysis of the calculated values to the errors in the data is also carried out. Guidelines are formulated for the number and types of observations required to obtain the values of a particular canopy variable to within a given degree of accuracy for a given level of error in the measurement of canopy reflectance.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment (ISSN 0034-4257); 14; 77-111
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  • 28
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    Mapping of glacial landforms from Seasat radar images (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Glacial landforms in the drumlin drift belt of Ireland and the Alaska Range can be identified and mapped from Seasat synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) images. Drumlins cover 60 percent of the Ireland scene. The width/length ratio of individual drumlins can be measured on the SAR images, allowing regional differences in drumlin shape to be mapped. This cannot be done with corresponding Landsat multispectral scanner (MSS) images because of lower spatial resolution and because of shadowing effects that vary seasonally. The Alaska scene shows the extent and nature of morphological features such as medial and lateral moraines, stagnant ice, and fluted ground moraine in glaciated valleys. Perception of these features on corresponding Landsat MSS images is limited by seasonal diffrences in solar illumination. Because SAR is not affected by such differences or by cloud cover, it is particularly well suited for monitoring glacial movement. The disadvantage of distorted high-relief features on Seasat SAR images can be reduced in future SAR systems by modifying the radar illumination geometry.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Quaternary Research (ISSN 0033-5894); 22; 314-327
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  • 29
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    Statistical analysis of Thematic Mapper Simulator data for the geobotanical discrimination of rock types in southwest Oregon (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An evaluation of Thematic Mapper Simulator (TMS) data for the geobotanical discrimination of rock types based on vegetative cover characteristics is addressed in this research. A methodology for accomplishing this evaluation utilizing univariate and multivariate techniques is presented. TMS data acquired with a Daedalus DEI-1260 multispectral scanner were integrated with vegetation and geologic information for subsequent statistical analyses, which included a chi-square test, an analysis of variance, stepwise discriminant analysis, and Duncan's multiple range test. Results indicate that ultramafic rock types are spectrally separable from nonultramafics based on vegetative cover through the use of statistical analyses.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892); GE-22; 525-530
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  • 30
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    Feature selection and the information content of Thematic Mapper simulator data for forest structural assessment (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An assessment is made of the information content of Thematic Mapper Simulator (TMS) data for the case of a forested region, in order to determine the sensitivity of such data to forest crown closure and tree size class. Principal components analysis and Monte Carlo simulation indicated that channels 4, 7, 5 and 3 were optimal for four-channel forest structure analysis. As the number of channels supplied to the Monte Carlo feature selection routine increased, classification accuracy increased. The greatest sensitivity to the forest structural parameters, which included succession within clearcuts as well as crown closure and size class, was obtained from the 7-channel TMS data.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892); GE-22; 482-489
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  • 31
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    A summary of the history of the development of automated remote sensing for agricultural applications (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An historical account is given of the development of technology for the processing of satellite-acquired multispectral data aimed at the identification of the type, condition, and ontogenic stages of agricultural areas. During 1972 and 1973, research established the feasibility of automating digital classification for the processing of large volumes of Landsat MSS data. This capability was successfully demonstrated during the Large Area Crop Inventory Experiment, which estimated wheat crop production on a global basis. This achievement in turn led to the Agriculture and Resources Inventory Surveys Through Aerospace Remote Sensing, which investigated other portions of the electromagnetic spectrum and expanded the study of key commercial crops in important agricultural areas.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892); GE-22; 473-482
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  • 32
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    Use of Landsat-derived profile features for spring small-grains classification (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The present model for the temporal behavior of agricultural greenness is applied to the extraction of Landsat-derived profile features, distinguishing small from large grain crops. An additional feature derivable from the temporal behavior of the ratio of greenness to brightness is noted which aids in the separation of crops from other vegetation. A limited training set of 20 pure pixels/class, obtained from ground data, is subjected to the Ho-Kashyap (1965) linear classifier. The initial correct classification value for pure pixels of about 85 percent drops to 75 percent for all Landsat pixels.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161); 5; 783-797
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  • 33
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    Improved classification of small-scale urban watersheds using thematic mapper simulator data (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The utility of Landsat MSS classification methods in the case of small, highly urbanized hydrological basins containing complex land-use patterns is limited, and is plagued by misclassifications due to the spectral response similarity of many dissimilar surfaces. Landsat MSS data for the Conley Creek basin near Atlanta, Georgia, have been compared to thematic mapper simulator (TMS) data obtained on the same day by aircraft. The TMS data were able to alleviate many of the recurring patterns associated with MSS data, through bandwidth optimization, an increase of the number of spectral bands to seven, and an improvement of ground resolution to 30 m. The TMS is thereby able to detect small water bodies, powerline rights-of-way, and even individual buildings.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161); 5; 761-770
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  • 34
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    Spring wheat-leaf phytomass and yield estimates from airborne scanner and hand-held radiometer measurements (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An attempt has been made to relate hand-held radiometer measurements, and airborne multispectral scanner readings, with both different wheat stand densities and grain yield. Aircraft overflights were conducted during the tillering, stem extension and heading period stages of growth, while hand-held radiometer readings were taken throughout the growing season. The near-IR/red ratio was used in the analysis, which indicated that both the aircraft and the ground measurements made possible a differentiation and evaluation of wheat stand densities at an early enough growth stage to serve as the basis of management decisions. The aircraft data also corroborated the hand-held radiometer measurements with respect to yield prediction. Winterkill was readily evaluated.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161); 5; 771-781
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  • 35
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    Granitic terrains viewed remotely by Shuttle infrared radiometry - Some compositional predictions (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Ratios of intensities of near-infrared spectral bands, measured in reflectance, quantitatively predict the iron content of granitic rocks. Such data from the 1.60- and 1.05-micron bands of the Shuttle multispectral infrared radiometer have been used to study granitic rocks along orbits crossing Baja California, Mexico, and the Eastern Desert of Egypt. Both regions are arid and relatively to essentially free of vegetation, and there is no indication in the spectra that surface chemical alteration masks the true composition of the unweathered rock. Predicted values of iron are consistent with known compositional types of most of the rocks along the orbital paths. Results demonstrate that the near-infrared method used is a powerful technique to average the variability of these rocks on the scales of meters to kilometers.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 89; 9439-944
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  • 36
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    Retrieval of vertical moisture profiles with microwave radiometry (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A statistical correlation technique is applied to the retrieval of vertical moisture profiles from downlooking radiometric measurements of atmospheric radiation at microwave wavelengths. Only an optimum subset of available radiometer channels is selected for estimating water vapor at specific pressure levels. To test its validity the algorithm was applied, in a numerical experiment, to 50 independent tropical radiosondes over a sea surface. It was also used to retrieve continuous sequences of atmospheric moisture profiles from a set of data obtained with a 4-channel microwave radiometer carried aboard an aircraft over a land surface.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ESA IGARSS 84. Remote Sensing: From Res. towards Operational Use, Vol. 1; p 449-451
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  • 37
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    Comparison of sea surface wind speed fields by SEASAT radar altimeter, scatterometer and scanning multichannel microwave radiometer with an emphasis on the Southern Ocean (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The SEASAT altimeter (ALT), scatterometer (SASS), and scanning microwave multichannel radiometer (SMMR) measured sea surface wind speed. During the satellite lifetime from June to October 1978, the Austral winter, the highest wind speeds were recorded in the Southern Ocean. Three-month, monthly, and three-day surface wind speed fields deduced from the three Seasat wind speed sensors are compared. The monthly and three-day fields show a pronounced mesoscale (1000 km) variability in wind speed. At all space and time scales analyzed, differences of 40% are found in the magnitude of the wind speed features, with the ALT consistently yielding the lowest wind speed and the SMMR the highest.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ESA IGARSS 84. Remote Sensing: From Res. towards Operational Use, Vol. 1; p 403-409
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  • 38
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    Passive microwave characteristics of the Bering Sea ice cover during Marginal Ice Zone Experiment (MIZEX) West (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Passive microwave measurements of the Bering Sea were made with the NASA CV-990 airborne laboratory during February. Microwave data were obtained with imaging and dual-polarized, fixed-beam radiometers in a range of frequencies from 10 to 183 GHz. The high resolution imagery at 92 GHz provides a particularly good description of the marginal ice zone delineating regions of open water, ice compactness, and ice-edge structure. Analysis of the fixed-beam data shows that spectral differences increase with a decrease in ice thickness. Polarization at 18 and 37 GHz distinguishes among new, young, and first-year sea ice types.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ESA IGARSS 84. Remote Sensing: From Res. towards Operational Use, Vol. 1; p 379-384
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  • 39
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    Observation of variations in the composition of sea ice in the Greenland MIZ during early summer 1983 with the Nimbus-7 SMMR (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Data acquired with the Scanning Multichannel Microwave Radiometer (SMMR) on board the Nimbus-7 Satellite for a six-week period in Fram Strait were analyzed with a procedure for calculating sea ice concentration, multiyear fraction, and ice temperature. Calculations were compared with independent observations made on the surface and from aircraft to check the validity of the calculations based on SMMR data. The calculation of multiyear fraction, which was known to be invalid near the melting point of sea ice, is discussed. The indication of multiyear ice is found to disappear a number of times, presumably corresponding to freeze/thaw cycles which occurred in this time period.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ESA IGARSS 84. Remote Sensing: From Res. towards Operational Use, Vol. 1; p 373-378
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  • 40
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    Soil moisture from temperature measurements at the Earth's surface, update (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Soil moisture budgets at the Earth's surface were investigated based on soil and atmospheric temperature variations. A number of data sets were plotted and statistically analyzed in order to accentuate the existence and the characteristics of mesoscale soil temperature extrema variations and their relations to other parameters. The correlations between diurnal temperature extrema for air and soil in drought and non-drought periods appear to follow different characteristic patterns, allowing an inference of soil moisture content from temperature data. The recovery of temperature extrema after a precipitation event also follows a characteristic power curve rise between two limiting values which is an indicator of evaporation rates. If these indicators are applied universally to regional temperature data, soil moisture content or drought conditions can be inferred directly from temperature measurements.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Res. Activities of the Geodyn. Branch; 6 p
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  • 41
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    Accuracy of mapping the Earth's gravity field fine structure with a spaceborne gravity gradiometer mission (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The spaceborne gravity gradiometer is a potential sensor for mapping the fine structure of the Earth's gravity field. Error analyses were performed to investigate the accuracy of the determination of the Earth's gravity field from a gravity field satellite mission. The orbital height of the spacecraft is the dominating parameter as far as gravity field resolution and accuracies are concerned.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Res. Activities of the Geodyn. Branch; 6 p
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  • 42
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    SEASAT altimetry for surface height of inland seas (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The capability of spaceborne altimetry to record the level, or monitor changes in the level, of inland seas was assessed. SEASAT altimetry data from Lake Baikal in Siberia; the Caspian, Black, and Aral Seas in the southern Soviet Union; the Great Salt Lake in the United States; lakes and reservoirs in northwestern and central China; and snow cover in northwestern India and on the Tibetan Plateau were examined.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Res. Activities of the Geodyn. Branch; 6 p
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  • 43
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    Time dependent land and vegetation canopy temperatures (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A simple interactive biosphere is presented based on an electrical analog of turbulent transport processes that produce heat and moisture fluxes between land and the atmosphere. A network of resistances that effect temperature or vapor pressure fluxes are identified and entered into the quasi steady state equations. A set of solutions that depict a realistic diurnal cycle is included.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Res. Rev., 1983; p 285-291
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  • 44
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    Core temperature of tailless rats exposed to centrifugation (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The role of the tail in the altered thermoregulation of rats during acute exposure to hypergravity was investigated, using groups of rats of two ages: 55 days (young) and 138 days (old). Rectal and foot temperature changes were measured in intact and tailless rats subjected to 1 h centrifugation of 2.8 G, with preceding (1 h) and following (1-3 h) 1 G periods. At 22 C, the loss of body heat from the tail per se does not measurably contribute to the hypothermia induced by hypergravity. However, the heat loss from the feet was greater in the tailless rats than in the intact rats from the young group of animals, although there was no significant difference between the tailless and intact rats in the old animal group. It is concluded that the inhibition of heat production is a significant factor in the hypothermia of centrifuged tailless rats, as it has been previously shown to be in the intact animals.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Physiologist, Supplement (ISSN 0031-9376); 27; S-97
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  • 45
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    Activity of calcium activated protease in skeletal muscles and its changes in atrophy and stretch (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The reduction of protein content in skeletal muscle undergoing disuse-induced atrophy is correlated with accelerated rates of protein degradation and reduced rates of protein synthesis (Goldspink, 1977). It is not known in what manner myofibers are partially disassembled during disuse atrophy to fibers of smaller diameter; nor is it known which proteases are responsible for this morphological change in contractile protein mass. Dayton and colleagues (1975) have suggested that the Ca(2+)-activated protease (CaP) may initiate myofibril degradation. The discovery of a form of CaP that is activatable by nano-molar concentrations of Ca(2+) indicates that CaP activity may be regulated by physiological concentrations of Ca(2+) (Mellgren, 1980). The enhancement of proteolysis by the Ca(2+) ionophore A23187, reported by Etlinger (1979), is consistent with a significant role for CaP in protein degradation. It was of interest, therefore, to measure the levels of CaP activity and the CaP inhibitor in extracts obtained from skeletal muscles of rat and chicken limbs undergoing disuse atrophy or stretch hypertrophy, respectively.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Physiologist, Supplement (ISSN 0031-9376); 27; S-73
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  • 46
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    Tissue fluid shift, forelimb loading, and tail tension in tail-suspended rats (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The tail suspension model (head-down tilt) simulates hypogravity in terms of musculoskeletal loss in the rat. However, little is known of tissue fluid shifts and body weight distribution in this model. Tissue fluid pressures were measured by wick catheters in 12 Munich-Wistar rats before, during, and after 48 hrs of tail suspension (about 30 deg head-down tilt). Subcutaneous tissue fluid pressure in the neck increased from -2.2 + or - 0.4 (normal horizontal position) to +4.0 + or - 1.5 cm H2O during tail suspension, indicating a cephalic fluid shift and significant edema during head-down tilt. In a separate study, six rats were suspended at 30-70 deg, and forelimb load and tail tension were measured by a balance and force transducer, respectively. Approximately 50 percent of body weight (BW) was loaded on forelimbs at a head-down tilt angle of 30 deg and forelimb load declined linearly to 10 percent BW at 70 deg. Furthermore, tail tension increased from 50 percent BW at 30 deg to 85 percent BW at 70 deg. These results indicate that less than normal loads are applied to forelimbs of rats suspended at angles of less than 30 deg and that the tail bears an increasing proportion of the rat's body weight at head-down tilt angles of less than 30 deg.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Physiologist, Supplement (ISSN 0031-9376); 27; S-37
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  • 47
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    Changes in vegetation spectra with leaf deterioration under two methods of preservation (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Changes in leaf spectra caused by mineralization under different conditions of preservation are measured using a three-band portable radiometer which simulates three Thematic Mapper bands 3, 4, and 5. Daily spectral measurements of white oak (Quercus alba) leaves did not distinguish among the fresh, bottled, and bagged vegetation in the spectral bands 3 and 5 for up to four days after collection. The reflected energy of the preserved vegetation increased thereafter, reportedly due to the loss of chlorophyll and dehydration. It is concluded that the measurement procedure is sufficiently sensitive as to discern documented patterns of variation in reflectance measurements.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0099-1112); 50; 1737-174
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  • 48
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    An evaluation of simulated Thematic Mapper data and Landsat MSS data for discriminating suburban and regional land use and land cover (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An airborne multispectral scanner, operating in the same spectral channels as the Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM), was used in a region east of Denver, CO, for a simulation test performed in the framework of using TM to discriminate the level I and level II classes. It is noted that at the 30-m spatial resolution of the Thematic Mapper Simulator (TMS) the overall discrimination for such classes as commercial/industrial land, rangeland, irrigated sod, irrigated alfalfa, and irrigated pasture was superior to that of the Landsat Multispectral Scanner, primarily due to four added spectral bands. For residential and other spectrally heterogeneous classes, however, the higher resolution of TMS resulted in increased variability within the class and a larger spectral overlap.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0099-1112); 50; 1713-172
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  • 49
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    Effects of medium concentration on antibody production (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Antibody production by two different cell lines was measured as the media were supplemented with varied amounts of glucose and fetal bovine serum. Both cell lines elaborated antidinitrophenyl hapten antibodies. Two basic media were used: RPMI 1640 and Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium. The production of antibodies was followed from 0 to 180 h and was assayed by radioimmunoassay.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Journal of Tissue Culture Methods (ISSN 0271-8057); 8; 3, 19
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  • 50
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    EROS main image file - A picture perfect database for Landsat imagery and aerial photography (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The Earth Resources Observation System (EROS) Program was established by the U.S. Department of the Interior in 1966 under the administration of the Geological Survey. It is primarily concerned with the application of remote sensing techniques for the management of natural resources. The retrieval system employed to search the EROS database is called INORAC (Inquiry, Ordering, and Accounting). A description is given of the types of images identified in EROS, taking into account Landsat imagery, Skylab images, Gemini/Apollo photography, and NASA aerial photography. Attention is given to retrieval commands, geographic coordinate searching, refinement techniques, various online functions, and questions regarding the access to the EROS Main Image File.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Database (ISSN 0162-4105); 7; 35-52
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    Sensitivity of thermal inertia calculations to variations in environmental factors (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The sensitivity of thermal inertia (TI) calculations to errors in the measurement or parameterization of a number of environmental factors is considered here. The factors include effects of radiative transfer in the atmosphere, surface albedo and emissivity, variations in surface turbulent heat flux density, cloud cover, vegetative cover, and topography. The error analysis is based upon data from the Heat Capacity Mapping Mission (HCMM) satellite for July 1978 at three separate test sites in the deserts of the western United States. Results show that typical errors in atmospheric radiative transfer, cloud cover, and vegetative cover can individually cause root-mean-square (RMS) errors of about 10 percent (with atmospheric effects sometimes as large as 30-40 percent) in HCMM-derived thermal inertia images of 20,000-200,000 pixels.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment (ISSN 0034-4257); 16; 211-232
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  • 52
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    Mapping alluvial fans in Death Valley, California, using multichannel thermal infrared images (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Alluvial fans have been mapped in Death Valley, California using NASA's 8-12 micron six-channel airborne Thermal Infrared Multispectral Scanner (TIMS). Both composition and relative age differences were recognized. Age unit boundries are generally consistent with those obtained by conventional mapping. Composition was verified by field investigation and comparison with existing geologic maps. Bedrock and its young derived fan gravels have similar emissivities. The original composition of the fans is modified by differential erosion and weathering, permitting relative age mapping with TIMS.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 11; 1153-115
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  • 53
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    Active airborne infrared laser system for identification of surface rock and minerals (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Emissivity and reflectivity in the thermal infrared spectral region (8-13 microns) may be used to discriminate among rocks and minerals. Although considerable success has been achieved in remote sensing classification of rock types based on emissivity measurements made with NASA's Thermal Infreared Multispectral Scanner (TIMS), classification based on reflectivity offers several advantages: much narrower bandwidths are used, higher signal to noise ratios are possible, and measurements are little affected by surface temperature. As a demonstration, an airborne CO2 laser instrument was flown along the margin of Death Valley, California. Measurements of spectral reflectance collected with this device were compared with emissivity measurements made with the TIMS. Data from either instrument provided the means for recognizing boundaries between geologic units including different rock types and fan surfaces of different ages.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters (ISSN 0094-8276); 11; 1149-115
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    Assessment of Landsat multispectral scanner spectral indexes for monitoring arid rangeland (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Correlations between spectral indices and vegetation parameters in south-central New Mexico were used to determine the utility of Landsat Multispectral Scanner (MSS) spectral indices in arid rangeland monitoring. In addition, spectral index change for 1976-1980 was calculated from retrospective MSS data and compared with qualitative ground truth in order to evaluate vegetation change detection by means of spectral indices. Brightness index change consistently differentiated between cover increase and decrease, but index change appears to have been offset from true cover change; this may at least partly be attributed to the failure of the methods used to standardize MSS scenes for differences in sensor response. Green vegetation indices, by contrast to brightness indices, failed to consistently differentiate between cover increase and decrease.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892); GE-22; 512-519
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    Considerations of and improvements to large-scale vegetation monitoring (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The NOAA-7 polar orbiting sun-synchronous operational satellite carries the 5-channel advanced very high-resolution radiometer which acquires data globally at a spatial resolution of 4 km on a daily basis. These data provide a means for frequently monitoring global vegetation at continental scales. Techniques for compositing and cloud screening a green leaf density vegetation index product for Africa are presented for 9 sequential days beginning August 16, 1982 and are compared with a semi-operational vegetation index product produced by NOAA.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892); GE-22; 496-502
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    The unresponsiveness of the immune system of the rat to hypergravity (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The immune response in rats exposed to simulated hypergravity (2.1 G and 3.1 G) by chronic centrifugation was assessed. Rats were immunized with sheep red blood cells (SRBC), either on the day of initial exposure to hypergravity (hyper-G), or after being centrifuged for 28 d and remaining on the centrifuge thereafter. Pair-fed and ad libitum fed noncentrifuged controls were used. Although there were some alterations in leukocyte counts, hyper-G did not systematically affect the primary or secondary anti-SRBC response, hematocrits, or the sizes of the liver, spleen, kidneys, thymus, or adrenal glands. The immune system is thus remarkably homeostatic under hypergravity conditions which do affect other physiologic parameters.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine (ISSN 0095-6562); 55; 1004-100
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    Cosmos 1129 - Spaceflight and bone changes (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Male Wistar rats were placed in orbit for an 18.5 day period aboard the Soviet Cosmos 1129 biological satellite. The skeletal changes which occurred during spaceflight were determined to be a reduced rate of periosteal bone formation in the tibial and humeral diaphyses, and a decreased trabecular bone volume and an increased fat content of the bone marrow in the proximal tibial metaphysis.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Physiologist; 23; Dec. 198
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    Usefulness of stochastic analysis of body weight as a tool in experimental aging research (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Experimental Aging Research; 6; 5, 19; 1980
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    Experimental relations between airborne and ground measured wheat canopy temperatures (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Experiments using ground-based measurements of canopy temperatures have shown that plant temperatures are good indicators of plant water stress, and thus are useful for assessing water requirements and predicting yields. An intensive 23-day airborne- and ground-measurement program was conducted in Phoenix, Arizona in 1977 to compare airborne-acquired wheat canopy temperatures with simultaneous ground measurements. For canopies that covered at least 85 percent of the soil surface, airborne measurements differed from ground measurements of plant temperature by less than 2 C. Regardless of the amount of plant cover, the airborne measurements were virtually identical to ground-nadir measurements, and thus represent a combination of plant temperature and solid background temperature.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 46; Feb. 198
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    Appendix D: Assessement of potential industrial sites in Essex County, New York (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Potential industrial sites were assessed using high and medium altitude aircraft photographs and supporting information on the 4,730 sq. km. (1,825 sq. mile) county. Factors evaluated include land availability, slope, site accessibility, soil drainage, other subsurface characteristics, and the expected physical as well as visual impacts on existing land use. Areas unavailable or unsuitable for development were eliminated first, and the remaining areas evaluated and the best sites identified.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Cornell Univ. Remote Sensing Program; 138 p
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    Appendix B: Inventory of coniferous forests near Bath, New York (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A zoom stereoscope was used to interpret aerial color photographs of the Finger Lakes region near Bath, New York, and areas of conifers were delineated on acetate sheets. Scale was determined for each photograph and units were converted to acres. Photographically enlarged positive transparencies of imagery from LANDSAT bands 5,6, and 7 for the southern portion of the study area were placed in a cold additive viewer and registered with each other to provide a composite image. A green filter was used on band 5, blue on band 6, and red on band 7. Conifers appeared at dark, reddish purple. Average was determined using a grid. Results show that the total confer stands within 50 miles of Bath is approximately 176,000 acres of which 60,000 acres are in Pennsylvania. The study was conducted to determine the feasibility of locating a particleboard manufacturing firm in the Southern Tier.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Cornell Univ. Remote Sensing Program; 3 p
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    Appendix C: A comparative study of small scale remotely sensed data for monitoring clearcutting in hardwood forests (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Manual photointerpretation techniques were used to analyze images acquired by high altitude aircraft, the Skylab multispectral and Earth terrain camera (ETC), the LANDSAT multispectral scanner, and the LANDSAT-3 return beam vidicon camera. A color-additive viewer, and digital image analysis were also used on the LANDSAT MSS imagery. The value of each type of remotely sensed data was judged by the ease and accuracy of clearcut identification, and by the amount of detail discernible, especially regarding revegetation. Results of a site study in the Allegheny National Forest, Pennsylvania indicate that high altitude aerial photography, especially color infrared photography acquired during the growing season, is well suited for identifying clearcuts and assessing revegetation. Although photographs acquired with Skylab's ETC also yielded good results, only incomplete inventories of clearcuts could be made using LANDSAT imagery. Results for the Adirondack region of New York State were similar for the aircraft and satellite photography, but even less satisfactory for the LANDSAT imagery.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Cornell Univ. Remote Sensing Program; 157 p
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    Unsupervised classification of MSS Landsat data for mapping spatially complex vegetation (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The various stages in carrying out a monocluster block unsupervised classification using Landsat MSS data are described. Procedures for carrying out these various stages were found to be far from well-established for the type of terrain being investigated, which is rugged and contains many small land cover units. Two particular difficulties were encountered: first, that of precise ground location of pixels; and, secondly, that of objectively evaluating the results. Ways in which these can be surmounted are suggested.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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    Extremes of urine osmolality - Lack of effect on red blood cell survival (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Rats were allowed a third of normal water intake for 20 days, and food consumption decreased. The reticulocyte count indicated a suppression of erythropoiesis. Urine osmolality increased from 2,000 mosmol/kg to 3,390 mosmol/kg. Random hemolysis and senescence of a cohort of red blood cell (RBC) previously labeled with (2-(C-14)) glycine was monitored via the production of (C-14)O. Neither hemolysis nor senescence was affected. Following water restriction, the polydipsic rats generated a hypotonic urine. Urine osmolality decreased to 1,300 mosmol/kg for at least 6 days; a reticulocytosis occurred, but RBC survival was unaffected. These results contradict those previously reported, which suggest that RBC survival is influenced by the osmotic stress imposed on the RBC by extremes of urine tonicity. This discrepancy, it is concluded, is due to differences in the methods employed for measuring RBC survival. The random-labeling technique employed previously assumes a steady state between RBC production and destruction. The cohort-labeling technique used here measures hemolysis and senescence independent of changes in RBC production, which is known to be depressed by fasting.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: American Journal of Physiology; 239; July 198
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    Microbial mobilization of calcium and magnesium in waterlogged soils (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Environmental Quality; 9; Jan
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  • 66
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    Changes in body temperature and metabolic rate after injection of calcium into the caudal hypothalamus of the rabbit (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
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    LACIE - An application of meteorology for United States and foreign wheat assessment (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: This paper describes the overall Large Area Crop Inventory Experiment technical approach utilizing the global weather-reporting network and the Landsat satellite to make a quasi-operational application of existing research results, and the accomplishments of this cooperative experiment in utilizing the weather information. Global weather data were utilized in preparing timely yield estimates for selected areas of the U.S. Great Plains, the U.S.S.R. and Canada. Additionally, wheat yield models were developed and pilot tested for Brazil, Australia, India and Argentina. The results of the work show that heading dates for wheat in North America can be predicted with an average absolute error of about 5 days for winter wheat and 4 days for spring wheat. Independent tests of wheat yield models over a 10-year period for the U.S. Great Plains produced a root-mean-square error of 1.12 quintals per hectare (q/ha) while similar tests in the U.S.S.R. produced an error of 1.31 q/ha. Research designed to improve the initial capability is described as is the rationale for further evolution of a capability to monitor global climate and assess its impact on world food supplies.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 19; Jan. 198
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  • 68
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    Landsat digital analysis of the initial recovery of burned tundra at Kokolik River, Alaska (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: (Previously announced in STAR as N80-19588)
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 10; Dec. 198
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    Effects of vegetation canopy structure on remotely sensed canopy temperatures (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: (Previously announced in STAR as N79-33530)
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 10; Nov. 198
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  • 70
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    Field size, length, and width distributions based on LACIE ground truth data (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The development of agricultural remote sensing systems requires knowledge of agricultural field size distributions so that the sensors, sampling frames, image interpretation schemes, registration systems, and classification systems can be properly designed. Malila et al. (1976) studied the field size distribution for wheat and all other crops in two Kansas LACIE (Large Area Crop Inventory Experiment) intensive test sites using ground observations of the crops and measurements of their field areas based on current year rectified aerial photomaps. The field area and size distributions reported in the present investigation are derived from a representative subset of a stratified random sample of LACIE sample segments. In contrast to previous work, the obtained results indicate that most field-size distributions are not log-normally distributed. The most common field size observed in this study was 10 acres for most crops studied.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 10; Nov. 198
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    Optimum spectral bands for rock discrimination (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Using stepwise discriminant analysis on spectral reflectance and spectral emissivity data collected by a Multispectral Scanner and Data System, mounted in an NC-130B aircraft and flown at an altitude of approximately 3 km, spectral bands were ranked as to their usefulness in separating specific rock types and rock alteration products in seven geologically diverse Utah sites. The optimum band for rock discrimination included the 1.18 to 1.30 micron interval, and the optimum combination of bands comprised the 1.18 to 1.30, 4.50 to 4.75, 0.46 to 0.50, 1.52 to 1.73, and 2.10 to 2.36 micron intervals. It is concluded that the spectral interval combination was more successful in differentiating geologic materials than either simulated Multispectral Scanner bands or simulated Thematic Mapper bands.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 46; Sept
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    Mitochondrial role in cell aging (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The experimental studies on the mitochondria of insect and mammalian cells are examined with a view to an analysis of intrinsic mitochondrial senescence, and its relation to the age-related changes in other cell organelles. The fine structural and biochemical data support the concept that the mitochondria of fixed postmitotic cells may be the site of intrinsic aging because of the attack by free radicals and lipid peroxides originating in the organelles as a by-product of oxygen reduction during respiration. Although the cells have numerous mechanisms for counteracting lipid peroxidation injury, there is a slippage in the antioxidant protection. Intrinsic mitochondrial aging could thus be considered as a specific manifestation of oxygen toxicity. It is proposed that free radical injury renders an increasing number of the mitochondria unable to divide, probably because of damage to the lipids of the inner membrane and to mitochondrial DNA.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Experimental Gerontology; 15; 1980
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    Extracellular hyperosmolality and body temperature during physical exercise in dogs (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The purpose of this study was to test the hypothesis that thermoregulation during exercise can be affected by extracellular fluid hyperosmolality without changing the plasma Na(+) concentration. The effects of preexercise venous infusions of hypertonic mannitol and NaCl solutions on rectal temperature responses were compared in dogs running at moderate intensity for 60 min on a treadmill. Plasma Na(+) concentration was increased by 12 meq after NaCl infusion, and decreased by 9 meq after mannitol infusion. Both infusions increased plasma by 15 mosmol/kg. After both infusions, rectal temperature was essentially constant during 60 min rest. However, compared with the noninfusion exercise increase in osmolality of 1.3 C, rectal temperature increased by 1.9 C after both postinfusion exercise experiments. It was concluded that inducing extracellular hyperosmolality, without elevating plasma, can induce excessive increases in rectal temperature during exericse but not at rest.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: American Journal of Physiology; 239; July 198
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    Spectral reflectance and discrimination of plutonic rocks in the 0.45- to 2.45-micron region (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Visible and near-infrared field spectral reflectance measurements of plutonic rocks were acquired in the 0.45- to 2.45-micron region with a portable field reflectance spectrometer. These spectra were used to determine spectral signatures for the various rock types and to evaluate the separability of these rocks based on their spectral characteristics. A total of 135 samples were divided into 11 groups based on their mineralogy. These 11 groups approximately correspond to traditional rock classifications and include five granitic groups, three gabbroic groups, and three ultramafic groups. The positions, intensity, and presence of iron, CO3(-2), and Al-OH and Mg-OH absorption bands varied among the 11 groups. Each rock group also had a range of albedos characteristic of the group. Stepwise linear discriminant analysis was performed on the spectral data to determine the separability of the 11 groups. Classification accuracy for 30 equally spaced wavelength bands between 0.45 and 2.45 microns was 78% with 10% serious misclassifications. The same analysis was repeated, limiting the spectral data to the wavelength regions corresponding to the proposed Landsat D thematic mapper scanner.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research; 85; May 10
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    Complexities of nadir-looking radiometric temperature measurements of plant canopies (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Effective radiant temperatures (ERTs) of five wheat canopies in different stages of development were measured during morning and noon periods. The observed variability in nadir sensor response was quantitatively described as a function of canopy structure and the vertical temperature profile of canopy components. In many cases, the nadir sensor ERT was a poor measure of vegetation temperature due to effects of soil emissions. Strong vertical temperature profiles of vegetation components were also observed. The theory and measurements presented document that remote measurements of vegetation canopy temperatures cannot be made indiscriminately over large spatial regions without consideration of the underlying physical principles.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Applied Optics; 19; July 1
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    Physical chemistry and evolution of salt tolerance in halobacteria (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The cellular constituents of extremely halophilic bacteria not only tolerate high salt concentration, but in many cases require it for optical functioning. The characteristics affected by salt include enzyme activity, stability, allosteric regulation, conformation and subunit association. The salt effects are of two major kinds: electrostatic shielding of negative charges by cations at low salt concentration, and hydrophobic stabilization by salting-out type salts at high salt concentration. The composition of halobacterial proteins shows an excess of acidic amino acids and a deficiency of nonpolar amino acids, which accounts for these effects. Since the cohesive forces are weaker and the repulsing forces are stronger in these proteins, preventing aggregation in salt, these structures are no longer suited for functioning in the absence of high salt concentrations. Unlike these nonspecific effects, ribosomes in halobacteria show marked preference for potassium over sodium ions. To ensure the proper intracellular ionic composition, powerful ion transport systems have evolved in the halobacteria, resulting in the extrusion of sodium ions and their replacement by potassium. It is likely that such membrane transport system for ionic movements is a necessary requisite for salt tolerance.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
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    Relationship of crop radiance to alfalfa agronomic values (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Red and photographic infrared spectral data of alfalfa were collected at the time of the third and fourth cuttings using a hand-held radiometer for the earlier alfalfa cutting. Significant linear and non-linear correlation coefficients were found between the spectral variables and plant height, biomass, forage water content, and estimated canopy cover. For the alfalfa of the later cutting, which had experienced a period of severe drought stress which limited growth, the spectral variables were found to be highly correlated with the estimated drought scores.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing; 1; Jan
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    Microwave radar and radiometric remote sensing measurements of lake ice (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Simultaneous microwave radar and spectral radiometric data were collected over Lake Erie during March 1978. A theoretical development is presented which interprets the data collected at nadir in terms of changes in the ice thickness and the electromagnetic attenuation coefficient. The theory also addresses the failure of the spectral radiometer to determine ice thickness through observations of quarter wavelength excursions in the reflectivity. Radar data collected off-nadir showed a substantially different behavior compared to that collected near nadir. This difference is attributed to a change in propagation characteristics from quasi-specular return from the ice-water interface to scattering from the rough air-ice interface.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Geophysical Research Letters; 7; Apr. 198
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    Microwave approaches in hydrology (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The microwave approaches for remote sensing of soil moisture centent, snowpack properties, surface water area, and the detection of precipitation over land are discussed. Both active (radar) and passive (radiometry) approaches are considered, and the advantages of microwave sensing are pointed out, including all-weather capability, especially at the longer wavelengths, and greater penetration depth with optical or infrared sensors. Results obtained from ground-based, aircraft, and spacecraft platforms show that microwave systems can monitor the moisture content in the surface soil layer (5 cm thick), and that passive microwave systems can discriminate between light and heavy snowcover, detect the presence of liquid water in the snow, and qualitatively estimate snow water equivalent.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 46; Apr. 198
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    Crop emergence date determination from spectral data (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Estimating the emergence of a given crop, such as wheat or barley, is proposed using an analytic method which relies on the hypothesis that in the region (lambda = 0.70-1.35 microns) a given crop, after emergence, has a unique spectral profile in time. If the crop emerges early or late, relative to a reference standard determined for a given segment, the profile is displaced but has the same shape. Therefore, given the crop specific constants of the reference profile and a sufficient number of Landsat observations of reflectivity at specific times, the emergence date of a field can be determined.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 46; Mar. 198
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    Spectrophotometric identification of the pigment associated with light-driven primary sodium translocation in Halobacterium halobium (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Journal of Biological Chemistry; 255; Jan. 10
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    Using Landsat digital data to detect moisture stress in corn-soybean growing regions (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: As a part of a follow-on study to the moisture stress detection effort conducted in the Large Area Crop Inventory Experiment (LACIE), a technique utilizing transformed Landsat digital data was evaluated for detecting moisture stress in humid growing regions using sample segments from Iowa, Illinois, and Indiana. At known growth stages of corn and soybeans, segments were classified as undergoing moisture stress or not undergoing stress. The remote-sensing-based information was compared to a weekly ground-based index (Crop Moisture Index). This comparison demonstrated that the remote sensing technique could be used to monitor the growing conditions within a region where corn and soybeans are the major crop.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 46; Aug. 198
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    The topographic effect on spectral response from nadir-pointing sensors (1980)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: It is difficult to interpret multispectral Landsat earth resources data in areas of rugged and mountainous terrain because of the topographic effect on the sensor response. The objectives of this study were to examine and quantify the topographic effect on the sensor response from a uniform sand surface, to assess a simple theoretical incidence model for modeling the radiance from the surface, and to simulate Landsat sensor response due to the topographic effect. A field experiment was designed to collect data from a large range of slope angles and aspects at a range of solar elevations, using a hand-held radiometer. Analysis of these data showed that the magnitude of the topographic effect varied as a function of the solar elevation, the azimuthal orientation of the slope, and the slope inclination. The field measured variations in spectral response were found to have generally strong correlations with the theoretical model, and it was shown that the applicability of the Lambertian assumption varied within and between data sets. It is concluded that if slope angle, aspect, and solar zenith angle and azimuth are known, a technique incorporating a model to reduce the topographic effect prior to multispectral classification may be developed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing; 46; Sept
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    Three-dimensional structure of Escherichia coli initiator tRNA/f//Met/ (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The crystal structure of Escherichia coli tRNA(f)(Met), an initiator transfer RNA, has been determined. While grossly similar to that of the chain-elongating yeast tRNA(Phe), there are three major differences. One involves the folding of the anticodon loop; in particular, the position of the constant uridine, U33. This difference was unexpected and may be of functional significance.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Nature; 286; July 24
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  • 85
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    The intracellular Na/+/ and K/+/ composition of the moderately halophilic bacterium, Paracoccus halodenitrificans (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Canadian Journal of Microbiology; 26; 4, 19; 1980
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  • 86
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    Global crop forecasting (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The needs for and remote sensing means of global crop forecasting are discussed, and key results of the Large Area Crop Inventory Experiment (LACIE) are presented. Current crop production estimates provided by foreign countries are shown often to be inadequate, and the basic elements of crop production forecasts are reviewed. The LACIE project is introduced as a proof-of-concept experiment designed to assimilate remote sensing technology, monitor global wheat production, evaluate key technical problems, modify the technique accordingly and demonstrate the feasibility of a global agricultural monitoring system. The global meteorological data, sampling and aggregation techniques, Landsat data analysis procedures and yield forecast procedures used in the experiment are outlined. Accuracy assessment procedures employed to evaluate LACIE technology performance are presented, and improvements in system efficiency and capacity during the three years of operation are pointed out. Results of LACIE estimates of Soviet, U.S. and Canadian wheat production are presented which demonstrate the feasibility and accuracy of the remote-sensing approach for global food and fiber monitoring.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Science; 208; May 16
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  • 87
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    Atmospheric effects on radiometric imaging from satellites under low optical thickness conditions (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The interference that the atmosphere poses to analyzing the imagery taken by satellite-borne instruments is discussed, assuming a cloud-free, planar, and horizontally uniform atmosphere. An approximate explicit formula is derived for the earth-atmosphere system nadir-beam reflectivity in terms of the atmospheric parameters, object pixel reflectivity and surrounding area reflectivity, for the limiting case of an optically thin atmosphere. The concepts of the forward-scattering and the backward-scattering optical thickness are introduced, and it is shown that the atmospheric effects in a spectral band depend in a specific fashion on these atmospheric parameters and on the surface spectral reflectivity. In addition, contrast transmittance through the atmosphere, which affects the possibilities of photointerpretation, is discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 9; Mar. 198
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  • 88
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    A spectral method for determining the percentage of green herbage material in clipped samples (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A laboratory radiometric method for the rapid determination of green and brown vegetation percentages in clipped grass samples has been developed and tested. The method uses red and photographic infrared radiance or reflectance differences between green and brown vegetation. Mixtures of green and brown material were found to have radiances or reflectances proportional to the percentage of green material present. This method may permit the use of rapid green/brown radiometric determinations to replace the tedious hand sorting now generally used. It may also have application in remote sensing of vegetation ground-truth work where the determination of dry green biomass in clipped samples is necessary.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 9; Mar. 198
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  • 89
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    A comparison between active and passive sensing of soil moisture from vegetated terrains (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A comparison between active and passive sensing of soil moisture over vegetated areas is studied via scattering models. In active sensing three contributing terms to radar backscattering can be identified: (1) the ground surface scatter term; (2) the volume scatter term representing scattering from the vegetation layer; and (3) the surface volume scatter term accounting for scattering from both surface and volume. In emission three sources of contribution can also be identified: (1) surface emission; (2) upward volume emission from the vegetation layer; and (3) downward volume emission scattered upward by the ground surface. As ground moisture increases, terms (1) and (3) increase due to increase in permittivity in the active case. However, in passive sensing, term (1) decreases but term (3) increases for the same reason. This self conpensating effect produces a loss in sensitivity to change in ground moisture. Furthermore, emission from vegetation may be larger than that from the ground. Hence, the presence of vegetation layer causes a much greater loss of sensitivity to passive than active sensing of soil moisture.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Scattering Models in the Microwave Regime; 35 p
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  • 90
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    Scattering from randomly oriented circular discs with application to vegetation (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A vegetation layer is modeled by a collection of randomly oriented circular discs over a half space. The backscattering coefficient from such a half space is computed using the radiative transfer theory. It is shown that significantly different results are obtained from this theory as compared with some earlier investigations using the same modeling approach but with restricted disc orientations. In particular, the backscattered cross polarized returns cannot have a fast increasing angular trend which is inconsistent with measurements. By setting the appropriate angle of orientation to zero the theory reduces to previously published results. Comparisons are shown with measurements taken from milo, corn and wheat and good agreements are obtained for both polarized and cross polarized returns.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Scattering Models in the Microwave Regime; 10 p
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  • 91
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    Agricultural applications of TM data (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Multitemporal Thematic Mapper, Thematic Mapper Simulator, and detailed ground truth data were collected for a 9- by 11-km sample segment in Webster County, Iowa, in the summer of 1982. Three dates were acquired each with Thematic Mapper Simulator (June 7, June 23, and July 31) and Thematic Mapper (August 2, September 3, and October 21). The additional TM spectral bands in the middle infrared were found to substantially improve corn/soybean separability in both single date and multitemporal analyses.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 92
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    Electron transport in Paracoccus halodenitrificans and the role of Ubiquinone (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The membrane-bound NADH oxidase of Paracoccus halodenitrificans was inhibited by dicoumarol, 2-n-heptyl-4-hydroxyquinoline-N-oxide (HQNO), and exposure to ultraviolet light (at 366 nm). When the membranes were extracted with n-pentane, NADH oxidase activity was lost. Partial restoration was achieved by adding the ubiquinone fraction extracted from the membranes. Succinate oxidation was not inhibited by dicoumarol or HQNO but was affected by ultraviolet irradiation or n-pentane extraction. However, the addition of the ubiquinone fraction to the n-pentane-extracted membranes did not restore enzyme activity. These observations suggested the reducing equivalents from succinate entered the respiratory chain on the oxygen side of the HQNO-sensitive site and probably did not proceed through a quinone.
    Keywords: LIFE SCIENCES (GENERAL)
    Type: Canadian Journal of Microbiology (ISSN 0008-4166); 30; 5, 19; 572-577
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  • 93
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    Modeling the directional reflectance from complete homogeneous vegetation canopies with various leaf-orientation distributions (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The directional-reflectance distributions of radiant flux from homogeneous vegetation canopies with greater than 90 percent ground cover are analyzed with a radiative-transfer model. The model assumes that the leaves consist of small finite planes with Lambertian properties. Four theoretical canopies with different leaf-orientation distributions were studied: erectophile, spherical, planophile, and heliotropic canopies. The directional-reflectance distributions from the model closely resemble reflectance distributions measured in the field. The physical scattering mechanisms operating in the model explain the variations observed in the reflectance distributions as a function of leaf-orientation distribution, solar zenith angle, and leaf transmittance and reflectance. The simulated reflectance distribution show unique characteristics for each canopy. The basic understanding of the physical scattering properties of the different canopy geometries gained in this study provide a basis for developing techniques to infer leaf-orientation distributions of vegetation canopies from directional remote-sensing measurements.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Optical Society of America, Journal A: Optics and Image Science (ISSN 0740-3232); 1; 725-737
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  • 94
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    Potential benefits of new satellite sensors to wetland mapping (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Simulated Thematic Mapper (TMS) data are compared with data from a simulated multispectral scanner to determine whether digital data from the Thematic Mapper on board Landsat will be adequate for wetland mapping. Also considered is the question whether the Thematic Mapper will in fact improve discrimination among wetland cover types. It is found that for the six cover types examined the Thematic Mapper has the greatest discriminatory power in the infrared wavelength range from 1.0 to 1.3 microns. A distinct separation was found between low marsh and high marsh species in the middle infrared band (TM5), and this is expected to assist in the inventory of wetland habitats in the future.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0099-1112); 50; 599-606
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  • 95
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    The APL image processing laboratory (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The present and proposed capabilities of the Central Image Processing Laboratory, which provides a powerful resource for the advancement of programs in missile technology, space science, oceanography, and biomedical image analysis, are discussed. The use of image digitizing, digital image processing, and digital image output permits a variety of functional capabilities, including: enhancement, pseudocolor, convolution, computer output microfilm, presentation graphics, animations, transforms, geometric corrections, and feature extractions. The hardware and software of the Image Processing Laboratory, consisting of digitizing and processing equipment, software packages, and display equipment, is described. Attention is given to applications for imaging systems, map geometric correction, raster movie display of Seasat ocean data, Seasat and Skylab scenes of Nantucket Island, Space Shuttle imaging radar, differential radiography, and a computerized tomographic scan of the brain.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Johns Hopkins APL Technical Digest (ISSN 0270-5214); 5; 59-78
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  • 96
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    Simple descriptor for contextual classification of hyperdimensional remotely sensed spectral data (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An extended CIE transformation was employed to deal with data reduction problems of hyperdimensional spectral data for NASA airborne and Shuttle imaging spectrometers. A simple descriptor was found to be very effective in analyzing spectral data covers from 0.4 to 2.4 microns. Results reveal contextual properties of minerals, vegetation, and crops. It provides a means to monitor seasonal growth variations for crops. It can also serve as pseudocolor indexing for imaging spectrometer imagery extended beyond the visible range.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Applied Optics (ISSN 0003-6935); 23; 465-468
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  • 97
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    Automatic corn-soybean classification using Landsat MSS data. I - Near-harvest crop proportion estimation. II - Early season crop proportion estimation (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The techniques used initially for the identification of cultivated crops from Landsat imagery depended greatly on the iterpretation of film products by a human analyst. This approach was not very effective and objective. Since 1978, new methods for crop identification are being developed. Badhwar et al. (1982) showed that multitemporal-multispectral data could be reduced to a simple feature space of alpha and beta and that these features would separate corn and soybean very well. However, there are disadvantages related to the use of alpha and beta parameters. The present investigation is concerned with a suitable method for extracting the required features. Attention is given to a profile model for crop discrimination, corn-soybean separation using profile parameters, and an automatic labeling (target recognition) method. The developed technique is extended to obtain a procedure which makes it possible to estimate the crop proportion of corn and soybean from Landsat data early in the growing season.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment (ISSN 0034-4257); 14; 15-29
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  • 98
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    Snowpack monitoring in North America and Eurasia using passive microwave satellite data (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Areas of the Canadian high plains, the Montana and North Dakota high plains, and the steppes of central Russia have been studied in an effort to determine the utility of spaceborne microwave radiometers for monitoring snow depths in different geographic areas. Significant regression relationships between snow depth and microwave brightness temperatures were developed for each of these homogeneous areas. In each of the study areas investigated in this paper, Nimbus-6 (0.81 cm) ESMR data produced higher correlations than Nimbus-5 (1.55 cm) ESMR data in relating microwave brightness temperature to snow depth. It is difficult to extrapolate relationships between microwave brightness temperature and snow depth from one area to another because different geographic areas are likely to have different snowpack conditions.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 10; Dec. 198
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  • 99
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    View angle effects in the radiometric measurement of plant canopy temperatures (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The thermal infrared sensor response from a wheat canopy was extremely non-Lambertian because of spatial variations in energy flow processes; the effective radiant temperature of the sensor varied as much as 13 C with changing view angle. This variation of sensor response was accurately quantified (root-mean-square of deviations between theoretical and measured responses reduced to 1.1 C) as a function of vegetation canopy geometry, vertical temperature distribution of canopy components, and sensor view angle. The results have important implications for optimizing sensor view angles for remote sensing missions.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 10; Dec. 198
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  • 100
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    A comparative study of microwave radiometer observations over snowfields with radiative transfer model calculations (1980)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: (Previously announced in STAR as N79-30611)
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment; 10; Nov. 198
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