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  • 101
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    Basin-scale interaction between post-LGM faulting and morpho-sedimentary processes in the S. Eufemia Gulf (Southern Tyrrhenian Sea) (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-05-09
    Beschreibung: The integrated interpretation of high-resolution multibeam bathymetry, seismic profiles and backscatter data in the S. Eufemia Gulf (SEG; Calabro-Tyrrhenian continental margin, south-eastern Tyrrhenian Sea) documents the relationship between postglacial fault activity and morpho-sedimentary processes. Three systems of active normal faults that affect the seafloor or the shallow subsurface, have been identified: 1) the S. Eufemia fault system located on the continental shelf with fault planes mainly oriented N26E-N40E; 2) the offshore fault system that lies on the continental slope off Capo Suvero with fault planes mainly oriented N28E-N60E; 3) the Angitola Canyon fault system located on the seafloor adjacent to the canyon having fault planes oriented N60E- N85E. The faults produce a belt of linear escarpments with vertical displacement varying from a few decimeters to about 12 m. One of the most prominent active structures is the fault F1 with the highest fault length (about 9.5 km). Two main segments of this fault are identified: a segment characterised by seafloor deformation with metric slip affecting Holocene deposits; a segment characterised by folding of the seafloor. A combined tectono- stratigraphic model of an extensional fault propagation fold is proposed here to explain such different deformation. In addition to the seabed escarpments produced by fault deformation, in the SEG, a strong control of fault activity on recent sedimentary processes is clearly observed. For example, canyons and channels frequently change their course in response to their interaction with main tectonic structures. Moreover, the upper branch of the Angitola Canyon shows straight flanks determined by fault scarps. Tectonics also determined different sediment accumulation rates and types of sedimentation (e.g., the accumulation of hanging wall turbidite deposits and the development of contourite deposits around the Maida Ridge). Furthermore, the distribution of landslides is often connected to main fault scarps and fluids are locally confined in the hanging wall side of faults and can escape at the seabed, generating pockmarks aligned along their footwall.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 108775
    Beschreibung: OST2 Deformazione e Hazard sismico e da maremoto
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): High-resolution mapping ; Active faults ; Submarine landslides ; Tectonic geomorphology
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 102
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    Faulting, sediment loading, and flow of underlying ductile units: A case study from the Western Ionian Basin Offshore Eastern Sicily (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-05-09
    Beschreibung: Tectono-stratigraphic analysis coupled with digital 3D surface modelling derived from high-resolution seismic profiles is performed along a narrow turbidite basin offshore E-Sicily in order to increase understanding on the processes that contributed to the shaping of the Western Ionian Basin. Seismic-reflector patterns of the identified Pliocene-Quaternary sequence point to syn-depositional deformation during the Pliocene associated with the simultaneous activity of regional faults and underlying ductile units. Long-wavelength sediment fanning results from the extensional activity of the Malta Escarpment faults. Conversely, internal reflector architecture and lateral terminations indicate localized subsidence associated with the growth of uprising structures in the easternmost part of the basin. Lateral shifting of basin depocenters is in line with withdrawal effects observed in basins floored by ductile units (salt or shale). 3D modelling of time-reference surfaces highlights sub-circular depressions associated with nearby structural culminations. This pattern is similar to salt-withdrawal mini- basins commonly reported in evaporite-floored basins. Accordingly, salt migration/flow triggered by sediment loading, locally enhanced by fault activity, is proposed as the process controlling basin evolution during the Pliocene in the Western Ionian Domain. Nevertheless, the possibility of shale/mud tectonics as the ductile source of deformation cannot be discounted
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 104932
    Beschreibung: OST2 Deformazione e Hazard sismico e da maremoto
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): Syn-depositional deformation ; Ductile flow ; Turbidite basin ; Western Ionian Basin
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 103
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    Volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from diffuse degassing areas: Interstitial soil gases as message bearers from deep hydrothermal reservoirs (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-05-09
    Beschreibung: The chemical composition of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in interstitial soil gases from hydrothermal areas is commonly shaped by both deep hydrothermal conditions (e.g., temperature, redox, sulfur fugacity) and shallow secondary processes occurring near the soil-atmosphere interface. Caldara di Manziana and Solfatara di Nepi, i.e., two hydrothermal systems characterized by diverse physicochemical conditions located in the Sabatini Volcanic District and Vicano-Cimino Volcanic District, respectively (Central Italy), were investigated to evaluate the capability of VOCs in soil gases to preserve information from the respective feeding deep fluid reservoirs. Hierarchical cluster analyses and robust principal component analyses allowed recognition of distinct groups of chemical parameters of soil gases collected from the two study areas. The compositional dissimilarities from the free-gas discharges were indeed reflected by the chemical features of soil gases collected from each site, despite the occurrence of shallow processes, e.g., air mixing and microbial degradation processes, affecting VOCs. Four distinct groups of VOCs were recognized suggesting similar sources and/or geochemical behaviors, as follows: (i) S-bearing compounds, whose abundance (in particular that of thiophenes) was strictly dependent on the sulfur fugacity in the feeding system; (ii) C4,5,7+ alkanes, n-hexane, cyclics and alkylated aromatics, related to relatively low-temperature conditions at the gas source; (iii) C2,3 alkanes, benzene, benzaldehyde and phenol, i.e., stable compounds and thermal degradation products; and (iv) aliphatic O-bearing compounds, largely influenced by shallow processes within the soil. However, they maintain a chemical speciation that preserves a signature derived from the supplying deep-fluids, with aldehydes and ketones becoming more enriched after intense interaction of the hypogenic fluids with shallow aquifers. Accordingly, the empirical results of this study suggest that the chemical composition of VOCs in soil gases from hydrothermal areas provides insights into both deep source conditions and fluid circulation dynamics, identifying VOCs as promising geochemical tracers for geothermal exploration.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 169047
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): Central Italy; Geochemical tracers; Hydrothermal reservoirs; Soil gases; VOCs
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 104
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    A global lithospheric magnetic field model between ± 65° latitude derived from CSES satellite scalar data (2024)
    Elsevier
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-05-16
    Beschreibung: The China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite (CSES) was launched successfully in February 2018. It is China's first satellite to measure geophysical fields with scientific goals in both space and solid earth physics. In this work, we used CSES scalar magnetic data to derive a global lithospheric magnetic field model between ±65° geographic latitudes. The nightside data from March 2018 to November 2022 under quiet space weather conditions were selected. Then, the core and external fields were removed with the CHAOS-7 model. After further data quality control, the data were used to build a lithospheric magnetic field model using a spherical harmonic analysis. The obtained CSES model was compared with the CHAOS-7, CM6, and MF7 models in terms of power spectra and anomaly details, which confirmed that the CSES scalar data had good quality and could provide a reliable lithospheric magnetic field model up to degree 42.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 107036
    Beschreibung: OSA1: Variazioni del campo magnetico terrestre, imaging crostale e sicurezza del territorio
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 105
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    Hydrogeochemistry of trace and rare earth elements in the Caviahue-Copahue Volcanic Complex (2024)
    Elsevier
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-05-16
    Beschreibung: The Caviahue-Copahue Volcanic Complex is one of the most studied active volcanic systems in the South American Andean range, and yet little research has focused on trace and rare-earth elements of waters, especially during an eruptive cycle. In this study, we sampled and investigated natural waters from 23 sites (involving the crater lake, hot springs, streams, rivers, and bubbling pools) in two campaigns in 2017 and 2018, using physi cochemical parameters, major, trace and rare-earth elements concentrations. With this novel dataset, it was possible to identify, characterize and compare three groups of waters with distinctive hydrofacies. Indeed, the normalization of water compositions against host rock concentrations showed a particular trace element pattern for each group of waters. Although the absolute concentrations of the elements in each sampling site changed from 2017 to 2018, the normalized patterns did not. Boron, As, Cd, Tl, Se, and Te, commonly recognized as volatile, are the main trace elements that magmatic gases supply to the system headwaters, whereas elements such as Ca, K, and Ba are affected by precipitation of secondary minerals (gypsum, anhydrite, barite, jarosite, and alunite). Furthermore, the main river draining the summit volcano shows a steep decrease in As, Cr, and V concentrations correlated to the precipitation of Fe and Al hydroxysulfates (schwertmannite and basaluminite, respectively). Moreover, it is the first time that a comparison between the different water groups is made using the patterns of the rare-earth elements, allowing us to identify and separate depletion patterns due to dilution processes from those due to precipitation processes.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 121602
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): Copahue volcano ; Hydrological system ; Geothermal ; Trace elements ; Rare earth elements
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 106
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    New biostratigraphic and paleoecologic data on the Pliocene-Pleistocene paleogeographic evolution of the northeastern coastal area of the central Tyrrhenian sea (Italy) (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-05-16
    Beschreibung: In this work, we present new biostratigraphic and paleoecological data from the Mignone River valley, located in the central sector of the Tyrrhenian Sea margin and part of the wider Tarquinia basin, and cores in the area of Rome. By combining the new paleontological information with a review of the extant literature, we re-examine the stratigraphic architecture of the Pliocene succession in the central sector of the northwestern Tyrrhenian Sea margin, spanning the Zanclean (MPl1; 5.33–5.08 Ma) through the early Piacenzian (MPl4b; 3.57–3.31 Ma), and of the following Pleistocene transgressive-regressive sequence, comprising the Gelasian (MPl6; 2.59–1.81 Ma) through the Santernian (MPl1; 1.81–1.5 Ma). We propose a revision of the paleogeographic evolution of the central Tyrrhenian Sea basins throughout the Pliocene-Lower Pleistocene interval, by coherently framing it within the chronology of the volcanic phases that occurred in this region. In particular, our reconstruction points toward the presence of a single Transgressive- Regressive (T-R) sequence starting with the Zanclean reflooding of the Mediterranean after the Messinian Salinity Crisis and ending in the Piacenzian, as opposed to the previously proposed occurrence of two depositional T-R sequences separated by an erosional phase affecting part of the Globorotalia puncticulata biozone.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 1-20
    Beschreibung: OST2 Deformazione e Hazard sismico e da maremoto
    Beschreibung: OSA2: Evoluzione climatica: effetti e loro mitigazione
    Beschreibung: OSA4: Ambiente marino, fascia costiera ed Oceanografia operativa
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): Pliocene ; Pleistocene ; Biostratigraphy ; Tyrrhenian sea margin ; Paleoenvironments ; Depositional T-R sequence
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 107
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    Particle classification in the LAGO water Cherenkov detectors using clustering algorithms (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-05-16
    Beschreibung: The Latin American Giant Observatory (LAGO) is a ground-based observatory studying solar or high-energy astrophysics transient events. LAGO takes advantage of its distributed network of Water Cherenkov Detectors (WCDs) in Latin America as a tool to measure the secondary particle flux reaching the ground. These secondary particles are produced during the interaction between the modulated cosmic rays flux and the atmosphere. The LAGO WCDs are sensitive to secondary charged particles, high energy photons through pair creation and Compton scattering, and even neutrons thanks to, e.g., the deuteration of protons in the water volume. The pulse shape generated by these particles depends on several factors, such as the detector geometry, the water purity, the sensor response, or the reflectivity and diffusivity of the inner coating. Due to the decentralized nature of LAGO, these properties are different for each node. Additionally, the pulse shape depends on the convolution between the response of the central photomultiplier (PMT) to individual photons and the time distribution of the Cherenkov photons reaching the PMT. Typically, a WCD gives pulses with a sharp rise time ( 10 ns) and a longer decay time ( 70 ns). In this work, the WCD data used is acquired using the original LAGO data-acquisition system that digitizes pulses at a sampling rate of 40 MHz and 10 bits resolution on time windows of 400 ns. Here, we apply unsupervised machine learning techniques to find patterns in the WCDs data and subsequently create groups, through clustering, that can be used to provide particle separation. We use data acquired from an individual WCD, showing that density-based clustering algorithms are suitable for automatic particle separation producing good candidate groups. Improved separation would help LAGO to reconstruct in situ the properties of primary cosmic rays flux. These results open the possibility to deploy machine learning-based models in our distributed detection network for onboard data analysis as an operative prototype, allowing detectors to be installed at very remote sites.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 168557
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): 05.07. Space and Planetary sciences
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 108
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    Physical and chemical characterization of the Pomici di Avellino ashes (3.9 ka) from Somma-Vesuvius volcano for future health hazard assessment (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-05-17
    Beschreibung: Volcanic ashes can threaten the human respiratory system through inhalation. In this study we investigated the physical and chemical characteristics of volcanic ashes from the Pomici di Avellino (PdA) eruption, an Early Bronze Age (ca. 3.9 ka) Plinian event from Somma-Vesuvius volcano, southern Italy, whose wide dispersal affected most of the Italian peninsula. In particular, we analysed particle size, shape, composition, and surface reactivity of samples from both proximal and distal locations. Our results indicate that some tephra layers north of Rome have a phonolitic composition and match that of PdA eruption; they reach grain-sizes 〈2 μm (~13.5%), thus having the potential to enter the deep respiratory system. Furthermore, the reactivity in free radical generation makes these products potentially able to cause oxidative stress within cells. While commonly no volcanic hazard assessment is made in areas far from active volcanoes, this study highlights that fine ashes from future similar large eruptions, producing high amount of highly fragmented material, can pose a health hazard even in remote, non-volcanic areas, hundreds of km away from the vent, suggesting that further studies on ash toxicity (e.g., in vitro toxicity studies) are required.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 107826
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 109
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    Statistical retrieval of volcanic activity in long time series orbital data: Implications for forecasting future activity (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-05-17
    Beschreibung: Several high spatial resolution thermal infrared (TIR) missions are planned for the coming decade and their data will be crucial to constrain volcanic activity patterns throughout pre- and post-eruption phases. Foundational to these patterns is the subtle (1−2 K) thermal behavior, which is easily overlooked using lower spatial resolution data. In preparation for these new data, we conducted the first study using the entire twenty-two-year archive of higher spatial, lower temporal resolution TIR data from the Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and Reflection Radiometer (ASTER) sensor. This archive presents a unique opportunity to quantify low-magnitude temperature anomalies and small plumes over long time periods. We developed a new statistical algorithm to automatically detect the full range of thermal activity and applied it to 〉5000 ASTER scenes of five volcanoes with well-documented eruptions. Unique to this algorithm is its ability to use both day and night data, account for clouds, quantify accurate background temperatures, and dynamically scale depending on the anomaly size. Results improve upon those from the more commonly used lower spatial resolution data, despite the less frequent temporal coverage of ASTER, and show that high spatial resolution TIR data are equally as effective. Significantly, the smaller, subtle thermal detections served as precursory signals in ∼81% of eruptions, and the algorithm's results create a framework for classifying future eruptive styles.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 113704
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 110
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    Tectonically-determined distribution of monogenetic volcanoes in a compressive tectonic regime: An example from the Pannonian continental back-arc system (Central Europe) (2024)
    Elsevier
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-05-17
    Beschreibung: This paper presents the results from a geographic information systems (GIS) workflow, which was used to analyze the spatial distribution and temporal evolution of volcanoes in the Mio-Pleistocene monogenetic Bakony- Balaton Highland Volcanic Field (BBHVF), located in the Pannonian Basin, Hungary. Volcanism occurred during the tectonic inversion in a back-arc setting and a compressive/transpressive tectonic regime on the hottest and thinnest lithosphere of continental Europe. The main goal of this study is to clarify the effect of the pre-existing structure of the upper lithosphere in the distribution of the volcanic centers across the volcanic field using an innovative GIS methodology. Orientation of the volcanic field was compared to the orientation of the faults in the BBHVF, and in its larger vicinity, which resulted in correspondence, suggesting the dominance of the SW-NE direction. The directions of the volcanic lineaments fit well to the two main fault directions. The fault-volcano proximity analysis suggests that the fault plane of a thrust fault was an important structural feature during the lifespan of the volcanism. All results suggest that the fault plane of a regionally significant Cretaceous thrust fault (Lit ́er Fault) might have served as a temporary pathway for the ascending magma, whereby (similarly to other, smaller faults) redirecting the magmas causing clustering of the volcanoes. This highlights the importance of major upper crustal structural heterogeneities for magma transport in a compressive tectonic system, espe- cially in the case of active, monogenetic volcanic fields from a volcanic hazard perspective. The present GIS workflow can be effective in analyzing the spatial patterns of the volcanism and its connection with crustal structures at monogenetic volcanic fields worldwide.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 107940
    Beschreibung: OSV2: Complessità dei processi vulcanici: approcci multidisciplinari e multiparametrici
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 111
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    Equatorial plasma bubble intensities across longitudinal sectors of the globe using GNSS observations (2024)
    Elsevier
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-05-17
    Beschreibung: We present the first investigation of Equatorial Plasma Bubble (EPB) intensities across longitudinal sectors of the globe using observations from global navigation satellite system (GNSS) receivers. GNSS data from a total of 93 receiver stations located within ±20 degrees of the geomagnetic equator across the globe were used. The data covered periods of years 2014 and 2019 which are respectively years of high and low solar activity in solar cycle 24. We define a parameter known as the Standard deviation of Residual TEC (SRT) to characterize the EPB intensities. The EPB occurrence was defined by day-night differences of the rate of change of TEC index (ROTI). We observed a high correlation (r ∼ 0.80) between the magnitudes of the SRT and ROTI during the EPB occurrence, but the correlation is low (r ∼ 0.37) during non occurrence of EPB. The EPB intensities are greater during seasons with high occurrence rates. The EPB intensities and occurrence rates are also greater during the high solar activity. We found that the post-sunset intensities are greatest in the Atlantic region, followed by the African region, then the American, Australian, Asian, and Pacific regions in that order. The post-midnight intensities are greatest in the African region, followed by the Atlantic, American, Australian, Asian, and Pacific regions in that order.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 106097
    Beschreibung: OSA3: Climatologia e meteorologia spaziale
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): 01.02. Ionosphere
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 112
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    High-resolution spatial analysis of temperature influence on the rainfall regime and extreme precipitation events in north-central Italy (2024)
    Elsevier
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-05-08
    Beschreibung: In the last few years, several works have analyzed rainfall regime changes with the increase of temperature as a result of global warming. These changes, documented mainly in northern Europe, still need to be clarified in the Mediterranean area. Many studies have identified sometimes contradictory trends according to the type of data used, the methodology, and the daily or subdaily types of events. Therefore, an in-depth investigation of the Mediterranean area is required for the definition of more certain future scenarios. In this study, we examined a very large database including 〉1000 raingauges and thermometers in northern and central Italy to analyze the relationship between temperature and rainfall using the relation Clausius-Clapeyron. Furthermore, we analyzed the relationship between temperature and extreme precipitation events (EPEs, defined as the events higher than the 95th percentile) calculating the temperature anomalies occurred during these events. This large database covers a low rainfall accumulation period (RAP) that allowed us to study the relationship between temperature and rainfall and to distinguish rapid from long events related to rainfall intensity. The results show different relationships between rainfall and temperature in relation to seasons, RAPs, rainfall intensity, and geographical factors. The high spatial density of the database made it possible to identify spatial clusters with homogenous characteristics mainly influenced by geographical factors. With an increase in temperature, the wet season is characterized by a general increase in rainfall with a higher surge for intense and fast events. Instead, the dry season shows a general rainfall decrease for less intense and longer events, but an increase in rapid and more intensive rainfall events. This outcome has further implications involving a future decrease in water availability and an increase of the EPEs, causing an extremization of the climate during the dry season for northern and central Italy.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 163368
    Beschreibung: OSA2: Evoluzione climatica: effetti e loro mitigazione
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): Current global warming; Extreme precipitation events; Italy; Mediterranean; Temperature increase
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 113
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    Dynamics of the 2021 unrest at Changbaishan Tianchi volcano from ALOS-2/PALSAR-2 and seismic data (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-05-10
    Beschreibung: The Changbaishan Tianchi intraplate volcano is one of the most active and hazardous volcanoes of NE Asia, characterized by a summit caldera formed after the 946 CE ‘Millennium’ Plinian eruption. From December 2020 to June 2021, the frequency and magnitude of earthquakes at Tianchi were significantly higher than during background periods, with hundreds of earthquakes (46 events per month in average) and reaching a local magnitude of ML 3.1. This study reports a comprehensive deformation analysis and geophysical inversion scheme aimed to unveil the dynamics of this period. Multi-temporal InSAR analysis results of 32 ALOS-2 images from 2018 to 2022 show that the surface deformation is a combination of seasonal fluctuations (± 25 mm in average, with a maximum ± 45 mm) and a long-term positive component. The least squares linear regression of the deformation time series and temperature data, isolates the seasonal fluctuations, revealing a clear upliftsubsidence process from June 2020 to July 2021 in the caldera area. To constrain the Tianchi plumbing system dynamics, a combined inversion scheme consisting of three deformation sources is designed. The inversion results and the seismic records indicate that Tianchi volcano has experienced a low-level unrest episode from December 2020 to June 2021. The shallower plumbing system, located at about 5–9 km depth and modelled by pressurized spheroids, underwent a cumulative volume increase of 26 × 106 m3 from November 2018 to April 2021, followed by a volume decrease of 9 × 106 m3 from April to July 2021. This suggests magma uprising from the 14 km deep storage zone to the shallower plumbing system, followed by depressurization of the plumbing system due to the escape of fluids. This research provides a comprehensive understanding of the magma and fluid migration dynamics within the Tianchi multi-level plumbing system for the first time.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 103775
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 114
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    No distinct local cuisines among humpback whales: A population diet comparison in the Southern Hemisphere (2024)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3The Science of The Total Environment, Elsevier, 931, pp. 172939-172939, ISSN: 0048-9697
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-06-13
    Beschreibung: Southern hemisphere humpback whale (Megaptera novaeangliae, SHHW) breeding populations follow a high-fidelity Antarctic krill (Euphausia superba) diet while feeding in distinct sectors of the Southern Ocean. Their capital breeding life history requires predictable ecosystem productivity to fuel migration and migration-related behaviours. It is therefore postulated that populations feeding in areas subject to the strongest climate change impacts are more likely to show the first signs of a departure from a high-fidelity krill diet. We tested this hypothesis by investigating blubber fatty acid profiles and skin stable isotopes obtained from five SHHW populations in 2019, and comparing them to Antarctic krill stable isotopes sampled in three SHHW feeding areas in the Southern Ocean in 2019. Fatty acid profiles and δ13C and δ15N varied significantly among all five populations, however, calculated trophic positions did not (2.7 to 3.1). Similarly, fatty acid ratios, 16:1ω7c/16:0 and 20:5ω3/22:6ω3 were above 1, showing that whales from all five populations are secondary heterotrophs following an omnivorous diet with a diatom-origin. Thus, evidence for a potential departure from a high-fidelity Antarctic krill diet was not seen in any population. δ13C of all populations were similar to δ13C of krill sampled in productive upwelling areas or the marginal sea-ice zone. Consistency in trophic position and diet origin but significant fatty acid and stable isotope differences demonstrate that the observed variability arises at lower trophic levels. Our results indicate that, at present, there is no evidence of a divergence from a high-fidelity krill diet. Nevertheless, the characteristic isotopic signal of whales feeding in productive upwelling areas, or in the marginal sea-ice zone, implies that future cryosphere reductions could impact their feeding ecology.
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Materialart: Article , isiRev
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    Insights into the explosive eruption history of the Campanian volcanoes prior to the Campanian Ignimbrite eruption (2024)
    Elsevier
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-06-12
    Beschreibung: The Campanian Volcanic Zone (CVZ) comprises multiple active volcanoes and includes the highly productive Campi Flegrei and Ischia caldera systems. These caldera volcanoes have produced probably the largest eruptions in Europe in the past 200 ka, such as the Monte Epomeo Green Tuff (MEGT; Ischia) at ca. 56 ka and the Campanian Ignimbrite (CI; Campi Flegrei) at ca. 40 ka, which form widespread isochrons across the Mediterranean region. These closely-spaced volcanic centres erupt phonolitic to trachytic glass compositions that are similar, and thus it can be challenging to correlate tephra deposits to specific volcanic sources. Here we present a detailed tephrostratigraphy for pre-CI eruption activity using the units preserved within a sequence at the coastal Acquamorta outcrop, on the western side of the CI caldera rim. Both the MEGT and CI units are present in the section, and they bracket twelve eruption units that were logged and sampled. New major and trace element glass chemistry data have been acquired for these Acquamorta tephra deposits. Three eruption deposits from Ischia and nine from Campi Flegrei are identified, which helps constrain the tempo of volcanic activity of these centres between the large caldera-forming eruptions. The three Ischia tephra deposits between the MEGT and the CI are indistinguishable based on both major and trace element glass chemistry and cannot be correlated to a specific or known eruption in this interval, such as the Schiappone tephra. The compositional variations between the Campi Flegrei eruptions reveal temporal shifts in the composition of the tephra deposits that reflect changes in the magmatic system prior to the CI eruption. These deposits indicate that there were at least nine eruptions at Campi Flegrei within 16 ka of the enormous CI eruption, and suggest that there was no significant period of repose before the caldera generating eruption.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 107915
    Beschreibung: OSV2: Complessità dei processi vulcanici: approcci multidisciplinari e multiparametrici
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Impacts of volcanic hazards on rural communities and adaptative strategies: A case study of the Virunga Volcanic Province (Democratic Republic of Congo) (2024)
    Elsevier
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-06-12
    Beschreibung: Active volcanoes are a continuous threat for several regions worldwide and cause socio-economic and environmental issues, including the Virunga Volcanic Province (D.R. Congo). There, more than 2 million people are permanently exposed to the hazards of the most active volcanoes in Africa: Nyiragongo and Nyamulagira. However, there is a clear lack of information regarding the impacts of these hazards and how they may be affected by social vulnerability. In this study, a household survey based on semi-structural interviews was performed for rural communities in Virunga. This research aims to (i) investigate the impacts of volcanic hazards on rural communities facing distinct levels of social vulnerability, (ii) understand the adaptive strategies developed by these communities to address these impacts, and finally (iii) identify the main grievances with respect to volcanic hazards raised by these rural communities. The most vulnerable households are those directly affected by volcano-tectonic hazards such as lava flows, mazukus, volcanic gases, ash fallout, and seismic activity. Indirect dangers related to water and food contamination by volcanic emissions are also stronger for the most vulnerable households. Respondents reported that most edible plants and waters are strongly affected by direct volcanic emissions. Drinking waters, which come from traditional drainage, rainfall, and streams, are generally not suitable for human consumption in the study area. Community suggestions for addressing issues related to volcanic-tectonic hazards include efforts to improve water and food quality, enhancement of the sanitary system, timely information on the volcanic activity, volcano monitoring, and capacity building for volcanologists.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 103566
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): Volcanic hazards ; Social vulnerability ; Risks perception ; Nyiragongo ; Nyamulagira
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 117
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    Fault rupture and aseismic creep accompanying the December 26, 2018, Mw 4.9 Fleri earthquake (Mt. Etna, Italy): Factors affecting the surface faulting in a volcano-tectonic environment (2024)
    Elsevier
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-06-12
    Beschreibung: On December 26, 2018 (2:19 UTC), during a volcanic eruption on the Mt. Etna eastern flank (Sicily, southern Italy), the largest instrumental earthquake ever recorded in the volcano ruptured the Fiandaca Fault, with epicenter between Fleri and Pennisi villages (hypocenter at ca. 300 m a. s. l., Mw 4.9). This was the mainshock of an earthquake swarm and it was accompanied by widespread surface faulting and extensive damage along a narrow belt near the fault trace. Few hours after the mainshock, an episodic aseismic creep event occurred along the Aci Platani Fault, a SE extension of the Fiandaca Fault, which caused several damages in the Aci Platani village. We surveyed and mapped the coseismic and aseismic ground ruptures, and collected structural data on their geometry, displacement, and fault zone fabric. We compared the mapped surface ruptures with topography, lithology, and morphology of the buried top of the sedimentary basement. We conclude that the geometry of the volcanic pile influenced the surface expression of faulting during the December 26, 2018 event. The top surface of the marly clay basement should be considered as a detachment surface for shallow sliding blocks. The earthquake occurred on top of a depression of the sedimentary basement forcing the sliding eastward, causing at surface the re-arrangement of the fault strand pattern and deformation style, switching from shear faulting to a tensile failure. The Fleri earthquake therefore provides an unprecedented dataset for 1) understanding active faulting in the European largest onshore volcano, 2) modeling its complex dynamics, and 3) contributing to a more refined surface faulting hazard assessment at Mt. Etna. Results from this investigation might be useful for characterizing capable faulting in similar volcano-tectonic settings worldwide.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 25-41
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): 2018 Fleri earthquake ; Mt. Etna ; Surface faulting ; Geological hazards ; Aseismic creep
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 118
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    Hydrothermal alteration and physical and mechanical properties of rocks in a volcanic environment: A review (2024)
    Elsevier
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-06-13
    Beschreibung: Volcanic rocks are the prominent host rocks in geothermal and volcanic systems in general, displaying heterogeneity. Although various external factors such as temperature, pressure, time, fluid chemistry, and subsurface geology have been thoroughly researched regarding the source of hydrothermal minerals in geothermal fields, the effect of hydrothermal alteration on volcanic hosts is still controversial in the literature. This review compiles data on the physical and mechanical properties of the host rocks composing volcanic environments exhibiting hydrothermal alteration or remaining unaltered. The considered data is originated from hydrothermal areas from Kuril-Kamchatka (Russia), Los Humeros (Mexico), Ngatamaraki, Rotokawa, Kawerau and Ohakuri geothermal fields and Mt. Ruapehu, Mt. Taranaki, and Whakaari volcanoes (New Zealand), Solfatara (Italy), Reykjanes, Nesjavellir, and Theistarereykir geothermal fields (Iceland), La Soufrière de Guadeloupe (Caribbean) volcano, and Merapi volcano (Indonesia). Analysis of average values displayed in several graphical representations and correlations finds that dense rocks (such as lavas and intrusive rocks) exhibit greater competence and lower porosity than fragmental rocks. However, altered dense rocks display greater variability in mechanical properties compared to pyroclastic rocks, primarily influenced by mineral dissolution leading to rock weakening. Exceptions occur for high-temperature hydrothermal alteration, such as advanced silicification and propylitic alteration, with the latter influenced by minor types of alteration. Fragmental rocks have diverse behaviour with the extent of hydrothermal alteration and welding/compaction. According to the compiled data, an overall strengthening of pyroclastic rocks develops as hydrothermal alteration increases, regardless of the type of hydrothermal alteration. The complexity of hydrothermal systems, the variability shown by different hydrothermal settings and histories in terms of temperature, fluid chemistry and secondary mineral assemblage, and the variety of rock materials with different microstructures contribute to moderate correlations between properties compared to those established in an unaltered state. However, the same trends (linear, nonlinear, positive, negative) are preserved along hydrothermal alteration. This review emphasizes the significance of the type and degree of hydrothermal alteration, along with the rock type and pre-existence of fractures, in shaping the development of alteration in volcanic environments and modifying the properties of host rocks. The relevance of the review relies on the fact that these properties are considered to enhance the productivity of geothermal fields and improve the assessment of volcanic hazards. Future research is expected to expand on this groundwork.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 104754
    Beschreibung: OSV4: Preparazione alle crisi vulcaniche
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): Hydrothermal alteration ; physical properties ; degree of hydrothermal alteration ; mechanical properties ; hydrothermal alteration facies ; intrusion-related geothermal systems ; 04.08. Volcanology
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    A ticket to where? Dwindling snow cover impacts the winter tourism sector as a consequence of climate change (2024)
    Elsevier
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-06-13
    Beschreibung: Climate change affects human activities, including tourism across various sectors and time frames. The winter tourism industry, dependent on low temperatures, faces significant impacts. This paper reviews the implications of climate change on winter tourism, emphasising challenges for activities like skiing and snowboarding, which rely on consistent snowfall and low temperatures. As the climate changes, these once taken-for-granted conditions are no longer as commonplace. Through a comprehensive review supported by up-to-date satellite imagery, this paper presents evidence suggesting that the reliability of winter snow is decreasing, with findings revealing a progressive reduction in snow levels associated with temperature and precipitation changes in some regions. The analysis underscores the need for concerted efforts by stakeholders who must recognize the reality of diminishing snow availability and work towards understanding the specific changes in snow patterns. This should involve multi-risk and multi-instrument assessments, including ongoing satellite data monitoring to track snow cover changes. The practical implications for sports activities and the tourism industry reliant on snow involve addressing challenges by diversifying offerings. This includes developing alternative winter tourism activities less dependent on snow, such as winter hiking, nature walks, or cultural experiences.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 120554
    Beschreibung: OSA2: Evoluzione climatica: effetti e loro mitigazione
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): Climate change ; Adaptation ; Tourism losses ; Winter sport ; Multi-date satellite imagery ; 05.09. Miscellaneous
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 120
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    Validation of the IRI-2020 topside ionosphere options through in-situ electron density observations by low-Earth-orbit satellites (2024)
    Elsevier
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-06-13
    Beschreibung: The topside ionosphere extends from the F2-layer peak, where the electron density reaches its absolute maximum in the ionosphere, to the overlying plasmasphere and magnetosphere. In the topside ionosphere, the electron density decreases with height with a vertical variation rate strongly dependent on height itself. The last version of the International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) model, i.e., IRI-2020, describes this complex behavior through four topside options based on different sub-models (i.e., options) developed from the 1970s to the present. All these options have in common the F2-layer peak as an anchor point, while they differ in their topside electron density profile and/or plasma effective scale height formulations. In this work, we perform a validation of the accuracy of the four IRI-2020 topside options based on the comparison against in-situ electron density observations by Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE), Ionospheric Connection Explorer (ICON), and Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) F15 low-Earth-orbit satellites. Datasets used in this study encompass observations recorded from 1999 to 2022, covering different diurnal, seasonal, and solar activity conditions, on a global basis and for the height range 400–850 km above the ground. The nearly two solar cycles dataset facilitated the evaluation of IRI-2020 topside options ability to reproduce the spatial and time variations of the topside ionosphere for different solar activity conditions. The weaknesses and strengths of each IRI-2020 topside option are highlighted and discussed, and suggestions on how to improve the modeling of the challenging topside ionosphere region within the IRI model are provided for future reference.
    Beschreibung: In press
    Beschreibung: OSA3: Climatologia e meteorologia spaziale
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): Topside ionosphere modeling ; International Reference Ionosphere (IRI) model ; In-situ electron density observations ; Low-Earth-Orbit satellites ; 01.02. Ionosphere
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Testate amoebae (Protozoa) in lakes of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau: Biodiversity, community structures, and protozoic biosilicification in relation to environmental properties and climate warming (2024)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3The Science of The Total Environment, Elsevier, 913, pp. 169661-169661, ISSN: 0048-9697
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-06-21
    Beschreibung: The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau (QTP) is characterized by a vast number of frozen and unfrozen freshwater reservoirs, which is why it is also called “the third pole” of the Earth or “Asian Water Tower”. We analyzed testate amoeba (TA) biodiversity and corresponding protozoic biosilicification in lake sediments of the QTP in relation to environmental properties (freshwater conditions, elevation, and climate). As TA are known as excellent bio-indicators, our results allowed us to derive conclusions about the influence of climate warming on TA communities and microbial biogeochemical silicon (Si) cycling. We found a total of 113 TA taxa including some rare and one unknown species in the analyzed lake sediments of the QTP highlighting the potential of this remote region for TA biodiversity. 〉1/3 of the identified TA taxa were relatively small (〈30 μm) reflecting the relatively harsh environmental conditions in the examined lakes. TA communities were strongly affected by physico-chemical properties of the lakes, especially water temperature and pH, but also elevation and climate conditions (temperature, precipitation). Our study reveals climate-related changes in TA biodiversity with consequences for protozoic biosilicification. As the warming trend in the QTP is two to three times faster compared to the global average, our results provide not only deeper insights into the relations between TA biodiversity and environmental properties, but also predictions of future developments in other regions of the world. Moreover, our results provide fundamental data for paleolimnological reconstructions. Thus, examining the QTP is helpful to understand microbial biogeochemical Si cycling in the past, present, and future.
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Materialart: Article , isiRev
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    Search for anomalies in Stromboli's pre-paroxysm activity through an automatic hybrid method of time series analysis (2024)
    Elsevier
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-06-21
    Beschreibung: Stromboli (Italy) is an open-vent volcano with persistent explosive activity producing up to five hundred mild explosions per day. Fluctuations in explosion intensity, varying even by orders of magnitude in terms of emitted volume and their subsequent impact on the surrounding regions, sometimes occur abruptly. Consequently, identifying precursors of larger eruptive activities, particularly for more intense (paroxysmal) explosions, is challenging. In order to search for anomalies in the pre-paroxysm activity related to the summer 2019 eruption, we applied a hybrid method to the automatic analysis of geophysical and geochemical time series. This approach is based on the combination of two methods: 1. the Empirical Mode Decomposition (EMD) and 2. the Support Vector Regression (SVR). The aggregation of these two methods allowed us to identify anomalies in the patterns of the geophysical and geochemical parameters measured on Stromboli in a ten-month period including the July–August 2019 eruption. The results of this study are encouraging for an improvement of the monitoring systems and for volcano early warning applications.
    Beschreibung: This work has been supported by the INGV project Pianeta Dinamico 2023-2025 - ObseRvation, Measurement and modelling of Eruptive processes (ORME), and partially supported by the Progetto Strategico Dipartimentale INGV 2019 “Forecasting eruptive activity at Stromboli volcano: timing, eruptive style, size, intensity and duration” (FIRST, Delibera n. 144/2020; Scientific Responsibility: S.C.). Furthermore, this research has benefited from the support of Convenzione B2 DPC-INGV 2022-2024, Stromboli, Task 1.3 “Development of a unique activity index and estimation of the probability of the transition between ‘ordinary’ and ‘extraordinary’ eruptive activity”, and of the INGV project “Reti Multiparametriche”, Task A2 “Development of methods for the identification of precursors of Stromboli's paroxysms and major explosions based on multiparametric data analysis and study of possible early warning techniques”.
    Beschreibung: In press
    Beschreibung: 108131
    Beschreibung: OSV1: Verso la previsione dei fenomeni vulcanici pericolosi
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): Stromboli volcano ; Volcanic monitoring ; Data analysis ; Multiparametric geophysics ; Paroxysmal explosions ; 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Gravimetry and hydrologic data to constrain the hydrodynamics of a karstic area: The Škocjan Caves study case (2024)
    Elsevier
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-05-27
    Beschreibung: In this paper we employ a combination of gravity and hydrologic data to constrain a hydraulic model of the Škocjan Caves, an allogenic dominated karstic system in Slovenia. The gravity time-series recorded by a spring-based gravimeter, are carefully analyzed to remove tidal and non-tidal effects and unveil the local hydrologic contribution, which is influenced by the temporary accumulation of water in the cave system during the flood events of the Reka river. We make use of a combined analysis of three large flood events with peak river discharge of about 200, 230 and 300 m3/s, that caused significant water level and gravity variations sensed by the pressure transducer and by the gravimeter. By the integration of hydraulic modelling we study the different coupled gravimetric-hydrologic responses to these flood events: we show that, depending on the peak discharge and duration of the event, different flow conditions are present in the cave system. In addition to the information provided by the pressure transducer, the gravimeter is sensitive to the flow dynamics in a different sector of the cave due to the choice of its location; this configuration helps to better constrain the hydraulic model. Moreover, we find that the autogenic recharge by percolating water can significantly affect the gravity time-series and must be considered in related models. By inclusion of both the hydraulic model outcomes and of the modelling of the autogenic recharge, we are able to better explain the gravity transients during the two smaller magnitude events. In particular, during such events the autogenic contribution produces a transient gravity signal, which is about 4 times larger than the allogenic one, while during the largest flood the allogenic contribution drastically overcomes the autogenic effect by a factor 20. By discussing this case, we prove the potential of terrestrial gravity observation to depict the hydro-dynamics of these complex karstic systems as well as the potential of gravimetry to remotely monitor these storage units.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 130453
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    28th September 2018 Mw 7.5 Sulawesi Supershear Earthquake, Indonesia: Ground effects and macroseismic intensity estimation using ESI-2007 scale (2024)
    Elsevier
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-05-27
    Beschreibung: The 28th September 2018 Sulawesi Supershear earthquake (MW 7.5) was one of the deadliest earthquakes in the recent history of Indonesia causing ∼4000 causalities. The earthquake caused a ∼ 177 km long surface rupture along the Palu-Karo fault. Apart from surface rupture, the earthquake caused extensive earthquake environmental effects (EEEs) around the Palu-Donggala area of Central Sulawesi, Indonesia, which includes tsunami, coastal landslide, liquefaction, ground cracks and more than 7300 landslides in hilly areas. Initial post-event analysis and reports assigned a Modified Mercalli Intensity (MMI) of VII to VIII in Palu City and the surrounding area. Building damage and ground effects caused by the earthquake suggested that seismic intensity was understated. Here we applied the EEEs information from field survey data, published reports, and remote sensing tools to determine macroseismic intensity using the Environmental Seismic Intensity (ESI-07) Scale. The ESI-07 intensity derived from the ground effects suggests the maximum intensity of X-XI, which is 3–4° higher than the traditional intensity estimated by the United States Geological Survey (USGS) and the Indonesian Agency for Meteorology, Climatology, and Geophysics (BMKG). ShakeMaps were generated considering the ESI-07 values. The ShakeMap was compared with the instrumentally derived ShakeMap for the Palu earthquake, which proves that the ShakeMap prepared from the instrumental data or structural damage data is underrated. We argue that proper documentation of the EEEs is necessary for such damaging earthquakes for future earthquake hazard mapping and planning in the study area and other earthquakes in Indonesia. In addition, this will help in defining the on-fault and off-fault damage zone towards reducing the seismic risk of the Palu Donggala area.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 107054
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): Sulawesi Earthquake ; Indonesia ; EEEs ; ESI-07 ; ShakeMap ; Seismic Hazard
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Sound velocities and single-crystal elasticity of hydrous Fo90 olivine to 12 GPa (2024)
    Elsevier
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-05-28
    Beschreibung: Nominally anhydrous minerals (NAMs) may contain significant amounts of water and constitute an important reservoir for mantle hydrogen. The colloquial term ‘water’ in NAMs is related to the presence of hydroxyl-bearing (OH􀀀 ) point defects in their crystal structure, where hydrogen is bonded to lattice oxygen and is charge-balanced by cation vacancies. This hydrous component may therefore have substantial effects on the thermoelastic parameters of NAMs, comparable to other major crystal-chemical substitutions (e.g., Fe, Al). Assessment of water concentrations in natural minerals from mantle xenoliths indicates that olivine commonly stores ~0–200 ppm of water. However, the lack of samples originating from depths exceeding ~250 km coupled with the rapid diffusion of hydrogen in olivine at magmatic temperatures makes the determination of the olivine water content in the upper mantle challenging. On the other hand, numerous experimental data show that, at pressures and temperatures corresponding to deep upper mantle conditions, the water storage capacity of olivine increases to 0.2–0.5 wt%. Therefore, determining the elastic properties of olivine samples with more realistic water contents for deep upper mantle conditions may help in interpreting both seismic velocity anomalies in potentially hydrous regions of Earth’s mantle as well as the observed seismic velocity and density contrasts across the 410-km discontinuity. Here, we report simultaneous single-crystal X-ray diffraction and Brillouin scattering experiments at room temperature up to 11.96(2) GPa on hydrous [0.20(3) wt% H2O] Fo90 olivine to assess its full elastic tensor, and complement these results with a careful re-analysis of all the available single-crystal elasticity data from the literature for anhydrous Fo90 olivine. While the bulk (K) and shear (G) moduli of hydrous Fo90 olivine are virtually identical to those of the corresponding anhydrous phase, their pressure derivatives K′ and G′ are slightly larger, although consistent within mutual uncertainties. We then defined linear relations between the water concentration in Fo90 olivine, the elastic moduli and their pressure derivatives, which were then used to compute the sound velocities of Fo90 olivine with higher degrees of hydration. Even for water concentrations as high as 0.5 wt%, the sound wave velocities of hydrous and anhydrous olivines were found to be identical within uncertainties at pressures corresponding to the base of the upper mantle. Contrary to previous claims, our data suggest that water in olivine is not seismically detectable, at least for contents consistent with deep upper mantle conditions. In addition to that, our data reveal that the hydration of olivine is unlikely to be a key factor in reconciling seismic velocity and density contrasts across the 410-km discontinuity with a pyrolitic mantle.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 107011
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    A multi-step approach to evaluate the sustainable use of groundwater resources for human consumption and agriculture (2024)
    Elsevier
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-05-28
    Beschreibung: The rapid decline in both quality and availability of freshwater resources on our planet necessitates their thorough assessment to ensure sustainable usage. The growing demand for water in industrial, agricultural, and domestic sectors poses significant challenges to managing both surface and groundwater resources. This study tests and proposes a hybrid evaluation approach to determine Groundwater Quality Indices (GQIs) for irrigation (IRRI), seawater intrusion (SWI), and potability (POT), finalized to the spatial distribution of groundwater suitability involving water quality indicator along with hydrogeological and socio-economic factors. Mean Decrease Accuracy (MDA) and Information Gain Ratio (IGR) were used to state the importance of chosen factors such as level of groundwater above the sea, thickness of the aquifer, land cover, distance from coastline, silt soil content, recharge, distance from river and lagoons, depth to water table from ground, distance from agricultural wells, hydraulic conductivity, and lithology for each quality index, separately. The results of both methods showed that recharge is the most important parameter for GQIIRRI and GQIPOT, while the distance from the coastline and the rivers, are the most important for GQISWI. The spatial modelling of GQIIRRI and GQIPOT in the study area has been achieved applying three machine learning (ML) algorithms: the Boosted Regression Tree (BRT), the Random Forest (RF), and the Support Vector Machine (SVM). Validation results showed that RF has the highest prediction for GQIIRRI, while the SVM model has the highest prediction for the GQIPOT index. It is worth to mention that the future utilization and testing of new algorithms could produce even better results. Finally, GQIIRRI and GQIPOT were combined and compared using two combine and overlay methods to prepare a hybrid map of multi-GQIs. The results showed that 69% of the study area is suitable for irrigation and potable use, due to both geogenic and anthropogenic activities which contribute to make some water resources unsuitable for either use. Specifically, the northern, western, and eastern portions of the study area are in the "very high and high quality" classes while the southern portion shows "very low and low quality" classes. In conclusion, the developed map and approach can serve as a practical guide for enhancing groundwater management, identifying suitable areas for various uses and pinpointing regions requiring improved management practices.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 119041
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): Artificial intelligence ; Groundwater suitability ; Quality index ; Vulnerability map
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Aseismic creep and gravitational sliding on the lower eastern flank of Mt. Etna: Insights from the 2002 and 2022 fault rupture events between Santa Venerina and Santa Tecla (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-05-29
    Beschreibung: Fault creep along the lower eastern flank of Mt. Etna volcano has been documented since the end of the 19th century and significantly contributes to the surface faulting hazard in the area. On 29 October 2002, during a seismic swarm related to dyke intrusions, two earthquakes caused extensive damage and surface faulting in an area between the Santa Venerina and Santa Tecla villages. On the same day after the two earthquakes, an episodic aseismic creep occurred along the Scalo Pennisi Fault close to the Santa Tecla coastline. On 8 February 2022, during another aseismic creep event along the Scalo Pennisi Fault, we observed the reopening of the pre existing 2002 ground ruptures mostly as pure dilational fractures. We mapped the 2002 and 2022 surface ruptures, and collected data on displacement, length, and pattern of ground breaks. Ground ruptures affected structures located along the activated fault segments, including roads, walls and buildings. The 2002 surface faulting propagation can be ascribed to a sliding of the Mt. Etna eastern flank toward the SE, as also suggested by the related shallow seismicity, and InSAR and geodetic data between 2002 and 2005. For the 2022 event, dif ferential InSAR data, acquired in both descending and ascending views, allowed us to decompose Line of Sight (LOS) displacement into horizontal and vertical components. We detect a ~ 700 m long and ~ 500 m wide deformation zone with a downward and eastward motion (max displacement ~1,5 cm) consistent with a normal fault. We inverted the InSAR–detected surface deformation using a uniform-slip fault model and obtained a shallow detachment for the causative fault, located at ~300 m depth, within the volcanic pile. This is the first in depth study along the Scalo Pennisi Fault to suggest a shallow faulting that accommodates Mt. Etna E flank gravitational sliding.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 229829
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): Etna ; Aseismic creep ; Earthquake ; Surface faulting ; Volcano-tectonic deformation ; InSAR
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 128
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    On the length and intensity of the West African summer monsoon during the last interglacial African humid period (2024)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Quaternary Science Reviews, Elsevier, 328, pp. 108542-108542, ISSN: 0277-3791
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-05-21
    Beschreibung: The increase in summer monsoon precipitation over western Africa during the last interglacial (LIG) relative to the pre-industrial (PI) is well documented, but it is uncertain whether this increase is due to larger rainfall rate alone, an extension of the summer monsoon season or a combination of the two. Due to different orbital config- uration, the boreal summer of the LIG was warmer but shorter than the PI, potentially influencing the summer monsoon duration. In this study, we employ a newly developed isotope-enabled climate model, AWI-ESM-wiso to investigate the intensity and length of the West African Summer Monsoon (WASM) for both LIG and PI time periods. Our model results indicate that, despite an intensification in summer insolation and an enhanced hydro-logical cycle, WASM season in the LIG is 9 days shorter compared to the PI. During the LIG, increased insolation in late spring and early summer strengthens the Saharan heat low (SHL) and its associated sub-systems, facilitating a faster accumulation of potential instability and an earlier WASM onset. However, a substantial earlier withdrawal of the WASM is also detected, driven by an earlier southward shift of insolation maximum. More- over, our findings are further supported by models participating in the 4th phase of the Paleoclimate Modelling Intercomparison Project (PMIP4).
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 129
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    Mapping hydrothermal and supergene alteration zones associated with carbonate-hosted Zn-Pb deposits by using PRISMA satellite imagery supported by field-based hyperspectral data, mineralogical and geochemical analysis (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-05-22
    Beschreibung: Delineating hydrothermal alteration and supergene caps is fundamental for mineral exploration of sulfide ores. The aim of this study is to apply a multi-scale workflow based on hyperspectral remote and proximal sensing data in order to delineate hydrothermal dolomitization and supergene alteration associated with the Mississippi Valley-Type Zn-Pb(-Ag) deposit of Jabali (Western Yemen). The area was investigated through hyperspectral images derived from the new launched Italian Space Agency’s PRISMA satellite, which has a higher spectral resolution compared to multispectral sensors and covers the mineral-diagnostic wavelength regions (such as the 2100 nm to 2300 nm range) with a Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) ≥ 100. Spectral mineral maps were produced through the band ratios method using specific feature extraction indices applied to the hyperspectral satellite data. The results were validated by using Visible Near InfraRed (VNIR) to Short Wave InfraRed (SWIR) reflectance spectra, mineralogical (XRPD) and geochemical (ICP-ES/MS) analyses on rock samples collected in the Jabali area. The dolomites footprint was mapped using a PRISMA Level 2C image, by enhancing the spectral differences between limestones and dolomites in the SWIR-2 region (major features centered at 2340 nm and 2320 nm, respectively). Gossans were detected due to the Fe3+ absorption band in the VNIR region at 900 nm. The Zn-Pb mineralized area, extended for approximately 25 km2, was thus identified by recognizing gossan occurrences in dolomites. The study demonstrates that the PRISMA satellite is effective in identifying Zn-Pb mineralized outcrops in sedimentary basins.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 105244
    Beschreibung: OSA5: Energia e georisorse
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 130
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    Double dare: Climate change and volcanic activity threatens local populations of Meta menardi (Araneae, Tetragnathidae) in Sicily (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-05-20
    Beschreibung: Meta menardi (Latreille, 1804) and M. bourneti Simon, 1922 (Araneae: Tetragnathidae) are ubiquitous inhabitants of the twilight zone of most hypogean sites across Europe. The two species are broadly distributed in Italy, including Sicily, where they show a remarkable segregation along the altitudinal gradient of Mount Etna. Thanks to our recent sampling activities in this area, we create a georeferenced dataset allowing the application of Species Distribution Modelling aiming at evaluating the current and the future habitat in light of the impacts caused by climate change on the local populations. We predicted a relatively wide suitable area for M bourneti, ranging from the sea level up to 1100 m a.sl., whereas for M. menardi the suitable area encompasses a narrow mid altitude strip, extending halfway between the areas suitable for M. bourneti, and the highly unsuitable volcanic uplands, heavily disturbed by the volcanic activity. The averaged future predictions for 2070 under RCP 8.5 scenario, show that M. bourneti will expand its range upwards, in areas that are now suitable for M. menardi. In turn, predictions for M. menardi indicate an extreme reduction of the current strip of suitable habitat, likely determining its local extinction. Our findings are further corroborated by the analysis of the bioclimatic niche of the two species assessed via multidimensional Hutchinsonian hypervolume, being much smaller in M. menardi compared to of M. bourneti. In light of our results, it seems likely that having wider climatic preference, M. bourneti will substitute M. menardi in most of its current range in Sicily. Future interventions aiming at the conservation of M. menardi on Mount Etna are strongly advised.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: e02699
    Beschreibung: OSA2: Evoluzione climatica: effetti e loro mitigazione
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): Cave-dwelling spiders ; Mount Etna ; Lava caves ; Climate change ; Niche segregation ; Species distribution modelling
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 131
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    Exploring the tidal responses of ocean worlds with PyALMA (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-05-20
    Beschreibung: Observations of the tidal response of celestial bodies quantified by the Love numbers are highly relevant in planetary geophysical investigations because they provide unique insight into the interior structures. For example, the high sensitivity of tidal deformations to the properties of the oceans detected beneath the icy surfaces of some moons is of paramount importance for investigations of their habitability. We present here PyALMA3, a software framework developed in Python devoted to the computation of planetary Love numbers. PyALMA3 is based on ALMA3, a previous version developed in Fortran. Conversion to Python significantly improves the accessibility and portability of the software. We tested PyALMA3 by applying it to the exploration of the tidal responses of Europa and the other Galilean moons. We show that accurate modeling of effects such as the viscoelastic deformations of ice and the water density gradient in the ocean (variations of 2–3% on the real part of k2) will be important in the context of geophysical investigations that will be conducted by future missions targeting icy moons, such as Europa Clipper and JUICE.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 116120
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): Galilean satellites ; Tides ; Planetary interior ; Ocean planets
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 132
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    Spectral and norm estimates for matrix-sequences arising from a finite difference approximation of elliptic operators (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-05-20
    Beschreibung: When approximating elliptic problems by using specialized approximation techniques, we obtain large structured matrices whose analysis provides information on the stability of the method. Here we provide spectral and norm estimates for matrix-sequences arising from the approximation of the Laplacian via ad hoc finite differences. The analysis involves several tools from matrix theory and in particular from the setting of Toeplitz operators and Generalized Locally Toeplitz matrix-sequences. Several numerical experiments are conducted, which confirm the correctness of the theoretical findings.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 10-43
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): Toeplitz matrix ; Generating function and spectral symbol ; Approximation of differential operators
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 133
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    Need for harmonized long-term multi-lake monitoring of African Great Lakes (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-05-20
    Beschreibung: To ensure the long-term sustainable use of African Great Lakes (AGL), and to better understand the functioning of these ecosystems, authorities, managers and scientists need regularly collected scientific data and information of key environmental indicators over multi-years to make informed decisions. Monitoring is regularly conducted at some sites across AGL; while at others sites, it is rare or conducted irregularly in response to sporadic funding or short-term projects/studies. Managers and scientists working on the AGL thus often lack critical long-term data to evaluate and gauge ongoing changes. Hence, we propose a multi-lake approach to harmonize data collection modalities for better understanding of regional and global environmental impacts on AGL. Climate variability has had strong impacts on all AGL in the recent past. Although these lakes have specific characteristics, their limnological cycles show many similarities. Because different anthropogenic pressures take place at the different AGL, harmonized multilake monitoring will provide comparable data to address the main drivers of concern (climate versus regional anthropogenic impact). To realize harmonized long-term multi-lake monitoring, the approach will need: (1) support of a wide community of researchers and managers; (2) political goodwill towards a common goal for such monitoring; and (3) sufficient capacity (e.g., institutional, financial, human and logistic resources) for its implementation. This paper presents an assessment of the state of monitoring the AGL and possible approaches to realize a long-term, multi-lake harmonized monitoring strategy. Key parameters are proposed. The support of national and regional authorities is necessary as each AGL crosses international boundaries.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 101988
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): Fisheries ; Limnology ; Pollution ; Biodiversity ; Climate change ; Erosion
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 134
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    Geochemical characteristics of natural springs within the Lenglongling fault zone related to the Menyuan Ms 6.9 earthquake on January 8, 2022, NW China (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-05-23
    Beschreibung: Geofluids from natural springs connect with the crust and/or mantle in many cases, and their geochemical anomalies could be significant for the study on faults activity and even earthquakes. Several natural springs are distributed along the Lenglongling fault zone (LLLFZ) in the northeastern margin of the Tibetan Plateau, where the Ms 6.9 Menyuan earthquake occurred on January 8th, 2022. Based on chemical and isotopic compositions (δD, δ18O, δ13C, and 3He/4He) of water and gas samples, the origin of geofluids and their potential correlation with fault activity even including earthquakes are preliminarily assessed in this paper. The δ13CCO2 values and 3He/4He ratios showed that the gas originating from the crust was associated with the metamorphism of carbonate rocks, whereas the δ18O and δD values of water samples indicated that the natural springs were predominantly infiltrated with precipitations from local mountains ranging 3.7 - 5.5 km in height. Obvious changes of Ca2+ and HCO3􀀀 concentrations in SZK spring waters in the surface rupture zones were observed in a short period (about three months) after the main shock, in contrast to those of the GSK springs far from the surface rupture zones. Such variations might be correlated with the stress increase prior to the 2022 Menyuan Ms 6.9 earthquake. The mechanical fracturing of surrounding limestone rocks during the slipping movement of LLLF could facilitate the water-rock interactions. Compared to three-month observations after the main shock, relatively higher concentrations of HCO3􀀀 and heavier δ18OH2O values of the LHG springs were also observed in the short-term period. The shallow stored formation water might be squeezed along the cracks and rose to the surface during earthquake tremors, causing a sandblasting water phenomenon.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 105767
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): Menyuan earthquake ; Natural spring ; Fluid geochemistry ; Lenglongling fault ; Tibetan plateau
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 135
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    The effects of hot and pressurized fluid flow across a brittle layer on the recent seismicity and deformation in the Campi Flegrei caldera (Italy) (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-05-23
    Beschreibung: The influence of the hydrothermal circulation on seismicity and uplift observed at the Campi Flegrei caldera (Italy) is a topic of great interest to the scientific community. Recently, Thermo-Poro-Elastic (TPE) inclusions were proposed as likely deformation sources. They are suitable to explain the mechanical effects induced by hot and pressurized hydrothermal fluids, possibly exsolved from underlying magma, and pervading an overlying brittle layer. Recent works show that a TPE inclusion located at approximately 2 km depth below the Campi Flegrei caldera significantly contributed to the large and rapid soil uplift observed during the ‘82-’84 unrest phase. In the present work we demonstrate that such a source of deformation is likely playing a role even in the current unrest phase, which is characterized by a much lower uplift-rate with respect to the one occurred in the previous unrest phase. We will show that the time-series of soil uplift observed in the last 18 years can be reproduced by assuming the reactivation of the same deformation source responsible of the ‘82-’84 unrest located within a shallow brittle layer at about 2 km depth. The presence of a brittle layer has been evidenced in the past by tomographic studies and is confirmed by a sharp variation of the b-value at the corresponding depth.We believe that our results provide very important insights and evidences, supporting the existence and the importance of an active thermo-poro-elastic deformation source, which can be useful for understanding the unrest of the Campi Flegrei caldera, from both a scientific and geohazard perspective.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 107930
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): Campi Flegrei ; Hydrothermal fluids ; Caldera ; Uplift ; Induced seismicity ; Deformation source
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 136
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    Modeling the crystallization conditions of clinopyroxene crystals erupted during February–April 2021 lava fountains at Mt. Etna: Implications for the dynamic transfer of magmas (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-06-17
    Beschreibung: In the period February–April 2021, seventeen energetic hours-long episodes of intense lava fountaining occurred at Mt. Etna, producing lava flows and ash plumes followed by heavy fallout. Clinopyroxene mesocrysts from these paroxysms show complex sector and concentric zoning patterns, with juxtaposition of Si-Mg-rich (Al-Ti-poor) and Si-Mg-poor (Al-Ti-rich) crystal layers. Clinopyroxene-based equilibrium thermobarometry and hygrometry define an overall crystallization path in the range of ~170–480 MPa, ~1060–1110 °C, and ~ 1.2–2.7 wt% H2O, with a main magma storage region estimated at depths of ~11–15 km. From this perspective, we observe that 2021 lava fountains were fed by hotter magmas of deeper origin with respect to those feeding 2011–2012 paroxysms. Zoning patterns of 2021 clinopyroxene mesocrysts formed in a vertically-extended plumbing system upon the effect of mixing phenomena and crystal recycling caused by recurrent inputs of fresh magmas into interconnected mushy reservoirs. Kinetic growth modeling constrains the formation of 2021 clinopyroxene mesocrysts over timescales of ~30–90 h and small degrees of undercooling ≤28 °C. Fesingle bondMg diffusion chronometry confirms that the time elapsed between the formation of clinopyroxene rim and magma eruption is utterly related to growth kinetics caused by pre-eruptive dynamic transfer of magma at crustal depths. Kinetic effects are exacerbated for clinopyroxene microlites/microcrysts forming at the syn-eruptive stage, when magma decompression, degassing, and cooling become more effective in the last 1.5 km below the vent of Mt. Etna. Kinetic growth modeling reveals that eruption dynamics within the conduit promote an exceptionally rapid disequilibrium growth of clinopyroxene microlites/microcrysts in only ~0.4–3.3 min upon large degrees of undercooling 〉60 °C. The resulting ascent velocity of 2021 magmas within the conduit is ~8–63 m/s, a factor of ~3 higher than the less energetic 2011–2012 paroxysms.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 106710
    Beschreibung: OSV1: Verso la previsione dei fenomeni vulcanici pericolosi
    Beschreibung: OSV2: Complessità dei processi vulcanici: approcci multidisciplinari e multiparametrici
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): Magma dynamics at Mt. Etna ; Clinopyroxene zoning patterns ; P-T-H2O magma crystallization histories ; Magma ascent velocities ; petrology
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 137
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    The efficacy of high frequency petrological investigation at open-conduit volcanoes: The case of May 11 2019 explosions at southwestern and northeastern craters of Stromboli (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-06-17
    Beschreibung: Petrological studies of active volcanoes typically focus on eruptive phenomena occurring over long timescales of the order of days to years, aiming at identifying major changes in the physico-chemical state of magma during ascent towards the surface. Exceptionally, we present results from an integrated petrological and statistical approach based on the compilation of ∼5300 major and trace element data for glass and crystals, in combination with volcanological data on eruptive events occurred over timescales of minutes at Stromboli volcano (Sicily). On May 11, 2019, we had the rare opportunity to collect individual fresh fallout ash products from eighteen mostly consecutive explosions, erupted in a 2-h time span and, at the same time, to acquire continuous high frequency (50 Hz) infrared thermal data of the same explosions. Through video analysis, we observe that explosions were more frequent and ash-dominated at the southwestern crater area (SCA, 8–10 events/h) than at the northeastern crater area (NCA, 3–5 events/h), where coarser material was ejected. The statistical analysis of glass and plagioclase compositions reveals differences in the products erupted from the two crater areas. SCA explosions tapped less differentiated magmas (Mg#∼42–46, ∼257–365 LaN, ∼0.7–0.9 Eu/Eu*) in equilibrium with more anorthitic plagioclase cores (An∼72–88), whereas NCA area explosions are more differentiated (Mg#∼40–44, ∼286–387 LaN, ∼0.6–0.8 Eu/Eu*) and in equilibrium with less anorthitic plagioclase cores (An∼68–82). Thermometric calculations based on major and trace element clinopyroxene-plagioclase-melt equilibrium modeling highlight that the SCA explosions were statistically fed by hotter magmas in comparison to NCA explosions. Plagioclase-based diffusion modeling also indicates longer timescales for the dynamic ascent of NCA magmas, leading to preferential groundmass crystallization at the conduit walls and transition from sideromelane to tachylite groundmass textures. The final emerging picture is that in May 2019, concurrent normal eruptions from different crater areas at Stromboli were heralds of compositionally and thermally diverse magmas rising at different rates within the uppermost branched part of the conduit region. High frequency petrological investigations aided by statistical treatment of data have the potential to constrain dynamic conduit processes related to transient, explosive eruptions in persistently active volcanoes, thereby offering new insights on the interplay between magma dynamics, ascent timescales, and eruptive behavior.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 107255
    Beschreibung: OSV1: Verso la previsione dei fenomeni vulcanici pericolosi
    Beschreibung: OSV2: Complessità dei processi vulcanici: approcci multidisciplinari e multiparametrici
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): High-temporal resolution petrology ; Stromboli volcano ; Thermobarometry ; Eruptive timescales ; Plumbing, conduit and eruptive dynamics ; Petrology
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 138
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    Effect of undercooling on clinopyroxene crystallization in a high K basalt: Implications for magma dynamics at Stromboli volcano (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-06-17
    Beschreibung: We present undercooling (∆T) experiments aimed at investigating the effect of growth kinetics on the textural and compositional evolution of clinopyroxene crystals growing from a high-K basalt erupted during the 2003 paroxysm of Stromboli volcano (Italy). The experiments were performed at P = 350 MPa, T = 1050–1210 °C, H2Omelt = 0–3 wt%, and fO2 = Ni-NiO + 1.5 buffer. An initial stage of supersaturation was imposed to the melt under nominally anhydrous (∆Tanh = 10–150 °C) and hydrous (∆Thyd = 25–125 °C) conditions. Afterwards, this supersaturation state was mitigated by melt relaxation phenomena over an annealing time of 24 h. Results show that plagioclase is the liquidus mineral phase of the high-K basalt at ∆Tanh = 10 °C and dominates the phase assemblage as the degree of undercooling increases. Conversely, clinopyroxene and spinel co-saturate the melt at ∆Thyd = 25 °C, followed by the subordinate formation of plagioclase. At ∆Tanh/hyd ≤ 50 °C, the textural maturation of clinopyroxene produces polyhedral crystals with {−111} (hourglass) and {hk0} (prism) sectors typical of a layer-by-layer growth mechanism governed by an interface-controlled crystallization regime. At ∆Tanh/hyd ≥ 75 °C, the attainment of dendritic and skeletal morphologies testifies to the establishment of diffusion-limited reactions at the crystal-melt interface. 3D reconstructions of synchrotron radiation X-ray microtomographic data reveal a composite growth history for clinopyroxene crystals obtained at ∆Tanh/hyd ≥ 95 °C. The early stage of melt supersaturation produces rosette-like structures composed of dendritic branches of clinopyroxene radiating from a common spinel grain, which acts as surface for heterogeneous nucleation. As diffusive relaxation phenomena progress over the annealing time, the elongate dendrites that constitute the inner crystal domain are partially infilled by the melt and develop skeletal overgrowths in the outer domain. With the increasing degree of undercooling, TAl and M1Ti cations are progressively incorporated in the lattice site of clinopyroxene at the expense of TSi and M1Mg cations. Because of the effect of H2Omelt on the liquidus depression and melt depolymerization, crystals obtained at ∆Thyd are also more enriched in TAl and M1Ti and depleted in TSi and M1Mg than those growing at ∆Tanh. The emerging picture is that the morphological and geochemical evolution of clinopyroxene is mutually controlled by the combined effects of melt supersaturation and relaxation phenomena. A new empirical relationship based on the cation exchange reactions in the lattice site of clinopyroxene is finally proposed to estimate the degree of undercooling governing the crystallization of augitic phenocrysts erupted during normal and violent explosions at Stromboli.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 107327
    Beschreibung: OSV2: Complessità dei processi vulcanici: approcci multidisciplinari e multiparametrici
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): Clinopyroxene ; Undercooling ; Hourglass ; Crystallization ; Microtomography ; Stromboli ; Experimental Petrology
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 139
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    New chronology for submerged relict paleoshorelines and associated rates of crustal vertical movements offshore the Marzamemi village, Sicily (Southern Italy) (2024)
    Elsevier
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    Publikationsdatum: 2024-06-17
    Beschreibung: We investigated the Late Pleistocene-Holocene crustal vertical movements off the coast of Marzamemi village in SE Sicily, Italy. By using a Synchronous Correlation Approach (SCA), we analysed terraced landforms that characterize a submerged sector within one of Southern Italy's most seismically active regions. In this area, the emerging portion of the NE-SW oriented bulge of the African foreland structurally shapes the coastal and marine regions off Marzamemi village. Based on a newly created 17 km2 high-resolution bathymetric map generated from a Multibeam Echosounder (MBES) survey conducted in June 2021, we identified and examined four main paleo-shorelines identifying four submerged terraces. Terraced landforms play a crucial role in reconstructing Quaternary glacial and interglacial stages, offering insights into associated sea level fluctuations. Through the application of the SCA, our goal is to refine the chronology of these recently mapped and submerged marine terraces off the Marzamemi village, thereby contributing to the calculation of associated rates of crustal vertical movements. We demonstrate that these rates persist constantly throughout the Late Pleistocene-Holocene epoch, suggesting overall tectonic stability, with a slight and likely local fault-related subsidence. We explore a few chronology scenarios, raising questions about whether these submerged marine terraces are indeed recording the Late Pleistocene-Holocene limit or not. This research contributes to a better understanding of the geological dynamics in this region and sheds light on the potential factors influencing coastal landscape development over time.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 107326
    Beschreibung: OST2 Deformazione e Hazard sismico e da maremoto
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): Submarine geomorphology ; Submerged marine terraces ; Marine terraces chronology ; Late Quaternary ; Sea Level Change ; Crustal vertical movements
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 140
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    Yedoma: Late Pleistocene ice-rich syngenetic permafrost of Beringia (2024)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Elsevier, 16 p., ISBN: 9780124095489
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-06-17
    Beschreibung: Yedoma is a permafrost deposit widely distributed across the Arctic and found exclusively within the unglaciated regions in northern Siberia, Alaska, and the Yukon, which are the core regions of Beringia. Yedoma deposits accumulated during the late Pleistocene Stage and are characterized by their predominantly fine-grained texture and association with syngenetic perma-frost formation. The very high ground ice content is most commonly present as pore ice and wedge ice that formed contemporaneously with sediment deposition. In the last decade, research has transitioned from debates about the origin of the Yedoma deposits towards increasing attention on the large carbon and nitrogen pools in Yedoma, their vulnerability to thaw, and increasing mobilization as the climate has warmed across the Arctic. In addition to classical cryolithological and sedimentological research, new methods such as stable isotope paleoclimate reconstruction and ancient sedimentary DNA studies have been more widely applied to better understand the characteristics of Yedoma deposits and helped emphasize their value as archives of Quaternary climate and paleoecological conditions during Ice Age Beringia.
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Materialart: Inbook , peerRev
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  • 141
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    Simulated radiocarbon cycle revisited by considering the bipolar seesaw and benthic 14C data (2024)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Earth and Planetary Science Letters, Elsevier, 640, pp. 118801-118801, ISSN: 0012-821X
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-06-17
    Beschreibung: Carbon cycle models used to calculate the marine reservoir age of the non-polar surface ocean (called Marine20) out of IntCal20, the compilation of atmospheric C, have so far neglected a key aspect of the millennial-scale variability connected with the thermal bipolar seesaw: changes in the strength of the Atlantic meridional overturning circulation (AMOC) related to Dansgaard/Oeschger and Heinrich events. Here we implement such AMOC changes in the carbon cycle box model BICYCLE-SE to investigate how model performance over the last 55 kyr is affected, in particular with respect to available 14C and CO2 data. Constraints from deep ocean 14C data suggest that the AMOC in the model during Heinrich stadial 1 needs to be highly reduced or even completely shutdown. Ocean circulation and sea ice coverage combined are the processes that almost completely explain the simulated changes in deep ocean 14C age, and these are also responsible for a glacial drawdown of ∼60 ppm of atmospheric CO2. We find that the implementation of abrupt reductions in AMOC during Greenland stadials in the model setup that was previously used for the calculation of Marine20 leads to differences of less than ±100 14C yrs. The representation of AMOC changes therefore appears to be of minor importance for deriving non-polar mean ocean radiocarbon calibration products such as Marine20, where atmospheric carbon cycle variables are forced by reconstructions. However, simulated atmospheric CO2 exhibits minima during AMOC reductions in Heinrich stadials, in disagreement with ice core data. This mismatch supports previous suggestions that millennial-scale changes in CO2 were probably not driven directly by the AMOC, but rather by biological and physical processes in the Southern Ocean and by contributions from variable land carbon storage.
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 142
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    Last interglacial and MIS 9e relative sea-level highstands in the Central Mediterranean: a reappraisal from coastal cave deposits in the Cilento area, Southern Italy (2024)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-06-28
    Beschreibung: A revaluation of the relative sea-level (RSL) indicators in the Baia di Infreschi (Cilento, Southern Italy) supported by new 30 U/Th dating on speleothems indicates that the upper level of Lithophaga burrows identified by Bini et al. (2020) at ~9 m a.s.l. and correlated to the Last Interglacial (LIG) highstand should be referred to the highstand of the MIS 9e, whereas the local RSL for the highstand of the LIG is now reassessed at 5.3 ± 0.18 m a.s.l. The upper level of the Lithophaga marker can be followed for ~12 km along the coast, suggesting a substantial absence of important relative tectonic movements. In the Baia di Infreschi an additional marine indicator, a notch sealed by a flowstone dated ~110 ka, indicates several phases of RSL stationing below the maximum highstand of the LIG. The presence of flowstones as low as 2 m a.s.l. dated to the MIS 7 shows that the highstand of MIS 7 was probably below the present sea level. All these evidences allow us to reassess the stratigraphy of some archaeological caves in the area, indicating that the sedimentary successions preserved there are older than what was previously believed.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 100212
    Beschreibung: OSA2: Evoluzione climatica: effetti e loro mitigazione
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 143
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    The Mekong River Basin : Ecohydrological Complexity from Catchment to Coast (2024)
    Elsevier
    In:  Ecohydrological Complexity from Catchment to Coast
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2024-05-17
    Beschreibung: The Mekong River Basin: Ecohydrological Complexity from Catchment to Coast, Volume Three presents real facts, data and predictions for quantifying human-induced changes throughout the Mekong watershed, including its estuaries and coasts, and proposes solutions to decrease or mitigate the negative effect and enable sustainable development. This is the first work to link socio–ecological interaction study over the whole Mekong River basin through the lens of ecohydrology. Each chapter is written by a leading expert, with coverage on climate change, groundwater, land use, flooding drought, biodiversity and anthropological issues. Human activities are enormous in the whole watershed and are still increasing throughout the catchment, with severe negative impacts on natural resources are emerging. Among these activities, hydropower dams, especially a series of 11 dams in China, are the most critical as they generate massive changes throughout the system, including in the delta and to the livelihoods of millions of people and they threaten sustainability.
    Materialart: info:eu-repo/semantics/book
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  • 144
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    GPS Measurements in the Neapolitan Volcanic Area (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2023-01-12
    Beschreibung: The surveillance of the Neapolitan volcanic area (Mt. Vesuvius, the Phlegrean Fields and the island of Ischia) represents the principal activity of the Osservatorio Vesuviano. Such an activity is carried out also through the study of ground deformations. This study deals with the use of the GPS as a powerful topographic technique. In the last two years, three GPS networks in the above mentioned area were established, with 8 vertices at Mt. Vesuvius, 20 vertices in the Island of Ischia and 30 vertices in the Phlegrean Fields. In Mt. Vesuvius area a GPS test was carried out, in order to verify the possibility of the installation of a network of GPS permanent stations. In the island of Ischia, three diferent GPS techniques (Static, Fast Static and RTK-Real Time Kinematics) have been used to get a first set of coordinates and to carry out a comparison between these in small extension areas. GPS data of the Phlegrean Fields are still in processing. The results for Mt. Vesuvius area and the island of Ischia are hereby presented and discussed.
    Beschreibung: Osservatorio Vesuviano - Napoli, Italy DISTART - Università di Bologna, Italy Università della Calabria - Cosenza, Italy Dipartimento di Costruzioni e Trasporti - Università di Padova, Italy
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 705-711
    Beschreibung: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): GPS, Geodetical Networks, Static, Fast Static and RTK Survey ; 04.03. Geodesy
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 145
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    The implications of revised Quaternary palaeoshoreline chronologies for the rates of active extension and uplift in the upper plate of subduction zones (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2023-01-13
    Beschreibung: We demonstrate a synchronous correlation technique to determine the chronology of Quaternary palaeoshorelines to test proposed relationships between tectonics, climate and sea-level change. The elevations of marine palaeoshorelines in Calabria around the active Vibo normal fault have been measured from TIN DEM 10 m data and fieldwork and correlated with global sea-level curves. A synchronous correlation method and new U/Th dates are used to ascertain how the slip-rate on the fault relates to uplift rates across the region. Regional uplift, possibly associated with subduction along the Calabrian trench or due to the cumulative effect of closely-spaced active normal faults, is rapid enough to uplift even the hangingwall of the Vibo normal fault; the actual value for the rate of background uplift can only be ascertained once the rate of slip on the Vibo fault is subtracted. Synchronous correlation of multiple palaeoshorelines sampled along 29 elevation profiles with global sea-levels shows that the resultant uplift rate (background uplift minus local hangingwall subsidence) is constant through time from 0 to 340 ka, and not fluctuating by a factor of 4 as previously suggested. The uplift rate increases from 0.4 mm/yr at the centre of the hangingwall of the fault to 1.75 mm/yr in the hangingwall in the vicinity of the fault tip. Palaeoshorelines can be traced from the hangingwall to the footwall around the fault tip and hence correlated across the fault. The throw-rate on the fault averaged over 340 ka decreases from a maximum at the centre of the fault (1 mm/yr) to zero at the tip. This gradient in throw-rate explains the spatial variation in resultant uplift rates along the fault. We interpret the 1.75 mm/yr resultant uplift rate at and beyond the fault tip as the signature of a regional uplift, presumably related to subduction, although we cannot exclude the possibility that other local faults influence this uplift; the lower uplift rates in the hangingwall of the fault are due to interaction between “regional” uplift and subsidence associated with the local active normal faulting. We discuss (a) how our synchronous correlation technique should trigger a re-appraisal of palaeoshoreline chronologies worldwide, and (b) the implications for the tectonics and seismic hazard of Calabria, suggesting that perturbations in the uplift-rate field are a key criterion to map the locations of active faults, their deformation rates, and hence seismic hazard above subduction zones.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 169-187
    Beschreibung: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): Active faults; Palaeoshorelines; Quaternary sea-level; Tectonics
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 146
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    Neogene-Quaternary slow coastal uplift of Western Europe through the perspective of sequences of strandlines from the Cotentin Peninsula (Normandy, France) (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2023-01-13
    Beschreibung: The Cotentin Peninsula (Normandy, France) displays sequences of marine terraces and rasas, the latter being wide Late Cenozoic coastal erosion surfaces, that are typical of Western European coasts in Portugal, Spain, France and southern England. Remote sensing imagery and field mapping enabled reappraisal of the Cotentin coastal sequences. From bottom to top, the N Cotentin sequence includes four previously recognized Pleistocene marine terraces (T1 to T4) at elevations 〈 40 m as well as four higher and older rasas (R1 to R4) reaching 200 ± 5 m in elevation. Low-standing marine terraces are not observed in the central part of the Peninsula and a limited number of terraces are described to the south. The high-standing rasas are widespread all over the peninsula. Such strandline distributions reveal major changes during the Late Cenozoic. Progressive uplift of an irregular sea-floor led to subaerial exposure of bathymetric highs that were carved into rocky platforms, rasas and marine terraces. Eventually, five main islands coalesced and connected to the mainland to the south to form the Cotentin Peninsula. On the basis of previous dating of the last interglacial maximum terrace (i.e. Marine Isotopic Stage, MIS 5e), sequential morphostratigraphy and modelling, we have reappraised uplift rates and derived: (i) mean Upper Pleistocene (i.e. since MIS 5e ~ 122 +/− 6 ka, i.e. kilo annum) apparent uplift rates of 0.04 ± 0.01 mm/yr, (ii) mean Middle Pleistocene eustasy-corrected uplift rates of 0.09 ± 0.03 mm/yr, and (iii) low mean Pleistocene uplift rates of 0.01 mm/yr. Extrapolations of these slow rates combined with geological evidence implies that the formation of the sequences from the Cotentin Peninsula occurred between 3 Ma (Pliocene) and 15 Ma (Miocene), which cannot be narrowed down further without additional research. Along the coasts of Western Europe, sequences of marine terraces and rasas are widespread (169 preserve the MIS 5e benchmark). In Spain, Portugal, S England and other parts of western France, the sequences morphostratigraphy is very similar to that of Cotentin. The onset of such Western European sequences occurred during the Miocene (e.g. Spain) or Pliocene (e.g. Portugal). We interpret this Neogene-Quaternary coastal uplift as a symptom of the increasing lithospheric compression that accompanies Cenozoic orogenies.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 338-356
    Beschreibung: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): Cotentin and Western Europe; Marine terrace; Neogene and Quaternary coastal uplift; Rasa
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 147
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    The LAMA system: A “smart” magnetometer network for harbour protection (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2023-01-18
    Beschreibung: This work describes the development of an underwater anti-intrusion system based on a magnetometer self-informed network, whose purpose is to detect the presence of threats in the proximity of critical infrastructures (e.g, terrorist divers in harbours). In this context, the magnetic network fills the gaps of sonar systems at the critical boundaries of the water volume to be controlled (sea bed, docks, …), where acoustic performances deteriorate due to reflections and attenuations. The system operates in a port-protection scenario, characterized by a medium-high environmental magnetic noise that can hide the diver signal (a diver is a weak, quasi-point-like, moving source). The magnetometer network processes two inputs: the environmental magnetic noise and a signal including the target magnetic signal superimposed to the same noise; the frequencies of a diver signal lie within the noise band, hence frequency filtering proves inadequate for noise removal. The basic idea underlying the system is to measure and use the noise itself to filter the overall signal; measuring noise supports a background-subtraction process that allows to extract the target signal and therefore detect the threat presence. The effectiveness of the procedure depends on the positions of magnetometers: sensors must be close enough to one another to measure the common background noise, and, at the same time, should be distant enough from one another so that just one sensor can measure the target signal. To generate alarms when a threat is detected, a real-time software application processes data and activates a visual and acoustic alarm upon identification of a magnetic anomaly. Sea trials carried out in port areas provided extremely satisfactory results in the detection of intruders. The paper presents experimental results obtained during the method validation tests, when intruders were moving in the surrounding undersea environment.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 104743
    Beschreibung: 1A. Geomagnetismo e Paleomagnetismo
    Beschreibung: 3A. Geofisica marina e osservazioni multiparametriche a fondo mare
    Beschreibung: 7SR AMBIENTE – Servizi e ricerca per la società
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 148
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    Fault systems in the offshore sector of the Campi Flegrei caldera (southern Italy): Implications for nested caldera structure, resurgent dome, and volcano-tectonic evolution (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2023-01-18
    Beschreibung: The structure of a caldera may influence its activity, making its understanding crucial for hazard assessment. Here, we analysed high-resolution seismic profiles in the Campi Flegrei (southern Italy) offshore sector. We recognised two main fault systems, including those associated with the formation of the caldera and those affecting the resurgent dome. The former system comprises three broadly concentric fault zones (inner, medial and outer ring fault zones) depicting a nested caldera geometry. Considering the relations between faults and seismic units that represent the marine and volcaniclastic successions filling the caldera, all ring faults were formed during the Campanian Ignimbrite eruption (40 ka) and subsequently reactivated during the Neapolitan Yellow Tuff eruption (15 ka). In this last caldera-forming event, the inner and medial fault zones accommodated most of the collapse and were episodically reactivated during the younger volcano-tectonic activity. The second fault system occurs in the apical zone of the resurgent dome and comprises dominantly high-angle normal faults that are mainly related to the volcanotectonic collapse that followed the Agnano-Monte Spina Plinian eruption (4.55 ka). Finally, we provide a volcano-tectonic evolutionary model of the last 40 kyr, considering the interplay among ring and dome faults activity, volcaniclastic sedimentation, ground deformation and sea-level changes.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 104723
    Beschreibung: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 149
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    Reply to: Comment by A. Argnani on the paper: “The Strait of Messina: Seismotectonics and the source of the 1908 earthquake” (Earth-Science Reviews 218, 2021, 103,685) (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2023-01-19
    Beschreibung: Argnani (2021, hereinafter ARG2021) commented on the paper by Barreca et al. (2021, hereinafter BRC2021) titled: “The Strait of Messina: Seismotectonics and the source of the 1908 earthquake”, in which a new seismotectonic model and constraints on the possible source fault (the so-called W-Fault) for the 1908 disastrous seismic event were provided. Results from BRC2021 led to a revision of most of the previously published papers on the issue. ARG2021 commented both on the recent activity of the W-Fault and even about its existence in the offshore. In fact, according to the author's inferences: “it may belong to a fault system that is no longer active” and, contradictorily, “the offshore occurrence of the W-Fault is not supported by the data”. The comment is mostly based on a new tectonic interpretation that the author performed directly on the BRC2021 figures, where the offshore portion of the W-fault is illustrated. In this reply, we demonstrate that the interpretation provided by ARG2021 is affected by several oversights that led the author to erroneous conclusions about the issue. Accordingly, we strongly confirm both the occurrence of the W-Fault in the offshore and the present-day activity of this structure, the only active fault capable of producing large earthquakes in the Strait of Messina area.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 103962
    Beschreibung: 3T. Fisica dei terremoti e Sorgente Sismica
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 150
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    Parallel density scanned adaptive Kriging to improve local tsunami hazard assessment for coastal infrastructures (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2023-03-30
    Beschreibung: Seismic Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Assessment (SPTHA) is a framework for calculating the probability that seismically induced tsunami waves exceed a specific threshold height, over a given time span and a specific region (i.e. regional SPTHA) or site (i.e. local SPTHA). To account for the uncertainty of the possible sources, SPTHA must integrate the results of a large number of computationally demanding tsunami simulations In this work, we innovatively use Parallel density scanned Adaptive Kriging (P-ds AK) to overcome the computational efficiency challenge of local SPTHA within a framework that consists in modeling/retrieving the full spectrum of possible earthquake triggering events at the regional level, filtering sources not relevant for the target, adopting a clustering procedure to select “representative scenarios” for inundation modeling, and, finally, adopt P-ds AK to identify the clusters centroids that most influence the hazard intensity (i.e., wave height) in the areas of interest. This approach is applied in the area of the oil refinery located in Milazzo (Italy). The application shows a consistent reduction of the number of high-resolution tsunami simulations required for the evaluation of the hazard curves over a set of inland Point of Interest (PoIs), either concentrated in one specific area or distributed along the coast.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 108441
    Beschreibung: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 151
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    Soils developed on the Si-poor, alkali-rich pyroclastic rocks of the Colli Albani volcanic district (Central Italy): The effect of leucite, clinopyroxene and phlogopite on the base cations mobility (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2023-03-31
    Beschreibung: The Colli Albani volcanic district emplaced huge pyroclastic-flow deposits up to 20 m thick in the southeastern suburbs of the City of Rome. The soil quality onto the gentle slopes of the Colli Albani has certainly contribute to the growth of Ancient Rome, a city with one million inhabitants as early as 2000 years ago. Interestingly, the Colli Albani soils developed on K-foiditic pyroclastic rocks with peculiar low silica, high alkali and high CaO composition. In the past, the productivity of the Colli Albani soils was maximized without the understanding of the unique physical, chemical, and mineralogical properties of these soils; now an in-depth knowledge of the Colli Albani soils is necessary to respond to the current and increasingly demand of sustainable soil use.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 105430
    Beschreibung: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 152
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    Holocene aggradation history of the Murcia alluvial valley: Insights into early Rome's paleoenvironmental evolution (2023)
    Elsevier
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    Publikationsdatum: 2023-03-31
    Beschreibung: Through the analysis of seven 15 to 30 m deep boreholes drilled in the western sector of the Circus Maximus we reconstruct the aggradational history of one main tributary valley of the Tiber River in Rome, the Murcia Valley ( Vallis Murcia) .
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 44-53
    Beschreibung: 5A. Ricerche polari e paleoclima
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 153
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    MIS 13 and MIS 11 aggradational successions of the Paleo-Tiber delta: Geochronological constraints to sea-level fluctuations and to the Acheulean sites of Castel di Guido and Malagrotta (Rome, Italy) (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2023-03-31
    Beschreibung: The Acheulian and early Middle Paleolithic assemblages from Torre in Pietra (Latium, Italy) were never securely dated before. We have now 49 Ar/39Ar dates and ESR-U-series dates which support corrrelations to marine isotope stages. The Acheulian (previously correlated to MIS 9) is now dated to MIS 10 while the Middle Paleolithic is dated to MIS 7. The analysis and comparisons of the two assemblages and comparisons with the Acheulian small tools of Castel di Guido show a culturally transmitted pattern of technology that was shared by the craftsmen of the region.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 1-11
    Beschreibung: 5A. Ricerche polari e paleoclima
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 154
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    Hydrogeochemical multi-component approach to assess fluids upwelling and mixing in shallow carbonate-evaporitic aquifers (Contursi area, southern Apennines, Italy) (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2023-04-04
    Beschreibung: With the aim of deepening our understanding of deep-seated fluids upwelling and mixing in large regional aquifers, we performed a hydrogeochemical study of twenty-two springs in the Contursi area (upper Sele river valley, southern Apennines) by means of the measurements of chemical-physical parameters, major ions, trace elements, and stable and radioactive isotopes. Besides, we realized two updated geo-structural cross-sections inorder to reconstruct the groundwater flowpath in the study area. The hydrogeochemical composition, as well a the water temperature allow to identify-three main groups of groundwater: Cold and Low salinity Groundwater (CLGW), Intermediate Salinity Groundwater (ISGW), and Thermal Salinity Groundwater (TSGW). The CLGW group, mostly emerging at the boundary of carbonate aquifers, is characterized by alkaline earth-bicarbonate hydrofacies. Instead, ISGW and TSGW, situated in the inner zone of the valley, show gradually a hydrogeochemical evolution towards sodium-chloride type hydrofacies domain with the highest salinity value. Stable isotope (δ18O-δD) of CLGW reveal the local meteoric origin of groundwater, while isotopic signatures of ISGW and TSGW is associated with the deep fluids inflow. CLGW hydrogeochemistry is clearly related to dissolution of carbonate rocks. On the other hand, for ISGW and TSGW an additional contribution from evaporitic rocks is supported by saturation indices values (gypsum and anhydrite) and validated by isotopic signature of dissolved sulphate (δ34S-δ18O). The application of two models based on tritium data (i.e., the piston-flow and well-mixed reservoir) attributes longer and deeper groundwater flowpaths to TSGW. Through geothermometric calculations (e,g., K-Mg and SiO2-quartz), the equilibrium temperature of deep fluids reservoir is also extrapolated (i.e., 75–96 ◦C). The results of the adopted hydrogeochemical multi-component approach allowed us to propose an interpretative model of groundwater flowpath for the Contursi area, where deep-seated tectonic discontinuities play a significant role for the upwelling of saline deep thermal fluids in shallow aquifers.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 129258
    Beschreibung: 9T. Geochimica dei fluidi applicata allo studio e al monitoraggio di aree sismiche
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): fluids ; earthquakes ; crust ; geochemistry
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Boron and lithium behaviour in river waters under semiarid climatic conditions (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2023-10-25
    Beschreibung: Boron (B) and Lithium (Li) concentrations were studied in the Platani river, one of the most important catchments of South-Central Sicily which is under semiarid climatic conditions for roughly eight months to a year. In this area, evaporites result in potential B and Li sources for surface waters. Results from river waters have measured ionic strength values between 0.1 and 4.54 M. B and Li distributions in these waters were studied in colloidal (CF, extracted by ultrafiltration from the 0.45 μm filtrate) and total dissolved (TDF) fractions and in fractions extracted from corresponding riverbed sediments, according to changes of the B/Li ratio. In river waters, CF and TDF showed very similar B/Li values, suggesting that only negligible fractionation occurs between Li and B in the aqueous phase. Similar evidence was observed between B/Li values in TDF and the labile sediment fraction, whereas an inverse relationship arose between B/Li values in TDF and in the easily reducible sediment fraction. This relationship indicates that Mn oxy-hydroxides preferentially react with aqueous B species relative to Li at the riverbed sediment interface. The extent of the B-Mn oxy-hydroxide reactions is influenced by the ionic strength, so that only B/Li values below 4 are measured in river waters with ionic strength values above 0.5 M. Comparing B/Li and ionic strength values measured in the Platani river with those from oxic brines worldwide, the same preferential B removal relative to Li is observed. This evidence suggests that B is removed as positively-charged borate ion-pairs, formed in the aqueous phase under higher ionic strength conditions, reacting with negatively charged surfaces of Mn oxy-hydroxides. The observed B reactivity relative to Li could be exploited to bring down the B excess from natural or waste waters, allowing the natural reactions with Mn oxy-hydroxides to take place under natural conditions.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 135509
    Beschreibung: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): B/Li ratio; Ionic strength; Mine drainage; Mn-oxyhydroxides; Salt minerals
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 156
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    The eruption run-up at Mt. Etna volcano: constraining magma decompression rates and their relationships with the final eruptive energy (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2023-10-24
    Beschreibung: Although explosivity is linked with high decompression rates induced by magma ascent, the quantitative relationships between decompression rate and eruption energy have yet to be properly assessed, especially for open-conduit basaltic volcanoes, where ordinary weak activity can rapidly evolve into more intense eruptions. Here, we selected three eruptions of different explosivity from Mt. Etna’s recent activity to study the relationships between the observed explosive intensities and decompression rates determined through diffusion chronometry, which is based on modeling volatile diffusion along olivine-hosted melt embayments. The approach used in this study has provided important indications on differences in the timescales of decompression-driven degassing for magmas emitted with markedly distinct eruptive dynamics, starting from similar physical and chemical conditions of the magmas involved in the three eruptions. The intense paroxysmal activity at Voragine Crater on December 3, 2015, was fostered by high decompression rate (∼0.36-0.74 MPa/s), slightly higher than in the less energetic paroxysm that occurred on February 19, 2013, at New South-East Crater (NSEC) (∼0.14-0.29 MPa/s). Decompression rates of magmas emitted during lava fountaining are one order of magnitude greater than values obtained for the mild flank eruption that occurred in December 2018 (∼0.045-0.094 MPa/s). Our results indicate that degassing kinetics controlled the intensity of activity at Mt. Etna, thus suggesting that the explosivity does not depend exclusively on the degree of overpressurization of the shallowest reservoir due to injection of gas from the deepest levels of the plumbing system.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 117821
    Beschreibung: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 157
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    Theoretical principles and application to measure the flux of carbon dioxide in the air of urban zones (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2023-10-24
    Beschreibung: •Anthropogenic CO2 flux can be estimated by stable isotopic surveying. •Gas emissions from human activities force the atmospheric CO2. •The monitoring of stable isotopes allows identifying the CO2 sources in the air. •Several tons per day of CO2 flow through the geosphere in urban zones. •Transient in the air CO2 occurs owing to changes in weather variables.
    Beschreibung: Atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations increase due to volcanic emissions, diffuse degassing from fault zones, and various human-caused gas emissions, especially in densely populated urban zones, which play a pivotal role in the ongoing climate change. This study aims to examine changes in the concentration and stable isotopic composition of atmospheric CO2. A laser-based analyzer provided the δ13C and δ18O values based on concentration measurements for various CO2 isotopologues. Multiple linear regression (MLR) showed that almost 30% of the atmospheric CO2 changes are caused by weather variations, while ~70% of the changes involve CO2 from various gas sources related to human activities. The Keeling plot approach was used to identify the isotopic signature of the extra CO2, which points to the gas produced by hydrocarbon combustion. An isotopic mass balance model was designed to show the relation between excess atmospheric CO2 and the flux of human-related gas emissions. Calculating the CO2 flux in the atmosphere based on this isotopic mass balance model showed that several tons of CO2 move daily between geospheres. This study shows that surveying atmospheric CO2 in urban zones allows quantifying the CO2 emissions from various sources.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 119302
    Beschreibung: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Beschreibung: 1TR. Georisorse
    Beschreibung: 1IT. Reti di monitoraggio e sorveglianza
    Beschreibung: 2IT. Laboratori analitici e sperimentali
    Beschreibung: 6IT. Osservatori non satellitari
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): CO2 flux ; Carbon stable isotopes ; Oxygen isotope composition ; Atmospheric CO2 ; Geochemical modeling ; Gas Hazard ; Stable isotopes ; Isotopes ; 01.01. Atmosphere ; 04.08. Volcanology ; environmental geochemistry
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 158
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    The comprehensive effect of natural food quality and quantity on growth rate of herbivore consumers (2023)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Ecological Indicators, Elsevier, 156, pp. 111129-111129, ISSN: 1470-160X
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2023-11-23
    Beschreibung: The performance of herbivore consumers in freshwater ecosystems is influenced by food quality and quantity, which are crucial factors in understanding energy flow. However, the comprehensive effects of these factors on consumer growth based on natural food research remain unclear. To address this gap, we conducted a growth experiment culturing the Cladocera Daphnia similis in natural lake water collected from 30 subtropical lakes. Our results showed that the seston concentration (SC), seston phosphorus (seston P), and seston carbon: phosphorus ratio (seston C:P, in moles) were the most important factors in influencing the growth rate of D. similis according to the Random Forest model. Specifically, the growth rate of D. similis was significantly positive correlated with SC and seston P, and significantly negative correlated with seston C:P. D. similis exhibited the optimal growth performance within the seston C:P range of 32.8 to 69.8, with a sharp decline in growth rate observed at a break point of seston C:P of 70. The combined effect of food quality and quantity on growth rate was that higher SC (≥0.26 mg C/L), lower seston C:P (≤69.80), and higher P (≥0.11 mmol/g) were associated with significantly higher growth rates. Additionally, the growth rate increased significantly with the biomass of cryptophyte, indicating the importance of food composition. Our study shows that the growth rate of D. similis is co-affected by the quality and quantity of natural food. SC, seston C:P, seston P and algae composition are reliable indicators for assessing the growth rate of consumer in freshwater ecosystems. The inhibitory effect of low C:P on consumer growth should be applied with caution when assessing the development of herbivore consumers in natural lakes.
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 159
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    Temporal and spatial variability in the mesozooplankton community off the Falkland Islands (Southwest Atlantic) (2023)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Regional Studies in Marine Science, Elsevier, 66, pp. 103147-103147, ISSN: 2352-4855
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2023-11-23
    Beschreibung: Zooplankton communities vary in space and time. Their composition is strongly influenced by lower trophic levels that are dependent on the availability of light and nutrients. As all marine ecosystems are relying on zooplankton as intermediate trophic step between primary production and higher trophic levels, changes in the zooplankton community composition and biomass can cascade through the food web with important impacts on fish communities and through that on fisheries yields. An intense fisheries exist around the Falkland Islands in the SW Atlantic Ocean, around 51° S, but to the best of our knowledge, no previous study has to date investigated the seasonal variation in zooplankton community composition in these waters. We show that copepods (39.2%), the larvae of the anomurid Grimothea gregaria (33.1%) and euphausiids (10.9%) dominate the local mesozooplankton community by biomass. All species showed seasonal patterns, including ontogenetic behaviour of G. gregaria migrating to deeper waters with development, which were significantly explained by temperature (p 〈 0.001). While overall biomass significantly decreased with distance from shore (p 〈 0.001), mesozooplankton diversity was highest at 30 km from shore. The presented study is the first assessment of the mesozooplankton biomass off the Falkland Islands and provides a first baseline to aid future ecosystem studies in the context of ecosystem based fisheries management in the region.
    Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
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  • 160
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    Climate change impacts on streamflow, sediment load and carbon fluxes in the Lena River delta (2023)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Ecological Indicators, Elsevier, 157, pp. 111252-111252, ISSN: 1470-160X
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2023-12-05
    Beschreibung: Water and sediment supply are essential to the health of deltaic ecosystems. Diverse datasets were integrated to better understand how climate change is shifting the supply of water and sediment to the largest polar distributary channel pattern – the Lena River Delta. Here the increase in warming rate from an average air temperature is from 4.1 °C for the period 1950–99 to 6.1 °C during 2000–21, which is higher than in the adjacent polar regions. Streamflow and sediment yield entering the Lena Delta have increased since 1988 by 56.3 km3 and 6.1×106 t, respectively; meanwhile, the Lena River’s increases in water temperature in June, July–August and September were found to be as much as 1.1, 0.6 and 0.05 °C. These changes have a pronounced effect on sediment regimes in particular parts of the delta. Based on analyses of correlations between various hydroclimatic drivers and sediment concentration changes across particular distributaries of the Lena Delta extracted from Landsat datasets, bank degradation driven by thermal erosional processes (which are in turn related to air and soil temperature increases) is proved to be the primary factor of the sediment regime in the delta. The study also highlights that sediment load changes are sensitive to wind speed due to remobilization of bottom sediment. Sums of daily air temperature and wind speed over 3 days are correlated with sediment concentration changes in the delta. The results also indicate that carbon transport across the delta (both POC and DOC) depends on sediment transport conditions and water discharge and might increase by up to 10 %. We conclude that the Lena Delta can be recognized as the global hot spot in terms of the hydrological consequences of climate change, which is altering sediment regimes, stream hydromorphology and carbon transport.
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  • 161
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    Adaptive dynamical networks (2023)
    Elsevier
    In:  EPIC3Physics Reports, Elsevier, 1031, pp. 1-59, ISSN: 0370-1573
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2023-12-05
    Beschreibung: It is a fundamental challenge to understand how the function of a network is related to its structural organization. Adaptive dynamical networks represent a broad class of systems that can change their connectivity over time depending on their dynamical state. The most important feature of such systems is that their function depends on their structure and vice versa. While the properties of static networks have been extensively investigated in the past, the study of adaptive networks is much more challenging. Moreover, adaptive dynamical networks are of tremendous importance for various application fields, in particular, for the models for neuronal synaptic plasticity, adaptive networks in chemical, epidemic, biological, transport, and social systems, to name a few. In this review, we provide a detailed description of adaptive dynamical networks, show their applications in various areas of research, highlight their dynamical features and describe the arising dynamical phenomena, and give an overview of the available mathematical methods developed for understanding adaptive dynamical networks.
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  • 162
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    A first regional model of the past Earth's magnetic field from Africa for the last 4000 years (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2023-02-22
    Beschreibung: The understanding of the Earth’s magnetic field variations over time on the African continent is fundamental for several reasons. For instance, the most important feature of the present geomagnetic field, the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA) characterized by weaker geomagnetic strength values than those expected for their latitudes, may have emerged in South Africa at the beginning of the second millennium CE. Here, we first selected the available volcanic and archaeomagnetic data following a set of three criteria inspired by the FAIR principles. We then built a first regional geomagnetic model for Africa covering the last 4000 years, using a revised version of the spherical cap harmonic (SCH) analysis in 2 dimensions. The new regional model shows, at the Earth’s surface, the westward migration of the SAA from the Indian Ocean over Africa since 1100 CE. In addition, the regional model is tested as a paleomagnetic dating tool by re-dating previous archaeomagnetic data from Africa and thus can be used to date other African archeological sites and the numerous active and dormant volcanoes of the East African System.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 106855
    Beschreibung: 1A. Geomagnetismo e Paleomagnetismo
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): geomagnetic modeling ; Africa
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Comment on ‘Unveiling ductile deformation during fast exhumation of a granitic pluton in a transfer zone’ by Richard Spiess, Antonio Langone, Alfredo Caggianelli, Finlay M. Stuart, Martina Zucchi, Caterina Bianco, Andrea Brogi, & Domenico Liotta (2023)
    Elsevier
    In:  Spiess, R., Langone, A., Caggianelli, A., Stuart, F.M., Zucchi, M., Bianco, C., et al., 2021. Unveiling ductile deformation during fast exhumation of a granitic pluton in a transfer zone. J. Struct. Geol. 147, 104326.
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2023-02-27
    Beschreibung: In their paper, Spiess et al. (2021) published structural, geochronological, and EBSD data on one of the monzogranite apophyses (Capo Bianco) of the buried Porto Azzurro Pluton (island of Elba, Northern Apennines, Italy), a pluton emplaced in the upper crust (P 〈 0.2 GPa; e.g. Papeschi et al., 2019). The authors published a new U/Pb age of 6.4 ± 0.4 Ma, associated with the thermal peak, and a U-Th/He apatite age of 5.0 ± 0.6 Ma, indicating cooling below 60 ◦C. Spiess et al. (2021) use these ages to model the exhumation of the pluton controlled, in their model, by the Zuccale Fault, a subhorizontal fault with 6 km of eastward displacement (ZF; Keller & Coward, 1996). Their structural dataset from the macro to the microscale and EBSD analyses relies on a small section (about 100 m wide) in the NE part of the Calamita Peninsula. Based on their documentation of (1) vertical dykes in the monzogranite, (2) vertical to low-angle top-to-the-E extensional faults, and (3) later NWstriking oblique faults, they interpret the Porto Azzurro Pluton as emplaced in an extensional to transcurrent tectonic setting, extrapolating their findings to the entire Eastern Elba.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 104499
    Beschreibung: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): Upper crustal deformation ; Magmatic intrusion ; 04.04. Geology
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  • 164
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    From the Middle Triassic Cima Pape complex (Dolomites; Southern Alps) to the feeding systems beneath active volcanoes: Clues from clinopyroxene textural and compositional zoning (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2023-02-27
    Beschreibung: Crystal zoning plays a fundamental role in modern volcanology as a key to unravel the geometry and the dynamics of plumbing systems. In this study, a detailed textural and compositional study of clinopyroxene crystals entrained in intrusive, hypabyssal and effusive products from Cima Pape (Dolomites) is coupled with thermobarometric-hygrometricmodels to reconstruct the geometry and evolution of the feeding systembeneath Middle Triassic volcanic edifices. Whole-rock major, trace element distribution and Sr-Nd isotopic signature (87Sr/86Sri = 0.7045–0.7050; 143Nd/144Ndi = 0.51223–0.51228) show that the rocks from Cima Pape are SiO2- saturated and have shoshonitic affinity, and likely belong to the acme of the Mid-Triassic magmatismthat shaped the Southern Alps between 239 and 237.6Ma. Highly porphyritic trachybasaltic to basaltic trachyandesitic volcanic rocks contain a large number of concentric-zoned clinopyroxene crystals. Here, high-Mg# and -Cr2O3, REEdepleted bands (Mg# 80–91; Cr2O3 up to 1.2 wt%) with variable thickness grew between relatively low-Mg# and -Cr2O3 (Mg# 70–77; Cr2O3 〈 0.1 wt%) augitic cores and rims. In contrast, the gabbroic to monzodioritic 50- to 300-m-thick sill cropping out belowthe volcanic sequences, though to represent a relic of the shallowest portion of the plumbing system, is mostly made up of unzoned clinopyroxene crystals. Thermobarometric and hygrometric models allowed us to define that a small “mush-type” batchwas located beneath the Cima Pape volcano at depths between 7 and 14 km. Here, augitic clinopyroxene formed in equilibrium with a slightly evolved (basaltic trachyandesitic), H2O-rich melt (Mg# = 43–45; T = 1035–1075 °C; H2O = 2.6–3.8 wt%). Periodic replenishments of the magma batch by primitive (Mg# = 65–70), hotter and relatively H2O-poor (T = 1130–1150 °C; H2O = 2.1–2.8 wt%) basaltic magmas led to the formation of diopsidic bands mantling the already formed augitic cores. Later on, re-equilibration of clinopyroxene with the mixed melt resulted in the formation of low-Mg#, LILE- and LREE-enriched rims. The most Mg-poor micro-phenocrystic clinopyroxene in the volcanic rocks and in the sill records the ultimate and shallowest conditions of crystallization, occurring at T of 975–1010 °C and P comprised between 50 and 150 MPa. Based on the presence of similar zoning in clinopyroxene phenocrysts, a comparison between the Mid-Triassic Cima Pape and active volcanoes was put forward to highlight the potential of studying ancient, entirely exposed volcanic systems for interpreting the feeding systemprocesses acting beneath active volcanoes. At a regional scale, this approach represents a new, powerful tool for investigating the evolution of the Mid-Triassic magmatism in the Southern Alps and shedding light on the interactions between mantle-derived melts and differentiated batches ponding in the crust.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 107459
    Beschreibung: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
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    Seismic imaging of Dante’s Domes oceanic core complex from streamer waveform inversion and reverse time migration (2023)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2023-02-25
    Beschreibung: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2022. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 127(8), (2022): e2021JB023814, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021jb023814.
    Beschreibung: Early arrival traveltime tomography and full waveform inversion were conducted on downward continued streamer seismic data at Dante's Domes oceanic core complex (OCC), providing unprecedented details of shallow P wave velocity structure. Together with reverse time migration images, seafloor morphology, in situ geological samples, magnetic and gravity data, the seismic constraints are used to infer the lithological distribution along the seismic profiles. Based on the striking similarity in velocity structure beneath the corrugated domes with other OCCs and drilling results from Atlantis Massif, we confidently reconfirmed the Southern Dome as dominantly gabbroic rocks, and the Northern Dome as serpentinized peridotites. A series of isolated gabbroic bodies embedded in the diabase and basaltic layers is observed in the breakaway zone, suggesting that the initiation of Dante's Domes OCC occurred over a long period during which there were several failed attempts to form a long-lived detachment fault. This early development of the OCC probably occurred under a regime of alternating magma starvation and magma replenishment. The predominantly gabbroic section, beneath the Southern Dome and extending to termination, indicates the OCC has been created with relatively high magma flux. We also imaged distinct shallow subseafloor reflections which are also termed as D reflectors underneath the corrugated domes. The location of the D reflectors is similar to those in the Atlantis Massif, with depths well correlated with the top of exhumed gabbroic bodies and the discontinuities in the D reflectors between gabbroic bodies. Our findings contribute to the understanding of processes controlling the OCCs initiation and evolution at slow spreading ridges.
    Beschreibung: This research was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (91858207), Key Special Project for Introduced Talents Team of Southern Marine Science and Engineering Guangdong Laboratory (GML2019ZD0205), and Guangdong Basic and Applied Basic Research Foundation (2021B1515020023). M. X. acknowledges support from Special Foundation for National Science and Technology Basic Research Program of China (2018FY100505), Guangdong NSF research team project (2017A030312002), K. C. Wong Education Foundation (GJTD-2018-13), and the Chinese Academy of Sciences (Y4SL021001, QYZDY-SSWDQC005, 133244KYSB20180029, 131551KYSB20200021, and ISEE2021PY03). J. P. C. acknowledges support from the Independent Research and Development Program at WHOI.
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  • 166
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    Spatial variability of movement, structure, and formation of Warm Core Rings in the Northwest Atlantic Slope Sea (2023)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2023-02-25
    Beschreibung: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2022. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Oceans 127(8),(2022): e2022JC018737, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022jc018737.
    Beschreibung: Gulf Stream Warm Core Rings (WCRs) have important influences on the New England Shelf and marine ecosystems. A 10-year (2011–2020) WCR dataset that tracks weekly WCR locations and surface areas is used here to identify the rings' path and characterize their movement between 55 and 75°W. The WCR dataset reveals a very narrow band between 66 and 71°W along which rings travel almost due west along ∼39°N across isobaths – the “Ring Corridor.” Then, west of the corridor, the mean path turns southwestward, paralleling the shelfbreak. The average ring translation speed along the mean path is 5.9 cm s−1. Long-lived rings (lifespan 〉150 days) tend to occupy the region west of the New England Seamount Chain (NESC) whereas short-lived rings (lifespan 〈150 days) tend to be more broadly distributed. WCR vertical structures, analyzed using available Argo float profiles indicate that rings that are formed to the west of the NESC have shallower thermoclines than those formed to the east. This tendency may be due to different WCR formation processes that are observed to occur along different sections of the Gulf Stream. WCRs formed to the east of the NESC tend to form from a pinch-off mechanism incorporating cores of Sargasso Sea water and a perimeter of Gulf Stream water. WCRs that form to the west of the NESC, form from a process called an aneurysm. WCRs formed through aneurysms comprise water mostly from the northern half of the Gulf Stream and are smaller than the classic pinch-off rings.
    Beschreibung: AS and AG are grateful for financial support from NOAA (NA11NOS0120038), NSF (OCE-1851242 and OCE-2123283), SMAST, and UMass Dartmouth. GG was supported by NSF under grant OCE-1657853. MA was supported by NSF under grant OCE-2122726 and by ONR under grant N00014-22-1-2112.
    Schlagwort(e): Gulf Stream ; Warm core rings ; Trajectories ; Eddies ; Aneurysm ; Ring formation
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    Eruption rates, tempo, and stratigraphy of Paleocene flood basalts on Baffin Island, Canada (2023)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2023-02-25
    Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Biasi, J., Asimow, P., Horton, F., & Boyes, X. Eruption rates, tempo, and stratigraphy of Paleocene flood basalts on Baffin Island, Canada. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 23(9), (2022): e2021GC010172, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021gc010172.
    Beschreibung: High-temperature melting in mantle plumes produces voluminous eruptions that are often temporally coincident with mass extinctions. Paleocene Baffin Island lavas—products of early Iceland mantle plume activity—are exceptionally well characterized geochemically but have poorly constrained stratigraphy, geochronology, and eruptive tempos. To provide better geologic context, we measured seven stratigraphic sections of the volcanic deposits and collected paleomagnetic data from 38 sites in the lavas and underlying Cretaceous sediments (Quqaluit Fm.). The average paleomagnetic pole from this study does not overlap with the expected pole for a stable North American locality at 60 Ma, yet the data have sufficient dispersion to average out secular variation. After ruling out other possibilities, we find that the picrites were probably erupted during a polarity transition, over less than 5 kyr. If so, the average eruption interval was ∼67 years per flow for the thickest sequence of exposed lavas. We also calculate that the flood basalts had a minimum total volume of ∼176 km3 (excluding submerged lavas in Baffin Bay). This implies a minimum eruption rate of ∼0.035 km3 yr−1, which is similar to rates found in West Greenland lavas but less than rates found in larger flood basalts. Despite this, the Baffin and West Greenland lavas temporally correlate with the “End C27n event” (a period of ∼2°C global warming) and may be its underlying cause.
    Beschreibung: his work was supported by the National Science Foundation (award #1911699 to F. Horton and award #2052963 to J. Biasi), Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution (WHOI) Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Endowed Fund for Innovative Research, a National Geographic Society grant (#CP4-144R-18), and internal funding from the Caltech Geological and Planetary Sciences Division.
    Schlagwort(e): Baffin island ; North Atlantic ; Flood basalt ; Paleomagnetism ; Volcanology ; Secular variation
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  • 168
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    Geochemistry of trace metals and Rare Earth Elements in shallow marine water affected by hydrothermal fluids at Vulcano (Aeolian Islands, Italy) (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2023-02-23
    Beschreibung: Trace metals and Rare Earth Element (REE) are amply discharged by submarine hydrothermal vents, sometimes leading to the formation of ore deposits of economic interest. We report on first data on the geochemical processes involving REE and trace metals, at the solid-liquid interface, in the hydrothermal area of Levante Bay at Vulcano Island (Aeolian Archipelago, Italy). Samples were collected from several submarine springs and seeps, a mud pool and one thermal well, and analyzed for Al, Si, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, As, Rb, Sr, Cs, Ba, U and REE, besides major ions. Within the bay, hydrothermal fluids contaminate seawater and promote the leaching of metals from sediments through the dissolution of CO2 and H2S, while the particulate matter removes several elements from the water. The leaching of the bottom sediments and the contribution of steam-heated water produce an enrichment of some metals and REE in the Levante Bay with respect to the concentrations expected in the ambient seawater. An enrichment up to one order of magnitude is measured for Fe, Al, Ba, Cs and Rb, and up to two orders of magnitude for Mn in the submarine samples. Other transition metals (Ti, V, Co, Cr), U, As and Sr have concentrations similar or slightly lower than the ambient seawater. REE are in concentrations higher than in ambient seawater up to two orders of magnitude. Despite being significantly higher than uncontaminated seawater, the concentrations of some metals (namely Fe, Al, Ti, Cr, V, Co, U) and REE in most samples are lower than expected by the mixing between seawater and the steam-heated water, discharging from submarine springs. Indeed, equilibrium and reaction path modeling indicate the likely precipitation of Fe-oxyhydroxides, able to remove minor elements, such as Ti, Cr, Co, V and As, and REE. The last ones are significantly removed by newly-forming solid phases, due to the presence of a large amount of Fe released by the acidic fluids through the leaching of sediments. The low pH limits the formation of solution complexes of REE with carbonate ions (the main complexing agent for REE in seawater), whereas the sorption onto particles is still effective, even at close distance from the submarine springs and seeps. This study brings new insights on the geochemical processes occurring in submarine hydrothermal systems, in particular, those in subduction-related context.
    Beschreibung: Fondo Sociale Europeo (PO FSE 2014-2020)
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 120756
    Beschreibung: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): REE ; Trace metals ; Hydrothermal system ; Seawater ; 03.02. Hydrology ; 03.04. Chemical and biological ; 04.08. Volcanology
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  • 169
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    Hydrochemical and isotopic characterization of the Region Carbonífera aquifer: An example of hydrogeological systems in the semi-arid climates of northeastern Mexico (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2023-02-23
    Beschreibung: Hydrogeological resources in the semiarid regions of Mexico support the economy and essential domestic activities of around 17 million people. However, adverse climatic conditions and overexploitation of aquifers affect the quantity and quality of the resource, added to problems of anthropogenic pollution and the salinity of water bodies. The Region Carbonífera aquifer represents the primary hydrogeological system in the most important coal-mining region in Mexico, located in the state of Coahuila. In this work, we present a complete dataset of 157 samples from surface and groundwaters sites have been used to characterizethe physicochemical and isotopic processes responsible for the composition of circulating waters, clarifying their origin, and to evaluate the water quality in terms of human consumption and irrigation use. The aquifer is mostly represented by Ca2+-Mg2+-SO42- and Ca2+-Mg2+-Cl- type waters, that supports salinization problems in 76% of the samples as well as sulfate excess. The origin of this chemical behavior seems to be the result of three main processes: 1) dissolution of soluble salts (gypsum, anhydrite and halite), 2) high surface evaporation under semiarid climate conditions, and 3) ionic and reverse ionic exchange. Processes 1 and 2 are also supported by the enrichment trends in the δ18O and δD signatures. For human consumption, 21% of the samples show high concentrations above the maximum permissible limits of the Official Mexican Standard (NOM-127-SSA1-1994) in total dissolved solids, Cl−, Na+, and SO42−. Additionally, 80% of the waters have some irrigation limitations due to excess sodicity or salinity. The worst quality waters for human or irrigation uses are located south of the aquifer in the municipalities of Juárez and Progreso. This study exhibits the complex hydric situation of the aquifer, raising awareness of the need to seek alternative sources, rational exploitation of resources, the use of crops that better adapt to these semiarid conditions, and intensifying hydrochemical monitoring in the region.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 105307
    Beschreibung: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
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  • 170
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    Carbonation of serpentinite in creeping faults of California (2023)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2023-02-21
    Beschreibung: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2022. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Geophysical Research Letters 49(15), (2022): e2022GL099185, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022gl099185.
    Beschreibung: Several large strike slip faults in central and northern California accommodate plate motions through aseismic creep. Although there is no consensus regarding the underlying cause of aseismic creep, aqueous fluids and mechanically weak, velocity-strengthening minerals appear to play a central role. This study integrates field observations and thermodynamic modeling to examine possible relationships between the occurrence of serpentinite, silica-carbonate rock, and CO2-rich aqueous fluids in creeping faults of California. Our models predict that carbonation of serpentinite leads to the formation of talc and magnesite, followed by silica-carbonate rock. While abundant exposures of silica-carbonate rock indicate complete carbonation, serpentinite-hosted CO2-rich spring fluids are strongly supersaturated with talc at elevated temperatures. Hence, carbonation of serpentinite is likely ongoing in parts of the San Andres Fault system and operates in conjunction with other modes of talc formation that may further enhance the potential for aseismic creep, thereby limiting the potential for large earthquakes.
    Beschreibung: This work was supported by National Science Foundation (NSF) grants NSF-EAR-1220280 to F. K. and J. L., NSF-EAR-1219908 to D. G., and NSF-OCE-2001728 to J. L.
    Schlagwort(e): Mineral carbonation ; Serpentinite ; Talc ; CO2 ; Aseismic creep ; San Andreas Fault
    Repository-Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
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  • 171
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    Overflow Water pathways in the North Atlantic (2023)
    Elsevier
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    Publikationsdatum: 2023-02-21
    Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Lozier, M., Bower, A., Furey, H., Drouin, K., Xu, X., & Zou, S. Overflow Water pathways in the North Atlantic. Progress In Oceanography, (2022): 102874, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.pocean.2022.102874.
    Beschreibung: As part of the international Overturning in the Subpolar North Atlantic Program (OSNAP), 135 acoustically-tracked deep floats were deployed to track the spreading pathways of Iceland-Scotland Overflow Water (ISOW) and Denmark Strait Overflow Water (DSOW) from 2014 to 2018. These water masses, which originate in the Nordic Seas, are transported by the deepest branch of the Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation (AMOC). The OSNAP floats provide the first directly-observed, comprehensive Lagrangian view of ISOW and DSOW spreading pathways throughout the subpolar North Atlantic. The collection of OSNAP float trajectories, complemented by model simulations, reveals that their pathways are (a) not restricted to western boundary currents, and (b) remarkably different from each other in character. The spread of DSOW from the Irminger Sea is primarily via the swift deep boundary currents of the Irminger and Labrador Seas, whereas the spread of ISOW out of the Iceland Basin is slower and along multiple export pathways. The characterization of these Overflow Water pathways has important implications for our understanding of the AMOC and its variability. Finally, reconstructions of AMOC variability from proxy data, involving either the strength of boundary currents and/or the property variability of deep waters, should account for the myriad pathways of DSOW and ISOW, but particularly so for the latter.
    Beschreibung: MSL gratefully acknowledges the support from the Physical Oceanography Program of the U.S. National Science Foundation (Grant OCE-2017522). ASB, HHF and SZ gratefully acknowledge the support from the Physical Oceanography Program of the U.S. National Science Foundation (Grant OCE-1756361). KLD gratefully acknowledges the support from the Physical Oceanography Program of the U.S. National Science Foundation (Grant OCE-1851075). XX gratefully acknowledges the support from the Physical Oceanography Program of the U.S. National Science Foundation (Grant OCE-2038449). RAFOS float data can be accessed at Woods Hole Open Access Server (https://doi.org/10.26025/1912/24388).
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  • 172
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    Does sea spray aerosol contribute significantly to aerosol trace element loading? a case study from the US GEOTRACES Pacific Meridional Transect (GP15) (2023)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2023-02-21
    Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Marsay, C. M., Landing, W. M., Umstead, D., Till, C. P., Freiberger, R., Fitzsimmons, J. N., Lanning, N. T., Shiller, A. M., Hatta, M., Chmiel, R., Saito, M., & Buck, C. S. Does sea spray aerosol contribute significantly to aerosol trace element loading? a case study from the US GEOTRACES Pacific Meridional Transect (GP15). Global Biogeochemical Cycles, 36(8), (2022): e2022GB007416. https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GB007416.
    Beschreibung: Atmospheric deposition represents a major input for micronutrient trace elements (TEs) to the surface ocean and is often quantified indirectly through measurements of aerosol TE concentrations. Sea spray aerosol (SSA) dominates aerosol mass concentration over much of the global ocean, but few studies have assessed its contribution to aerosol TE loading, which could result in overestimates of “new” TE inputs. Low-mineral aerosol concentrations measured during the U.S. GEOTRACES Pacific Meridional Transect (GP15; 152°W, 56°N to 20°S), along with concurrent towfish sampling of surface seawater, provided an opportunity to investigate this aspect of TE biogeochemical cycling. Central Pacific Ocean surface seawater Al, V, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, and Pb concentrations were combined with aerosol Na data to calculate a “recycled” SSA contribution to aerosol TE loading. Only vanadium was calculated to have a SSA contribution averaging 〉1% along the transect (mean of 1.5%). We derive scaling factors from previous studies on TE enrichments in the sea surface microlayer and in freshly produced SSA to assess the broader potential for SSA contributions to aerosol TE loading. Maximum applied scaling factors suggest that SSA could contribute significantly to the aerosol loading of some elements (notably V, Cu, and Pb), while for others (e.g., Fe and Al), SSA contributions largely remained 〈1%. Our study highlights that a lack of focused measurements of TEs in SSA limits our ability to quantify this component of marine aerosol loading and the associated potential for overestimating new TE inputs from atmospheric deposition.
    Beschreibung: This research was supported by the National Science Foundation (NSF) grants OCE-1756103 to C. S. Buck, OCE-1756104 to W. M. Landing, OCE-1737024 to A.M. Shiller, OCE-1736906 to M. Hatta, OCE-1736875 to C. P. Till, OCE-1737167 to J. N. Fitzsimmons, and OCE-1736599 to M. Saito. In addition, N. T. Lanning was supported by the NSF Graduate Research Fellowship Program award 1746932.
    Schlagwort(e): Aerosols ; Trace elements ; GEOTRACES ; Sea spray aerosol ; Pacific Ocean
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  • 173
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    Using misorientation and weighted burgers vector statistics to understand intragranular boundary development and grain boundary formation at high temperatures (2023)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2023-02-21
    Beschreibung: Author Posting. © American Geophysical Union, 2022. This article is posted here by permission of American Geophysical Union for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth 127(8), (2022): e2022JB024497, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JB024497.
    Beschreibung: During plastic deformation, strain weakening can be achieved, in part, via strain energy reduction associated with intragranular boundary development and grain boundary formation. Grain boundaries (in 2D) are segments between triple junctions, that connect to encircle grains; every boundary segment in the encircling loop has a high (〉10°) misorientation angle. Intragranular boundaries terminate within grains or dissect grains, usually containing boundary segments with a low (〈10°) misorientation angle. We analyze electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) data from ice deformed at −30°C (Th≈ 0.9). Misorientation and weighted Burgers vector (WBV) statistics are calculated along planar intragranular boundaries. Misorientation angles change markedly along each intragranular boundary, linking low- (〈10°) and high-angle (10–38°) segments that exhibit distinct misorientation axes and WBV directions. We suggest that these boundaries might be produced by the growth and intersection of individual intragranular boundary segments comprising dislocations with distinct slip systems. There is a fundamental difference between misorientation axis distributions of intragranular boundaries (misorientation axes mostly confined to ice basal plane) and grain boundaries (no preferred misorientation axis). These observations suggest during progressive subgrain rotation, intragranular boundaries remain crystallographically controlled up to large misorientation angles (〉〉10°). In contrast, the apparent lack of crystallographic control for grain boundaries suggests misorientation axes become randomized, likely due to the activation of additional mechanisms (such as grain boundary sliding) after grain boundary formation, linking boundary segments to encircle a grain. Our findings on ice intragranular boundary development and grain boundary formation may apply more broadly to other rock-forming minerals (e.g., olivine, quartz).
    Beschreibung: This work was supported by a NASA fund (Grant No. NNX15AM69G) to David L. Goldsby and two Marsden Funds of the Royal Society of New Zealand (Grant Nos. UOO1116, UOO052) to David J. Prior. Sheng Fan was supported by the University of Otago doctoral scholarship, the Antarctica New Zealand doctoral scholarship, a research grant from New Zealand Ministry of Business, Innovation and Employment through the Antarctic Science Platform (ANTA1801) (Grant No. ASP-023-03), and a New Zealand Antarctic Research Institute (NZARI) Early Career Researcher Seed Grant (Grant No. NZARI 2020-1-5). Open access publishing facilitated by University of Otago, as part of the Wiley – University of Otago agreement via the Council of Australian University Librarians.
    Schlagwort(e): High temperature deformation ; Misorientation ; Weighted Burgers vector ; Intragranular boundary ; Grain boundary ; Boundary geometry
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  • 174
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    Constraints on the lunar core viscosity from tidal deformation (2023)
    Elsevier
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    Publikationsdatum: 2023-02-24
    Beschreibung: We use the tidal deformations of the Moon induced by the Earth and the Sun as a tool for studying the inner structure of our satellite. Based on measurements of the degree-two tidal Love numbers $k_2$ and $h_2$ and dissipation coefficients from the GRAIL mission, Lunar Laser Ranging and Laser Altimetry on board of the LRO spacecraft, we perform Monte Carlo samplings for 120,000 possible combinations of thicknesses and viscosities for two classes of the lunar models. The first one includes a uniform core, a low viscosity zone (LVZ) at the core-mantle boundary, a mantle and a crust. The second one has an additional inner core. All models are consistent with the lunar t otal mass as well as its moment of inertia. By comparing predicted and observed parameters for the tidal deformations we find that the existence of an inner core cannot be ruled out. Furthermore, by deducing temperature profiles for the LVZ and an Earth-like mantle, we obtain stringent constraints on the radius (500 $\pm$ 1) km, viscosity, $(4.5 \pm 0.8) \times10^{16}$ Pa$\cdot$s and the density (3400 $\pm$ 10) kg/m$^3$ of the LVZ. We also infer the first estimation for the outer core viscosity, (2.07 ± 1.03) × 10$^{17}$ Pa·s, for tw o different possible structures: a Moon with a 70 km thick outer core and large inner core (290 km radius with a density of 6000 kg/m$^{3}$), and a Moon with a thicker outer core (169 km thick) but a denser and smaller inner core (219 km radius for 8000 kg/m$^{3}$).
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 115426
    Beschreibung: 5IT. Osservazioni satellitari
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 175
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    Post-caldera volcanism reveals shallow priming of an intra-ocean arc andesitic caldera: Hunga volcano, Tonga, SW Pacific (2023)
    Elsevier
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    Publikationsdatum: 2023-02-21
    Beschreibung: Intra-oceanic arcs are typically associated with intermediate (andesitic) cone volcanoes. However, caldera volcanoes may also form in these settings from very large eruptions, resulting in sudden changes to the magma reservoir. These reservoirs can then produce either semi-continuous or intermittent low-intensity volcanism between major caldera-producing or caldera-deepening eruptions, providing insights into the post-caldera evolution of the system. Hunga volcano (Kingdom of Tonga, Southwest Pacific) is a large mainly submarine edifice that produced a series of caldera-forming eruptions ~900 years ago. Since then, numerous smaller-scale subaerial and submarine eruptions occurred, the most recent forming new islands in 2009 and 2014/15. Pyroclastic deposits associated with these latest eruptions have identical (range ~ 0.1 wt% of all major oxides) andesitic composition that overlap with the primitive end of the slightly wider compositional range of the caldera-forming episodes. Texturally simple plagioclase, clinopyroxene and orthopyroxene phenocrysts in pre-, syn- and post-caldera pyroclasts point to a single shallow storage reservoir at 5–8 km depth. Lack of complex zonation indicates that this reservoir is constantly resupplied by low-flux inputs of basaltic andesite magma and is large enough that convective mixing rapidly homogenises new inputs. The reservoir feeds intermittent, low-intensity, post-caldera volcanism with constant andesite composition, driven possibly by magmatic overpressure and “leakage” of gas-rich magma pockets around the edges of the caldera. More primitive and compositionally variable basaltic andesites formed a lava-dominated edifice prior to the caldera-forming event. This suggests a causal link between magma supply dynamics and caldera priming relating to the maturing of the plumbing system and formation of a sustained subvolcanic andesite magma reservoir.
    Beschreibung: This research was funded by the Faculty Research Development Fund, The University of Auckland to MB and SJC. We are grateful for financial and logistic support from ICON Films, Bristol, UK. We are especially grateful for the help and company of Lucy Meadows and Alex Holden, ICON Films, UK, during the field studies.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 106614
    Beschreibung: 1V. Storia eruttiva
    Beschreibung: 2V. Struttura e sistema di alimentazione dei vulcani
    Beschreibung: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): Andesite caldera, mafic ignimbrite ; Lava Explosive volcanism ; Hunga Tonga Arc volcanism ; South Pacific volcanism ; 04.08. Volcanology
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  • 176
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    Fingerprinting secondary mantle plumes (2023)
    Elsevier
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    Publikationsdatum: 2023-02-21
    Beschreibung: Many vertical seismic velocity anomalies observed below different parts of the Eurasian plate are rooted in the transition zone between the upper and lower mantle (410–660 km), forming so-called secondary plumes. These anomalies are interpreted as the result of thermal effects of large-scale thermal upwelling (primary plume) in the lower mantle or deep dehydration of fluid-rich subducting oceanic plates. We present the results of thermo-mechanical numerical modelling to investigate the dynamics of such small-scale thermal and chemical (hydrous) anomalies rising from the lower part of the Earth’s upper mantle. Our objective is to determine the conditions that allow thermo-chemical secondary plumes of moderate size (initial radius of 50 km) to penetrate the continental lithosphere, as often detected in seismo-tomographic studies. To this end, we examine the effect of the following parameters: (1) the compositional deficit of the plume density due to the presence of water and hydrous silicate melts, (2) the width of the weak zone in the overlying lithosphere formed because of plume-induced magmatic weakening and/or previous tectonic events, and (3) a tectonic regime varied from neutral to extensional. In our models, secondary plumes of purely thermal origin do not penetrate the overlying plate, but flatten at its base, forming “mushroom”-shaped structures at the level of the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary. On the contrary, plumes with enhanced density contrast due to a chemical (hydrous) component are shown to be able to pass upwards through the lithospheric mantle to shallow depths near the Moho when (1) the compositional density contrast is ≥ 100 kg m−3 and (2) the width of the lithospheric weakness zone above the plume is ≥ 100 km. An extensional tectonic regime facilitates plume penetration into the lithosphere but is not mandatory. Our findings can explain observations that have long remained enigmatic, such as the “arrow”-shaped zone of low seismic velocities below the Tengchong volcano in south-western China and the columnar (“finger”-shaped) anomaly within the lithospheric mantle discovered more than two decades ago beneath the Eifel volcanic fields in north-western Germany. It appears that a chemical component is a characteristic feature not only of conventional hydrous plumes located over presently downgoing oceanic slabs, but also of upper mantle plumes in other tectonic settings.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 117819
    Beschreibung: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): plume-lithosphere interaction ; secondary plumes ; hydrous plumes ; lithosphere rheology ; mantle transition zone ; numerical modelling
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    Microbial vs abiotic origin of methane in continental serpentinized ultramafic rocks: A critical review and the need of a holistic approach (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2023-02-21
    Beschreibung: Continental ultramafic rock systems, through the process of serpentinization, provide chemical and biochemical pathways that lead to the production of methane. The extent to which rock-water-gas reactions and organisms supply methane in these systems is a matter of considerable discussion and debate. Deciphering the interplay of abiotic and microbial methane observed at the surface requires several lines of reasoning as well as a variety of analyses. Despite using multiple models and interpretative tools, conclusions for the origin of methane at a particular site may vary or diverge from regional or global observations. Here, we critically address how possible conclusions of microbial versus abiotic methane in continental serpentinization systems may be interpreted and reinterpreted. We review fundamental concepts, advantages and limits, for three major methane origin models: (a) abiotic CO2 hydrogenation supplying gas reservoirs, (b) derivation from fluid inclusions in olivine-rich rocks, and (c) microbialgenesis in aquifers. We use the case of methane in the Samail ophiolite of Oman as an emblematic example of multiple interpretations; we identify ambiguous information offered by methane clumped isotopes and molecular gas compositions (e.g., the meaning of gaseous hydrocarbons heavier than methane), and suggest key tools, such as radiocarbon (14C) in methane, which may solve interpretative issues. The major constraint in any model of methane origin is the capability to sustain continuous gas flows, in terms of methane emission intensity, longevity and spatial extension, such as in natural gas sedimentary systems. Overall, this review suggests that any site interpretation can benefit from a holistic approach, integrating geochemical, geological and biological data with gas flow dynamics, as well as including regional and global contextualization.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 105373
    Beschreibung: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
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    Trace element partitioning in zoned clinopyroxene as a proxy for undercooling: Experimental constraints from trachybasaltic magmas (2023)
    Elsevier
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    Publikationsdatum: 2023-02-21
    Beschreibung: Sector-zoned clinopyroxene records kinetic effects imposed by variable degrees of magma undercooling, ΔT, and can be utilised to track the dynamics of magmatic systems. The partitioning of trace elements into sectors grown in different crystallographic orientations can be used as a proxy for ΔT. However, an experimental assessment of the relationship between trace element zoning and ΔT has been lacking to date. Here we present trace element data from a series of undercooling crystallisation experiments on a primitive trachybasalt from Mt. Etna (Italy), at conditions of crustal storage (400 MPa, NNO + 2), and ΔT ranging from 23 to 173 °C. Changes in ΔT were modulated by varying both resting and liquidus temperatures, the latter via the melt-H2O content of the experiments. The resting temperature was retained for 24 h to ensure the attainment of near-equilibrium conditions. High-resolution elemental mapping reveals the distribution of trace elements in individual clinopyroxene zones. Increasing ΔT drives a shift from polyhedral morphologies with Al-rich prism and Al-poor hourglass sectors (ΔT = 23–25 °C), to skeletal (ΔT = 75–123 °C) and dendritic (ΔT = 132–173 °C) crystals with Al-rich skeletons and Al-poor overgrowths. Aluminium-rich zones have higher concentrations of rare earth elements (REE) and high field strength elements (HFSE) than Al-poor zones across all investigated ΔT conditions, and overall, Al, REE and HFSE contents increase with ΔT. This indicates that tetrahedral aluminium (TAl) and associated charge-balancing mechanisms govern the incorporation of REE and HFSE within clinopyroxene. Lattice strain parameters for REE in the M2 site indicate the incorporation of light relative to heavy REE in clinopyroxene is controlled by competing effects between the strain-free partition coefficient, D0, and the optimum cation radius, r0. Critically, the middle and heavy REE switch from incompatible to compatible with increasing ΔT. Used to model fractional crystallisation, our data demonstrate that fractionation of clinopyroxene at low ΔT controls pre-eruptive melt evolution. Importantly, this indicates crystallisation of clinopyroxene in the deep portions of Mt. Etna’s plumbing system is not rapid and is unlikely to result in the early formation of dendrites. We develop a parameterisation of ΔT based on REE partitioning between experimental clinopyroxene and coexisting melt, which can be applied to sector-zoned augite crystallising from mafic alkaline magmas, to reconstruct dynamic processes and thermal pathways during magma transport and storage. Applied to sector-zoned clinopyroxene microphenocrysts and groundmass microcrysts from the 1974 eccentric eruption at Mt. Etna, our parameterisation tracks an increase in ΔT with magma ascent and eruption, following recharge of Cr-rich mafic magma at depth. Sector-zoned clinopyroxene can track ΔT variations leading to volcanism at Mt. Etna and could be applied to quantify magma dynamics in other active volcanoes.
    Beschreibung: This work was supported by a Foundation Research Excellence Award from The University of Queensland (UQ-FREA RM2019001828, T.U.), the Advance Queensland Women’s Research Assistance Program from the Queensland Government (WRAP109-2019RD1 RM2020002371, T.U.) and the HP-HT laboratory of Experimental Geophysics and Volcanology (INGV, Rome). A.M. was supported by the Australian Government Research Training Program (RTP). S.M, M.M. and A.P. were supported by the MIUR project “Time scales of solidification in magmas: Applications to Volcanic Eruptions, Silicate Melts, Glasses, Glass- Ceramics” (PRIN 2017J277S9).
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 249-268
    Beschreibung: 3V. Proprietà chimico-fisiche dei magmi e dei prodotti vulcanici
    Beschreibung: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): Clinopyroxene ; Sector Zoning ; Trace element partitioning ; Undercooling ; Dendritic crystals ; Rare earth elements ; LA ICP-MS Mapping ; Mt. Etna ; 04.08. Volcanology
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Deep structure of the crust in the area of the 2016–2017 Central Italy seismic sequence from receiver function analysis (2023)
    Elsevier
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    Publikationsdatum: 2023-02-21
    Beschreibung: We compute a high-resolution topographic model of the Moho beneath the fault system activated during the 2016–2017 Central Italy seismic sequence, using Receiver Function (RF) analyses. We document that Ps conversions recorded in RF data-set varies abruptly at very short distance across the crustal lineament called Ancona-Anzio Line (AAL). Moho depth varies from about 25-30 km in the Tyrrhenian domain on the West to 35- 40 km in the Adriatic domain in the East. Where the two domains are juxtaposed along the AAL, Moho depth values cluster around 50 km depth, in a stripe-like area 20 km wide. Such unique feature marks the deformation zone in the lithosphere and testifies the abrupt change in delamination style in the two sectors of the Apennines. Intermittent large normal faulting earthquakes driven by across-belt extension break through such inherited strong structural changes, conditioned by localized barriers to fluids migration and overpressuring.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 229237
    Beschreibung: 1T. Struttura della Terra
    Beschreibung: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 180
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    Optical and microphysical characterization of atmospheric aerosol in the Central Mediterranean during simultaneous volcanic ash and desert dust transport events (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2023-03-22
    Beschreibung: Volcanic plume aerosol following the paroxysmal event of Mount Etna (Italy) in February 21st - 26th, 2021 was detected in Naples area (Italy), together with transport of Saharan dust aerosol, combining lidar, sunphotometer and satellite observations with back-trajectories and dispersion models simulations. Lidar data allowed to clearly distinguish the two main aerosol components, to investigate the spectral dependence of the aerosol optical properties and to retrieve their microphysical properties, essential for a detailed aerosol characterization. A new Monte Carlo algorithm, capable of retrieving the particle size distribution from lidar measurements, was applied. Lidar results are in good agreement with columnar integrated sunphotometer data. This combination of novel lidar observations of the vertically-resolved aerosol microphysics, column observations and modelling allows for a more complete description of multi-layered aerosol conditions.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 106099
    Beschreibung: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 181
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    3D thermal model of Sicily (Southern Italy) and perspectives for new exploration campaigns for geothermal resources (2023)
    Elsevier
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    Publikationsdatum: 2023-03-22
    Beschreibung: Quantification of the subsurface geothermal potential primarily relies on the assessment of the thermal and mechanical configuration of the lithosphere. Such investigations require a detailed knowledge of the geological and tectonic forcing on the regional thermal, stress and hydraulic regimes and their counter feedback mechanisms. This approach becomes even more relevant in complex and active tectonic settings. In this regard, the Sicily region, which is located in the Central-Western Mediterranean, is an exceptional case study due to its almost unexplored geothermal potential hosted in a complex geodynamic setting. The present-day geological configuration resulted from the collision between the African and European plates, which led to the coexistence of compressional phases, beginning with the Oligocene-Miocene clockwise rotation of Corsica-Sardinia and alternated extensional phases in the Tyrrhenian basin due to the southward progression of the Sicilian- Maghrebian chain towards areas of the internal foreland (Hyblean domain). In this study, we attempt a reconstruction of the present-day lithospheric state of Sicily to quantify its thermal regime at shallow and intermediate depths. We have carried out a 3D lithospheric-scale gravity modelling in order to define the main geological units and their lithology-dependent rock properties, then integrated into a 3D geological model consistent with available borehole and seismic datasets. We have used the constructed geological model with its lithologydependent density, thermal conductivity, and radiogenic heat production to derive the present-day conductive thermal field as a whole and for individual tectonic or geological units, thereby considering different boundary conditions. We have finally validated results of the modelling against a shallow temperature dataset derived from hydrocarbon explorations. Our results indicate that the thermal field at depths shallower than 10 km is largely controlled by variability in sedimentary thickness in the foreland and the orogen, while deeper temperatures are primarily controlled by the distribution of the heat transferred from the mantle together with the radiogenic contribution of the shallow crystalline basement rocks and deeper crustal layers. The thermal modelling portrays a rather heterogenous Moho heat flow, locally higher than 80 mW/m2, revealing a particular geodynamic setting with specific areas characterized by high-to-medium enthalpy geothermal potential. As such, our modelling provides new perspectives for the exploration of geothermal resources in Sicily and helps to better constrain the thermal structure of the complex Sicilian collisional setting.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 103976
    Beschreibung: 1TR. Georisorse
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Active tectonics in the Calabrian Arc: Insights from the Late Miocene to Recent structural evolution of the Squillace Basin (offshore eastern Calabria) (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2023-03-27
    Beschreibung: The Calabrian Arc represents one of the most active sectors of the upper plate of the Tyrrhenian-Ionian subduction system. This research aims to reconstruct the evolution of the Squillace Basin (Ionian offshore of the Calabrian Arc) from the Late Miocene to Recent times and recognise active shallow and deep structures using a multiscale approach. The latter is based on interpreting high-penetration and high-resolution seismic reflection profiles, calibrated with well-log data coupled with bathymetric data and the distribution of instrumental earthquakes. Data highlight three steps in the evolution of the Squillace Basin. A Late Miocene extensional event led to the formation of WNW-ESE oriented horst and half-graben structures. During the Pliocene, deformation was localised in the central and northern sectors of the basin and expressed by a WNW-ESE oriented strike-slip fault and NW-SE normal to trastensional faults, respectively. A transpressional event started in the Early Pleistocene, causing the positive inversion of deep (〉 3 km) extensional faults and the formation of NW-SE to WNW-ESE oriented transpressional/reverse faults and related anticlines. The kinematics of these faults agree with the NW-SE oriented left-lateral Albi-Cosenza, Lamezia-Catanzaro and Petilia-Sosti crustal fault zones developed in north Calabria. The results of this work suggest that the transpressional structures in the northwestern sector of the basin likely represent the offshore prolongation of the Albi-Cosenza fault zone. NW-SE to WNW-ESE trending, shallow (〈2 km) high-angle normal faults offset the younger deposits. Their depth and direction indicate that these faults are secondary structures formed in the extrados of the anticlines associated with the transpressional faults. The distribution of earthquakes shows events with M 〉 3 and depth 〈15 km located in the hanging wall of transpressional faults. The integrated data suggest that these structures are active and probably responsible for the major earthquakes that affected the Ionian offshore.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 229772
    Beschreibung: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 183
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    Deep learning for laboratory earthquake prediction and autoregressive forecasting of fault zone stress (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2023-03-20
    Beschreibung: Published in https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0012821X22004617
    Beschreibung: Earthquake forecasting and prediction have long and in some cases sordid histories but recent work has rekindled interest based on advances in early warning, hazard assessment for induced seismicity and successful prediction of laboratory earthquakes. In the lab, frictional stick-slip events provide an analog for earthquakes and the seismic cycle. Labquakes are ideal targets for machine learning (ML) because they can be produced in long sequences under controlled conditions. Recent works show that ML can predict several aspects of labquakes using fault zone acoustic emissions. Here, we generalize these results and explore deep learning (DL) methods for labquake prediction and autoregressive (AR) forecasting. DL improves existing ML methods of labquake prediction. AR methods allow forecasting at future horizons via iterative predictions. We demonstrate that DL models based on Long-Short Term Memory (LSTM) and Convolution Neural Networks predict labquakes under several conditions, and that fault zone stress can be predicted with fidelity, confirming that acoustic energy is a fingerprint of fault zone stress. We predict also time to start of failure (TTsF) and time to the end of Failure (TTeF) for labquakes. Interestingly, TTeF is successfully predicted in all seismic cycles, while the TTsF prediction varies with the amount of preseismic fault creep. We report AR methods to forecast the evolution of fault stress using three sequence modeling frameworks: LSTM, Temporal Convolution Network and Transformer Network. AR forecasting is distinct from existing predictive models, which predict only a target variable at a specific time. The results for forecasting beyond a single seismic cycle are limited but encouraging. Our ML/DL models outperform the state-of-the-art and our autoregressive model represents a novel framework that could enhance current methods of earthquake forecasting.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 117825
    Beschreibung: 3T. Fisica dei terremoti e Sorgente Sismica
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): Physics - Geophysics; Physics - Geophysics; Computer Science - Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 184
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    Estimating the long-term slip rate of active normal faults: The case of the Paganica Fault (Central Apennines, Italy) (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2023-03-20
    Beschreibung: The footwall of the surface rupturing Paganica normal fault, the source of the 2009 L’Aquila earthquake (Mw 6.1) in the Central Apennines (Italy), was investigated using integrated geological and geomorphological approaches. The aim was to constrain the active tectonics by studying the Raiale River that orthogonally crosscuts the fault trace, where it provides a useful geomorphological marker of long-term fluvial incision and footwall uplift. Using morphostratigraphy and paleomagnetic analysis, the Plio–Pleistocene morphotectonic evolution of the area was reconstructed, comprising an ancient continental basin and paleolandforms that predate the footwall incision. Starting from the Late Early Pleistocene–Middle Pleistocene, fluvial dissection was mainly due to marked river downcutting triggered by significant activity of the Paganica Fault, which caused progressive base-level lowering. The Raiale River downcutting formed five Middle–Late Pleistocene fluvial terraces, that, along with absolute Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) dating, allowed the identification of paleolongitudinal profiles with a diverging downstream configuration. Terrace dating yielded a minimum incision rate of 0.25 ± 0.02 mm/a, which only partially compensates the footwall uplift and can thus be considered as a minimum value for the Paganica Fault throw rate, which could reach up to ~0.45 mm/a. In parallel, using terrestrial cosmogenic nuclides, a denudation rate of 0.02–0.04 mm/a was measured on the summit of the footwall block. This denudation is in keeping with the drainage incision, suggesting a non-steady state for the fault footwall topography and a dominance of relief growth. Last, the analysis of the modern Raiale River longitudinal profile denoted an ungraded status, with two main knickzones that we interpret as transient forms due to tectonic perturbations, likely triggered by activity of the Paganica Fault during the end Early Pleistocene and the Late Pleistocene. Considering the 2009 L’Aquila earthquake coseismic rupture, we observe that the younger transience on the Raiale River longitudinal profile, if it is of tectonic origin, could have only been produced by much larger seismic events (i.e., Mw 〉 6.5) than those documented in the area by paleoseismological investigations. The collective results confirmed that in the Central Apennines, conditions of dynamic equilibrium are often not met, and that the persistence of transient perturbations induced by tectonics should be accounted for.
    Beschreibung: The work was financially supported by the MIUR (Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research) project “FIRB Abruzzo - High-resolution analyses for assessing the seismic hazard and risk of the areas affected by the 6 April 2009 earthquake”, ref. RBAP10ZC8K_005 and RBAP10ZC8K_007, and by Agreement INGV-DPC 2012-2021. The airborne LiDAR survey performedby the Civil Protection of Friuli Venezia Giulia (Italy) was kindly released by Italian Civil Protection Department Special thanks to Simone Atzori, who provided the InSAR data.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 108411
    Beschreibung: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): Earthquake geology ; Active faults ; L'Aquila earthquake ; Morphotectonics ; active faulting
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    The Sensitivity of Tsunami Impact to Earthquake Source Parameters and Manning Friction in High-Resolution Inundation Simulations (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2023-03-20
    Beschreibung: In seismically active regions with variable dominant focal mechanisms, there is considerable tsunami inundation height uncertainty. Basic earthquake source parameters such as dip, strike, and rake affect significantly the tsunamigenic potential and the tsunami directivity. Tsunami inundation is also sensitive to other properties such as bottom friction. Despite their importance, sensitivity to these basic parameters is surprisingly sparsely studied in literature. We perform suites of systematic parameter searches to investigate the sensitivity of inundation at the towns of Catania and Siracusa on Sicily to changes both in the earthquake source parameters and the Manning friction. The inundation is modelled using the Tsunami-HySEA shallow water code on a system of nested topo-bathymetric grids with a finest spatial resolution of 10 m. This GPU-based model, with significant HPC resources, allows us to perform large numbers of high- resolution tsunami simulations. We analyze the variability of different hydrodynamic parameters due to large earthquakes with uniform slip at different locations, focal depth, and different source parameters. We consider sources both near the coastline, in which significant near-shore co-seismic deformation occurs, and offshore, where near- shore co-seismic deformation is negligible. For distant offshore earthquake sources, we see systematic and intuitive changes in the inundation with changes in strike, dip, rake, and depth. For near-shore sources, the dependency is far more complicated and co- determined by both the source mechanisms and the coastal morphology. The sensitivity studies provide directions on how to resolve the source discretization to optimize the number of sources in Probabilistic Tsunami Hazard Analysis, and they demonstrate a need for a far finer discretization of local sources than for more distant sources. For a small number of earthquake sources, we study systematically the inundation as a function of the Manning coefficient. The sensitivity of the inundation to this parameter varies greatly for different earthquake sources and topo-bathymetry at the coastline of interest. The friction greatly affects the velocities and momentum flux and to a lesser but still significant extent the inundation distance from the coastline. An understanding of all these dependencies is needed to better quantify the hazard when source complexity increases.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 757618
    Beschreibung: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto
    Beschreibung: 8T. Sismologia in tempo reale e Early Warning Sismico e da Tsunami
    Beschreibung: 1SR TERREMOTI - Sorveglianza Sismica e Allerta Tsunami
    Beschreibung: 3IT. Calcolo scientifico
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): tsunami ; inundation ; HPC ; earthquakes ; numerical simulations
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Radon (222Rn) levels in thermal waters of the geothermally active Campi Flegrei volcanic caldera (Southern Italy): A framework study using a RAD7 radon detector (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2023-03-20
    Beschreibung: The present investigation provides measurements of radon (222Rn) concentration levels in 20 thermal waters at the Campi Flegrei volcanic caldera, an important geothermal system with hydrothermal manifestations in the Neapolitan area (Southern Italy). We used a RAD7® Radon-in-air detector equipped with Big Bottle RAD H2O and DRYSTIK accessories (Durridge Co. Inc.). Water samples with different chemical and/or physical conditions, not used as drink waters, are taken from continental thermal groundwaters, springs, lakes, pools and one sub merged thermal spring. The waters are mostly chlorine to bicarbonate, except of a few sulphate types sampled at the hydrothermal discharge areas of Solfatara and Pisciarelli, central in the caldera. Water temperature and pH values range from 18.1 to 91.3 ◦C and from 2 to 8, respectively. Sampling and measurement of radon in groundwater are complicated by the high volatility of the gas; a method is here proposed. In some of the 20 sites double or triple samples were collected by using different volume polyethylene terephthalate (PET) bottles, diluting sample with blank water, and modifying flow of pumped wells. We suggest that dilution can be considered when water is i) not enough to fill in the PET, resulting in large head space in the sampler, ii) too hot determining damage of the PET or iii) too saline to clog the Big Bottle System. Dissolved radon concentrations vary from 0.1 ± 0.1 to 1146 ± 57 Bq/L with an average value of 152 Bq/L, using the CAPTURE program, the default RAD7 data acquisition program. Similar values in radon concentration are obtained using the method proposed in De Simone et al. (2015) ranging between 0.1 ± 5.8 and 1286 ± 98 Bq/L with an average value of 167 Bq/L. The hottest and most acidic sulphate waters refer to a small boiling pool at Pisciarelli hydrothermal discharge area and have nearly zero 222Rn content. 222Rn concentrations from this study are mostly below the reference level of 1000 Bq/L recommended for human health protection by the European Commission and the most adopted in the scientific community (Catao ˜et al., 2022). No correlation has been observed between temperature, pH, major anions and radon content values, nor between rock composition since it is almost homogeneous trachyte at the study sites. 222Rn levels therefore appear to reflect the local sedimentological, structural or hydrogeological conditions. The levels of 222Rn here presented are an important background for the scientific community that will intend to define the natural fluctuations of dissolved 222Rn in relation with seasons, environment, hydrogeology or volcanic dynamics at the geohazardous Campi Flegrei area.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 107641
    Beschreibung: 3V. Proprietà chimico-fisiche dei magmi e dei prodotti vulcanici
    Beschreibung: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio
    Beschreibung: 6SR VULCANI – Servizi e ricerca per la società
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): 222Rn ; Campi Flegrei ; RAD7 ; Big Bottle RAD H2O ; DRYSTIK ; Dissolved radon
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Characterizing groundwater recharge sources using water stable isotopes in the North Basin of Lake Kivu, East Africa (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2023-03-20
    Beschreibung: The δ18O and δ2H of rivers and springs were investigated in order to characterize the groundwater recharge sources around Nyiragongo and Nyamulagira volcanoes, in the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Rwanda. Water samples were collected monthly between November 2013 and October 2014 from 5 major rivers, 3 major cold springs, 3 tepid springs and 1 hot spring. The temperatures of each spring were nearly constant over the sampling period attesting for their groundwater character, while the temperatures of the rivers were much more variable. The rivers monthly δ2H and δ18O range from 􀀀 6.8‰ to 1.9‰ and 􀀀 3.1‰ to 1.6‰, respectively, while springs showed depleted values that span from 􀀀 10.2 to 􀀀 1.1‰ for δ2H and 􀀀 3.6 to 􀀀 1.9‰ for δ18O. Catchment morphology (formed of depression, upper footslope and medium to high gradient-mountains) and the local tectonic discontinuity (fissures and faults) regulate the surface runoff and subsurface flow, control the precipitation infiltration zones and hence the aquifers recharge areas. Chemical and isotopic (δ18O and δ2H) compositions of springs and rivers reveal the presence of shallow and deep aquifers, with some waters having intermediate isotope composition. Three different recharge zones characterized by different altitudes were identified: the first is found at low altitude ranging from ~1800 m to ~2150 m, the second and intermediate recharge zone in the altitude range from ~2180 m to ~2500 m at the upper footslope area, while the third and highest recharge area is located in the altitudes range from ~2620 to ~3220 m. The two upper recharge areas are the most fractured and fissured zones allowing rapid infiltration of depleted precipitations which recharge deep aquifers found in the tepid and hot springs. Based on their chemical and isotopic composition, waters from the shallow and deep aquifers have been considered representative of mixing end members. During their ascent to the surface, water from the deep aquifer mixes with that of shallow aquifer yielding the tepid springs of intermediate chemical and isotopic composition, while the other keep their original fingerprint corresponding to the isotopically depleted hot spring.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 120778
    Beschreibung: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    A numerically robust, parallel-friendly variant of BiCGSTAB for the semi-implicit integration of the viscous term in Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics (2023)
    Elsevier
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    Publikationsdatum: 2023-03-20
    Beschreibung: Implicit integration of the viscous term can significantly improve performance in computational fluid dynamics for highly viscous fluids such as lava. We show improvements over our previous proposal for semi-implicit viscous integration in Smoothed Particle Hydrodynamics, extending it to support a wider range of boundary models. Due to the resulting loss of matrix symmetry, a key advancement is a more robust version of the biconjugate gradient stabilized method to solve the linear systems, that is also better suited for parallelization in both shared-memory and distributed-memory systems. The advantages of the new solver are demostrated in applications with both Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids, covering both the numerical aspect (improved convergence thanks to the possibility to use more accurate boundary model) and the computing aspect (with excellent strong scaling and satisfactory weak scaling).
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 111413
    Beschreibung: 3IT. Calcolo scientifico
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): SPH ; Low Reynods number ; Implicit integration ; BiCGSTAB ; GPU ; 05.01. Computational geophysics
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Enabling Dynamic and Intelligent Workflows for HPC, Data Analytics, and AI Convergence (2023)
    Elsevier
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    Publikationsdatum: 2023-03-20
    Beschreibung: The evolution of High-Performance Computing (HPC) platforms enables the design and execution of progressively larger and more complex workflow applications in these systems. The complexity comes not only from the number of elements that compose the workflows but also from the type of computations they perform. While traditional HPC workflows target simulations and modelling of physical phenomena, current needs require in addition data analytics (DA) and artificial intelligence (AI) tasks. However, the development of these workflows is hampered by the lack of proper programming models and environments that support the integration of HPC, DA, and AI, as well as the lack of tools to easily deploy and execute the workflows in HPC systems. To progress in this direction, this paper presents use cases where complex workflows are required and investigates the main issues to be addressed for the HPC/DA/AI convergence. Based on this study, the paper identifies the challenges of a new workflow platform to manage complex workflows. Finally, it proposes a development approach for such a workflow platform addressing these challenges in two directions: first, by defining a software stack that provides the functionalities to manage these complex workflows; and second, by proposing the HPC Workflow as a Service (HPCWaaS) paradigm, which leverages the software stack to facilitate the reusability of complex workflows in federated HPC infrastructures. Proposals presented in this work are subject to study and development as part of the EuroHPC eFlows4HPC project.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 414-429
    Beschreibung: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto
    Beschreibung: 8T. Sismologia in tempo reale e Early Warning Sismico e da Tsunami
    Beschreibung: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Beschreibung: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio
    Beschreibung: 3IT. Calcolo scientifico
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): High performance computing ; Distributed computing ; Parallel programming ; HPC-DA-AI convergence ; Workflow development ; Workflow orchestration
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Geospatial analysis for fish farming across Tyrrhenian coast (Tuscany, central Italy) (2023)
    Elsevier
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    Publikationsdatum: 2023-03-23
    Beschreibung: Aquaculture represents an important source of food and it plays an important role in terms of contribution to economic development. Offshore farming offers considerable advantages, especially in terms of production costs (lower than those of onshore facilities) and of farmed product quality. Suitable areas for aquaculture activities are still available in Italy but are increasingly limited and the demand for new farms is high. The lack of coastal areas allocated to aquaculture and the complex regulatory and legal framework constitutes the major constraints for further development of the sector. Zoning is the process that can allow to sustainably identify and allocate suitable areas for aquaculture. Several aspects, such as effective legal framework and procedures, collection of bio-geochemical, physical and socio-economical information, are crucial for a correct aquaculture zoning process in order to identify the Allocated Zones for Aquaculture (AZAs). In the present work, a spatial multi-criteria decision analysis (SMCDA) was applied for the individuation of potentially suitable marine areas for fish farming across the southern Tyrrhenian coast of Tuscany (Italy). The spatial model was developed by collecting and processing Earth Observation (EO) data, oceanography in situ measurements, and infrastructural and environmental constraints. Excluding areas of constrains, obtained results highlight that 96% of the total investigated area is characterised by medium (62%) and high (34%) suitability. In particular, the highest suitability areas occur in the Talamone gulf and offhore the Argentario promontory at water depth between 15-30 m and 30 50m, respectively. Other high suitability areas occur northern of Piombino town between 30-100 m depth. Environmental data at higher spatial resolution are needed to improve aquaculture zoning and further process of site selection in order to ensure the sustainability of fish farming in the study area.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 106261
    Beschreibung: 3A. Geofisica marina e osservazioni multiparametriche a fondo mare
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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    Late Quaternary evolution of the Metaponto coastal plain, southern Italy, inferred from geomorphological and borehole data (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2023-03-24
    Beschreibung: A multidisciplinary study of a sector of the Ionian coastal belt, southern Italy, mainly based on two new bore holes approximately 25 m (MSA) and 20 m (MSB) deep, was carried out in the frame of a wider geo archaeological project. Stratigraphic and Paleoecological data, together with geomorphological observations, have been used in order to define the Late Quaternary morpho-sedimentary evolution and its relationships with tectonic and climate forcing. The analyses of core sediments and geomorphic interpretations allowed us to reconstruct the changes in depositional setting and physical landscape starting from the MIS 5.5. To this scope, new data about sedimentary facies, benthic foraminifera and ostracod assemblages, and a set of 14C ages spanning from about 33 to 15 kyr BP are here presented. All these data revealed a strong modification of the depositional setting within the coastal plain, as inferred by the presence of marine, transitional, and continental deposits, and suggest an anomalous position of sea-level reference points. Such anomalies are clustered in two homogenous arrays that can be explained only admitting a significant tectonic uplift in recent times (i.e. about 4 mm/yr over the last 15,000 years).
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 84-110
    Beschreibung: 4A. Oceanografia e clima
    Beschreibung: 7SR AMBIENTE – Servizi e ricerca per la società
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): Coastal evolution ; Paleoecology ; Chronostratigraphy ; Relative sea-level changes ; Tectonic uplift ; Southern Italy
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 192
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    Sedimentological analysis of ash-rich pyroclastic density currents, with special emphasis on sin-depositional erosion and clast incorporation: The Brown Tuff eruptions (Vulcano, Italy) (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2023-04-03
    Beschreibung: The sedimentological, lithological and textural characteristics of the Brown Tuffs (BT) pyroclastic deposits, combined with their grain-size, componentry and geochemical glass compositions, are here investigated to obtain information on the transport and depositional mechanisms of the corresponding pyroclastic density currents (PDCs). The BT are widespread reddish-brown to grey, ash-rich pyroclastic deposits generated by pulsating hydromagmatic explosive activity from the La Fossa Caldera on Vulcano island during the c. 80–6 ka time-stratigraphic interval, and then distributed on most of the Aeolian Islands and Capo Milazzo peninsula (Sicily) and in the Tyrrhenian and Adriatic Sea regions. Near the source area on Vulcano, the BT are characterised by alternating massive and planar to cross stratified lithofacies that result from the stepwise, repeating aggradation of discrete PDC pulses. This alternance is regulated by either fluid escape or granular flow depositional regimes at high clast concentration or grain by grain traction deposition in thewaning diluted stages of the PDCs. Most of the BT on Vulcano showintermittently stratified and massive ash deposits resulting froma pervasive post-depositional disruption of the primary structures. This is induced by upward fluid expulsion associated with dissipation of pore pressure between layers at different grain size (fine to coarse ash) and porosity, as outlined by distinctive upwards bends and pillar-type escape structures through the fluid-filled cracks and rupture points. Massive BT deposits with a faint colour and grain-size banding are widely recognised on Lipari, the nearby island of Vulcano. Based on the presence, at the base of BT depositional units, of cm-thick amalgamation bands containing pumice lapilli, scoria and lithic clasts ripped-up and embedded from the loose underlying pyroclastic units, they are interpreted as deposited by ash-rich PDCs laterally spreading from La Fossa Caldera and moving to Lipari.During their motion to Lipari these currents (likely) crossed a narrow and shallow sea-water inlet which did not stop their advancement but influenced the grain size distribution of those spreading on the Lipari mainland. In this paper, the mechanism of clast erosion and incorporation is outlined across the whole island of Lipari by means of field study, grain-size, and geochemical glass analyses on the different components of the mixed basal bands of the BT. This suggests that the BT PDCs maintained enough flow power as to erode the substratum, hence likely impacting the territory, over a distance up to at least 16–17 km from the volcanic source. Evidence that the BT PDCs exerted a high shear-stress over the loose substratum is also provided by undulated, recumbent flame and rip-up structures at the base of some depositional units in southern and central Lipari. In order to form such bed granular instabilities between the BT and the underlying deposits we calculate that the currents had at least a shear velocity of ca. 2 m s−1 and a shear stress in the range of 1‐4.5 kPa. These results add new insights on the large-scale hazard at the Aeolian Islands and shed new lights on the widespread transport and depositional dynamics of ash flows spreading over the sea and reaching nearby islands, and their interactions with the substratum and the pre-depositional topography. The sedimentological, lithological and textural characteristics of the Brown Tuffs (BT) pyroclastic deposits, combined with their grain-size, componentry and geochemical glass compositions, are here investigated to obtain information on the transport and depositional mechanisms of the corresponding pyroclastic density currents (PDCs). The BT are widespread reddish-brown to grey, ash-rich pyroclastic deposits generated by pulsating hydromagmatic explosive activity from the La Fossa Caldera on Vulcano island during the c. 80–6 ka time-stratigraphic interval, and then distributed on most of the Aeolian Islands and Capo Milazzo peninsula (Sicily) and in the Tyrrhenian and Adriatic Sea regions. Near the source area on Vulcano, the BT are characterised by alternating massive and planar to cross stratified lithofacies that result from the stepwise, repeating aggradation of discrete PDC pulses. This alternance is regulated by either fluid escape or granular flow depositional regimes at high clast concentration or grain by grain traction deposition in thewaning diluted stages of the PDCs. Most of the BT on Vulcano showintermittently stratified and massive ash deposits resulting froma pervasive post-depositional disruption of the primary structures. This is induced by upward fluid expulsion associated with dissipation of pore pressure between layers at different grain size (fine to coarse ash) and porosity, as outlined by distinctive upwards bends and pillar-type escape structures through the fluid-filled cracks and rupture points. Massive BT deposits with a faint colour and grain-size banding are widely recognised on Lipari, the nearby island of Vulcano. Based on the presence, at the base of BT depositional units, of cm-thick amalgamation bands containing pumice lapilli, scoria and lithic clasts ripped-up and embedded from the loose underlying pyroclastic units, they are interpreted as deposited by ash-rich PDCs laterally spreading from La Fossa Caldera and moving to Lipari. During their motion to Lipari these currents (likely) crossed a narrow and shallow sea-water inlet which did not stop their advancement but influenced the grain size distribution of those spreading on the Lipari mainland. In this paper, the mechanism of clast erosion and incorporation is outlined across the whole island of Lipari by means of field study, grain-size, and geochemical glass analyses on the different components of the mixed basal bands of the BT. This suggests that the BT PDCs maintained enough flow power as to erode the substratum, hence likely impacting the territory, over a distance up to at least 16–17 km from the volcanic source. Evidence that the BT PDCs exerted a high shear-stress over the loose substratum is also provided by undulated, recumbent flame and rip-up structures at the base of some depositional units in southern and central Lipari. In order to form such bed granular instabilities between the BT and the underlying deposits we calculate that the currents had at least a shear velocity of ca. 2 m s−1 and a shear stress in the range of 1‐4.5 kPa. These results add new insights on. the large-scale hazard at the Aeolian Islands and shed new lights on the widespread transport and depositional dynamics of ash flows spreading over the sea and reaching nearby islands, and their interactions with the substratum and the pre-depositional topography.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 106040
    Beschreibung: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 193
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    A comprehensive multiparametric and multilayer approach to study the preparation phase of large earthquakes from ground to space: The case study of the June 15 2019, M7.2 Kermadec Islands (New Zealand) earthquake (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2023-02-01
    Beschreibung: This work deals with a comprehensive multiparametric and multilayer approach to study earthquake-related processes that occur during the preparation phase of a large earthquake. As a case study, the paper investigates the M7.2 Kermadec Islands (New Zealand) large earthquake that occurred on June 15, 2019 as the result of shallow reverse faulting within the Tonga-Kermadec subduction zone. The analyses focused on seismic (earthquake catalogs), atmospheric (climatological archives) and ionospheric data from ground to space (mainly satellite) in order to disclose the possible Lithosphere-Atmosphere-Ionosphere Coupling (LAIC). The ionospheric investigations analysed and compared the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) receiver network with insitu observations from space thanks to both the European Space Agency (ESA) Swarm constellation and the China National Space Administration (CNSA in partnership with Italian Space Agency, ASI) satellite dedicated to search for possible ionospheric disturbances before medium-large earthquakes, i.e. the China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite (CSES-01). An interesting comparison is made with another subsequent earthquake with comparable magnitude (M7.1) that occurred in Ridgecrest, California (USA) on 6 July of the same year but in a different tectonic context. Both earthquakes showed anomalies in several parameters (e.g. aerosol, skin temperature and some ionospheric quantities) that appeared at almost the same times before each earthquake occurrence, evidencing a chain of processes that collectively point to the moment of the corresponding mainshock. In both cases, it is demonstrated that a comprehensive multiparametric and multilayer analysis is fundamental to better understand the LAIC in the occasion of complex phenomena such as earthquakes.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 113325
    Beschreibung: 7T. Variazioni delle caratteristiche crostali e "precursori"
    Beschreibung: 1A. Geomagnetismo e Paleomagnetismo
    Beschreibung: 2A. Fisica dell'alta atmosfera
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 194
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    Unbekannt
    A Minoan and a Neolithic tsunami recorded in coastal sediments of Ios Island, Aegean Sea, Greece (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2023-02-01
    Beschreibung: In this work, we document two distinct tsunami deposits on the coasts of Ios Island, Aegean Sea, Greece. The younger tsunami deposit, dated 1831–1368 cal. BCE, includes both marine sediments and pumices from the ∼1600 BCE Minoan eruption of Santorini volcano. This is the first evidence of the Minoan tsunami in the Cycladic Islands North of Santorini. Tsunami waves inundated the Manganari coastal plain, southern coast of Ios, over a distance 〉200 m (〉2 m a.s.l.). The second tsunami deposit reworks pumice from the 22 ka Cape Riva eruption mixed with marine sediment. We assume a Neolithic age for this major tsunami, with a wave runup 〉13 m a.s.l. on the southern and eastern coasts of Ios. The source of this tsunami - volcanic eruption, landslide, or earthquake - remains unknown. Additionally, we provide the first on-land evidence of Cape Riva deposits outside Santorini, thus questioning previous estimates on the magnitude of this eruption.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 106908
    Beschreibung: 6T. Studi di pericolosità sismica e da maremoto
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): tsunami deposits ; Aegean Sea ; 04.04. Geology
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 195
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    Partitioning of Ti, Al, P, and Cr between olivine and a tholeiitic basaltic melt: Insights on olivine zoning patterns and cation substitution reactions under variable cooling rate conditions (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2023-02-01
    Beschreibung: The mechanism governing the kinetic growth of olivine in dynamic volcanic settings has been the subject of considerable attention in recent years. Under variable cooling rate (CR) and undercooling (􀀀 ΔT) regimes, the textual maturation of olivine proceeds from skeletal/dendritic crystals to polyhedral morphologies by infilling of the crystal framework. Owing to the establishment of a diffusion-controlled growth regime, a sharp diffusive boundary layer develops in the melt next to the advancing olivine surface. In this context, we have quantified the apparent partitioning of Ti, Al, P, and Cr between olivine and a Hawaiian tholeiitic basaltic melt at P = 1 atm, fO2 = QFM-2 buffer, and CR = 4, 20, and 60 ◦C/h over a constant -ΔT = 85 ◦C. Differences in charge and/or size between the substituent minor cations and the major species in the olivine crystallographic site dominate the energetics of homovalent and heterovalent cation substitutions. While the entry of Ti in the olivine lattice site accounts for the simple exchange [TSi4+] ↔ [TTi4+], more complex charge-balancing coupled-substitution mechanisms have been determined for the incorporation of Al, P, and Cr, i.e., [MMg2+, TSi4+] ↔ [MAl3+, TAl3+], [2 TSi4+] ↔ [TP5+, TAl3+], and [MMg2+, TSi4+] ↔ [MCr3+, TAl3+], respectively. In order to maintain charge balance, the disequilibrium uptake of minor cations in rapidly growing crystals is controlled by the same substitution mechanisms observed under equilibrium crystallization. This finding is consistent with the achievement of a local interface equilibrium at the olivine-melt interface independently of the diffusive boundary in the melt. A statistical approach based on multivariate analysis of olivine/melt compositional parameters confirms that the control of melt structure on the partitioning of Ti, Al, P, and Cr is almost entirely embodied in the olivine structure and chemistry via charge compensation reactions. Therefore, the magnitude of minor element partition coefficients is weakly dependent on diffusion kinetics in the melt but rather strongly governed by olivine zoning patterns resulting from fast crystal growth rates.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 120870
    Beschreibung: 3V. Proprietà chimico-fisiche dei magmi e dei prodotti vulcanici
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Materialart: article
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  • 196
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    Seismo-acoustic gliding: An experimental study (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2023-02-01
    Beschreibung: The gradual temporal shift of the spectral lines of harmonic seismic and/or acoustic tremor, known as spectral gliding, has been largely documented at different volcanoes worldwide. Despite the clear advantage of the experimental approach in providing direct observation of degassing processes and related elastic radiation, experimental studies on gliding tremor are lacking. Therefore, we investigated different episodes of gliding of acoustic and seismic tremor observed during analogue degassing experiments performed under different conditions of magma viscosity (10-1,000 Pa s), gas flux (5-180×10−3 l/s) and conduit surface roughness (fractal dimension of 2-2.99). Gliding experimental harmonic seismic and acoustic tremor was observed at high gas flux rates and viscosities, mostly associated with an increasing trend and often preceding a major burst. Decreasing secondary sets of harmonic spectral lines were observed in a few cases. Results suggest that gliding episodes are mostly related to the progressive volume variation of shallow interconnected gas pockets. Spectral analyses performed on acoustic signals provided the theoretical length of the resonator that was compared against the temporal evolution of the gas pockets, quantified from video analyses. The similarities between the observed degassing regime and churn-annular flow in high viscous fluids encourage further studies on churn dynamics in volcanic environments.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 117344
    Beschreibung: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): seismo-acoustic tremor; experimental volcanology ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 197
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    Tephrostratigraphy of proximal pyroclastic sequences at Mount Melbourne (northern Victoria Land, Antarctica): Insights into the volcanic activity since the last glacial period (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2023-02-01
    Beschreibung: We report on the characterization of a thick sequence of pyroclastic deposits exposed on the summit area and flanks of Mount Melbourne volcano, in northern Victoria Land, Antarctica related to eruptions during the Late Glacial period. We provide a complete characterization of tephra deposits including mineralogy, single shard major- and trace-element glass compositions, and an 40Ar-39Ar age of feldspar crystals extracted from the deposit. The pyroclastic deposits are trachybasaltic to trachytic in composition and are interpreted to have resulted from four Strombolian/Vulcanian to sub-Plinian/Plinian eruptions. The younger and more intense sub-Plinian/Plinian eruption (our eruption 2) yielded an 40Ar-39Ar age of 13.5 ± 4.3 ka (±2σ). The study of Mount Melbourne proximal deposits provides significant new data for the reconstruction of the volcano eruptive history and a better assessment of the volcanic risk connected to a possible future eruption. We also explore geochemical correlations between Mount Melbourne proximal deposits and distal tephra layers recognized in ice cores and blue ice fields of East Antarctica. A good geochemical match exists between the composition of products from the trachytic sub-Plinian/Plinian eruption 2 and some tephra layers from Talos Dome and shards in Siple Dome which is also compatible in age (c. 9.3 ka) with our 40Ar-39Ar age determination. Our new insights into the volcanic history of Mount Melbourne and the new high-quality electron microprobe and trace element composition data on its proximal products will help improve future correlations and synchronization of tephra archives in the region.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 107457
    Beschreibung: 1V. Storia eruttiva
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 198
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    On the low-latitude NeQuick topside ionosphere mismodelling: The role of parameters H0, g, and r (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2023-07-07
    Beschreibung: This paper deals with the well-known mismodelling characterizing the NeQuick topside ionosphere at low latitudes, i.e., the fact that the model keeps the two electron density humps typical of the equatorial ionization anomaly as the altitude increases from the height of the F2-layer electron density peak, without merging them in a single peak above the geomagnetic equator as expected. This is because the NeQuick topside ionosphere modelling strongly depends on several bottomside ionosphere parameters, which causes an essential coupling between the topside and the bottomside that in many cases behave differently. This means that this kind of topside ionosphere modelling may lead to inaccurate results, as it is the maintenance at low latitudes of the electron density double hump structure in the topside as the altitude increases. On the base of some recently published results, this paper analyzes the role played by the three NeQuick scale height parameters H0, g and r in the description of the electron density above the F2 layer peak height. The results of this work pave the way for a possible solution of this low-latitude NeQuick topside ionosphere mismodelling.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 1224-1236
    Beschreibung: 2A. Fisica dell'alta atmosfera
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 199
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    How do inherited dip-slip faults affect the development of new extensional faults? Insights from wet clay analog models (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2023-05-25
    Beschreibung: The development of structurally controlled basins is frequently dominated by inherited geological and tectonic structures, especially when the affected region has undergone multiple tectonic phases. In this study we use physically scaled analog models to analyze the impact of inherited faults on the evolution of a new extensional fault system and its associated basin. In our experiments, we introduced inherited faults – bearing diverse geometries and orientations – cut through a homogeneous analog material (wet clay). After each experiment, we compare (a) how the inherited faults affected the inception and development of new faults and (b) the shape of the resulting basins, using a ‘reference model’ run without pre-existing faults. The results show that the orientation of pre-existing faults with respect to the extensional axis does affect the development of the new extensional structures. The main effects show up when the orientation of the pre-existing faults is closer to that expected for a fault that is optimally oriented (perpendicular) with respect to the direction of extension and has a dip close to an Andersonian extensional fault. Conversely, the impact on the resulting basin shape is more spatially complex, especially in the case of misoriented pre-existing faults. We also compare our experimental results with an analytical method based on the slip tendency theory. The application of our findings to selected natural cases demonstrates how one may interpret the occurrence, orientation, and activity of inherited faults by looking at the present-day geometry and wavelength of an extensional basin, particularly when newly formed extensional faults exhibit structurally unexpected trajectories.
    Beschreibung: Part of this work was funded by the project “The impact of an inherited structural setting on the development of extensional systems in the Amatrice-Norcia-Visso area: insights from analog modeling” (UR 0865.050; P.I.: Umberto Fracassi), part of the INGV-FISR 2016 Project - Italia centrale “Centro di studio e monitoraggio dei rischi naturali dell'Italia centrale” (cod. D82F16001180001), and by the INGV “FASTMIT” Project (UR 0850.010; P.I.: Roberto Basili – cod. D52F16001150001).
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 104836
    Beschreibung: 2T. Deformazione crostale attiva
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): Inherited faults ; Extensional basins ; Analog modeling ; Wet clay models ; Pre-existing faults ; Fault interaction ; Fault inversion ; 04.06. Seismology
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 200
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    Hydrogeochemical and isotopic characterization of the Gioia Tauro coastal Plain (Calabria - southern Italy): A multidisciplinary approach for a focused management of vulnerable strategic systems (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publikationsdatum: 2023-05-04
    Beschreibung: This work pursues the hydro-geochemical and isotopic characterization of the complex groundwater system of the Gioia Tauro Plain, one of the most important industrialized and agricultural coastal areas of southern Italy. The anthropic pressure exposes the water resources at risk of depletion and quality degradation making the plain groundwater a system of high scientific and social interest. The plain is characterized by a shallow aquifer, mostly recharged by local rains and a deep aquifer apparently less influenced by local precipitation. Both aquifers are mainly Ca-HCO3 waters except for localized sectors where Na-HCO3, Na-Cl and Ca-SO4 waters are present. In deep aquifer, both prolonged interaction with sedimentary rocks, mainly deriving from the erosion of crystalline rocks, and direct cation exchange represent the primary factors controlling the formation of Na-HCO3 waters. Mixing processes between these waters and either connate brine and/or deep thermal waters contribute to the formation of isolated high salinity Na-Cl-rich waters. In shallow aquifer, inputs of N-rich sewage and agriculture-related contaminants, and SOx emissions in proximity of the harbor are responsible of the increasing nitrate and sulphate concentrations, respectively. The Cl/Br and NO3/Cl ratios highlight contamination mainly linked to agricultural activities and contribution of wastewater. Along the northern boundary, the warmest groundwater (Na-Cl[SO4]) were found close to a bend of the main strike-slip fault system, locally favouring the rising of B- and Li-rich deep waters, testifying the influence of geological-structural features on deep water circulation. Despite the high-water demand, a direct marine intrusion is localized in a very restricted area, where we observed an incipient groundwater-seawater mixing (seawater contribution ≤7 %). The qualitative and quantitative conditions of the shallow aquifer still have acceptable levels because of the relatively high recharge inflow. A reliable hydrogeochemical conceptual model, able to explain the compositional variability of the studied waters, is proposed.
    Beschreibung: Published
    Beschreibung: 160694
    Beschreibung: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Beschreibung: JCR Journal
    Schlagwort(e): Calabria; Coastal aquifers; Conceptual hydrogeochemical model; Hydrogeochemistry; Southern Italy; Water isotopes
    Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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