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  • Articles  (518)
  • rice  (291)
  • growth  (227)
  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (518)
  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Residual effectiveness of boron fertilizer for oilseed rape in intensively cropped rice-based rotations (2000)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 57 (2000), S. 171-181 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: boron fertilization ; rape ; rice ; residual effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Long-term field experiments (3–4 years) were conducted to evaluate the residual effect of boron (B) fertilizer for oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) in an intensive crop rotation including two rice (Oryza sativa) crops per year. Experiments were conducted on four sites where the soil types were sandy, silty and clayey Inceptisols, and an Ultisol, located in the Zhejiang Province, Southeast China. Application of B fertilizer at rates of 1.1, 1.65 and 3.3 kg B/ha in the first year showed a different residual effect on oilseed yield in successive years, but had only small positive effects on the rice grain yield at two sites. The residual effect of 1.1 kg B/ha remained fully effective in correcting B deficiency in oilseed rape for 2 years in the Inceptisols, whereas the residual effect of 1.65 kg B/ha continued to correct B deficiency for at least 3 years in both the Inceptisols and the Ultisol. Foliar application of B fertilizer generally corrected B deficiency for oilseed rape but showed limited residual effect in the following years after application. The decline in residual values of B from a single fertilizer addition was closely related to the soil and leaf B concentration. Soil available B also decreased dramatically with the advance of rotation, but a larger decrease was found at a depth of 20–40-cm for the Inceptisols and the Ultisol. Thus, a more detailed understanding of the B cycling in the system is now needed to optimize management of B fertilizer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009837120062
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Using a Crop/Soil Simulation Model and GIS Techniques to Assess Methane Emissions from Rice Fields in Asia. I. Model Development (2000)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 58 (2000), S. 141-159 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: methane ; rice ; Oryza sativa ; anaerobic ; model ; simulation ; carbon dynamics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The development of the MERES (Methane Emissions in Rice EcoSystems) model for simulating methane (CH4) emissions from rice fields is described. The CERES-Rice crop simulation model was used as a basis, employing the existing routines simulating soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition to predict the amount of subsrate available for methanogenesis. This was linked to an existing submodel, described elsewhere in this volume (Arah & Kirk, 2000), which calculates steady-state fluxes and concentrations of CH4 and O2 in flooded soils. Extra routines were also incorporated to simulate the influence of the combined pool of alternative electron acceptors in the soil (i.e., NO3 −, Mn4+, Fe3+, SO4 2−) on CH4 production. The rate of substrate supply is calculated in the SOM routines of the CERES-Rice model from (a) the rate of decomposition of soil organic material including that left from the previous crop and any additions of organic matter, (b) root exudates (modified from the original CERES-Rice model using recent laboratory data), and (c) the decomposition of dead roots from the current crop. A fraction of this rate of substrate supply, determined by the concentration of the oxidized form of the alternative electron acceptor pool, is converted to CO2 by bacteria which outcompete the methanogenic bacteria, thereby suppressing CH4 production. Any remaining fraction of the substrate supply rate is assumed to be potentially available for methanogenesis. The CH4 dynamics submodel uses this potetial methanogenesis rate, along with a description of the root length distribution in the soil profile supplied by the crop model, to calculate the steady-state concentrations and fluxes of O2 and CH4. The reduced form of the alternative electron acceptor pool is allowed to reoxidize when soil pores fill with air if the field is drained. The MERES model was able to explain well the seasonal patterns of CH4 emissions in an experiment involving mid- and end-season drainage and additions of organic material at IRRI in the Philippines.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009894619446
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Using a Crop/Soil Simulation Model and GIS Techniques to Assess Methane Emissions from Rice Fields in Asia. III. Databases (2000)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 58 (2000), S. 179-199 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: climate change ; databases ; GIS ; methane ; rice ; soils ; weather
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract As part of a series of papers describing the use of a simulation model to extrapolate experimental measurements of methane (CH4) emissions from rice fields in Asia and to evaluate the large-scale effect of various mitigation strategies, the collation and derivation of the spatial databases used are described. Daily weather data, including solar radiation, minimum and maximum temperatures, and rainfall were collated from 46 weather stations from the five countries in the study, namely China, India, Indonesia, Philippines, and Thailand. Quantitative soil data relevant to the input requirements of the model were derived by combining data from the World Inventory of Soil Emissions (WISE) database, the ISIS database, and the FAO Digital Soil Map of the World (FAO-DSMW). These data included soil pH; organic carbon content; sand, silt, and clay fractions; and iron content for top and subsoil layers, and average values of bulk density and available water capacity for the whole profile. Data on the areas allocated to irrigated, rainfed, upland, and deepwater rice at the province or district level were derived from the Huke & Huke (1997) database developed at IRRI. Using a geographical information system (GIS), a series of georeferenced data sets on climate, soils, and land use were derived for each country, at the province or district level. A summary of the soil-related derived databases is presented and their applicationn for use in global change modeling discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009898720354
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Using a Crop/Soil Simulation Model and GIS Techniques to Assess Methane Emissions from Rice Fields in Asia. II. Model Validation and Sensitivity Analysis (2000)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 58 (2000), S. 161-177 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: methane ; rice ; Oryza sativa ; anaerobic ; model ; simulation ; carbon dynamics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The MERES (Methane Emissions from Rice EcoSystems) simulation model was tested using experimental data from IRRI and Maligaya in the Philippines and from Hangzhou in China. There was good agreement between simulated and observed values of total aboveground biomass, root weight, grain yield, and seasonal methane (CH4) emissions. The importance of the contribution of the rice crop to CH4 emissions was highlighted. Rhizodeposition (root exudation and root death) was predicted to contribute about 380 kg C ha−1 of methanogenic substrate over the season, representing 37% of the total methanogenic substrate from all sources when no organic amendments were added. A further 225 kg C ha−1 (22%) was predicted to come from previous crop residues, giving a total of around 60% originating from the rice crop, with the remaining 41% coming from the humic fraction of the soil organic matter (SOM). Sensitivity analysis suggested that the parameter representing transmissivity to gaseous transfer per unit root length (λr) was important in determining seasonal CH4 emissions. As this transmissivity increased, more O2 was able to diffuse to the rhizosphere, so that CH4 production by methanogens was reduced and more CH4 was oxidized by methanotrophs. These effects outweighed the opposing influence of increased rate of transport of CH4 through the plant, so that the overall effect was to reduce the amount of CH4 emitted over the season. Varying the root-shoot ratio of the crop was predicted to have little effect on seasonal emissions, the increased rates of rhizodeposition being counteracted by the increased rates of O2 diffusion to the rhizosphere. Increasing the length of a midseason drainage period reduced CH4 emissions significantly, but periods longer than 6–7 d also decreased rice yields. Organic amendments with low C/N were predicted to be more beneficial, both in terms of enhancing crop yields and reducing CH4 emissions, even when the same amount of C was applied. This was due to higher rates of immobilization of C into microbial biomass, removing it temporarily as a methanogenic substrate.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009846703516
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of feeding rate on growth, feed utilizationand body composition of a tropical bagrid catfish (2000)
    Springer
    Aquaculture international 8 (2000), S. 19-29 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: body composition ; catfish (Mystus nemurus) ; feeding rate ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A 10 week experiment was conducted to determine theeffects of feeding rate on growth, feed utilizationand body composition of the tropical bagrid catfish,Mystus nemurus. Catfish fingerlings with anaverage initial body weight of 12 g were fed apractical diet (36.2% protein, 16.5 kJ/g diet) atrates of 1, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4 or 5% of their bodyweight (BW) per day in two equal meals. Watertemperature was approximately 29 °C throughoutthe experiment. Percent weight gain increased almostlinearly with increasing feeding rates up to 2.5%BW/day beyond which no significant (P 〉 0.05)improvement in weight gain was observed. The specificgrowth rate of catfish fed rations of 1% BW/day was0.72%/day and this increased significantly to anaverage of 1.39%/day for catfish fed 2.5% BW/day andbeyond. Feed utilization did not differ significantly(P 〉 0.05) between fish fed 1.0 to 2.5%BW/day but decreased when rations were increased to3.0% BW/day and above. Feed efficiency ratio was0.79 for catfish fed 1.0% BW/day compared to a ratioof 0.27 for fish fed at 5% BW/day. Catfish fed 1.0%BW/day had the lowest condition factor, hepato- andviscerosomatic indices, but the highest carcass tobody weight ratio. These fish also had lowerproportions of whole body dry matter, lipid andprotein, carcass dry matter and lipid, and visceraldry matter and lipid than fish in other groups. Therewere no significant differences in either conditionindices or relative body composition of fish fedrations of 2.0 to 5.0% BW/day. Based on the growth,feed efficiency and body composition data obtained, afeeding rate of 2.5% BW per day is recommended forM. nemurus fingerlings raised at 29 °C.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009216831360
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth and feed utilisation of rainbow trout subjected to changes in feed lipid concentrations (2000)
    Springer
    Aquaculture international 8 (2000), S. 531-542 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: feed intake ; growth ; protein utilisation ; proximate ; composition ; rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Rainbow trout Oncorhynchus mykiss grew from 44 to 326 g in 96days when held at ∼12 °C. Fish were fed to satiation twice dailywith either high (L1: 30.8%, L2:31.4%) or lower-lipid feeds (C1: 18.8%,C2: 21.8%). Four feeding treatments were studied.Group C1C2 received feed C1 for 43 days(days 0–43) and C2 thereafter (days 44–96).Groups L1L2, L1C2 andC1L2 were subjected to dietary changes asindicated by the feed designations. After a short period of feedadaptation, fish ingested similar amounts of feed energy i.e., they ateless by weight of the lipid-rich (L) feeds. Feed lipid content did notaffect growth but fish fed L-feed had reduced feed conversion ratio(FCR) compared to fish fed C-feed (0.731 vs. 0.773) during days0–43 (P 〈 0.01). After 96 days,L1L2-fish were lower in body protein(15.8%) than the C1C2-fish (16.8%)(P 〈 0.01). L-feeds also tended to increase percentage lipidand reduce percentage whole body moisture and ash. A higher net proteinutilisation (NPU) was recorded in fish fed L-feeds (43.6%)compared to fish fed C-feeds (38.8%) in days 0–43(P 〈 0.05). This seemed to be the result of a lower proteinintake rather than a protein-sparing effect of feed lipid. Above athreshold value of approximately 6.5 mg protein eaten·g bodywtminus 1·day−1, NPU decreased.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009291227550
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Size heterogeneity can reduce aggression and promote growth in Atlantic salmon parr (2000)
    Springer
    Aquaculture international 8 (2000), S. 543-549 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: aggression ; Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) ; dominance ; growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Aggression in groups of 0+ Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) was monitoredat weekly intervals in two tanks containing 100 fish each. Three 1 + salmonparr were added to one of these. After 5 weeks, fish weights were measuredin both tanks and the conditions reversed. At ten weeks, weights of fish inboth tanks were measured again. In both populations, levels of aggressionamong the smaller fish were significantly lower and growth ratessignificantly higher when the large fish were present. Although the largefish attacked the small ones, the rate at which they did so was an order ofmagnitude lower that the rate at which small fish attacked each other in theabsence of larger conspecifics. This raises the possibility that levels ofaggression among farmed salmon might be reduced by the addition of a fewlarge conspecifics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009255612529
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of air emersion on survival and growth of hatchery rearedgreat scallop spat (2000)
    Springer
    Aquaculture international 8 (2000), S. 159-168 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: emersion ; growth ; Pecten maximus ; scallop spat ; survival ; transport
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Scallop spat production normally requires transfer between growthsystems. Simulated transport experiments were carried out in April, June,December and February to evaluate effects of transport time on greatscallop (Pecten maximus) spat growth and survival. The spat (1.7–1.8 mm in shell-height and 21–25 µg ash free dry weight [AFDW]) wereheld in moist coffee filters at a temperature of 10 °C for up to 24 h,before being replaced into sieves in rearing tanks at 15 °C. The studyshowed that by increasing air emersion time, survival and growthdecreased. No significant difference in the results between 0 and 4 h of airemersion was found, while the effects after 12 and 24 h differed betweenspat groups. Survival and growth rates showed seasonal differences. Meansurvival was 35–71% in April and 77–99% from June to February. In Junemean growth rates attained were 115–128 µm shell-height and 15–18µg AFDW per day compared with 49–69 µm and 3.8–7.0 µgper day for the other spat groups. Great scallop spat may survive atransfer time of 24 h, but transportation for longer than 12 h is notrecommended if subsequent high survival and growth rates are to beensured.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009294413599
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth and mortality of the king scallop grown in suspended culture in Malaga, Southern Spain (2000)
    Springer
    Aquaculture international 8 (2000), S. 207-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: growth ; mortality ; Pecten maximus ; suspended culture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Growth and mortality of the king scallop, Pecten maximus, werecompared when grown in cages and by ear hanging in suspended culturein Fuengirola, Malaga, in southern Spain. Seed (juveniles) used in theexperiment was collected in September 1997 that had settled on collectorsin April-June, of that year. Culture in suspended cages began in January1998 when the seed measured 42.7 (3.3) mm shell height and ended inFebruary 1999. Significantly faster growth was found at a minimum culturedensity (16 scallops/cage) than at two other densities (24 and 36scallops/cage). Depth (1, 5 and 10 m from the bottom) influenced growth,poorest growth occurred closest to the bottom. Under optimum growingconditions, 16 scallops/cage suspended 10 m from the bottom, scallops grewto 10 cm shell length (legal size) by February 1999.In ear hanging culture, ropes were moored in April (51.3 (4.5) mm),June (58.2 (4.5) mm) and November 1998 (64.3 (4.9) mm).Initially, rapid shell growth was observed in all three cultures.Subsequently, the shells became covered with barnacles, Balanus sp.,that possibly caused total mortality of the April culture and led to highmortalities in the two other cultures.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009202801304
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of larger fish and size grading on growth and size variation in fingerling silver perch (2000)
    Springer
    Aquaculture international 8 (2000), S. 391-401 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: growth ; silver perch (Bidyanus bidyanus) ; size grading ; size variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This study presents two experiments addressing growth and size variation in fingerling silver perch (Bidyanus bidyanus. In the first experiment, fish close to mean population size were raised either in the presence or absence of five larger fish for 60 days. Mean specific growth rate (SGR) and increases in the coefficient of variation and skewness were lower in the presence of larger fish, indicating a negative effect of large fish on the growth of smaller ones. In the second experiment, fingerlings were graded into groups smaller and larger than the median size of the population and raised in size-sorted groups of 60 large or small fish and mixed groups of 30 fish of each size category, for 60 days. There was no difference in mean SGR among groups, nor between the mixed group ad the weighted mean of the small and large groups. Biomass gain was higher in the mixed groups than in the weighted small-and-large groups, probably due to a slightly lower survival in the groups comprised of large fish. The fact that the effect of large fingerlings on the growth of smaller ones was evident in the first, but not the second, experiment may be attributed to higher size disparity between large and small fingerlings in the first experiment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009274726380
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Partial or total replacement of fish meal byplant protein affects gonadal development and plasma17 β-estradiol levels in female Nile tilapia (2000)
    Springer
    Aquaculture international 8 (2000), S. 299-313 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: 17 β-estradiol ; fish meal ; gonadal development ; growth ; Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) ; plant proteins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This study was conducted to evaluate theeffect of plant protein‐based diets on gonadaldevelopment and plasma 17 β-estradiol (E2) levelin female Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus.Fish with a mean body weight of 6.7 (0.1) g were fedfour different diets with the same digestible protein(DP) and digestible energy (DE) containing gradedlevels of a mixture of plant ingredients as partial ortotal replacement of fish meal protein for 20 weeks.The control diet (D0) was based on fish meal, twodiets containing 33% (D33) and 66% (D66) of plantprotein, and one diet containing only plant protein(D100). Fish were sampled at 12 and 20 weeks. Nosignificant differences were found in different stagesof oocyte development and plasma E2 levels betweentilapia fed diets D0 and D100 at 12 weeks. Eight weekslater tilapia fed diet D0 showed a higher (P 〈 0.05)level of E2 than the D100 group. This difference andthe reduced proportion of vitellogenic and matureoocytes demonstrated that diets containing only plantprotein are less efficient in terms of tilapia growthand consequently ovarian development.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009217310464
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth performance of pink dentex as compared to four other sparids reared in marine cages in Croatia (2000)
    Springer
    Aquaculture international 8 (2000), S. 455-461 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: floating cages ; growth ; pink dentex (Dentex gibbosus) ; sparids (Dentex dentex, Sparus aurata, Spondyliosoma cantharus, Diplodus puntazzo)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009276204516
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The effect of photoperiod, tank colour and light intensity on growth of larval haddock (2000)
    Springer
    Aquaculture international 7 (2000), S. 369-382 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: growth ; haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) ; larvae ; light intensity ; photperiod ; tank colour
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In two separate experiments, haddock (Melanogrammus aeglefinus) larvae were raised under different photoperiods (24L : 0D or 15L : 9D), or different combinations of tank colour (black or white) and light intensity (1.1 μmol s−1 m−2 or 18 μmol s−1 m−2). Growth (0.8% day−1 in standard length; 2.9% day−1 in body area) and survival (2%) were not significantly different between photoperiod treatments after 35 days. Larval survival was greater in white versus black tanks after 41 days (2% versus l%, respectively). Growth of larvae was impaired in black tanks at low (1.1 μmol s−1 m−2) light intensity (0.8% day−1 in standard length and 2.2% day−1 in body area versus 1.1% day 21 in standard length and 3.1% day−1 in body area, for all other treatments). Transmission and reflection of light was low in black tanks at low incident light, and there was very little upwelling light. The resultant poor prey to background contrast probably resulted in larvae being unable to consume sufficient food to sustain a level of growth comparable to that in other treatments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009204909992
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of season, initial size, depth, gear type and stocking density on the growth rates and recovery of sea scallop, Placopecten magellancius, on a farm-based nursery (2000)
    Springer
    Aquaculture international 8 (2000), S. 183-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: bivalve ; fouling ; growth ; Newfoundland ; nursery ; sea scallop (Placopecten magellanicus) ; spat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Hatchery-reared sea scallop (Placopecten magellanicus) spat weremonitored for growth and recovery in three experiments to determine themost suitable system for nursery culture. In Experiment I, four size classesof nursery-sized spat held at two depths from October to July exhibiteddeclining growth rates over the winter period and increased growth ratesin the spring. Overall, season, depth and initial size had a significantinfluence on the absolute and specific growth rates of scallops. Recovery,defined as number of scallops remaining after mortality and loss of spatthrough gear mesh, was influenced by season and initial size, but notdepth. Scallops in the 3.0 mm+ size class had higher growth rates andrecovery than those in the 1.4–1.6 mm, 1.7–1.9 mm and 2.0–2.9 mm sizeclasses. In Experiment II, two gear types containing similar size spat werecompared. Growth rates were significantly higher in 3.0 mm pearl nets thanin 3.0 mm collector bags, although recovery was similar between the twoequipment types. Experiment III, two stocking densities of nursery-sizedspat were compared in collector bags. Neither growth rate nor recoverywere significantly different for the two densities (2600 and 5200spat/collector bag) tested. Overall, these studies indicated that importantparameters for optimizing the growth and recovery of scallops in a farm-based nursery system include season, initial spat size, deployment depthand gear type.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009298631346
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Growth effects in Arctic charr reared in cold water: Feed frequency, access to bottom feeding and stocking density (2000)
    Springer
    Aquaculture international 8 (2000), S. 381-389 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: Arctic charr (Salvelinus alpinus) ; growth ; low temperature ; stocking density ; time restricted feeding,/kwd〉
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of time restricted feeding, possibility of bottomfeeding and stocking density on the growth of Arctic charr(Salvelinus alpinus L.) were examined in fish held at lowtemperature (〈2 °C). Fish fed for a restricted time (1 h) hadsignificantly (p 〈 0.05) lower specific growth rate (0.15 vs0.32% per day) than those fed the same ration over an extendedtime period (12 h). Increasing stocking densities had a positive andsignificant effect (p 〈 0.05) on growth with SGR increasing from 0.27to 0.52% per day at 2–30 kg m-3. Fish withaccess to feed on the tank floor had a significantly higher (p 〈0.05) growth rate (0.3 vs 0.13% per day) than those without thepossibility to feed from the bottom. When fish were held underconditions without access to the bottom a doubling of the feed rationdid not result in a significant (p 〉 0.05) increase in growth rate(0.13 vs 0.12%percnt; per day).
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009235130015
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
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    The influence of cyst nematodes (Heterodera sacchari) and drought on water relations and growth of upland rice in Côte d'Ivoire (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 220 (2000), S. 235-242 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: drought ; Heterodera sacchari ; nematode ; Oryza glaberrima ; Oryza sativa ; plant water status ; rice ; West Africa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This study was undertaken to examine the influence of cyst nematodes (Heterodera sacchari) and drought stress, in isolation and combination, on the water status and growth of rice in Côte d'Ivoire. Drought is considered one of the main yield-limiting factors to upland rice in West Africa, while H. sacchari is emerging as a potentially serious pest. A field study conducted during 1997 at the West Africa Rice Development Association (WARDA) showed that under low water availability in sandy soil, damage to a nematode susceptible Oryza sativa (cv IDSA6) is significant. Visual drought score and physiological parameters were significantly affected (P≤0.01) in plots with a mean population density of 39.4 H. sacchari eggs ml-1 soil at 81 days after sowing, compared to plots with a mean density of 1.2 eggs ml-1. Stomatal conductance, leaf water potential and relative water content were lower, leaf chlorophyll content was greater, and near total yield losses were observed in higher nematode density plots. In 1-l pots following 5 days of imposed drought, the H. sacchari-resistant and drought-resistant O. glaberrima (cv CG14) showed a reduction in stomatal conductance of 73% and in leaf water potential by 0.96 MPa (54%). The effect of H. sacchari (473 eggs l-1 soil) inoculated as cysts to soil before sowing was similar but less severe. The combination of both stresses had similar but yet more pronounced effects than the single stresses on stomatal conductance, leaf water potential and leaf dry weight in CG14. IDSA6 responded in a similar manner to CG14, but less acutely to both stresses. Only the combined stresses resulted in a significant (P≤0.05) reduction in osmotic potential and root dry weight compared with the control, for either CG14 or IDSA6. It is suggested that H. sacchari increased the effects of drought and drought-related losses. This may give a false impression of drought susceptibility in field screening for cultivars, and complicate models which predict crop damage caused by nematodes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004734415254
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    The effects of external potassium and magnesium concentrations on the magnesium and potassium inflow rates and growth of micropropagated cherry rootstocks, “F.12/1” (Prunus avium L.) and “Colt” (Prunus avium L.) × Prunus pseudocerasus L.) (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 225 (2000), S. 73-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: growth ; inflow ; magnesium ; potassium ; (Prunus)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects (and interaction) of two solution concentrations of Mg (50, 500, μM) and two of K (250, 4250 μM) on the growth of micropropagated plants of “F. 12/1” and “Colt” were investigated using a flowing solution culture system. Magnesium inflow and growth of “Colt” and “F. 12/1” were inhibited to a similar extent by an increased concentration of K in the nutrient solution. However, the consequences of this inhibition were different. Reduced inflow of Mg in “F. 12/1” caused Mg deficiency symptoms at high and low concentrations of K, whereas this only occurred with a combination of high K concentration and low Mg concentration in “Colt”. The distribution of dry matter within the plant was significant in determining susceptibility to Mg deficiency. Since “F. 12/1” has a smaller root:shoot ratio than Colt it is unable to sustain the same concentration of Mg in leaves as “Colt” irrespective of external K concentration. The molar ratio of K:Mg in soil solutions should remain 〈8.5:1 in order to ensure maximum growth of “F. 12/1” and “Colt”.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026596612035
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  • 18
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    Selenium accumulation by sequentially grown wheat and rice as influenced by gypsum application in a seleniferous soil (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 227 (2000), S. 243-248 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: residual effect of gypsum ; rice ; selenium toxicity ; sulphur ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A field experiment was conducted for 2 years on an alkaline calcareous seleniferous soil to study the effect of different levels of gypsum (0.2 – 3.2 t ha−1) applied to wheat only in the first year on Se accumulation by wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) – rice (Oryza sativa L.) cropping sequence. With gypsum application, grain yield of both rice and wheat crops increased by 0.4 – 0.5 t ha−1; the increase in straw yield was 0.4 – 1.1 t ha−1. Significant reduction in Se accumulation by wheat was observed with gypsum application up to 0.8 t ha−1 and its residual effect was evident on the following crops for 2 years. Reduction in Se accumulation varied from 53 to 64% in wheat grain, 46 to 49% in wheat straw, 35 to 63% in rice grain and 36 to 51% in rice straw with an application of gypsum at 0.8 t ha−1. A corresponding increase in S concentration was observed. In the gypsum-treated plots, the ratio of S:Se increased by 6 – 8 times in wheat and 3 – 6 times in rice. Reduction in Se accumulation by crop plants through gypsum application may help in lowering the risk of Se over-exposure of animals and humans that depend on diet materials grown on high selenium soils.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026579116794
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  • 19
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    Resistance gene deployment strategies in cereal hybrids using marker-assisted selection: Gene pyramiding, three-way hybrids, and synthetic parent populations (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 112 (2000), S. 175-186 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: durable resistance ; hybrids ; maize ; marker-assisted selection ; pearl millet ; resistance gene deployment strategies ; rice ; sorghum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Marker-assisted selection (MAS) for resistance genes (R-genes), identified using molecular markers and quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis, is now possible in many crops. MAS can be used to pyramid several R-genes into a single host genotype. However, this may not provide durable genetic resistance because the pathogen is exposed to a full homozygous pyramid during hybrid seed production and to a full heterozygous pyramid in the resultant hybrid. Alternative gene deployment strategies that generate genetic variability were analysed, for hybrid cereal cultivars of pearl millet, maize, sorghum and rice, using maintainer lines (B-lines) with two smaller complementary pyramids. An F1 seed parent, produced on two such B-lines, can be used to produce a three-way hybrid. All target loci are heterozygous for resistance alleles in the F1 seed parent, and the pathogen is exposed in the hybrid to a host population that is heterogeneous and heterozygous for alleles at the resistance loci targeted by MAS. Alternatively, single-cross hybrids can be made on seed parents that are maintained by two B-lines that differ for the complementary resistance gene pyramids. In a cross-pollinated crop, the B-lines are allowed to intermate to produce a synthetic B-line. In an inbreeding crop, the B-lines are equivalent to a two-component multiline variety. In inbreeding crops, because there is no intermating between the B-line components, the resultant synthetic seed parents have a higher frequency of genotypes with resistance alleles (R-alleles) at several resistance loci. However, in both cross-pollinated and inbreeding crops the genotypic structure in the hybrids is almost the same. All alternatives to a single-cross hybrid having a full pyramid produce hybrid cultivars having lower frequencies of resistance alleles. The frequency of genotypes having R-alleles at several loci increases greatly in both seed parent and hybrid when the overall frequency of R-alleles in the maintainer lines increases. This is simply done by adding a maintainer line that has a full pyramid or by the component lines having overlapping pyramids.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003836132603
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  • 20
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    Dynamics of biomass and N accumulation of alfalfa under three N fertilization rates (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 219 (2000), S. 177-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: alfalfa ; growth ; Medicago sativa L. ; nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The dynamics of biomass and N accumulation following defoliation of alfalfa and the application of N fertilization has rarely been studied under field conditions, particularly in the seeding year. Our objectives were to determine the effect of N fertilization on the dynamics of biomass and N accumulation during the first regrowth of alfalfa in the seeding year, and to determine if a model describing critical N concentration developed for established stands could be used in the seeding year. In two separate experiments conducted in 1992 and 1993, the biomass and N accumulation of alfalfa grown with three N rates (0, 40 and 80 kg N ha-1) were determined weekly. Maximum shoot growth was reached with 40 kg N ha-1 in 1992, and maximum shoot growth was not reached with the highest N fertilization rate in 1993. Nitrogen fixation, root N reserves and soil inorganic N uptake when no N was applied were, therefore, not sufficient to ensure non-limiting N conditions, particularly when growth rates were the highest between 14 to 21 d after defoliation. Nitrogen fertilization increased shoot biomass accumulation in the first 21 d of regrowth, biomass partitioning to the shoots and shoot and taproot N concentrations. The model parameters of critical N concentration developed by Lemaire et al. (1985) for established stands of alfalfa were not adequate in the seeding year. The N requirements per unit of shoot biomass produced are greater in the seeding year than on established stands, and this was attributed to a greater proportion of leaves in the seeding year.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004749828745
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    Screening the ability of rice roots to overcome the mechanical impedance of wax layers: importance of test conditions and measurement criteria (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 219 (2000), S. 187-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: mechanical impedance ; Oryza sativa ; rice ; roots ; screening ; wax layers
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The development of a wax layer method for screening the ability of rice (Oryza sativa L.) roots to overcome mechanical impedance is described. Wax layers (3 mm thick) made of mixtures of white soft paraffin and paraffin wax were installed 50 mm deep in tubes of sand. The sand was watered with nutrient solution and planted with 3-d old rice seedlings. The numbers of root axes per plant that had penetrated the wax layers 24 d after planting were counted. The ratio of penetrated to total root axes per plant gave a misleading measure of root penetration ability, as rice varieties differed in the ratio of penetrated to total axes in a low impedance (3% wax) control. In non-flooded conditions, a 60% wax layer decreased root penetration (number of roots penetrating the wax layer per plant) to a mean of 74% of the low impedance control, whereas an 80% wax layer decreased mean root penetration to 31% of the control. The best measure of root penetration in non-flooded conditions was the number of axes penetrating an 80% wax layer. Flooding decreased root penetration of a 60% wax layer to a mean of 26% of the low impedance control. The best measure of root penetration in flooded conditions was the number of axes penetrating a 60% wax layer.
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    Interaction effects of phosphorus and zinc on photosynthesis, growth and yield of dwarf bean grown in two environments (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 220 (2000), S. 219-228 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: growth ; light intensity ; Phaseolus vulgaris L. ; phosphorus–zinc interaction ; photosynthesis ; yield ; zinc deficiency
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Two experiments were conducted in a factorial combination of three Zn levels (0, 10 and 40 mg Zn kg-1 soil) and two P levels (0 and 200 mg P kg-1 soil). Experiment 1 was carried out during winter in a heated glasshouse, and experiment 2 during summer under a rain shelter. Plants of dwarf bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L., cv. Borlotto nano) were grown in pots filled with sandy soil. In both experiments, leaf Zn concentration was reduced by the addition of P to plants grown at low Zn supply. However, leaf Zn concentration lower than the critical level was observed only during experiment 2, and the main effects of low Zn were reductions of internode length, light use efficiency and maximum photosynthetic rate. In plants with leaf Zn concentration lower than the critical level, saturating irradiance levels fell from ∼1000 μmol m-2 s-1 PPFD to ∼300–400 μmol m-2 s-1 PPFD. Reduction of net photosynthesis was observed from the beginning of flowering and led to decreased seed production.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004705008101
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    Contribution of N2 fixing cyanobacteria to rice production: availability of nitrogen from 15N-labelled cyanobacteria and ammonium sulphate to rice (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 221 (2000), S. 107-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Cyanobacteria ; `in situ' N2 fixation ; N fertilizer ; 15N balance ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This study investigate the potential contribution of nitrogen fixation by indigenous cyanobacteria to rice production in the rice fields of Valencia (Spain). N2-fixing cyanobacteria abundance and N2 fixation decreased with increasing amounts of fertilizers. Grain yield increased with increasing amounts of fertilizers up to 70 kg N ha-1. No further increase was observed with 140 kg N ha-1. Soil N was the main source of N for rice, only 8–14% of the total N incorporated by plants derived from 15N fertilizer. Recovery of applied 15N-ammonium sulphate by the soil–plant system was lower than 50%. Losses were attributed to ammonia volatilization, since only 0.3–1% of applied N was lost by denitrification. Recovery of 15N from labeled cyanobacteria by the soil–plant system was higher than that from chemical fertilizers. Cyanobacterial N was available to rice plant even at the tillering stage, 20 days after N application.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004737422842
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    A comparison of nine species of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on the development and nutrition of micropropagated Rubus idaeus L. cv. Glen Prosen (Red Raspberry) (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 225 (2000), S. 53-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: AM fungi ; colonisation ; growth ; mineral nutrition ; red raspberry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Growth, development and nutrient status of micropropagated Rubus idaeus cv. Glen Prosen in response to inoculation with nine species of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi from three different genera was investigated. The nine species of AM fungi included, Glomus clarum, G. etunicatum, G. intraradices, Gigaspora rosea, Gi. gigantea, Gi. margarita, Scutellospora calospora, S. heterogama and S. persica. Plant responses to AM fungi varied from growth enhancement to growth depression. Depressive growth effects were specific to Gigaspora species. Furthermore, particular species of AM fungi had unique effects on the mineral status of the raspberry plants. Importance of isolate selection for inoculation of micropropagated raspberry plants is discussed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026519431096
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    Effectiveness of different classes of molecular marker for classifying and revealing variation in rice (Oryza sativa) germplasm (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 112 (2000), S. 275-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: AFLP ; isozyme ; ISSR ; molecular marker ; RAPD ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We have examined the effectiveness of similar numbers of markers from four molecular marker systems (AFLP, isozymes, ISSR and RAPD) for revealing genetic diversity and discriminating between infraspecific groups of Oryza sativa germplasm. Each marker system classifies the germplasm into three major groups (most effectively with isozymes and AFLPs), but with differences (primarily with ISSR) between the precise classifications generated. However, at the highest levels of genetic similarity there was only partial agreement as to relationships between individual accessions when different markers were used. When variance was partitioned among and within the three subspecific groups, although the differences were not significant, greater variation was found among than within groups using AFLP and isozymes, with the reverse for RAPD and ISSR. Measurement of polymorphism using average heterozygosity and effective number of alleles gave similar results for each marker system. These results are discussed in relation to various genetic resources conservation activities, and the advisability of extrapolating to other sets of germplasm particularly of other crop species.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003952720758
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    Salinity tolerant performance and genetic diversity of four rice varieties (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 116 (2000), S. 105-110 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: PCR ; RAPDS ; rice ; salt-tolerance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The genetic diversity of three salinity tolerant rice varieties Pokkali, Nona-Bokra and Bicol was investigated using random amplified polymorphic DNAs(RAPDs). High yielding susceptible variety IR29 was used as check for comparison. The salinity performance of these varieties were tested by using rapid screening techniques at seedling stage. One hundred primers tested of which 42 revealed differences between Pokkali & Nonabokra, 43 between Pokkali & Bicol and 50 between Nonabokra and Bicol. Polymorphism differences between IR29 - Pokkali, IR29 - NonaBokra and IR29 - Bicol were 47%, 53% and 31%, respectively. Four primers amplified specific fragments that appeared in all the three salt tolerant varieties but not in the salt susceptible variety IR29. Primer UBC 9 (5′-CCTGCGCTTA-3′ produced a prominent diagnostic fragment of approximately 1600 bp; primer UBC 244 (5′-CAGCCAACCG-3′) generated a fragment of about 800 bp in the salt-tolerant varieties; primer UBC 251 (5′-CTTGACGGGG-3′) amplified one polymorphic band of 1100 bp and primer UBC 267(5′-CCATCTTGTG-3′) yielded a relatively weak polymorphic band of 1100 bp.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004041900101
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    Deficiency of potassium but not phosphorus enhances root respiration (2000)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 32 (2000), S. 77-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: bioenergetics ; growth ; nutrition ; nutrient deficiency ; plant stress ; respiration ; root ; root:shoot ratio ; root respiration ; source-sink relationship ; stress ; stress physiology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Root respiration of kohlrabi (Brassica oleraceavar. gongylodes) was measured non-destructivelyin vivo by infrared gas analysis of completeroot systems, using potted plants in sand culture andnutrient solutions, for six weeks under (a) nutrientsufficiency, (b) deficiency of all mineral nutrients,(c) potassium deficiency or (d) phosphorus deficiency.This was to study the adaptation to nutrient stress interms of changes in root growth, root respiration,assimilate allocation and energy requirement fornutrient uptake. Both deficiencies of phosphorus andpotassium increased the root:shoot-ratio. This wasattributed to the plants transferring a largerrelative proportion of assimilates to the roots thanto the shoots relative to nutrient-sufficient plants.Roots of nutrient-sufficient kohlrabi respired 1.7 or7.7 mg CO2 h−1 per g fresh or dry matter, respectively. However, potassiumdeficiency enhanced root respiration to 2.4 mgCO2 h−1 or 12.2 mg CO2 h−1 on a per g fresh or dry weight basis respectively. This originated from an additional2.6 mg glucose g−1 dry matter h−1 allocated to the roots and provided 50 Joule additional energy(150 versus 100 Joule g−1 dry matter h−1)which may become available for the proposedK+:H+ symporter for potassium uptake.
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    Respiration and plasma membrane ATPase in strawberry stolons (2000)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 30 (2000), S. 163-170 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: ATPase ; bioenergetics ; Fragaria ananassa Duch ; growth ; ion transport ; photosynthesis ; proton transport ; respiration ; source-sink ; strawberry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The biochemical, physiological and anatomical properties of strawberry (Fragaria ananassa Duch.) cv. 'Cambridge Favourite' stolons were studied during growth. ATPase activity was measured, in microsomal and plasma membrane fractions, along with chlorophyll determination, in-situ photosynthesis measurements and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray microanalysis of stolon cross-sections. Potassium-stimulated ATPase activity and proton-pumping, both together indicating the presence of plasma membrane ATPase, was greatest in the stolon tip, the tissue with the fastest growth and respiratory activity. The enzyme activity and respiration gradient from the tip of the stolon to the base was concomitant with xylem development which was more differentiated in the base than in the tip. These cross-sections also showed 30% greater amounts of calcium and potassium of the cryo-preserved basal part relative to the stolon tip. This gradient existed independent of the presence of daughter plants. A hypothesis is presented which suggests that for the long-distance longitudinal transport of nutrients this gradient between stolon tip and base is likely to be involved in stolon growth.
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    Nitrogen in percolation water in paddy fields with a rice/wheat rotation (2000)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 57 (2000), S. 75-82 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: nitrogen ; leaching ; paddy soil ; wheat ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nitrogen in percolation water was observed in paddy field soil under rice/wheat rotation. Different N-application rates were designed. Porous pipes were installed in triplicate at depths of 30, 60 and 90 cm to collect the water in the period of wheat growth. Suction cups were installed in triplicate at the same depths to collect the water during the period of rice growth. NH4 +, NO3 - and total N in the water were analysed with a continuous-flow nitrogen analyzer. Results showed that nitrate was the predominant form of nitrogen in percolation water during the period of wheat growth. Nitrate leaching was high in early spring after the `tillering fertilisation'. More than 50 mg l-1 of nitrate concentration in percolation water was observed for 30 and 60 cm in depth and more than 15 mg l-1 were observed for 90 cm. The concentration decreased quickly and was very low, less than 2 mg l-1 usually, in the earring stage of wheat. Nitrate in water was low, less than 1.5 mg l-1 usually, when the field was flooded during the period of rice growth. Some soluble organic N existed in the water. Nitrate in percolation water increased when the field was drained. The leaching loss of nitrogen during winter wheat growth period was estimated to be about 3.4% of the N-fertiliser applied at the normal application rate of farmers; for the rice growth period it was around 1.8%. Although a reduced N-application decreased N leaching, it caused a marked decrease in crop yield.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009712404335
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    Using a Crop/Soil Simulation Model and GIS Techniques to Assess Methane Emissions from Rice Fields in Asia. IV. Upscaling to National Levels (2000)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 58 (2000), S. 201-217 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: rice ; model ; simulation ; carbon dynamics ; China ; India ; Indonesia ; Philippines ; Thailand ; estimates
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The process-based crop/soil model MERES (Methane Emissions from Rice EcoSystems) was used together with daily weather data, spatial soil data, and rice-growing statistics to estimate the annual methane (CH4) emissions from China, India, Indonesia, Philippines, and Thailand under various crop management scenarios. Four crop management scenarios were considered: (a) a 'baseline' scenario assuming no addition of organic amendments or field drainage during the growing season, (b) addition of 3,000 kg DM ha−1 of green manure at the start of the season but no field drainage, (c) no organic amendments but drainage of the field for a 14-d period in the middle of the season and again at the end of the season, and (d) addition of 3,000 kg DM ha−1 of green manure and field drainage in the middle and end of the season. For each scenario, simulations were made at each location for irrigated and rainfed rice ecosystems in the main rice-growing season, and for irrigated rice in the second (or 'dry') season. Overall annual emissions (Tg CH4 yr−1) for a province/district were calculated by multiplying the rates of CH4 emission (kg CH4 ha−1 yr−1) by the area of rice grown in each ecosystem and in each season obtained from the Huke and Huke (1997) database of rice production. Using the baseline scenario, annual CH4 emissions for China, India, Indonesia, Philippines, and Thailand were calculated to be 3.73, 2.14, 1.65, 0.14, and 0.18 Tg CH4 yr−1, respectively. Addition of 3,000 kg DM ha−1 green manure at the start of the season increased emissions by an average of 128% across the five countries, with a range of 74–259%. Drainage of the field in the middle and at the end of the season reduced emissions by an average of 13% across the five countries, with a range of −10% to −39%. The combination of organic amendments and field drainage resulted in an increase in emissions by an average of 86% across the five countries, with a range of 15–176%. The sum of CH4 emissions from these five countries, comprising about 70% of the global rice area, ranged from 6.49 to 17.42 Tg CH4 yr−1, depending on the crop management scenario.
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    Effect of pre-treatment with ethanolamine on the response of Helianthus annuus L. to salt stress (2000)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 30 (2000), S. 87-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: betaine ; ethanolamine ; growth ; Helianthus annuus L. ; salt stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The accumulation of compatible solutes is one of the strategies that plants have developed to tolerate salt stress. Proline and betaine are the main metabolites that accumulate in various species of higher plants in response to salt stress. In Helianthus annuus L., pre-treatment of seeds with ethanolamine led to enhanced seedling tolerance to conditions of saline stress during germination, as evidenced by the greater growth of pretreated seedlings (EAS group) versus untreated seedlings (S group), evaluated through such parameters as length, water and chlorophyll content. During the germination period, a considerable increase was observed in proline levels (up to 300%) in seedlings subjected to saline stress, whereas in the EAS group, the proline increment was much smaller (20%). Starting from the fourth day of germination, betaine levels in seedlings pretreated with ethanolamine and then with water (EAW group) and in EAS showed a significant increase versus C (control) and S seedlings, possibly because such a precursor promotes betaine biosynthesis. This could be responsible for the enhanced growth observed in EAS versus S seedlings, as well as for preventing the decrease in chlorophyll content in the EAS group. The accumulation of betaine seems to correlate with the greater tolerance of these seedlings against stress induced by sodium chloride.
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    Molecular marker assisted tagging of morphological and physiological traits under two contrasting moisture regimes at peak vegetative stage in rice (Oryza sativa L.) (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 112 (2000), S. 69-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: drought resistance ; QTL mapping ; RFLP markers ; rice ; root traits ; vegetative stage
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Root morphology under well-watered conditions sampled on two occasions and under low-moisture stress was studied in a randomly chosen subset of 56 doubled haploid lines derived from a cross between IR64 and Azucena at two growth stages during the vegetative stage. A molecular map of the same population served as the basis for locating QTLs controlling root morphology and associated traits. The region flanking the RFLP markers RZ730 and RZ801 on chromosome 1 were associated with plant height in all three sampling environments. This position corresponds to sd-1 a semi-dwarfing gene. A total of 15 QTL were detected at the two developmental stages, of which only three QTL were common. Region flanked by RG157 and RZ318 (chromosome 2) contained QTL for root thickness under two different developmental stages. In total, 21 QTL for different traits were detected under low-moisture stress condition. While two QTL for plant height on chromosomes 1 and 3 were common, none of the loci for root morphological traits was common between the two different moisture regimes. The chromosomal segment between RG171 and RG157 contained QTL controlling tiller number per plant, total root length, root volume and total root number per plant. Absence of common QTL for root traits between two developmental stages and two moisture regimes suggests the existence of parallel genetic pathways operating at different growth stages and moisture regimes. Root volume and total root number per plant decreased significantly under stress, whereas maximum root length and plant height exhibited non-significant increases under stress.
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    Leaf development, transpiration and ion uptake and distribution in sugarcane cultivars grown under salinity (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 218 (2000), S. 59-69 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: growth ; ion-uptake ; salinity ; salt tolerance ; sugarcane ; transpiration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of salinity on leaf growth, initiation and senescence, on transpiration rates, on leaf water potential and on uptake and distribution of several ions were studied in two sugarcane cultivars differing in salinity sensitivity. Plants, growing in a growing mixture in pots, were exposed to salinized irrigation water for 68 days, starting 60 days after planting. EC values of the irrigation water were 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 8.0 and 12 dS/m, obtained by using a mixture of NaCl and CaCl2. Plants were also grown in nutrient solution and were at a similar age when exposed to a salinity level of 3 dS/m for 30 days followed by 6.0 dS/m for an additional 30 days. Two Na:Ca ratios of 18:1 and 1:2 were used for salinization of the nutrient solution. Both leaf dry weight and area decreased with increasing salinity, but in the more salinity tolerant cultivar H69-8235, the decrease was moderate. Salinity hardly reduced average area per leaf in H69-8235, while the number of leaves declined sharply. This decline was caused by enhanced senescence of mature leaves and not by a decreased rate of leaf initiation. In the more sensitive cultivar, H65-7052, leaf area and initiation of new leaves were sharply reduced by salinity while leaf senescence was less affected. Leaf water potential decreased during the early stages of salinity exposure, and the reduction in water potential was larger in H69-8235. Salinity also decreased the rate of transpiration rate but to a lesser extent than leaf development and growth. The accumulation of Cl and Na in the TVD (top visible dewlap) leaf of the tolerant cultivar H69-8235 was greater than in the sensitive cultivar H65-7052. The concentration of Cl in the TVD leaf was more than 10 times that of Na in both cultivars. The concentration of both ions, but not of K, increased during the early stages of salinity exposure and then remained constant. A gradient in concentration of Cl and Na over the plant was found in both cultivars at all salinity levels, and was steepest between the TVD and younger leaves. No specific Na effect on leaf growth or transpiration could be detected. The accumulation of Cl and Na but not of K occurred primarily in the roots rather than in the leaves and stalks.
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    Efficiency of N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide in retarding hydrolysis of urea and ammonia volatilization losses in a flooded sandy loam soil amended with organic materials (1999)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 53 (1999), S. 203-207 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: ammonia volatilization ; green manure ; inhibitor ; NBPT ; rice ; urea hydrolysis ; wheat straw
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Using a forced-draft chamber technique, the suppression of NH3 volatilization losses by applying N-(n-butyl) thiophosphoric triamide (NBPT) was studied in an alkaline sandy loam soil amended with green manure or wheat straw. Applied urea was completely hydrolysed in 12, 8 and 6 days in unamended, green manure and wheat straw amended soil, respectively. By applying 0.5% (w/w of urea) NBPT, complete hydrolysis of urea was delayed up to 16 days in the unamended soil, whereas in wheat straw amended soil urea hydrolysis was completed by the 12th day even when it was treated with 2% NBPT. Applied at 1 or 2% level, NBPT delayed the NH3 volatilization to the 4th day after application of urea in green manure or wheat straw amended soil. Hydrolysis of urea was more effectively retarded by applying NBPT in the unamended soil than in soil amended with green manure or wheat straw. In the unamended soil, 7.1% of the applied urea was lost through NH3 volatilization. The losses were reduced to 1.2 and 0.7% by applying 0.5 and 1% NBPT, respectively. Enhanced NH3 volatilization caused by the green manure or wheat straw was counteracted by applying NBPT.
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    Low risks of toxicity from boron fertiliser in oilseed rape–rice rotations in southeast China (1999)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 54 (1999), S. 189-197 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: boron toxicity ; oilseed rape ; rice ; rotation ; soil boron ; seed yield
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Yields in intensive rice (Oryza sativa L.) -based rotations in Asia are stagnating or declining because of decreasing nutrient availability and depletion of soil nutrient reserves. In the rape (Brassica napus L.)–rice–rice cropping rotation of southeast China, where boron (B) deficiency is widespread and B fertiliser is needed to correct it, our objective was to evaluate the risks of fertiliser-induced B toxicity in oilseed rape and in rice. Response of oilseed rape to B fertiliser application at rates up to 6.6 kg B ha-1 was studied in seven field experiments on three contrasting soils of Zhejiang province, alluvial, red and blue-purple soils. The effects of up to 3.3 kg B ha-1 in 1 year, 6.6 kg B ha-1 in 2 years or 9.9 kg B ha-1 in 3 years were studied on oilseed rape and the one or two rice crops grown immediately after rape in each annual crop rotation. Soils varied in initial hot CaCl2-extractable B in the 0–15-cm layer from 0.24 to 0.99 mg kg-1. At the stem elongation stage of oilseed rape, 3.3 kg B ha-1 depressed shoot dry matter on soils with low clay and organic matter content. However, the subsequent effects of high fertiliser B on seed yield were minimal even at 6.6 kg B ha-1. Moreover, the application of a total of 6.6 or 9.9 kg B ha-1 as successive annual applications of 3.3 kg B ha-1 to oilseed rape generally had no negative effect on seed yield of oilseed rape. The single exception was on a sandy alluvial soil where a total of 6.6 kg B ha-1 in 2 years slightly depressed seed yield of oilseed rape. Grain yields of rice crops grown in rotation after oilseed rape were unaffected by B applications up to 6.6 kg ha-1. The minimal effects of a total of 6.6 kg B ha-1 applied over 2 years on seed yield were consistent with the modest increase in hot CaCl2-extractable B levels. It is concluded that there is limited risk of B toxicity from the use of borax fertiliser at up to 4–8 times recommended rates in rape–rice cropping rotations in southeast China. The low risk of B toxicity can be attributed to the relatively high B removal in harvested seed, grain and stubble, the redistribution of fertiliser B by leaching in the 0–60 cm layer and to B sorption.
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    The fate of algal nitrogen in a flooded soil system (1999)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 55 (1999), S. 89-94 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: algae ; flooded soils ; N cycling ; nitrogen ; 15N ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Algal N labelled with 15N added to a flooded soil in laboratory columns without plants was studied to determine the changes over time in the fate of N assimilated by algae and to study how its fate is affected by (a) exclusion of light simulating complete closure of the rice canopy, and (b) addition of fertilizer-NH4 *. In the light but with no added fertilizer-N there was little net mineralization of the added algal N during the first 4 weeks, but after 8 weeks 42% had been mineralized, of which 95% was denitrified. Exclusion of light caused net mineralization to proceed more rapidly in the first 4 weeks due to the death of algal cells and lowered reassimilation. After 8 weeks 51% had been mineralized, of which 54% was denitrified, 16% volatilized and 30% was present as KCl exchangeable NH4 +-N. Application of fertilizer-NH4 + apparently caused mineralization of 25% of the algal N within one week but the results were probably affected by pool substitution in which labelled N mineralized to NH4 +-N was diluted with fertilizer – NH+ 4 and then immobilized leaving more labelled NH4–N in the mineral pool. After 8 weeks, 42% of algal N had been mineralized, of which 69% was estimated to have been denitrified, 19% lost through NH3 volatilization and 12% remained as extracted NH4 ++NO- 3. Uptake of N by a rice crop would reduce the gaseous losses. Algal N was mineralized quickly enough to be available during the growing season of a rice crop and, depending on field conditions, algae may have a role in assimilating N and protecting it from loss as well as being a major driving force for NH3 volatilization through diurnal increases in pH.
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    Survival and Growth of Bighead Carp Fry Exposed to Low Salinities (1999)
    Springer
    Aquaculture international 7 (1999), S. 241-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis) ; growth ; Laguna Lake ; salinity tolerance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis Oshima) fry of various ages (11, 18, and 35 days post-hatch) were exposed to the low salinities encountered during the annual intrusion of seawater in Laguna Lake, Philippines. Practical indices of salinity tolerance assessed the effect of a 96 h direct exposure to low salinities (0–16‰). Mean (MST) and median survival times (MST50) of fry decreased as salinity of rearing medium increased. Younger fry were less able to tolerate exposure to these salinities than their older cohorts. Median lethal salinity after 96 h (MLS) revealed higher tolerance among 35–day old fry (7.6‰) than 11 (2.3‰) and 18–day old fry (6.0‰), demonstrating that survival in saline water depends on their age at initial exposure to low salinities. Mean body weight of 18–day old fry reared in 0 and 2‰ for 3 and 4 weeks was higher than for those reared in 4 and 6‰ for the same period. Growth over these periods was inversely related with the range of salinities tested. These results demonstrate that, despite their known stenohalinity, bighead carp fry possess some degree of osmoregulatory capability, allowing them to survive and grow in lakes subjected periodically to saltwater inflow.
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    Calcium Requirement of Tiger Puffer Fed a Semi-Purified Diet (1999)
    Springer
    Aquaculture international 7 (1999), S. 287-293 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: bone mineralization ; calcium requirement ; feed efficiency ; growth ; semi-purified diet ; tiger puffer (Takifugu rubripes)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Juvenile tiger puffer (Takifugu rubripes) were fed semi-purified diets with graded levels (0–0.40%) of calcium (Ca) supplements for 8 weeks at a temperature of 23.0–25.5 °C. At the end of the feeding experiment, average final body weight increased with increasing dietary Ca levels. A diet without Ca supplement resulted in poor average final body weight and 0.05% dietary Ca supplement could not significantly improve the growth. However, supplemental Ca levels of 0.10–0.40% significantly increased growth. Dietary Ca supplements of 0.10% or more also improved the feed efficiency in tiger puffer. Ca and phosphorus contents of the bone were independent of dietary Ca supplements. However, 0.40% Ca in the diet decreased the zinc and manganese contents of bone. Results indicated that supplemental Ca levels of 0.10–0.20% in a semi-purified diet were required to maintain normal growth, feed utilization and bone mineralization of tiger puffer.
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    Transfer of wild abortive cytoplasmic male sterility through protoplast fusion in rice (1999)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 5 (1999), S. 319-327 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: Cybrid ; cytoplasmic male sterility ; mitochondrial DNA ; protoplast fusion ; rice ; wild abortive cytoplasm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Wild abortive cytoplasmic male sterility has been extensively used in hybrid seed production in the tropics. Using protoplast fusion between cytoplasmic male sterile and fertile maintainer lines; we report here, transfer of wild abortive cytoplasmic male sterility to the nuclear background of RCPL1-2C, an advance breeding line which also served as maintainer of this cytoplasm. In total, 27 putative cybrids between V20A and RCPL1-2C and 23 lines between V20A and V20B were recovered and all of them were sterile. DNA blots prepared from the mitochondrial DNA of the cybrid lines from both the sets were probed with orf155 that is known to exhibit polymorphism between the mitochondrial DNA of the male-sterile and fertile maintainer lines. Hybridization of orf155 to 1.3 kb HindIII-digested mitochondrial DNA fragment of the cybrids showed transfer of mitochondrial DNA from wild abortive cytoplasmic male-sterile line to the maintainers, viz. RCPL 1-2C and V20B. Expression of male sterility was confirmed by the presence of sterile pollen grains and the lack of seed setting due to selfing in all the cybrid lines. These cybrids, on crossing with respective fertile maintainers set seeds that in turn, produced sterile BC1 plants. DNA blots from HindIII-digested mitochondrial DNA of these BC1 plants when probed with orf155 again exhibited localization of orf155 in wild abortive cytoplasm-specific 1.3 kb HindIII-digested mitochondrial DNA fragments. This demonstrated that the cytoplasmic male sterility transferred through protoplast fusion retained intact female fertility and was inherited and expressed in BC1 plants. Fusion-derived CMS lines, on pollination with pollen grains from restorer, showed restoration of fertility in all the lines. The results demonstrate that protoplasts fusion can be used for transferring maternally inherited traits like cytoplasmic male sterility to the desired nuclear background which can, in turn, be used in hybrid seed production programme of rice in the tropical world.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009662231294
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    Enhancing Growth of Common Carp, Rohu and Mozambique Tilapia through Plant Substrate: The Role of Bacterial Biofilm (1999)
    Springer
    Aquaculture international 7 (1999), S. 251-260 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: bacterial biofilm ; common carp (Cyprinus carpio) ; growth ; rohu (Labeo rohita) ; Tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Experiments were conducted to enhance the growth of common carp (Cyprinus carpio), rohu (Labeo rohita) and Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) through use of sugarcane bagasse as substrate. Bagasse was suspended in water with or without supplementation with fertilizers. Bagasse supplemented with cattle dung and urea favoured higher zooplankton production and significantly (p 〈 0.05) increased fish growth by over 50% compared to bagasse or fertilizers on their own. This higher production of fish is attributed to bacterial biofilm promoted on the substrate which, apart from forming food for zooplankton and fish, contributed to improved water quality by lowering ammonia.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009229113868
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    Long Term Observation on Several Growth Parameters of Convict Child Under an Enhanced Ultraviolet-A (320–400 nm) irradiation (1999)
    Springer
    Aquaculture international 7 (1999), S. 1-12 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: Convict cichlid (Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum ; environmental UV effects ; growth ; ultraviolet radiation ; UVA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The long term (two generations) effect an enhanced (5%) sub-lethal ultraviolet-A (320–400 nm) irradiation on growth and survival rate of a convict cichlid (Cichlasoma nigrofasciatum is presented. Two UVA irradiated populations (G1-UVA and G2-UVA) and two control populations (G1-control and G2-control) were observed from age 60 to 403 days. The UVA populations were exposed to enhanced UVA irradiation from 4 months of age (G1-UVA and from egg's state (G2-UVA). The specific growth rates (daily weight and length increase) and the condition factors of the populations were not affected by the enhanced UVA, it depended more on the population size. At the adapted temperature range (27–29 °C) the survival rate of those populations was not affected by enhanced UVA. A combined effect of enhanced UVA and increased temperature (31–32 °C) was responsible for a high mortality rate in the GI-UVA. A total of 67% of the G1-UVA population died just within a week of exposure to high temperature.
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    Effects of Dietary Protein Levels on Gonad Maturation, Size and Age at First Maturity, Fecundity and Growth of Nile Tilapia (1999)
    Springer
    Aquaculture international 7 (1999), S. 319-332 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: body composition ; dietary protein ; fecundity ; gonad maturation ; growth ; Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Six-week-old Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) fry with an average weight (SD) of 0.51(0.2) g were reared for 140 days on five formulated, isocaloric diets of different protein levels (25, 30, 40 and 45% by dry weight). Fish fed diets of higher protein levels (40 and 45%) showed better growth and feed conversion ratio than those on lower protein levels. Fast-growing fish matured earlier. Maturation rate was affected by the dietary protein levels. Males matured earlier than females: the first mature males were recorded when they were 14 weeks old, whereas the females matured after 18 weeks. In both sexes, mean percentage of mature fish rose with increasing dietary protein level, the percentage of mature males being higher than that of the females. Similarly, the percentage of mature fish rose with the increasing age of fish, with more than 50% males and females mature at the age of 22 and 24 weeks, respectively, the exception being the 25% protein diet fed fish, where the percentage of mature fish was below 50%. In all treatments, spawning was initiated when the fish were 22 weeks old. Smallest size at spawning of males and females was 9.2 cm (13.1 g) and 8.1 cm (8.9 g), respectively, and dietary protein levels influenced the size of fish at first maturity. For both sexes, no difference was found in the gonado-somatic index (GSI) among different treatments. Fecundity increased with increasing dietary protein levels, but significant differences were found only between 40–45% and 25–35% dietary protein levels. The relative fecundity (eggs g−1 female) was higher at the lower dietary protein levels (25–35%) than at the higher dietary protein levels (40–45%). The dietary protein levels did not have any significant influence on the size and weight of mature eggs. The chemical composition of fish and mature ovaries was significantly influenced by the dietary protein level.
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    Growth and Survival of Blackslip Pearl Oyster Larvae Fed Different Densities of Microalgae (1999)
    Springer
    Aquaculture international 7 (1999), S. 179-187 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: feeding ; growth ; larvae ; micro-algae ; pearl oyster (Pinctada margaritifera L.) ; survival
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This paper reports on an experiment to determine growth and survival of blacklip pearl oyster, Pinctada margaritifera (L.), larvae fed a 1:1 mixture of Isochrysis aff. galbana clone T-ISO and Pavlova salina at six different densities (1, 2, 5, 10, 20 and 30 × 103 cells ml-1. Larval growth and survival were assessed every four days over a 20–day period. Exponential and logistic regression models were fitted to the growth and survival responses, respectively. Overall growth of larvae fed ≥5 × 103 cells ml-1 was significantly greater (p 〉 0.01) than growth of larvae reared at other algal densities. The optimal food ration for maximum larval growth was 20 × 103 cells ml-1, which resulted in larvae with antero-posterior shell length of 230 μm after 20 days. These larvae were significantly larger (p 〉 0.05) than those in all other treatments at the end of the experiment. Survival of larvae fed 0, 1 and 2 × 103 cells ml-1 was significantly lower than that of larvae in all other treatments at the end of 15 days (p 〉 0.01). Maximal survival (8%) over the 20 day period was shown by larvae fed 10 × 103 cells ml-1, while lower survival was shown by larvae fed 2 × 103 cells ml-1 (2%) and 1 × 103 cells ml-1 (0%).
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    Growth and Survival of Fingerlings of Silver Catfish Exposed to Different Photoperiods (1999)
    Springer
    Aquaculture international 7 (1999), S. 201-205 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: fingerlings ; growth ; light regimes ; photoperiod ; silver catfish (Rhamdia quelen) ; survival
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009299830102
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    Preliminary Results on Rearing of Sparus Aurata × Pagrus Pagrus Hybrids. Performance Comparison With the Parental Species (1999)
    Springer
    Aquaculture international 7 (1999), S. 295-306 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: gilthead sea bream (Sparus aurata) ; growth ; hybridization ; red porgy (Pagrus pagrus) ; survival
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Hybridization between gilthead sea bream, Sparus aurata, and red porgy, Pagrus pagrus, was undertaken and viable hybrids were produced by an artificial hormonal-induced cross. The hybrids, from the cross of female red porgy and male gilthead sea bream (Pp × Sa), survived through the yolk-sac larval stage. The hybrids produced from the cross of female gilthead sea bream and male red porgy (Sa × Pp) presented higher mortality in the larval stage (98.4%) compared to gilthead sea bream (80.0%) and red porgy (92.5%). Afterwards, the Sa × Pp hybrid was compared to the offspring of its parental species under the same rearing conditions (tanks of 500 l capacity, natural light, ambient temperature, self-feeding with commercial feed) in a 40–week experiment. In this comparative study, the Sa × Pp hybrid had intermediate mortality rate (6%), compared to gilthead sea bream (0%) and red porgy (21%). The growth profile of this hybrid resembled the slow growing phases of its parents (red porgy in warm period and gilthead sea bream in cold period). The feed conversion ratio between fish forms was not significantly different (1.54–1.84 in the Sa × Pp hybrid, 1.53–1.56 in the maternal species and 1.33–1.40 in the paternal one). The body weight variation in the Sa × Pp hybrid was quite high (31.7–37.9%), compared to that in gilthead sea bream (19.7–24.7%) and red porgy (18.0–31.3%). With respect to body coloration, the Sa × Pp hybrid was distinguishable and classified into groups of red porgy-like (55.1%), gilthead sea bream-like (40.6%), and intermediate forms (4.3%). The preliminary results of this study proved that the produced Sa × Pp hybrid had too low a performance for aquaculture use, but the interesting consequent hereditary potential could be a useful tool in fish hybridization practice.
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    Seed treatment with growth regulators and crop productivity. I. 2,4-D as an inducer of salinity-tolerance in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) (1999)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 210 (1999), S. 209-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: 2 ; 4-D ; germination ; growth ; salinity-tolerance ; seed treatment ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Experiments were conducted under laboratory and greenhouse conditions to study the effect of 2,4-D on rooting and salinity tolerance of wheat. Seeds of one commercial wheat (Inqalab-91) and three salt-tolerant wheat lines (WL-41, WL-359, and WL-1073 developed through wide hybridization) were included in the study. Preliminary and short-term experiments were conducted to determine the level of 2,4-D (administered through seed soaking for 24.5 h. at 25 °C in the dark) at which the maximum number of roots emerged. Under hydroponic conditions, 2,4-D treatment of seeds caused an increase of 60 to 100% in the number of primary roots. The maximum increase in the number of roots was observed in one of the salt tolerant wheat lines (WL-41). The roots appeared in bunches but showed stunted growth at higher levels of 2,4-D. Dry matter accumulation decreased markedly; the effect was more pronounced in Inqalab-91 which is less tolerant to stress than other wheat lines. In all wheat types, allocation of dry matter to roots relative to shoot increased due to 2,4-D treatment. In soil, seeds treated with different levels of 2,4-D showed a germination delay of 1–3 days. Although the number of primary roots increased, 2,4-D treatment caused a decrease in total dry matter accumulation by plants grown for 40 days. In another experiment, conducted under greenhouse conditions, seed germination and growth of seedlings was significantly retarded in saline compared to that in non-saline (normal) soil. Initially, the pace of germination of treated seeds as well as seedling growth was slower in both soils, but after six weeks, the leaf area of seedlings raised from treated seeds was greater than those raised from untreated seeds. Towards maturity, plants arising from treated seeds developed wider and longer flag leaves leading to enhanced yield. Root biomass decreased in saline soil as compared to normal soil. However, 2,4-D treatment caused a substantial increase in root biomass in saline soil and the roots were harder in texture in wheats other than Inqalab-91. Seed treatment with 2,4-D led to a significant improvement in the number of productive tillers, yield of straw and grain, and grain protein content of all wheats grown in saline soil. Plants grown in normal soil did not show any marked effect of seed treatment on grain yield and other agronomic parameters. The four wheats showed substantial differences for different parameters but the salt tolerant wheat lines performed better compared to the commercial variety Inqalab-91.
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    The development of symmetry, rigidity and anchorage in the structural root system of conifers (1999)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 217 (1999), S. 1-15 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: anchorage ; development ; growth ; root systems ; symmetry ; tree stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The stability of shallowly rooted trees can be strongly influenced by the symmetry of the ‘structural’ system of woody roots. Root systems of forest trees are often markedly asymmetric, and many of the factors affecting symmetry, including root initiation and the growth of primary and woody roots, are poorly understood. The internal and environmental factors that control the development, with respect to symmetry and rigidity, of shallow structural root systems are reviewed and discussed with particular reference to Sitka spruce (Picea sitchensis Bong. Carr.). Areas where there is insufficient knowledge are highlighted. A scheme is proposed that represents the root system as a set of spokes that are variable in number, size and radial distribution. Rigidity can vary between and along each of the spokes. The root system is presented as a zone of competition for assimilates, where allocation to individual roots depends upon their position and local variations in conditions. Factors considered include the production of root primordia of different sizes, effects of soil conditions such as the supply of mineral nutrients and water on growth of primary and woody roots, and the effect of forces caused by wind action on growth of the cambium, giving rise to roots which, in cross section, resemble I- or T-beams, and efficiently resist bending.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004578032481
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    Production and testing of plants regenerated from protoplasts of photoperiod sensitive genic male sterile rice (Oryza sativa L.) (1999)
    Springer
    Euphytica 105 (1999), S. 167-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: rice ; Oryza sativa L. ; photoperiod sensitive genic male sterility (PGMS) ; protoplasts ; flow cytometry ; tetraploid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Plants were regenerated from protoplasts isolated from embryonic suspension cultures of N5047S, a photoperiod sensitive genic male sterile (PGMS) Japonica rice line. Flow cytometric analyses of nuclear DNA content identified some tetraploid regenerates whose agronomic traits could be distinguished from diploid regenerates. Pollen and female fertility of diploid protoplast-derived clones grown under different light and temperature conditions was compared. A promising PGMS protoplast clone, ZAU11S, was developed from these clones. Its male sterility was confirmed as a photoperiod × temperature interaction type.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003442100236
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    Identification of a RAPD marker linked to a brown planthopper resistance gene in rice (1999)
    Springer
    Euphytica 107 (1999), S. 23-28 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Bph-1 ; linkage analysis ; mapping ; RAPD ; RFLP ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We report the tagging of a brown planthopper (BPH) resistance gene (Bph–1) in rice using RAPD and RFLP markers. The Korean rice variety ‘Gayabyeo’ has dominant duplicate genes including Bph–1 conferring resistance to biotype 1 of BPH. Bulked segregant RAPD analysis was employed for rapid identification of DNA markers linked to resistance genes. For tagging these two genes, an F2F3 population from a ‘Gayabyeo’ × ‘Nagdongbyeo’ cross was developed and evaluated for BPH resistance. Three bulked DNAs from two groups of homozygous BPH resistant (each for Bph–1 and the other unknown gene) and homozygous susceptible F2 plants were analyzed by RAPD using 140 random oligomers. One primer, OPD–7 yielded a 700-bp fragment that was present in Gayabyeo and resistant F2 plants (homozygous for Bph-1 locus) but absent in Nagdongbyeo and susceptible F2 plants. Cosegregation of this marker with Bph-1 was verified using an F2 population segregating for Bph-1. Chromosomal regions surrounding the Bph-1 were examined with additional RFLP and microsatellite markers on chromosome 12 to define the location of the RAPD marker and Bph-1. Use of this RAPD marker could facilitate early selection of resistant lines for BPH.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003506830735
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    The use of microsatellite polymorphisms for the identification of Australian breeding lines of rice (Oryza sativa L.) (1999)
    Springer
    Euphytica 108 (1999), S. 53-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: microsatellite ; Oryza sativa ; polymorphism ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Ten microsatellite loci were analysed for 43 cultivars or breeding lines of rice. Polymorphism-Information-Content values ranged from 0.62 to 0.92. The microsatellite markers were found to be useful for cultivar identification and assessment of genetic relationships. Most of the cultivars could be uniquely identified by at least one microsatellite marker. Genetic heterogeneity was detected within rice samples by amplification of microsatellites from DNA extracted from multiple individual plants and also from bulked DNA preparations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003688612179
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    Agro-morphological characterization of ovary culture-derived plants of rice (Oryza sativa L.) (1999)
    Springer
    Euphytica 106 (1999), S. 197-203 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: doubled haploids ; genetics ; haploids ; induced variation ; Oryza sativa ; ovary culture ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Plants derived from unpollinated ovary culture of ten rice genotypes showed significant variability in agro-morphological characteristics. The ovary-derived plant (H1) populations were completely haploid, doubled haploid or haploid-doubled haploid mixture. Haploids had very drastic reduction in plant height, panicle length, grain length, breadth and number and spikelet fertility (0.0%–2.1%). Doubled haploids from the hybrid of UPRI 95–121 × UPRI 95–165 were normal with fertility ranging between 69.6% and 97.7%. A genetic segregation in ratio of 1:1 was observed for five pigmentation characters in the H1 population derived from hybrid UPRI 95–122 × UPRI 95–165. Plant height showed the largest coefficient of variability (28.5%) followed by the number of spikelets per panicle (24.2%), number of grains per panicle (22.0%), percent seed set (9.2%) and panicle length (9.0%). The range of variation in the H1 population from fully fertile hybrid PMS 2A (CMS) × IR 31802 (restorer) was similar to its corresponding F2 population for plant height, spikelet fertility and number of grains/panicle. A single clone of plants from the cultivar BG 1321 exhibited complete male sterility but normal female fertility when pollinated with other varieties. Ovary-derived plants from the CMS lines PMS 2A and IR 58025A showed stable male sterility and those from thermosensitive genetic male sterile line UPRI 95–140 showed thermosensitive genetic male sterility. These lines have potential in the hybrid breeding program and are being currently exploited.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003524217816
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    Absorption of molecular urea by rice under flooded and non-flooded soil conditions (1999)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 208 (1999), S. 161-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: 14C-urea ; flooded soil ; molecular urea ; 15N-urea ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A pot experiment was conducted with rice to study the relative absorption of urea in molecular form compared to the other forms of N produced in soil from the applied urea. A method involving application of 14C-labelled urea and 15N-labelled urea alternately in two splits was used to quantify the absorption of molecular urea and other forms of N formed from it. Biomass production and N uptake were greater in plants grown under flooded soil conditions than in plants grown under non-flooded (upland) conditions. Absorption of N by rice increased with increasing rate of urea application up to 250 mg pot−1 and declined thereafter. The absorption of urea from the flooded soil constituted 9.4% of total N uptake from applied N compared to only 0.2% from the non-flooded. Under submerged conditions, absorption of urea from topdressing was about twice that from basal application at planting. High water solubility of the fertilizer and better developed rice root system might have enhanced the absorption of molecular urea by flooded rice, especially from topdressing. Thus, in the flooded rice system, the direct absorption of molecular urea from topdressing accounted for 6.3% of the total N uptake from added urea. Under upland condition, it was 0.12%.
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    Effect of salinity on the association between root symbionts and Acacia cyanophylla Lind.: growth and nutrition (1999)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 216 (1999), S. 93-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acacia cyanophylla ; endomycorrhizae ; growth ; nutrition ; Rhizobia ; salinity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The behaviour of Acacia cyanophylla Lind. plants submitted to salinity stress was followed in the greenhouse. The plants were associated with indigenous symbiotic microorganisms isolated from the coastal dunes of the Souss-Massa region. A two months period of salinity had a large negative impact on plant growth and acquisition of macro nutrients. However, the study underlined the role of the microbial inoculum for the plant in the achievement of salt tolerance. An isolate of Bradyrhizobium sp., RCM6 (R1), originating from the Massa dunes, was highly efficient in improving growth and nutrition of the A. cyanophylla. Double inoculation with the rhizobia and an endomycorrhizal complex, isolated from the Lamzar dunes had a clear additional positive effect, i.e. the fungi further increased the tolerance of the A. cyanophylla plants to salinity.
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    Iodate and iodide effects on iodine uptake and partitioning in rice (Oryza sativa L.) grown in solution culture (1999)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 212 (1999), S. 133-141 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: deficiency ; hydroponic ; iodate ; iodide ; iodine ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In the Xinjiang province of western China, conventional methods of iodine (I) supplementation (i.e, goiter pills and iodinated salt) used to mitigate I deficiencies were ineffectual. However, the recent addition of KIO3 to irrigation waters has proven effective. This study was conducted to determine the effects of I form and concentration on rice (Oryza sativa L.) growth, I partitioning within the plant, and ultimately to assist in establishing guidelines for incorporating I into the human food chain. We compared IO3 − vs. I− in order to determine how these chemical species differ in their biological effects. Rice was grown in 48 L aerated tubs containing nutrient solution and IO3 − or I− at 0, 1, 10, or 100 μM concentrations (approximately 0, 0.1, 1, and 10 mg kg−1 I). The IO3 − at 1 and 10 μM had no effect on biomass yields, and the 100 μM treatment had a small negative effect. The I− at 10 and 100 μM was detrimental to biomass yields. The IO3 − treatments had more I partitioning to the roots (56%) on average than did the I− treatments (36%), suggesting differences in uptake or translocation between I forms. The data support the theory that IO3 − is electrochemically or biologically reduced to I− prior to plant uptake. None of the treatments provided sufficient I in the seed to meet human dietary requirements. The I concentration found in straw at 100 μM IO3 − was several times greater than seed, and could provide an indirect source of dietary I via livestock feeding on the straw.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004666607330
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    Analyses of genetic diversity in Cuban rice varieties using isozyme, RAPD and AFLP markers (1999)
    Springer
    Euphytica 109 (1999), S. 107-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: AFLP ; DNA fingerprinting ; isozymes ; RAPD ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A survey of the genetic diversity among the major cuban rice cultivars was conducted using isozyme, RAPD and AFLP markers. Polymorphisms were detected for esterases, peroxidases, alcohol dehydrogenases and polyphenoloxidases systems; 21 RAPD primers and four AFLP primer combinations. Heterozygosity arithmetic mean value (Hav(p)), the effective multiplex ratio (EMR) and the marker index (MI), were calculated for isozyme, RAPD and AFLP markers. The mean value of genetic similarity among the different varieties was 0.92 for isozyme, 0.73 for RAPD and 0.58 for AFLP analyses. Thus, AFLP were able to detect polymorphisms with higher efficiency than RAPD (+15%) and isozyme (+34%). Data from the isozyme, RAPD and AFLP analyses were used to compute matrices of genetic similarities. The efficiency of the UPGMA for the estimation of genetic relatedness among varieties was supported by cophenetic correlation coefficients. The resulting values indicated that the distortion level for the estimated similarities was minimal. The correlation coefficients obtained by the Mantel matrix correspondence test, which was used to compare the cophenetic matrices for the different markers, showed that estimated values of genetic relationship given for isozyme and RAPD markers (r = 0.89), as well as for AFLP and RAPD markers (r = 0.82) were properly related. However, AFLP and isozyme data showed only moderate correlation (r = 0.63). Although the genetic variability found among the different cultivars was low, both RAPD and AFLP markers proved to be efficient tools in assessing the genetic diversity of rice genotypes.
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    Ethylene inhibitors promote male gametophyte survival in rice (1999)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 28 (1999), S. 29-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: anther ; sugars ; ethylene inhibitors ; correlative signal ; rice ; spikelet
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Lalat) was grown in pots under open field conditions during the wet season of 1997. Attempts were made to manipulate the growth and development of the male gametophyte, located on the basal region of the panicle, by exogenous application of chemicals regulating formation/action of ethylene and compare grain setting in the spikelets bearing few grain. Application of ethylene action (AgNO3) and synthesis inhibitor (Co(NO3)2; paclobutrazol and uniconazole) improved grain setting in the spikelets and the ethylene releasing substance 2-chloroethyle phosphonic acid (CEPA) depressed it compared to the control. The ethylene inhibitors promoted dry mass accumulation and concentrations of starch and reducing sugars in the anthers of the basal spikelets, while CEPA reduced the level of these carbohydrates significantly. The ethylene inhibitors helped in the survival of more numbers of pollen in these anthers, but CEPA depressed their number significantly. Promotion of growth of the basal anthers was accompanied by a concomitant reduction in the concentration of nonreducing sugars and enhanced activities of acid invertase and sucrose synthase enzymes. It is concluded that male gametophyte development of the basal spikelets of rice is susceptible to ethylene at the stage of pollen mitosis. The possibility of the hormone interfering in carbohydrate metabolism of the anther during this stage of development is discussed.
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    Induction by ozone of ethylene production and an ACC oxidase cDNA in rice (Oryza sativa L.) leaves (1999)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 28 (1999), S. 123-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate (ACC) oxidase ; ethylene ; Oryza sativa ; ozone ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Exposure to ozone at 1 µl l−1 for 6 h induced ethylene production in rice (Oryza sativa L. cv. Hitomebore) leaves. The stimulation of ethylene production was detectable 2 h after the start of the exposure to ozone, and lasted for 6 h after the exposure. A 429-bp cDNA fragment encoding ACC oxidase was obtained by RT-PCR from ozone-treated rice leaves. Its nucleotide sequence and deduced amino-acid sequence had 97.2% and 94.4% identity, respectively, to those of OS1A1COX, which was previously obtained from deepwater rice. The abundance of the cDNA increased in accordance with the induction of ethylene production by the exposure to ozone.
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    Periodic chilling exposure during nursery culture (1999)
    Springer
    New forests 18 (1999), S. 301-314 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5095
    Keywords: chilling stress ; drought stress recovery ; field performance ; growth ; morphology ; nursery culture ; tree nursery
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Five week old white spruce [Picea glauca (Moench) Voss] seedlings were placed within controlled-temperature growth chambers, and subjected to one of four periodic, chilling treatments for approximately 16 weeks. The treatments differed in the frequency of 24 hour exposure to 5 °C the seedlings received, and ranged from no chilling (control), to once every two, three or four days. After 25 weeks of growth, the control seedlings were significantly taller than all chilling-exposed seedlings, but stem diameters were similar. Chilling did not affect either needle length or needle density compared to control seedlings. During a water deficit test, frequently chilling-exposed seedlings maintained significantly higher mid-day shoot water potentials under extreme water stress. Re-watering after the drought resulted in all chilling-treated seedlings recovering faster to pre-stress shoot water potential levels than the control seedlings. Measurements of new root growth after 21 days at 10 °C indicated that previous chilling exposure delayed or inhibited new root production.
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    Restoration of gibberellin biosynthesis by 2,6-diisopropylphenoxyacetic acid in uniconazole-treated rice plants (1999)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 28 (1999), S. 67-72 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: 2,6-diisopropylphenoxyacetic acid ; gibberellin ; Oryza sativa ; rice ; shoot elongation ; uniconazole
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract 2,6-Diisopropylphenoxyacetic acid (DIPA), a promoter of growth and flowering of Sagittaria species, was found to improve the shoot growth of rice plants treated with uniconazole, an inhibitor of gibberellin (GA) biosynthesis. In a modified micro-drop bioassay using semi-dwarf rice, Oryza sativa L. cv. Tan-ginbozu, in which uniconazole had been incorporated into the agar medium, a significant recovery from growth inhibition was observed for both the 3rd and the 4th leaf sheaths but not for the 2nd sheath. In greenhouse experiments, uniconazole-treated rice plants partially recovered from growth inhibition when DIPA was applied after uniconazole treatment, whereas DIPA applied with, or before, uniconazole treatment did not improve growth. The levels of GA1 and GA20 in the rice plants treated with uniconazole plus DIPA were almost equal to those of the untreated controls, indicating that the observed growth recovery is attributable to the restoration of GA biosynthesis by DIPA.
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    The biochemical control of leaf expansion during drought (1999)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 29 (1999), S. 101-112 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: ABA ; cell wall-associated peroxidase ; expansins ; growth ; pH ; XET
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Over the past decade it has become clear that we cannot always explain the observed reduction in leaf expansion rates during drought by measuring the plant's water relations. This has led us to question the possibility of a role for the cell wall and its biochemical machinery in controlling the rate of leaf expansion during drought. However, if we are to reject or modify previous assumptions regarding the control of leaf expansion during drought, then we must offer alternative explanations. This article addresses recent work from this laboratory and in the literature, concerning the involvement of cell wall-enzymes, pH and abscisic acid (ABA) in regulating leaf expansion during water deficit.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006299514732
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    The genetic structure and conservation of aus, aman and boro rices from Bangladesh (1999)
    Springer
    Genetic resources and crop evolution 46 (1999), S. 587-598 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: diversity ; genetic resources ; GIS ; Oryza sativa ; RAPD ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A diverse set of 115 rice varieties from Bangladesh was surveyed using 35 polymorphic RAPD (randomly amplified polymorphic DNA) markers and the genetic structure of this germplasm, encompassing the principal rice ecotypes of Bangladesh (aus, aman and boro), was determined using multivariate analysis. The level of genetic diversity was evaluated and compared with the levels of diversity found within other rice growing areas of the world. Geographical information systems analysis using Atlas-GIS was employed to analyse and present the geographic distribution of genetic diversity across Bangladesh, and cluster analysis was used to test the efficiency of selection of material for a core collection.
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    Replacement of Fish Meal by Plant Proteins in the Diet of Nile Tilapia: Digestibility and Growth Performance (1999)
    Springer
    Aquaculture international 7 (1999), S. 57-67 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: apparent digestibility coefficient ; fish meal ; growth ; Nile tilapa (Oreochromis niloticus) ; plant proteins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Apparent digestibility coefficient (ADC) values for a number of ingredients of plant or animal origin were obtained in order to formulate diets based on such values and to evaluate growth performance of Nile tilapia Oreochromis niloticus fed four experimental diets in which fish meal was gradually replaced by a mixture of other ingredients. The digestibility of various diet components was measured by using an inert marker in the feed and by using the Guelph faeces collecting system. ADC values of the ingredients tested were generally high, especially for fish meal. It was found that extruded pea seed meal (92.6%), defatted soybean meal (94.4%), full-fat toasted soybean (90.0%) and micronized wheat (88.6%) were the best vegetable proteins tested. Lupin seed meal and faba bean meal had similar ADC values for protein and energy. Groups of tilapia, initial mean body weight (SD) 6.7 (0.1) g, were fed experimental diets with the same digestible protein (DP) and digestible energy (DE) containing graded levels of a mixture of vegetable ingredients as partial or total replacement of fish meal protein. A growth trial was conducted over 12 weeks as partial or total replacement of fish meal protein. A growth trial was conducted over 12 weeks at a water temperature of 25 °C. Significant differences were observed for weight gain among tilapia fed diets D0, D33, D66 and D100 (containing only animal protein, 33, 66, and 100% of plant protein, respectively). No significant differences were observed for voluntary intake among tilapia fed diets D0, D33 and D66. These values were significantly lower than those observed for tilapia fed plant protein based diet (D100) and suggest the possibility of partial replacement of fish meal by vegetable proteins without negative effects.
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    Feed Intake and Growth of Juvenile Silver Trevally at the Southern Limit of Their Distribution (1999)
    Springer
    Aquaculture international 7 (1999), S. 357-360 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: feed intake ; growth ; silver trevally (Pseudocaranx dentex) ; temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009296531292
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    Factors controlling diel patterns of methane emission via rice (1999)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 53 (1999), S. 229-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: controlling factor ; diel methane emission pattern ; dissolved methane ; rice ; soil temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Methane emissions from flooded rice grown under greenhouse conditions were monitored using a closed chamber technique. The three rice cultivars showed similar diel emission patterns though the amplitudes differed. Variation in emissions (maximum emission rate) from the different cultivars ranged from 0.164–0.241 mg/pot/h at tillering stage, 0.714–2.334 mg/pot/h at heading stage, 0.399–1.393 mg/pot/h at ripening stage. The methane emissions increased in the morning at accelerating rates, reached a maximum in the early afternoon, then decreased rapidly to constant rates during the night. The diel emission pattern was modeled using a Gaussian equation for daytime, and a constant for nocturnal emissions. Applying an Arrhenius equation, more than 90% of the diel variation of methane emissions could be predicted from soil temperature fluctuations. The predictions improved by using a diffusion model based on soil temperature and dissolved methane concentrations in soil solution. Soil temperature and methane concentration in soil solution are the two major factors controlling diel methane emissions.
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    Modelling the growth of a methanotrophic biofilm: Estimation of parameters and variability (1999)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 10 (1999), S. 177-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: AQUASIM ; biodegradation ; biofilm ; growth ; kinetics ; methane ; modelling ; nitrification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This article discusses the growth of methanotrophic biofilms. Several independent biofilm growths scenarios involving different inocula were examined. Biofilm growth, substrate removal and product formation were monitored throughout the experiments. Based on the oxygen consumption it was concluded that heterotrophs and nitrifiers co-existed with methanotrophs in the biofilm. Heterotrophic biomass grew on soluble polymers formed by the hydrolysis of dead biomass entrapped in the biofilm. Nitrifier populations developed because of the presence of ammonia in the mineral medium. Based on these experimental results, the computer program AQUASIM was used to develop a biological model involving methanotrophs, heterotrophs and nitrifiers. The modelling of six independent growth experiments showed that stoichiometric and kinetic parameters were within the same order of magnitude. Parameter estimation yielded an average maximum growth rate for methanotrophs, μm, of 1.5 ± 0.5 d−1, at 20 °C, a decay rate, bm, of 0.24 ± 0.1 d−1, a half saturation constant, $${\text{K}}_{{\text{S(CH}}_{\text{4}} {\text{)}}} $$ , of 0.06 ± 0.05 mg CH4/L, and a yield coefficient, $$Y_{CH_4 } $$ , of 0.57 ±: 0.04 g X/g CH4. In addition, a sensitivity analysis was performed on this model. It indicated that the most influential parameters were those related to the biofilm (i.e. density; solid-volume fraction; thickness). This suggests that in order to improve the model, further research regarding the biofilm structure and composition is needed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008317906069
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    Accurate root length measurement by image analysis (1999)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 216 (1999), S. 117-127 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: image analysis ; NIH Image ; rice ; root length
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Algorithms for estimating root length by image analysis should lead to results that have no systematic error (bias), be insensitive to preferential root orientation, valid across a wide range of sample sizes and adjust for overlap between roots in samples, to reduce the effort needed in spreading out root systems. We propose a new algorithm that forms a compromise between small bias and robustness (insensitivity to variation in sample size and preferential root orientation), and provide a simple way of dealing with root overlap. Image analysis was performed on a Macintosh computer using the public domain NIH Image program. The digital image of the root was processed to get the thinned image (skeleton). The numbers of orthogonally and diagonally connected pairs of pixels (N o and N d, respectively) in the skeleton were counted separately and used for length (L) calculation. A new length calculation equation was introduced so that the effect of orientation on length calculation was minimized; L=[N d 2+(N d+N o/2)2]1/2+N o/2. The maximum error due to orientation of a single line was evaluated for an ideal line, and the analysis revealed that the new equation was less affected by orientation than previous equations. Copper wire and rice (Oryza sativa L.) roots containing both primary and fine secondary root were measured manually and with image analysis. The two methods showed good agreement within 1.5%. The proposed image analysis method yielded length estimates with CV from 0.23 to 0.88%, which was lower than the CVs of the line-intersect method. Moreover, the lengths of overlapping samples were calculated correctly because the image analysis method distinguished an overlapping pixel from a thinned image, while the calculation with the line-intersect method showed underestimation because overlaps were not considered in that method.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004778925316
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    The relationship between silicon availability, and growth and silicon concentration of the salt marsh halophyte Spartina anglica (1999)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 215 (1999), S. 19-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: growth ; porewater ; salt marshes ; silicon ; Spartina ; tissue concentrations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Analysis of silicon concentrations of various halophytes from salt marshes in the S.W. Netherlands shows that the silicon concentration of Spartina anglica (Gramineae) is relatively high. To study the influence of dissolved Si concentrations on growth and plant tissue concentrations of S. anglica, silicic acid was introduced into the sediment of natural patches of this halophyte occurring on a tidal flat. This resulted in a strong increase in dissolved silicon levels in the sediment porewater. In addition, S. anglica was cultured in the laboratory on nutrient solution enriched with dissolved silicon. Neither in the field nor in the laboratory experiment did the increased silicon levels have effects on shoot growth or led to consistent increases in the silicon concentration of plant tissues. Finally, different S. anglica stands in a number of salt marshes around the Oosterschelde basin were examined on sediment porewater silicon concentrations and silicon plant tissue concentrations. Sediment porewater silicon levels ranged between 36 and 554 μM. The average silicon concentration of the shoots from the various populations ranged between 3.52 and 11.73 mg/g DW. Consistent with the results of the field and laboratory experiments, there was no correlation between porewater silicon concentrations and average shoot length at the different sites, nor between porewater silicon concentrations and shoot silicon levels. Apparently, vegetative growth and tissue silicon concentrations of S. anglica do not respond to concentrations of dissolved Si in the range to which the plants were exposed naturally or experimentally in the field and in the laboratory (ca. 15–550 μM). In the data set pertaining to the different S. anglica field populations, however, negative correlations were observed between the average number of leaves per shoot at the different locations and the total silicon content of the 4th and 2nd leaves and of the entire shoots. The possible mechanisms explaining differences in tissue Si concentrations are discussed.
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    Phylogenetic and Pathotypic Analysis of Rice Bacterial Blight Race 3 (1999)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 105 (1999), S. 743-751 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: rice ; rice bacterial blight ; Xanthomonas oryzae ; pv. oryzae ; virulence analysis ; environmental effects ; phylogeny
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Eight Philippine races of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae have been identified based on virulence phenotypes observed on a set of five differential varieties. One of these, Race 3, was found to consist of two phylogenetically distinct lineages based on DNA fingerprinting analysis. To determine, if the two lineages could be differentiated based on host-specificity, 186 strains of Race 3 were analyzed with additional fingerprints and 76 selected isolates with additional differential rice varieties. The strains were separated into 36 haplotypes clustering in three groups (IS1113-B, -C, and -G) at the 75% similarity level. Isolates varied in their reaction to a rice line carrying the resistance gene Xa7, however, the variability was not consistent within lineage. Aggressiveness of isolates belonging to lineage IS1113-B and -G was significantly greater when tested during the dry season than when tested during the wet season. However, no such differences were evident for isolates from lineage IS1113-C, indicating that environmental effects presumably light and temperature are genotype-specific.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008731610813
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    Nitrogen transformations in a flooded soil in the presence and absence of rice plants: 2. Denitrification (1998)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 51 (1998), S. 269-279 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: denitrification ; gas entrapment ; nitrification inhibitors ; 15N ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Denitrification rates (d) in a flooded alkaline clay were measured following addition of either $$^{15} NO_3^ - or^{15} NH_4^ + $$ to the floodwater, by collecting evolved N2 + N2O in an enclosure in the absence or presence of rice plants. Similar estimates of d were obtained in the $$^{15} NO_3^ - $$ treatment when the isotopic composition of the enclosed atmosphere was determined using arc redistribution or direct mass spectrometric analysis. Approximately 90% of the gaseous products of denitrification were physically trapped in the soil five days after $$^{15} NO_3^ - $$ addition. Mechanical shaking of the soil-water system was an effective method for releasing entrapped gas. Denitrification showed a marked diurnal variation in both $$^{15} NO_3^ - $$ and $$^{15} NH_4^ + $$ treatments planted to rice, with higher rates during the day than at night. Measured rates of denitrification were higher in planted than in unplanted pots for both $$^{15} NO_3^ - $$ and $$^{15} NH_4^ + $$ treatments for normal gas sampling. However, evidence was obtained that this was not a real effect, but was due to release of entrapped gas. Denitrification losses corrected for gas entrapment were estimated at 〈5% of applied $$^{15} NH_4^ + $$ . The 15N mass balance indicated that a much larger amount of applied ammonium (15–25%) was lost by NH3 volatilisation. The rate of denitrification corrected for gas entrapment was similar to the rate of nitrification estimated by inhibition of ammonium oxidation. Although the inhibitors 2-ethynylpyridine and acetylene prevented denitrification by effectively inhibiting nitrification of $$^{15} NH_4^ + $$ , the total recovery of 15N in the soil-plant system did not increase. The total recovery of $$^{15} NH_4^ + $$ was 7–9% higher in the presence than in the absence of rice.
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    Nitrogen transformations in a flooded soil in the presence and absence of rice plants: 1. Nitrification (1998)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 51 (1998), S. 259-267 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: nitrification ; nitrification inhibitors ; 15N-dilution ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nitrification rates (n) in the floodwater of an alkaline clay were measured in the absence or presence of rice plants by inhibition of ammonium oxidation and 15N-dilution techniques. Floodwater nitrate concentrations in control treatments showed a marked diurnal variation, and were higher than in the inhibitor treatments after the first day. Ammonium concentrations in floodwater declined exponentially in all treatments, being markedly affected by diffusion and NH3 volatilization but little affected by nitrification and plant uptake. Nitrification rates in floodwater estimated by 15N-dilution were generally higher than the rates estimated by the inhibitor method. Estimates of n were generally higher during daylight hours than at night, and did not differ significantly between planted and unplanted pots. Microbial immobilisation of labelled ammonium and gross N immobilisation were not affected by addition of the nitrification inhibitor 2-ethynylpyridine.
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    The role of legume fallows in intensified upland rice-based systems of West Africa (1998)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 53 (1998), S. 71-81 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: fallow ; legumes ; nitrogen fixation ; rice ; weeds ; West Africa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Traditional upland rice-based cropping systems in West Africa rely on periods of fallow to restore soil fertility and prevent the build-up of insect pests and weeds. Demographic growth and increased demand for land is forcing many farmers to intensify their rice production systems. Declining fallow length and increasing number of crops before leaving the land to extended fallow result in a significant yield reduction. Promising cropping system alternatives include the use of site specific, weed-suppressing, multi-purpose cover legumes as short duration fallows. Constraints to rice production related to intensification were determined in 209 farmers' fields in four agro-ecological zones during 1994 and 1995. Nitrogen accumulation and weed suppression were evaluated in 54 legume accessions, grown for six months during the dry season, under a range of hydrological and soil conditions in 1994/95. Their effect on the yield of upland rice was determined in 1995. To increase benefits from improved fallow technology, the timing of legume establishment in relation to rice and the effect on crop and weed growth of removing, burning, mulching, or incorporating fallow residues prior to the rice crop were determined. Intensified land use resulted in a significant plot-level yield reduction that was highest in the derived savanna and the bimodal forest zones where it was associated with a doubling of the weed biomass in rice and a significant reduction in soil N supply. Legume fallows appear to offer the potential to sustain rice yields under intensified cropping. Legume biomass was in most instances significantly greater than in the weedy fallow control and several legume species suppressed weed growth. Nitrogen accumulation by legumes varied between 1–200 kg N ha-1 with 30–90% Ndfa. Rice grain yield following legume fallows increased by an average of 0.2 mg ha-1 or 29% above the weedy fallow control. Relay establishment substantially increased legume biomass. However, seeding of the legume at 28 days or earlier significantly reduced grain yield due to interspecific competition. Incorporating or mulching of fallow residues provided no significant yield advantage as compared to burning. Absolute effects varied as a function of site, legume species, and management practice.
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    The influence of feeding regime on growth and slaughter traits of cage-reared Atlantic salmon (1998)
    Springer
    Aquaculture international 6 (1998), S. 1-17 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) ; Condition factor ; feeding regimes ; growth ; proximate composition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of different feeding methods on growth and slaughter traits of Atlantic salmon, Salmo salar, have been examined. Swimming activity associated with feeding was greatest amongst fish fed using automatic feeders, intermediate amongst those fed predetermined rations by hand, and least in groups of fish fed to satiation twice per day. Fish fed to satiation ate more and grew faster than did those provided with rations predicted to support high rates of growth, but the fish fed to satiation had higher feed:gain ratios than those given predetermined rations as two meals per day. The muscle tissues of the fish fed to satiation had higher lipid (%) and lower moisture (%) contents than did those of the fish fed the predetermined rations, but differences in muscle composition could be accounted for by differences in the size of the fish. Lipid was positively, and moisture negatively, correlated with fish size, whereas per cent protein and dress-out losses were little influenced by fish size and feeding regime. The fish fed to satiation were slightly heavier for a given length than those in the other groups. There was, however, no evidence that the largest fish had the highest condition factor, nor could condition factor be used to predict per cent lipid in the muscle tissue. Size variation increased in all groups of fish, and this was, in part, due to the cessation of growth of maturing individuals. Size variation was, however, most marked in the groups fed using automatic feeders, suggesting that interindividual competition for food was greatest amongst these fish.
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    Root growth responses to lead in young maize seedlings (1998)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 200 (1998), S. 55-61 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: cell length ; growth ; lateral roots ; lead ; phytotoxicity ; roots ; seedling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This work was undertaken to follow the appearance and development of symptoms of lead toxicity in growing roots of seedlings. The effects of lead nitrate (10-2–105 M) were studied on the roots of maize (Zea mays) seedlings, cvs. Diamant and Sterling. The roots were grown on filter paper either on glass in trays or in large Petri dishes. The following characteristics of root growth were studied: seed germination, length of primary and seminal roots, number of seminal and lateral roots, length of branching zone, length of meristem and fully-elongated cells and the number of fully-elongated cells along the daily length increment. 10-2 M lead nitrate exerted a clear toxic effect on root elongation just after radicle emergence; its influence on shoot growth was weak. However 10-2 M Pb solution did not affect either radicle emergence itself or seminal root emergence, which can be explained by the impermeability of seed testa to lead salt. The inhibitory effect of 10-3 M lead nitrate appeared a day later and was not as toxic: the growth of primary and seminal roots proceeded at lower rate due to a partial inhibition of cell division and cell elongation in them. 10-3 M lead nitrate modified the root system morphology: it exerted no effect on the emergence of lateral roots and their number, but induced a more compact distribution of lateral roots along a shorter branching zone due to a reduced length of mature cells in the primary root. As a result of the more prominent inhibition of primary root growth, a shorter branching zone with more compactly located lateral roots occupied a position much closer to the root tip than in roots grown without the influence of lead.
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    Relationship between ammonium accumulation and senescence of detached rice leaves caused by excess copper (1998)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 200 (1998), S. 169-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: ammonium ; copper ; leaf senescence ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The possibility that ammonium (NH 4 + ) accumulation is linked to the senescence of detached rice (Oryza sativa) leaves induced by copper (Cu) was investigated. CuSO4 was effective in promoting senescence of detached rice leaves. Both CuSO4 and CuCl2 induced NH 4 + accumulation in detached rice leaves, indicating that NH 4 + accumulation is induced by copper. Sulfate salts of Mg, Mn, Zn, and Fe were ineffective in inducing NH 4 + accumulation in detached rice leaves. The senescence of detached rice leaves induced by Cu was found to be prior to NH 4 + accumulation. Free radical scavengers, such as glutathione and thiourea, inhibited senescence caused by Cu and at the same time inhibited Cu-induced NH 4 + accumulation. The current results suggest that NH 4 + accumulation is not associated with senescence induced by Cu, but is part of the overall expression of oxidative damage caused by an excess of Cu. Evidence was presented to show that copper-induced ammonium accumulation in detached rice leaves is attributed to a decrease in glutamine synthetase activity and an increase in reduction of nitrate.
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    Development of a technique for in vitro unpollinated ovary culture in rice, Oryza sativa L. (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 104 (1998), S. 159-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: unpollinated ovary culture ; callus induction ; plant regeneration ; chilling pretreatment ; development stage ; medium composition ; rice ; Oryza sativa
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A simple and efficient technique for in vitro unpollinated ovary culture in rice which is also applicable for indica genotypes was developed for breeding and genetic studies. Sampling explants at the auricle distance of 7–12 cm between the two uppermost leaves of a tiller, providing a chilling pretreatment and ovaries with 1/3 of the hulls intact gave optimum response to culture. For callus induction with the spontaneous breaking of ovaries, N6 media supplemented with NAA (2 mg/l) and DMSO (0.6–0.8%) gave a mean PCI value of 3.8% and range of 0.8–12.5% among genotypes. Media combining 2,4,5-T or 2,4-D with NAA in N6 medium also has reasonably good callus induction. For calli induced inside, 2,4-D (0.2–0.5 mg/l), NAA (2 mg/l) and KT (1 mg/l) contained media were superior. The maximum green plant regeneration (PPR) of 77.3% was found with the medium containing NAA 0.25 mg/l, IAA 0.5 mg/l and KT 2.0 mg/l. Significant genotype, medium and their interaction effects for per cent ovary survival and callus induction were observed.
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    The influence of salinity on growth, biomass production and photosynthesis of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. and Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. seedlings (1998)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 205 (1998), S. 163-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: biomass ; growth ; photosynthesis ; salinity ; salt-tolerance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The influence of NaCl salinity on growth, dry-matter production and leaf photosynthesis of seedlings of Eucalyptus camaldulensis Dehnh. and Dalbergia sissoo Roxb. was studied by imposing 4 levels (40, 80, 120 and 160 mM) of NaCl in pot culture. Salinity up to 160 mM did not affect plant survival, but did affect plant growth and dry-matter production depending upon the species and salt concentration. NaCl reduced leaf number and dry-weight of all the plant components, but increased stem dry-weight, especially in E. camaldulensis. Salinization also stimulated total dry-matter production at all the salinity levels in E. camaldulensis but only at 40 mM in D. sissoo. The two species varied in protein and chlorophyll concentration and in leaf photosynthetic rate. Protein and chlorophyll concentration of the plants fell at all the levels of NaCl, except at 40 mM, where stimulation in the photosynthetic carbon assimilation of the plants occurred. However, no distinct relationship between leaf photosynthetic rate and dry-matter production was found. The study indicated that low salt concentrations generally stimulated growth, biomass production and rate of photosynthesis in both the species, and E. camaldulensis appeared more NaCl salt-tolerant than D. sissoo.
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    Evaluation of agar and agarose gels for studying mechanical impedance in rice roots (1998)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 207 (1998), S. 37-43 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: agar ; agarose ; gels ; mechanical impedance ; Oryza sativa ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Agar and agarose gels were evaluated as systems to mechanically impede roots of rice (Oryza sativa L.). Two-layer gels were used so that seedlings established in a layer of weak gel (0.35% weight/volume) and then grew downwards to encounter a treatment gel of up to 5.0% (w/v). Agarose gels were stronger than agar gels of the same concentration, reaching a maximum penetrometer resistance of 1.2 MPa at a concentration of 5.0%, compared to 0.3 MPa with agar. The 5.0% agar gel stimulated elongation of the seminal axis by 40% in seedlings of variety TN1 (compared with elongation in the 0.2% gel), but decreased it by 15% in the variety Lac 23. Although increasing agarose concentration decreased seminal axis elongation in both varieties, the seminal axis did not reach the lower layer of treatment gel when the concentration of the treatment gel was greater than 2.0%. The decreased root elongation was therefore a non-mechanical inhibition. In experiments conducted using a different batch of agarose, these inhibitory effects were not seen and strong agarose gels stimulated seminal axis elongation. It was concluded that the agar and agarose gel systems studied were unsuitable for studying the effect of mechanical impedance on the elongation of rice roots and that great care should be taken in interpreting the results of experiments using gels as a growth medium.
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    Alleviation of sodicity stress on rice genotypes by Phosphorus fertilization (1998)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 203 (1998), S. 269-277 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: fertilization ; pH ; phosphorus ; rice ; sodicity ; sodium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Rice seedlings transplanted into sodic soil are exposed to an excess of potentially toxic ions as well as nutritional imbalance, both of which adversely affect their growth and yield. The present study was aimed to investigate the beneficial effects of fertilization with phosphorus and potassium on the plants at varying sodicity levels and also the response of genotypes with known variability in their tolerance to sodicity. In pot-house experiments during two seasons, the alleviating effects of P and K fertilization on three rice genotypes were examined at four sodicity levels. Seedlings of CSR13 and Jaya (both moderately tolerant to sodicity), died by 25–35 days after transplanting in sodic soils of pH 9.7–9.9 where Olsen's P was 12.5 and 14.8 kg/ha, respectively. However, there was no problem of survival or growth in these soils when Olsen's P was 17.6 and 20.8 kg/ha. Depletion in P from 12.0 kg to 10 kg resulted in some mortality of the seedlings even at pH 9.1. Sodicity tolerant genotype CSR10, did show some survival and growth even at pH 9.9 with Olsen's P at 14.8 kg/ha (without P fertilization) which suggests that differences in tolerance to sodicity which exist at genotypic level are not masked by low P. None of the three genotypes showed any survival problem at pH 8.0 and 8.1 with Olsen's P at 8.5 and 8.7 kg/ha, respectively. Seedlings in P fertilized sodic soils not only produced significantly more new roots but also higher root biomass than those in unfertilized sodic soils and these roots seem to have some control on Na uptake as reflected by low Na concentration in the shoots. Thus, P fertilization not only improved P and K status of plants but also reduced the concentration of potentially toxic Na ions in shoots, resulting in better survival, growth and yield. Although fertilization with K alone did improve shoot K content, it had no significant effect on reducing Na. So the mortality of the seedlings or grain yield in K fertilized sodic soils was as good as in control and this could be explained on the basis of lack of any significant difference in Na concentrations in shoots between these two treatments.
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    Root distribution following spatial separation of water and nitrogen supply in furrow irrigated corn (1998)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 199 (1998), S. 187-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: corn ; growth ; nitrogen ; root ; water
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Proper management of water and fertilizer placement in irrigated corn (Zea mays L.) has the potential to reduce nitrate leaching into the groundwater. Potential management practices tested in a two year field experiment included row or furrow fertilizer placement combined with every or alternate furrow irrigation. To understand how fertilizer availability to plants could be affected by these management practices, root growth and distribution in a Ulm clay loam soil were examined. Spring rains were greater than normal in both years providing adequate moisture for early root growth in both irrigated and non-irrigated furrows. As the non-irrigated furrow began to dry, root biomass increased as much as 126% compared with the irrigated furrow. The greatest increase was at lower depths, however, where moisture was still plentiful. When early season moisture was available, roots proliferated throughout the soil profile and quickly became available to take up fertilizer N in both irrigated and non-irrigated furrows. Root growth responded positively to fertilizer placement in the furrow in 1996 but not in 1995. Excessive N leaching in 1995 may have limited the response to fertilizer N.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004369227455
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    Optimizing selection for rough rice yield, head rice, and total milled rice (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 101 (1998), S. 151-156 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa L. ; rice ; pure lines ; hybrids ; rough rice yield ; head rice ; total milled rice ; selection index ; path analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract High rough rice yields are important for the profitable production of rice (Oryza sativa L.). The value of rough rice is determined primarily by head rice (whole milled grains) and broken rice, together referred to as total milled rice. The objective of this study was to optimize selection for rough rice yield, head rice, and total milled rice using path-coefficient analysis and selection indices. Thirty-seven long grain pure lines were grown in an experiment at three Arkansas locations during 1993 and 1994. In another test, twenty-eight F1 hybrids obtained from an eight-parent half diallel of long-grain rices were grown at two locations in Arkansas during 1991. For the pure lines, path analysis revealed that rough rice yield was approximately twice as important in determining total milled rice/ha than head rice. Path analysis for the hybrids revealed that rough rice yield was an even greater component in determining total milled rice/ha. Based on yield components for hybrid rice, panicle density had the largest direct effect determining total milled rice/ha. Filled grain/panicle, grain weight, and head rice, in that order, were secondary, but positive, factors determining total milled rice/ha. A selection index for pure lines based only on selection for head rice was 19.2 percent as effective as selection for total milled rice/ha directly. When selection for total milled rice/ha was based solely on rough rice yield, selection was 82.7 percent as effective as selecting for total milled rice/ha directly. Selection to improve total milled rice/ha should concentrate on increasing both rough rice yield and head rice. Rough rice yield should receive greater priority than head rice in selection strategies.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018331809955
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    Distribution and phylogeny of Potamophila parviflora R.Br. a wild relative of rice from eastern Australia (1998)
    Springer
    Genetic resources and crop evolution 45 (1998), S. 399-406 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: internal transcribed spacer sequences ; nuclear ribosomal RNA genes ; molecular phylogeny ; Potamophila parviflora ; Oryza sativa ; rice
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Potamophila parviflora is a wild relative of rice from Eastern Australia. The species was found in the Richmond, Clarence, Macleay and Hastings River systems of northern New South Wales. Existing populations had wider leaves (10–15 mM) than those previously reported (4–6 mM). This species and North American wild rice, Zizania palustris were investigated as genetic resource for rice improvement. Both species, Potamophila , and Zizania , occur in colder climates than rice (Oryza sativa). Sequencing of the ITS1 of the ribosomal genes of these two species indicated that Zizania and Potamophila were more closely related to each other than either was to Oryza sativa. Potamophila has a similar number of chromosomes (n=12) and a greater sequence homology to rice and may thus be a better source of useful genes for rice improvement.
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    Somaclonal variation and chilling tolerance improvement in rice: Changes in fatty acid composition (1998)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 24 (1998), S. 31-41 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: chilling tolerance ; fatty acids ; galactolipids ; phospholipids ; rice ; somaclonal variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The relationship between chilling tolerance of six rice cultivars – Facagro 57, Facagro 76, Fujisaka 5, Kirundo 3, Kirundo 9 and IR64 -and the fatty acid composition in total lipids, phospholipids, galactolipids and neutral lipids from leaves was studied. Higher double bond index and proportions of linolenic acid in the phospholipid and galactolipid classes were related to cultivar chilling tolerance, but this was not so for the total lipids nor the neutral lipid class. The somaclonal families derived from Facagro 76, Kirundo 3 and Kirundo 9 that showed enhanced chilling tolerance as compared to their original parental cultivar were analyzed for fatty acid composition in phospholipids and galactolipids from leaves. Altered proportions in fatty acid composition in phospholipids, galactolipids or both were found in the somaclonal families derived from Facagro 76 and Kirundo 9, but not from Kirundo 3. These changes most usually resulted in higher double bond index and higher proportions in linoleic and linolenic acids which were related either to lower ratio of C16 to C18 fatty acids or to higher unsaturation in the C18 fatty acid fraction. Different mechanisms thus seem to be implicated in the altered fatty acid composition of somaclones, which may be related to the chilling tolerance improvement of some somaclonal families.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1005950113741
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    Black spruce family growth performance under ambient and elevated atmospheric CO2 (1998)
    Springer
    New forests 15 (1998), S. 271-281 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5095
    Keywords: early selection ; genotype × environment interaction ; growth ; retrospective ; seedling
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Seedlings from 20 families of black spruce (Picea mariana (Mill.) B.S.P.), representing a large range in field productivity, were subjected to a greenhouse retrospective test under ambient (409 ppm – year 1, 384 ppm – year 2) and high (686 ppm – year 1, 711 ppm – year 2) atmospheric CO2 environments. After one and two growth cycles, seedling height and diameter growth significantly increased under elevated CO2. At the end of the experiment, seedlings grown under high CO2 had a mean above-ground dry weight of 48.77 g as compared to 26.36 g for seedlings grown under ambient atmospheric CO2. Families were a significant source of variation for all growth parameters. Although the family × CO2 environment interaction was not a statistically significant source of variation in the analysis of variance, the correlation between greenhouse and 15-year field height growth was weaker (r = 0.29, p = 0.2177) under elevated CO2 compared to ambient CO2 (r = 0.51, p = 0.0223) following the first growth cycle. However, following the second growth cycle, greenhouse-field correlations were similar between the two CO2 environments (ambient CO2: r = 0.55, p = 0.0115; elevated CO2: r = 0.56, p = 0.0101). Thus, with this set of families, growth performance ranking after two years appears relatively stable under ambient and elevated CO2.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006586317535
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    Seeding date effects on rough rice yield and head rice and selection for stability (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 102 (1998), S. 151-161 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Oryza sativa ; head rice ; seeding date ; rice ; rough rice yield ; stability
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The rice (Oryza sativa L.) crop in Arkansas is seeded from late March through early June each year. Farmers need new rice cultivars that not only produce both high rough rice yields and high head rice across this range of seeding dates but do so consistently. Thus, a seeding date study was conducted during 1994 and 1995 at Stuttgart, Arkansas, to study seeding date effects on rough rice yield and head rice and selection for stability. Fourteen rice cultivars were seeded at five dates ranging from late March through mid-June. Kang's yield-stability statistic was used to select cultivars for both high rough rice yields and high head rice as well as stability for both traits. Plant stands from March seedings of each year were significantly lower than for the later seeding dates. Maturity (days to 50 percent heading) was extended at the early seeding dates. Some rice cultivars, such as ‘LaGrue’, had lower and more variable head rice when seeded early. In the June seeding dates each year, ‘Kaybonnet’ produced rough rice yields that were more consistent with yields when planted at the earlier planting dates. ‘Bengal’, ‘Cypress’, ‘Kaybonnet’, and ‘Newbonnet’ were cultivars selected by Kang's stability statistic, which was targeted to select cultivars with stable, high rough rice yields and stable, high head rice. The validity of using Kang's yield-stability statistic for cultivar selection is also evident empirically by the adaptation and wide use of these four cultivars by southern U.S. rice producers. These results indicate that seeding date studies and stability analyses would be useful tools for rice breeders to identify cultivars that will be readily adapted and grown by rice producers.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018344615296
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    Heterosis in inter and intrasubspecific crosses over three-environments in rice (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 99 (1998), S. 155-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: heterosis ; heterosis × environment interaction ; Oryza sativa ; rice ; standard heterosis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Moderate to high heterosis for yield and ten related characters was studied in 45 crosses involving six indica (I) and four tropical japonica (J) varieties of rice under three (E1-optimum sowing and high fertility, E2-both optimum sowing and fertility and E3- late sowing and high fertility) environments. Trends of magnitude of heterosis for grain yield and plant height were I/J 〉 I/I 〉 J/J and for days to 50% flowering I/J 〉 J/J 〉 I/I hybrids. Estimates of standard heterosis (%) for grain yield were –64.5 to 146.1 in E1, –70.4 to 82.2 in E2 and –67.2 to 63.8 in E3. Environment E1 seemed to be more favorable for higher heterosis expression than others. Higher heterosis in yield also accompanied heterosis in panicle number, dry matter and spikelet and grain number per panicle. Most estimates for days to flower were negative. Heterotic I/J hybrids also recorded maximum heterosis for earliness. Moderate to low standard heterosis for plant height across environments (2.0 to 13.7%) was recorded. Hybrids were identified in specific environments for direct exploitation in hybrid breeding. Hybrids B4116 / Sarjoo 52, B4122 / Pant Dhan 4 and B4122 / Narendera 359 were more stable than others over three environments.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1018357300923
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    Photomorphogenetic responses to UV radiation and short-term red light in lettuce seedlings (1998)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 26 (1998), S. 73-76 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: greening ; growth ; hypocotyl ; leaf ; red light ; ultraviolet radiation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Effects of red light (R), far-red light (FR) and UV radiation on growth and greening of lettuce seedlings (Latuca sativa L., cv. Berlinskii) have been investigated. UV-B and UV-C inhibited hypocotyl elongation and stimulated cotyledonary growth. R in combination with UV-B and UV-C partly eliminated these effects, but FR increased those and reversed the R effect. Chlorophyll accumulation was inhibited by UV-B and UV-C. In comparison with cotyledonary growth, R strengthened the UV inhibitory effect, and FR reversed this effect of R. Thus, UV and phytochrome system modify the effects of each other on hypocotyl and leaf growth in lettuce seedlings depending on the level of active phytochrome formed.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006047327094
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    Fast changes in growth rate and cytokinin content of the shoot following rapid cooling of roots of wheat seedling (1998)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 26 (1998), S. 105-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: cooling ; cytokinins ; growth ; immunoassay ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Changes in the concentration of cytokinins were studied following root cooling. Simultaneously, the growth rate of the second leaf was monitored with a highly sensitive growth sensor attached to its tip. Cytokinins were separated by thin layer chromatography and immunoassayed using antibodies to zeatin riboside. The extension rate of the second leaf decreased within 15 minutes of cooling the nutrient medium from 24 °C to 4 °C. The concentration of cytokinins in shoots decreased with similar rapidity. In contrast cytokinins in roots increased slightly during the initial period of cooling before declining. The sharp decrease in cytokinin concentrations in shoots 15 minutes after cooling of roots may contribute to the abrupt inhibition of shoot growth.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006088827358
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    Beyond Our Original Horizons: the Tropicalization of Beverton and Holt (1998)
    Springer
    Reviews in fish biology and fisheries 8 (1998), S. 307-334 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5184
    Keywords: Beverton ; gear selection ; growth ; Holt ; mortality ; multispecies modelling ; Y/R analysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The extension into tropical areas of Beverton and Holt's yield per recruit approach for stock assessment represents a straightforward case of ‘normal science’, the common Kuhnian counterpart to his much rarer ‘paradigm shifts’. It is shown that the normal science which, in recent decades, has led to new methods for estimating growth, mortality and other statistics required for yield per recruit analyses in data-sparse environments, has not only enriched fisheries science and aquatic biology as a whole, but has also contributed to identify the limitations of the single-species research programme originally defined by Beverton and Holt. The most likely prospect for that programme, in the tropics and elsewhere, is to become a component of the ‘multispecies’, or rather ‘ecosystem’ approach that is emerging, and to which Beverton and Holt will have contributed many of the concepts, and much of the rigour.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008863215253
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    Analysis of quantitative trait loci which contribute to anther culturability in rice (Oryza sativa L.) (1998)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 4 (1998), S. 165-172 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: rice ; anther culturability ; doubled haploid population ; QTLs
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Anther culturability of rice is significantly different between indica and japonica varieties. A doubled haploid (DH) population was established via anther culture of an indica/japonica hybrid on SK3 medium, which had been shown particularly suitable for anther culture of indica/japonica hybrids. For analyzing the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) responsible for anther culturability, anthers of the DH lines were again cultured with SK3 medium and parameters for four traits representing the anther culturability were surveyed and analyzed with the molecular map constructed from the same DH population. The parameters for four major traits were as follows: callus induction frequency (CI), green plantlet differentiation frequency (GPD), albino plantlet differentiation frequency (APD), and green plantlet yield frequency (GPY). All four traits displayed continuous distributions among the DH lines. The correlation coefficients between these traits were also tested and showed that there was no relationship between callus induction and green plantlet differentiation frequencies, but both showed strong positive correlation with the frequency of green plantlet yield. For callus induction frequency, five QTLs were identified on chromosomes 6, 7, 8, 10 and 12. Two QTLs for green plantlet differentiation frequency were located on chromosomes 1 and 9. There was a major QTL for albino plantlet differentiation frequency on chromosome 9. No independent QTL was found for green plantlet yield frequency. The results may be useful in the selection of parents with high response to anther culture for rice haploid breeding and in the establishment of permanent DH populations for molecular mapping.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009692221152
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    Partitioning of fat and protein in energy retention of growing animals (1997)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 299-302 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Energy retention ; protein retention ; fat retention ; growth ; body composition ; broilers ; Energieansatz ; Proteinansatz ; Fettansatz ; Wachstum ; Körperzusammensetzung ; Broiler
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mit steigender Aufnahme erhöht sich der Körperfettgehalt und der Körperproteingehalt nimmt ab. Es wird oft angenommen, daß jede Zunahme im Ansatz mit mehr Fett und weniger Protein verbunden ist. Experimentelle Ergebnisse widerlegen jedoch diese Annahme. In zwei Experimenten mit männlichen Broilerhühnern wurden die Tiere auf einem Niveau von 60 % und 100 % der empfohlenen Energieaufnahme gefüttert. Die Körperzusammensetzung bei 1500 g zeigte, wie erwartet, daß sich bei steigenden Aufnahmen der Körperfettgchalt vergrößert und der Körperproteingehalt abnimmt. Fettund Proteinansatz waren linear mit der totalen Energieretention (ER) korreliert. Das bedeutet, daß jede Zunahme im Ansatz den gleichen Protein- und Fettgehalt besitzt. Wenn der Fettansatz gleich Null ist wird nur Protein, etwa 50 % des maximalen Ansatzes, retiniert. Wenn ER=O ist, wird Protein angesetzt und Fett mobilisiert. Energie-und N-Bilanzuntersuchungen bestätigen die konstante Zusammensetzung jeder Vergrößerung des Ansatzes. Die Ergebnisse beider Experimente zeigen, daß die ER aus zwei Komponenten besteht: einem basalen konstanten täglichen Proteinansatz und einer variablen zusätzlichen ER, die hauptsächlich aus Fett besteht. Der basale Proteinansatz beträgt etwa 50 % des maximalen Ansatzes. Mit steigenden Energieaufnahmen wird der basale Proteinansatz mit einer zusätzlichen Menge von Protein und Fett im konstanten Verhältnis ergänzt.
    Notes: Summary With increasing intakes the body fat content increases and that of protein decreases. It is most often assumed that this is brought about because each increment in retention contains more fat and less protein. Experimental results, however, showed that this explanation is not true. In two experiments male broiler chickens were fed at levels between 60 and 100 % of recommended energy intake. Body composition at 1500 g showed, as expected, that with increasing intakes body fat content increased and protein content decreased. Both fat and protein retention per day were linearly related to total energy retention (ER). This means that each increment in retention has the same protein and fat content. At zero fat retention only protein was retained, about 50 % of maximal retention. At zero ER protein was retained and fat mobilized. Energy and N balance experiments confirmed the constant composition of each increment in retention. The results of both experiments show that total ER consisted of two components: a basic constant daily protein retention and a variable additional ER, mainly consisting of fat. The basic protein retention is about half of maximal retention. With increasing energy intakes the basic protein retention is combined with an additional amount of protein and fat in a constant ratio.
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    Nutrient intake and protein metabolism: responses to feeding (1997)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 332-335 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Nutrient intake ; protein metabolism ; protein synthesis ; growth ; energy expenditures ; Nährstoffaufnahme ; Proteinstoffwechsel ; Proteinsynthese ; Wachstum ; Energieaufwand
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Eine Zunahme von fettfreiem Gewebe tritt auf, wenn die Proteinsynthese größer ist als der Proteinabbau. Obwohl während des Wachstums von der Geburt bis zur Reife die absoluten Proteinsynthese- und -abbauraten ansteigen, nehmen dagegen die fraktionellen Raten ab. Bcide Prozesse reagieren auf die Nährstoffaufnahme. Es gibt aber deutliche Unterschiede zwischen den verschiedenen Geweben. Protein, Kohlenhydrate und Fett können den Proteinansatz bei unreifen Tieren und Kindern stimulieren. Die zugrundeliegenden Mechanismen und die Energieaufwendungen scheinen jedoch unterschiedlich zu sein.
    Notes: Summary Lean tissue growth occurs when the rate of protein synthesis exceeds the rate of protein breakdown. Althoughabsolute rates of protein synthesis and breakdown rise during growth from birth to maturityfractional rates fall. Both these processes are sensitive to nutrient intake but responses to feeding vary greatly amongst different tissues. Protein, carbohydrate and fat can all stimulate body protein accretion in immature animals and in children but the mechanisms by which they do so, and the energy expenditures involved, seem to be different.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01617817
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    Lipaemia and liver composition in pregnant rats consuming olive oil and olive oil used for frying (1997)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 205-213 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Frying ; growth ; liver lipids ; lipaemia ; olive oil ; pregnancy ; rat ; Fritierung ; Wachstum ; Leberfett ; Olivenöl ; Schwangerschaft ; Ratte
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Um Informartionen über den Zusammenhang zwischen der Aufnahme von Fett, das zum Fritieren benutzt wurde, und dem Fetthaushalt während Perioden starken Körperaufbaus zu haben, wurde der Einfluß der Aufnahme von frischem Olivenöl (Gehalt polarer Verbindungen, 2 %; Ölsäure 78,9 mg/100 mg Öl, und Linolsäure 7 mg/100 mg Öl) und von Olivenöl, das 15 mal in Folge für das Fritieren von Kartoffeln benutzt worden war (Gehalt polarer Verbindungen 9 %; Ölsäure 75,8 mg/100mg Öl und Linolsäure 6,2 mg/100mg Öl) während der Gravidität, untersucht. Dazu wurden trächtige Wistar Ratten in zwei Gruppen geteilt, die beide eine isokalorische Diät bekamen, deren Fettanteil 15 % von frischem (unbenutztem) (P1) bzw. fritiertem (benutztem) (P2) Olivenöl stammte mit nicht trächtigen Ratten verglichen. Die Gravidität erhöhte (p〈0,01) die Futteraufnahme, das Körpergewicht, die Gewichtszunahmen und die Futterverwertung. Die Ölqualität beeinflußte dagegen diese Parameter nicht. Während der Gravidität stiegen die Serumwerte der Triglyceride (TG) (p〈0,01) und des Cholesterins (TC) (p〈0,05) an, während die der Phosphatide (PH) sanken (p〈0,01). Ein signifikanter Effekt der Ölqualität und eine Wechselwirkung zwischen Gravidität und Öl wurde für TG und PH festgestellt. Das Gewicht und der Fettgehalt der Leber der trächtigen Ratten stiegen signifikant an (p.〈0.05), Leber TC, TG und PH stiegen während der Gravidität (ungefähr um das 3-fache der Ausgangswerte), aber es traten keine signifikanten Unterschiede zwischen der Aufnahme von benutztem und nicht benutztem Öl (P2 vs P1) auf. Die Ergebnisse zeigen, daß die Aufnahme von leicht verdorbenem Olivenöl als alleinige Fettquelle der Nahrung keine besonderen Folgen für die Gravidität hat, was die Gewichtszunahme der Mütter und der Feten, die Lipämie und die Zusammensetzung des Leberfetts betrifft.
    Notes: Summary The effect of the consumption of unused olive oil (polar content, 2 %; oleic acid, 78.9 mg/100 mg oil, and linoleic acid 7 mg/100 mg oil) and olive oil used discontinuously for frying potatoes 15 times (polar content, 9 %; oleic acid, 75.8 mg/100 mg oil and linoleic acid 6.2 mg/100 mg oil) was studied in pregnant rats with the aim of better understanding the relationship between the consumption of fat used in frying and lipid metabolism during periods of intense anabolism. Trials were performed in pregnant Wistar rats, divided into 2 groups and fed isocaloric diets in which the fat content (15 % wt/wt) consisted of unused olive oil (P1) or oil previously used for frying (P2), and the results were compared with those of nonpregnant rats fed unused olive oil (NP1) and olive oil used for frying (NP2). Pregnancy increased (p〈0.01) food intake, body weight, weight gain, and food efficiency ratio (P2 vs NP2 and P1 vs NP1, respectively), but the treatment of oil included in the diets did not alter these parameters. Gestation significantly increased the serum triglyceride (TG) (p〈0.01) and total cholesterol (TC) (p〈0.05) concentrations and diminished that of phospholipids (PH) (p〈0.01). A significant effect of the type of oil consumed and a pregnancy x oil interaction on Tg and PH levels was observed. The weight of the liver and its fat content increased significantly (p〈0.05) as a result of pregnancy. Liver TC, TG, and PH increased (approximately 3 times the original values) during gestation, but no significant differences due to the intake of used or unused oil (P2 vs P1) were observed. The results indicate that the consumption of moderately altered olive oil, as the sole source of fat, does not alter the effect of pregnancy on the mothers' weight gain, lipaemia, and hepatic fat composition to any important degree.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01623365
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    Effects of porcine somatotropin on the chemical body composition and fat quality in growing-finishing pigs (1997)
    Springer
    European journal of nutrition 36 (1997), S. 294-298 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Body composition ; fat ; growth ; somatotropin ; pig ; Körperzusammensetzung ; Fett ; Wachstum ; Somatotropin -Schwein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung An 78 männlichen Kastraten und weiblichen Schweinen der Kreuzung Pietrain x (Deutsches Edelschwein x Deutsche Landrasse) wurden Untersuchungen zum Einfluß einer porcinen Somatotropin (pST)-Behandlung während des Wachstums auf die chemische Körperzusammensetzung der Tiere, das Adipozyten-Wachstum und das Fettsäure-Profil des Rückenspecks untersucht. Die intramuskulären Injektionen (1 oder 3 mg pST) wurden täglich ab durchschnittlich 65 kg Lebendgewicht bis zum Schlachten verabreicht. Nach der pST-Behandlung wurden bei den Kastraten in allen untersuchten Merkmalen signifikante Unterschiede festgestellt, während sich bei den weiblichen Tieren nur leichte Reaktionen zeigten. Das pST verursachte eine Zunahme des Wasserund Proteingehaltes bei gleichzeitiger Reduzierung des Lipidgehaltes besonders in den fettreichen Körperteilen der Tiere. Im Rückenspeck war der Gehalt an ungesättigten Fettsäuren erhöht und der Fettzelldurchmesser erniedrigt.
    Notes: Summary Seventy eight growing-finishing pigs (male castrates and females) of the cross-breed Pietrain x (Large White x German Landrace) were used to investigate the effects of pST treatment on the chemical composition of the body, the growth of adipocytes, and the fatty acid profile of the backfat. Intramuscular injections (1 or 3 mg pST) were administered daily from an average weight of 65 kg up to slaughter. After pST treatment significant changes in all studied characteristics were observed in barrows, whereas the females exhibited very small responses. The pST caused an increase of water and protein contents and a simultaneous decrease of lipid content especially in body parts rich in fat. Furthermore, the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids increased and the fat cell diameter decreased in the backfat.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01617801
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  • 94
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    Contrasting genetic diversity relationships are revealed in rice (Oryza sativa L.) using different marker types (1997)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 3 (1997), S. 115-125 
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    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: diversity ; genetic mapping ; Oryza sativa ; RAPDs ; rice ; inter-simple sequence repeats
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Genetic variation between samples of Oryza sativa from 19 localities in Bangladesh and Bhutan was assessed using two PCR-based molecular marker systems: RAPD (random amplification of polymorphic DNA) and ISSR-PCR (inter-simple sequence repeat polymerase chain reaction). Employing RAPD, a set of 14 decanucleotides of arbitrary sequence directed the amplification of 94 reproducible marker bands, 47 (50%) of which were polymorphic. In addition, a set of 9 ISSR primers were used to direct amplification of 71 PCR products, 40 (56%) of which were polymorphic. Multivariate analyses of the two PCR-based molecular marker data sets provided evidence that the patterns of variation correspond with the classification described by Glaszmann [9] using isozyme analysis. Subtle differences in the relationships revealed between rice groups using the two types of PCR-based marker led to investigations of their map positions using an intraspecific doubled haploid mapping population. The observation that the chromosomal locations of markers can influence diversity assessments is presented and the significance of this is discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009635721319
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  • 95
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    Enhanced resistance to two stem borers in an aromatic rice containing a synthetic cryIA(b) gene (1997)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 3 (1997), S. 401-414 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: Bacillus thuringiensis ; Chilo suppressalis ; biolistic ; rice ; Scirpophaga incertulas ; transformation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Rice cultivars of isozyme group V include high-quality, aromatic rices that are difficult to improve by traditional methods because of the loss of quality characters upon sexual hybridization. Their low-tillering plant type predisposes them to economic loss from attack by stem borers, a group of insects to which they are susceptible. We report here the enhancement of stem borer resistance in cv. Tarom Molaii through transformation by microprojectile bombardment. Embryogenic calli derived from mature seeds were bombarded with gold particles coated with plasmid pCIB4421, carrying a synthetic truncated toxin gene based on the cryIA(b) gene from Bacillus thuringiensis, and plasmid pHygII, carrying the hygromycin phosphotransferase (hpt) selectable marker gene. Inclusion of 50 mg/l hygromycin B in culture media from bombardment through to rooting of plantlets eliminated escapes. The procedure generated three independent hpt transformants of which two also contained the cryIA(b) gene. One such line (No. 827) produced truncated (67 kDa) CryIA(b) protein equivalent to about 0.1% of total soluble protein. The cryIA(b) gene was controlled by the promoter of the maize C4 PEP carboxylase gene and was expressed in leaf blades but was not expressed to a detectable level in dehulled mature grain. Line 827 contained about 3 copies of the cryIA(b) gene which segregated as a single dominant Mendelian locus in the second (T1) and third (T2) generations and co-segregated with enhanced resistance to first-instar larvae of striped stem borer (Chilo suppressalis) and yellow stem borer (Scirpophaga incertulas). T2 line 827-6 homozygous for the cryIA(b) gene showed no dead hearts or whiteheads after infestation with stem borers, whereas T2 line 827-25 lacking the gene averaged 7 dead hearts per plant and 2.25 whiteheads per plant. These results establish that transformation of high-quality rices of group V is a feasible alternative to sexual hybridization.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009695324100
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  • 96
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    Rice cultivar difference in seedling establishment in flooded soil (1997)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 189 (1997), S. 145-153 
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    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: coleoptile ; cultivar ; direct sowing ; flooded soil ; rice ; seedling establishment
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Seedling establishment of direct sown rice plants is less successful in flooded soil than in drained soil. This study was conducted to clarify the difference in morphogenesis of rice seeds sown in flooded and drained soils and to identify the morphological characteristics responsible for successful establishment of cultivars in flooded soil. Rice cultivars ASD1 and IR41996–50–2–1–3, superior in seedling establishment in flooded soil, and Mahsuri and IR72, non-superior (control), were sown at a depth of 25 mm in soil flooded with 25 mm of water or in drained soil. The coleoptile and 1st leaf emerged from the soil surface simultaneously in drained soil while in flooded soil the coleoptile emerged first. The coleoptile of superior cultivars, unlike the controls, elongated more in flooded soil than in drained soil. In flooded soil, the development of mesocotyl, 1st leaf, and roots were inhibited to a greater extent in the controls, than in the superior cultivars. In sealed flasks in which gas containing 0–21% O2 was exchanged daily, the superior cultivars developed longer coleoptiles than the controls at lower O2 concentrations. These findings suggest that the reason superior cultivars grow better in flooded soil than the controls is that the coleoptile elongates faster and longer in hypoxia and is able to reach the soil surface where O2 is available.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004250901931
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  • 97
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    Architecture and development of the oil-palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) root system (1997)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 189 (1997), S. 33-48 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: development ; Elaeis guineensis ; growth ; oil palm ; root architecture ; root system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The growth dynamics and architecture of the oil-palm root system are described. Following a transitional juvenile phase, eight different morphological types of roots have been distinguished according to their development pattern and state of differentiation: primary vertical and horizontal roots, secondary horizontal roots, upward growing secondary vertical roots and downward growing secondary vertical roots, superficial and deep tertiary roots and quaternary roots. The relative position of these types of roots determines a morphological and functional unit of the root system called 'root architectural unit' of the oil palm. This root polymorphism enabled us to define a morphogenetic gradient, which reflected the oil-palm root-system ontogenesis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004290024473
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  • 98
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    Effects of potassium deficiency on tomato growth and mineral nutrition at the early production stage (1997)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 189 (1997), S. 189-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: growth ; potassium deficiency ; potassium ; sodium ; tomato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of potassium deficiency on hydroponically grown tomato were investigated at the early production stage (23 leaves, 3 trusses). Two types of potassium deficiency were applied : the permanent deficiency lasted for 23 days whereas the 10-day temporary deficiency was followed by a 7-day period of potassium supply resumption. Growth was assessed through non-destructive measurements. Permanent potassium deficiency resulted in growth slow-down before visual symptoms appeared on the adult leaves (leaves 12 to 17), but the older leaves (next to the first truss) were not affected. Temporary potassium deficiency reduced the growth rate, but, after potassium supply resumption, the plants recovered a growth pattern which was similar to that of the control plants. The potassium of the older leaves appeared to be less mobilizable than that present in the adult leaves where the visual deficiency symptoms appeared. Potassium uptake kinetics during the potassium supply resumption period were investigated on the plants submitted to temporary deficiency. In tomato plants which had been temporarily deprived of potassium before being transferred onto a standard nutrient solution, potassium uptake was faster than in the control plants. This result is to be related to the plant ability to recover a normal growth pattern. As a result of the occurrence of K-Mg and K-Na antagonisms, the sum of the cations was maintained at a constant value in some plant organs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004263304657
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  • 99
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    Do Casuarina cunninghamiana seedlings dependent on symbiotic N2 fixation have higher phosphorus requirements than those supplied with adequate fertilizer nitrogen? (1997)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 189 (1997), S. 213-219 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: growth ; nodulation ; P supply ; symbiotic N2 fixation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract P requirements of Casuarina cunninghamiana seedlings inoculated with Frankia and reliant on symbiotic N2 fixation were compared with those of uninoculated seedlings grown with 4 levels of fertilizer N in a solution culture system. Growth responses to increasing P supply depended on the N treatment that had been imposed. At the two lowest levels of N supply (0 μt M and 100 μt M) growth was relatively poor and there was no response to increasing P supply above 10 μt M and 50 μt M P respectively. In contrast, inoculated seedlings and those with higher levels of combined N (500 μt M and 1000 μt M) had significantly greater shoot dry weights (except at 0.1 μt M P), and they responded to increasing P supply to between 50 and 100 μt M P. At each level of P supply, the dry weights of seedlings in these 3 N treatments were similar. Nitrogen concentrations in shoots of seedlings provided with fertilizer N decreased with increasing P supply to 50 μt M and then remained unchanged. In contrast, N concentrations in shoots of inoculated seedlings increased with increasing P supply to 25 μt M P. At the 2 highest levels of P supply, N concentrations in shoots of inoculated plants were significantly higher than those in seedlings provided with fertilizer N. In all N treatments, P concentrations in shoots increased with increasing P supply; concentrations were similar in inoculated seedlings and those with the 2 highest levels of fertilizer N across all levels of P supply. Alleviation of P deficiency in inoculated seedlings increased nodule number, nodule dry weight, N2 fixation g-1 nodule dry weight (nodule 'efficiency'), P concentration in nodules, proportion of total seedling biomass allocated to nodules and average nodule size. However, all these parameters reached their maximum values at levels of P supply at, or below, those required for maximum host-plant growth (50 to 100 μt M P). The results indicate that the P requirement for host plant growth per se is similar to, or higher than, that required for symbiotic N2 fixation processes.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004285904967
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  • 100
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    Rhizobial communication with rice roots: Induction of phenotypic changes, mode of invasion and extent of colonization (1997)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 194 (1997), S. 81-98 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: colonization ; indole-3-acetic acid ; invasion ; Nod factors ; nod gene induction ; rhizobia ; rhizobial attachment ; rice ; thick short lateral roots ; trans-zeatin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Legume-rhizobial interactions culminate in the formation of structures known as nodules. In this specialized niche, rhizobia are insulated from microbial competition and fix nitrogen which becomes directly available to the legume plant. It has been a long-standing goal in the field of biological nitrogen fixation to extend the nitrogen-fixing symbiosis to non-nodulated cereal plants, such as rice. To achieve this goal, extensive knowledge of the legume-rhizobia symbioses should help in formulating strategies for developing potential rice-rhizobia symbioses or endophytic interactions. As a first step to assess opportunities for developing a rice-rhizobia symbiosis, we evaluated certain aspects of rice-rhizobia associations to determine the extent of predisposition of rice roots for forming an intimate association with rhizobia. Our studies indicate that: a. Rice root exudates do not activate the expression of nodulation genes such as nodY of Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA110, nodA of R. leguminosarum bv. trifolii, or nodSU of Rhizobium. sp. NGR234; b. Neither viable wild-type rhizobia, nor purified chitolipooligosaccharide (CLOS) Nod factors elicit root hair deformation or true nodule formation in rice; c. Rhizobia-produced indole-3-acetic acid, but neither trans-zeatin nor CLOS Nod factors, seem to promote the formation of thick, short lateral roots in rice; d. Rhizobia develop neither the symbiont-specific pattern of root hair attachment nor extensive cellulose microfibril production on the rice root epidermis; e. A primary mode of rhizobial invasion of rice roots is through cracks in the epidermis and fissures created during emergence of lateral roots; f. This infection process is nod-gene independent, nonspecific, and does not involve the formation of infection threads; g. Endophytic colonization observed so far is restricted to intercellular spaces or within host cells undergoing lysis. h. The cortical sclerenchymatous layer containing tightly packed, thick walled fibers appears to be a significant barrier that restricts rhizobial invasion into deeper layers of the root cortex. Therefore, we conclude that the molecular and cell biology of the Rhizobium-rice association differs in many respects from the biology underlying the development of root nodules in the Rhizobium-legume symbiosis.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004243915997
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