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  • Journals
  • Articles  (423)
  • tomato  (212)
  • Nitrogen  (211)
  • Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition  (423)
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  • Articles  (423)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Long-term winter cover cropping effects on corn (Zea mays L.) production and soil nitrogen availability (2000)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 31 (2000), S. 470-477 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Cover crop ; Nitrogen ; Corn ; Available N
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  This study was conducted to determine effects of long-term winter cover cropping with hairy vetch, cereal rye and annual ryegrass on soil N availability and corn productivity. From 1987 to 1995, with the exception of the first year of the study, the cover crops were seeded each year in late September or early October after the corn harvest and incorporated into the soil in late April or early May. Corn was seeded 10 days to 2 weeks after the cover crop residues had been incorporated, and N fertilizer was applied as a side-dressing at rates of 0, 67, 134, or 201 kg N ha–1 each year. While the average annual total N input from the above-ground biomass of the cover crops was highest for hairy vetch (72.4 kg N ha–1), the average annual total C input was highest for cereal rye (1043 kg C ha–1) compared with the other cover crops. Hairy vetch was the only cover crop that significantly increased pre-side-dressed NO3 –-N (Ni) corn biomass and N uptake at 0 N. At an N fertilizer rate of 134 kg N ha–1 or higher, the cover crops had a minimal effect on corn biomass. This indicated that even after 9 years of winter cover cropping, the effect of the cover crops on corn growth resulted primarily from their influence on soil N availability. The amount of available N estimated from the cover crops (Nac) was significantly correlated with relative corn biomass production (r 2=0.707, P〈0.001). The total amount of available N, comprising Nac and N added from fertilizer (Nf), was strongly correlated (r 2=0.820, P〈0.001)) with relative corn biomass production. The correlation was also high for the available N comprising Ni and Nf (r 2=0.775, P〈0.001). Although cereal rye and annual ryegrass did not improve corn biomass production in the short term, they benefited soil organic N accumulation and gradually improved corn biomass production compared with the control over the long term.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740000193
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Suppression of wheat early growth in standing stubble (2000)
    Springer
    Sciences of soils 5 (2000), S. 10-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-9492
    Keywords: Soil temperature ; Triticum aestivum ; Stubble retention ; Nitrogen ; Early growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Early growth and development are often lower when wheat is sown into standing stubble. A study was conducted to determine whether this difference in early growth could be explained by the effects of stubble on soil temperature in the vicinity of the young plant. The roles of nitrogen nutrition and soil strength were also assessed. Three crops were monitored (1990–1992), with the wheat being sown into either standing wheat stubble after a no-till fallow (NT), or into no-tilled plots from which the stubble had been removed by burning (NB). Measurements were made of wheat growth and development, soil and plant N, soil temperature and penetration resistance. The site was on a black earth near Warialda in the northern wheatbelt of New South Wales, Australia. In 1992 wheat was also grown under simulated stubble to isolate the shading and soil temperature effects of stubble from other factors. A significant (P〈0.05) relationship was found between average soil temperature and above ground dry matter (DM) at 65 days after sowing (DAS) but not at 107 DAS. This relationship accounted for differences in DM production at 65 DAS between NT and NB treatments in 1991 and 1992, but not in 1990. In that year the lower DM production in NT plots was associated with poorer N nutrition, and possibly disease. Laboratory incubations indicate that immobilisation of N as stubble decomposed could have contributed to this. Burning stubble produced no immediate increase in soil N availability, so that it is unlikely that N contained in stubble contributed to the difference. Soil strength differences between treatments and phytotoxic effects are unlikely to have contributed to growth differences in this soil.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10112-000-0002-3
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Structure and Expression In planta of Botrytis cinerea Ubiquitin Genes (2000)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 106 (2000), S. 693-698 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: differential gene expression ; grey mould ; ribosomal biogenesis ; tomato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract To identify genes of the necrotrophic pathogenic fungus Botrytis cinerea that are expressed during infection of tomato leaves, a differential screening of a genomic library with radioactively labelled cDNA was performed. This resulted in the identification of a B. cinerea gene, denominated Bcubi4, which encodes a precursor protein consisting of four identical head-to-tail repeats of a 76 aa ubiquitin unit. Subsequently a gene denominated Bcubi1CEP79, encoding a single ubiquitin unit joined to a Carboxyl Extension Protein of 79 amino acids, was isolated. The expression of the two ubiquitin genes was studied during pathogenesis of B. cinerea on tomato. Bcubi1CEP79, but not Bcubi4, mRNA was transiently induced at 16 h after inoculation. The increased expression of the Bcubi1CEP79 gene at this stage of pathogenesis might be required for enhanced ribosomal biogenesis.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008713230963
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Host Range of Oidium lycopersici Occurring in the Netherlands (2000)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 106 (2000), S. 465-473 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: tomato ; powdery mildew ; Oidium lycopersici ; host range ; host resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nine accessions of three cucurbit species, ten of eight legume species, three of lettuce (Lactuca sativa) and 34 of 14 Solanaceae species were inoculated with a Dutch isolate of the tomato powdery mildew fungus (Oidium lycopersici) to determine its host range. Macroscopically, no fungal growth was visible on sweet pepper (Capsicum annuum), lettuce, petunia (Petunia spp.) and most legume species (Lupinus albus, L. luteus, L. mutabilis, Phaseolus vulgaris, Vicia faba, Vigna radiata, V. unguiculata). Trace infection was occasionally observed on melon (Cucumis melo), cucumber (Cucumis sativus), courgette (Cucurbita pepo), pea (Pisum sativum) and Solanum dulcamara. Eggplant (Solanum melongena), the cultivated potato (Solanum tuberosum) and three wild potato species (Solanum albicans, S. acaule and S. mochiquense) were more heavily infected in comparison with melon, cucumber, courgette, pea and S. dulcamara, but the fungus could not be maintained on these hosts. All seven tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) accessions were as susceptible to O. lycopersici as tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum cv Moneymaker), suggesting that tobacco is an alternative host. This host range of the tomato powdery mildew differs from that reported in some other countries, which also varied among each other, suggesting that the causal agent of tomato powdery mildew in the Netherlands differ from that in those countries. Histological observations on 36 accessions showed that the defense to O. lycopersici was associated with a posthaustorial hypersensitive response.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008706614291
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Occurrence and Diagnosis of Tomato chlorosis virus in Portugal (2000)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 106 (2000), S. 589-592 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Closterovirus ; Crinivirus ; ToCV ; tomato ; whiteflies
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV), a new whitefly-transmitted and phloem-limited Crinivirus infecting tomatoes in Europe, is reported for the first time in Portugal. Tomato plants with symptoms of interveinal chlorosis, collected during autumn 1998 and summer and autumn 1999 in Algarve, southern Portugal, were positive in RT-PCR assays using ToCV-specific primers. The amplified 439 bp fragment was sequenced and showed 99% homology with the ToCV sequence in the GenBank database. A digoxigenin–DNA probe was produced and tested in dot-blot with total RNAs extracted from tomato samples. Both the RT-PCR and dot-blot hybridisation procedures enabled rapid and reliable detection of ToCV from field samples.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008738130592
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copper uptake and translocation in chicory (Cichorium intybus L. cv Grasslands Puna) and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv Rondy) plants grown in NFT system. II. The role of nicotianamine and histidine in xylem sap copper transport (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 223 (2000), S. 245-254 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: amino acids ; chicory ; copper ; tomato ; xylem sap
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of rooting media Cu concentration (0.05–20 mg Cu L-1) on amino acid concentrations and copper speciation in the xylem sap of chicory and tomato plants was measured using 6 week old plants grown in a nutrient film technique system (NFT). Irrespective of the Cu concentration in the nutrient solutions, more than 99.68% and 99.74% of total Cu in tomato and chicory xylem sap was in a bound form. When exposed to high Cu concentrations in the rooting media, amino acid concentrations in the sap increased. Relative to other amino acids, the concentrations of glutamine (Gln), histidine (His), asparagine (Asn), valine (Val), nicotianamine (NA) and proline (Pro) in tomato xylem saps, and His, γ-aminobutyric acid (Gaba), glutamic acid (Glu), leucine (Leu), NA and phenylalanine (Phe) in chicory xylem saps showed the greatest increases. The data indicate that induced synthesis of some free amino acids as a specific and proportional response to Cu treatment. For a single complexation amino acid, the solution Cu2+concentration vs pH titration curve for NA at 0.06–0.07 mM was most similar, closely followed by His at 0.5–0.6 mM, to the solution Cu2+concentration behaviour in both tomato and chicory xylem sap. It is concluded that increased Cu concentrations in the rooting media induced selective synthesis of certain amino acid which include NA, His, Asn and Gln which have high stability constants with Cu. NA and His have the highest binding constants for Cu and the concentrations of NA and His in chicory and tomato xylem saps can account for all the bound Cu carried in the sap.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004843505053
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biological control of root rot-root knot disease complex of tomato (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 227 (2000), S. 163-169 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: biological control ; Paecilomyces lilacinus ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa ; root-knot nematode ; root-infecting fungi ; tomato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Efficacy of Pseudomonas aeruginosa alone or in combination with Paecilomyces lilacinus was evaluated in the control of root-knot nematode and root-infecting fungi under laboratory and field conditions. Ethyl acetate extract (1 mg/ml) of P. lilacinus and P. aeruginosa,respectively, caused 100 and 64% mortality of Meloidogyne javanica larvae after 24 h. Ethyl acetate fractions of biocontrol agents were more effective than hexane extracts in the suppression of M. javanica larvae, indicating that active nematicidal compounds are intermediary in polarity. In field experiments, biocontrol fungus and bacterium significantly suppressed soilborne root-infecting fungi including Macrophomina phaseolina, Fusarium oxysporum, Fusarium solani, Rhizoctonia solani and Meloidogyne javanica, the root-knot nematode. P. lilacinus parasitized eggs and female of M. javanica and this parasitism was not significantly influenced in the presence of P. aeruginosa. P. aeruginosa was reisolated from the inner root tissues of tomato, whereas P. lilacinusdid not colonize tomato roots.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1026599532684
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Diversity of heat-stable genotype specific resistance to Meloidogyne in Maranon races of Lycopersicon peruvianum complex (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 111 (2000), S. 9-16 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Host plant resistance ; heat-sensitivity ; root-knot nematodes ; tomato ; virulence
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Accessions of Lycopersicon peruvianum complex and their F1progenies were screened for genotype specific resistance to Mi-1-avirulent M. incognita and M. javanica biotypes at25 °C and at 32 °C (a temperature at which Mi-1resistance is not expressed), and to Mi-1-virulent M.incognita at 25 °C. All entries of the L. peruvianumChotano-humifusum race accessions LA2157 and LA2334 were resistantto Mi-1-avirulent biotype at 25 °C and at 32 °C,indicating that the accessions are homozygous for the heat-stableresistance. The L. peruvianum Maranon race accessions LA1626,LA1708, LA2172, LA2185, LA2326 and LA2328 segregated for heat-stableresistance to Mi-1-avirulent biotype. The F1 progeny tested ofLA392 × LA2157, LA2334 × LA2157, LA2328 × LA2326,LA2328 × LA2185, LA1708 × LA2328 andLA1626 × LA2172 were resistant to Mi-1-avirulent biotype at32 °C. There were differences in the segregating accessions andF1 hybrids for expression of heat-unstable and heat-stable resistanceto Mi-1-avirulent Meloidogyne spp. The L. peruvianumLA392 and LA2163 and L. chilense LA1968, LA1972, LA2404, LA2405,LA2406, LA2748, LA2930, and the L. peruvianum × L.chilense hybrids were homozygous susceptible with all entries testedsusceptible at 32 °C. Cuttings of these L. peruvianumaccessions and their F1 progenies were susceptible to Mi-1-virulent M. incognita biotype at 25 °C.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003776201585
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    A novel source of resistance to the two-spotted spider mite in Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium (Jusl.) Mill.: its genetics as affected by interplot interference (2000)
    Springer
    Euphytica 111 (2000), S. 169-173 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: interplot interference ; Lycopersicon esculentum ; Lycopersicon pennellii ; Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium ; spider mites ; Tetranychus urticae ; tomato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We have previously found an accession of Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium (Jusl.) Mill. (`TO-937') that appeared to resist attack by the two-spotted spider mite (Tetranychus urticae Koch). L. pimpinellifolium is a very close relative of the cultivated tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) and thereby a potential source of desirable traits that could be introgressed to the crop species. The objective of this study was to investigate the genetics of the resistance present in `TO-937'. Resistance to infestation by the spider mite was quantified in 24-plant plots of L. pimpinellifolium accessions `TO-937' and `PE-10', L. pennellii accession `PE-45', L. esculentum cultivars `Moneymaker', `Roma' and `Kalohi' (reported to be partially resistant: Stoner & Stringfellow, 1967), and the interspecific F1 cross, L. esculentum `Moneymaker' × L. pimpinellifolium `TO-937'. Only `TO-937', the F1, and`PE-45' were found to be resistant. Resistance of `TO-937' was complete when evaluated in two small greenhouses completely planted with `TO-937' so as to simulate the genotypic homogeneity usual in commercial crops. Generations (P1, P2, F1, F2, BC1P1, and BC1P2) of a P1 (susceptible) × P2 (resistant) cross (`Moneymaker' × `TO-937') were studied for resistance in a single-plant per plot design. Resistance of `TO-937' was inherited with complete dominance and appeared to be controlled by either two or four genes according to whether segregation in the F2 or the BC1P1, respectively, were considered. However, calculation of the number of genes involved in the resistance was complicated by negative interplot interference due to the high frequency of resistant genotypes within most of the generations.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003893432676
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Copper uptake and translocation in chicory ( Cichorium intybus L. cv. Grasslands Puna) and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. Rondy) plants grown in NFT system. I. Copper uptake and distribution in plants (2000)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 221 (2000), S. 135-142 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: chicory ; Cu distribution ; Cu uptake ; free Cu2+ ; tomato ; xylem sap
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The uptake and distribution of copper was examined in chicory (Cichorium intybus L. cv. Grasslands Puna) and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentumMill. cv. Rondy) plants grown in a Nutrient Film Technique System (NFT) with addition of 0.05, 5, 10 and 20 mg Cu L-1. Biomass production of shoots and roots of both chicory and tomato was strongly depressed by Cu concentrations higher than 5 mg Cu L-1 in the rooting media. Although Cu concentrations in both shoots and roots of both species increased with increasing Cu concentrations in the rooting media, the increase in roots was very much greater than that in shoots, in which the range of concentrations was small. A large proportion of total Cu uptake was retained by roots except when plants were grown in solution Cu concentrations of 0.05 mg Cu L-1. Copper retention by roots limited Cu translocation to xylem and shoots. Copper adsorption by the root appears to buffer against increases of Cu in the rooting media. A cupric-sensitive electrode used in conjunction with total Cu analysis by graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrophotometry (GFAAS) indicated that more than 99.6% of total Cu in xylem sap was in a complexed form. Large differences between measured and predicted Cu accumulation by shoots of tomato (0.134–0.243 mg Cu plant-1, 0.660–4.274 mg Cu plant-1, respectively) and chicory (0.095–0.203 mg Cu plant-1, 0.626–1.620 mg Cu plant-1, respectively) suggest that some xylem transported Cu is recirculated to roots via the phloem.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004731415931
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The measurement of soil fungal:bacterial biomass ratios as an indicator of ecosystem self-regulation in temperate meadow grasslands (1999)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 29 (1999), S. 282-290 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Grasslands ; Management ; Microbial biomass ; Bacteria ; Fungi ; Nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  There is much interest in the development of agricultural land management strategies aimed at enhancing reliance on ecosystem self-regulation rather than on artificial inputs such as fertilisers and pesticides. This study tested the usefulness of measures of soil microbial biomass and fungal:bacterial biomass ratios as indicators of effective conversion from an intensive grassland system, reliant mainly on fertilisers for crop nutrition, to a low-input system reliant mainly on self-regulation through soil biological pathways of nutrient turnover. Analysis of soils from a wide range of meadow grassland sites in northern England, along a gradient of long-term management intensity, showed that fungal:bacterial biomass ratios (measured by phospholipid fatty acid analysis; PLFA) were consistently and significantly higher in the unfertilised than the fertilised grasslands. There was also some evidence that microbial biomass, measured by chloroform fumigation and total PLFA, was higher in the unfertilised than in the fertilised grasslands. It was also found that levels of inorganic nitrogen (N), in particular nitrate-N, were significantly higher in the fertilised than in the unfertilised grasslands. However, microbial activity, measured as basal respiration, did not differ between the sites. A field manipulation trial was conducted to determine whether the reinstatement of traditional management on an improved mesotrophic grassland, for 6 years, resulted in similar changes in the soil microbial community. It was found that neither the cessation of fertiliser applications nor changes in cutting and grazing management significantly affected soil microbial biomass or the fungal:bacterial biomass ratio. It is suggested that the lack of effects on the soil microbial community may be related to high residual fertility caused by retention of fertiliser N in the soil. On the basis of these results it is recommended that following the reinstatement of low-input management, the measurement of a significant increase in the soil fungal:bacterial biomass ratio, and perhaps total microbial biomass, may be an indicator of successful conversion to a grassland system reliant of self-regulation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050554
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Carbon additions increase nitrogen availability in northern hardwood forest soils (1999)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 29 (1999), S. 430-433 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Carbon ; Nitrogen ; Microbial biomass ; Mineralization ; Respiration
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  The effects of acetate additions to northern hardwood forest soils on microbial biomass carbon (C) and nitrogen (N) content, soil inorganic N levels, respirable C and potential net N mineralization and nitrification were evaluated. The experiment was relevant to a potential watershed-scale calcium (Ca) addition that aims to replace Ca depleted by long-term exposure to acid rain. One option for this addition is to use calcium-magnesium (Mg) acetate, a compound that is inexpensive and much more readily soluble than the Ca carbonate that is generally used for large-scale liming. Field plots were treated with sodium (NA) acetate, Na bicarbonate or water (control) and were sampled (forest floor – Oe and Oa combined) 2, 10 and 58 days following application. It was expected that the addition of C would lead to an increase in biomass C and N and a decrease in inorganic N. Instead, we observed no effect on biomass C, a decline in biomass N and an increase in N availability. One possible explanation for our surprising results is that the C addition stimulated microbial activity but not growth. A second, and more likely, explanation for our results is that the C addition did stimulate microbial growth and activity, but there was no increase in microbial biomass due to predation of the new biomass by soil fauna. The results confirm the emerging realization that the effects of increases in the flow of C to soils, either by deliberate addition or from changes in atmospheric CO2, are more complex than would be expected from a simple C : N ratio analysis. Evaluations of large-scale manipulations of forest soils to ameliorate effects of atmospheric deposition or to dispose of wastes should consider microbial and faunal dynamics in considerable detail.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050576
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  • 13
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    Electronic Resource
    Leucaena hedgerow intercropping and cattle manure application in the Ethiopian highlands III. Nutrient balances (1999)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 28 (1999), S. 204-211 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Alley cropping ; Calcium ; Magnesium ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  Balances between nutrients applied or mineralized and nutrients removed in maize grain and stover were calculated in a hedgerow intercropping experiment in which Leucaena leucocephala and L. pallida prunings and cattle manure were applied. Hedgerow intercropping (also called alley cropping) is an agroforestry system in which trees are grown in dense hedges between alleys where short-cycle crops are grown. The hedges are pruned periodically during the cropping period and the prunings are added to the soil as green manure. In control treatments, nutrient depletion per season was in the order of 7–19 kg N ha–1, 4–12 kg P ha–1, 10–26 kg K ha–1, 0–2 kg Ca ha–1 and 3–6 kg Mg ha–1. N fertilizer reversed the depletion of N, but it accelerated the depletion of the other nutrients. Manure and at least two applications of leucaena prunings resulted in net positive balances of N, K, and Ca between amounts applied or mineralized and amounts removed by maize. The amounts of P and Mg applied with, or mineralized from, prunings or manure were insufficient to offset the negative balances of these nutrients.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050484
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  • 14
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    Leucaena hedgerow intercropping and cattle manure application in the Ethiopian highlands I. Decomposition and nutrient release (1999)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 28 (1999), S. 182-195 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Alley cropping ; Calcium ; Magnesium ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Intercropping
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  A litter bag technique was used to study the decomposition and release of N, P, K, Ca, and Mg from Leucaena leucocephala and L. pallida prunings and cattle manure in a hedgerow intercropping trial conducted in the Ethiopian highlands. Hedgerow intercropping (also called alley cropping or alley farming) is an agroforestry system in which trees are grown in dense hedges between alleys where short-cycle crops are grown. The hedges are pruned periodically during the cropping period and the prunings are added to the soil as green manure. Manure was the most resistant to decomposition, losing only 15% of its dry matter (DM) in 15 weeks, compared to 41–57% lost by leucaena prunings. Large quantities of K (up to 104 kg ha–1) were mineralized from prunings and manure, but Ca and Mg were mostly immobilized. More N and P were released from prunings than from manure, which resulted in net immobilization of these nutrients in the initial stages of decomposition and net mineralization in later stages. Between the leucaenas more N was mineralized and less Ca and Mg were immobilized when L. leucocephala prunings were applied than when L. pallida prunings were applied. Fertilizer N increased DM decomposition and N mineralization. Mineralization of the nutrients was constrained by lignin and polyphenol contents. It is concluded that leucaena mulch and cattle manure may be significant sources of N and K for crop growth, but external sources of P, Ca and Mg may be required, particularly in acid soils which have low contents of these nutrients. However, this fertility effect has to be evaluated against the competition effect of trees to predict crop response.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050482
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  • 15
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    Leucaena hedgerow intercropping and cattle manure application in the Ethiopian highlands II. Maize yields and nutrient uptake (1999)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 28 (1999), S. 196-203 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Alley cropping ; Calcium ; Magnesium ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Leaf pruning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  The effects of Leucaena leucocephala and L. pallida prunings and cattle manure on maize nutrient uptake and yield were investigated in a hedgerow intercropping trial in the Ethiopian highlands. Hedgerow intercropping (also called alley cropping) is an agroforestry system in which trees are grown in dense hedges between alleys where short-cycle crops are grown. The hedges are pruned periodically during the cropping period and the prunings are added to the soil as green manure. For each leucaena species, the experiment had 16 treatments resulting from a factorial combination of four levels of leucaena leaf prunings (no prunings applied; first prunings applied; first and second prunings applied; first, second and third prunings applied), two levels of air-dried cattle manure (0 and 3 t dry matter ha–1) and two levels of N fertilizer (0 and 40 kg N ha–1 as urea). Uptake of N, P and K increased significantly with application of the three nutrient sources, but uptake of Ca and Mg either did not respond or decreased with application of prunings and manure. All the three factors increased maize grain and stover yields significantly, usually with no significant interactions between the factors. At least two applications of prunings were required to significantly increase nutrient uptake and maize yield. Maize in the row closest to the hedge did not respond to these nutrient inputs. It is concluded that hedgerow intercropping, with or without manure application, can increase crop yields moderately (to 2–3 t ha–1 maize grain yields) in the highlands, but P, Ca and Mg may have to be supplied from external sources if they are deficient in the soil. Additional N is still required for higher yields (〉4 t ha–1 maize grain yields). However, quantification of the competition effects of the trees is also required to confirm these results.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050483
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    Nitrogen mineralization in soil layers, soil particles and macro-organic matter under grassland (1999)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 29 (1999), S. 38-45 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Grassland ; Nitrogen ; Mineralization ; Macro-organic matter ; Soil particles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  A study was conducted to determine mineralization rates in the field and in different soil layers under three grassland managements (viz. a reseeded sward, a permanent sward with a conventional N management, and a long-term grass sward with 0 N (0-N) input). Potential mineralization rates of soil particles (sand, silt and clay) and macro-organic matter fractions of different sizes (i.e. 0.2–0.5, 0.5–2.0 and 〉2 mm) were also determined in the laboratory. In the reseeded plots, net mineralization was unchanged down to 40 cm depth. In the undisturbed conventional-N swards, mineralization rates were substantially higher in the top layer (0–10 cm) than in the deeper layers. In plots which had received no fertilizer N, mineralization was consistently low in all the layers. There was more macro-organic matter (MOM) in the 0-N plots (equivalent to 23 g kg–1 soil for 0–40 cm) than in the two fertilized plots (i.e. conventional-N and reseeded) which contained similar amounts (ca. 15 g kg–1 soil). C and N contents of separated soil particles did not differ amongst the treatments, but there were large differences with depth. Potential mineralization in the bulk soil was greatest in the 0–10 cm layers and gradually decreased with depth in all the treatments. Separated sand particles had negligible rates of potential mineralization and the clay component had the highest rates in the subsurface layers (10–40 cm). MOMs had high potential rate of mineralization in the surface layer and decreased with soil depth, but there was no clear pattern in the differences between different size fractions.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050522
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    Effects of long-term CO2 enrichment and nutrient availability in Norway spruce. I. Phenology and morphology of branches (1999)
    Springer
    Trees 13 (1999), S. 188-198 
    Details
    ISSN: 0931-1890
    Keywords: Key words Picea abies ; Photosynthesis ; Nitrogen ; Temperature ; Shoot growth
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  Branches of 30-year-old Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] trees were enclosed in ventilated, transparent plastic bags and flushed with air containing ambient (A≈370 μmol CO2 mol–1) or ambient plus 340 μmol CO2 mol–1 (EL). Light-saturated photosynthesis was on average 56% higher in EL compared to A. Branch phenology and morphology were strongly related to nitrogen concentration (mg g–1 dry mass) in the foliage and to elevated temperatures in the bags, but no direct effect of EL was found. In 1995, budbreak occurred on average 4 days earlier in the bags compared to the control branches, which was partly explained by the temperature elevation in the bags. No nutrient or EL effect on budbreak was found. Increases in temperature and nitrogen supply increased shoot growth: together they explained 76% of the variation in the extension rate, 63% of the variation in extension duration and 65% of the variation in final length of leading shoots. Shoot morphology was altered both by increased nitrogen availability and by the enclosure induced environmental changes inside the bags, leading to reduced mutual shading between needles. Specific needle area (SNA) was lower in EL, but this was related to lower nitrogen concentrations. Total dry mass of the branches was unaffected by EL. It is concluded that treating individual branches of Norway spruce with elevated CO2 does not increase branch growth. The nutrient status of the branch and climate determine its growth, i.e. its sink strength for carbon. Increased export of carbohydrates to the rest of the tree is probable in EL treated branches.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00009750
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    Extreme resistance to cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) in transgenic tomato expressing one or two viral coat proteins (1999)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 5 (1999), S. 111-119 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: cucumber mosaic virus ; tomato ; transgenic resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract For the production of broad commercial resistance to cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) infection, tomato plants were transformed with a combination of two coat protein (CP) genes, representing both subgroups of CMV. The CP genes were cloned from the CMV-D strain and Italian CMV isolates (CMV-22 of subgroup I and CMV-PG of subgroup II) which have been shown to produce severe disease symptoms. Four plant transformation vectors were constructed: pMON18774 and pMON18775 (CMV-D CP), pMON18831 (CMV-PG CP) and pMON18833 (CMV-22 CP and CMV-PG CP). Transformed R0 plants were produced and lines were selected based on the combination of three traits: CMV CP expression at the R0 stage, resistance to CMV (subgroup I and/or II) infection in growth chamber tests in R1 expressing plants, and single transgene copy, based on R1 segregation. The results indicate that all four vector constructs generated plants with extremely high resistant to CMV infection. The single and double gene vector construct produced plants with broad resistance against strains of CMV from both subgroups I and II at high frequency. The engineered resistance is of practical value and will be applied for major Italian tomato varieties.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009631106873
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    Resistance of transgenic tomato to cucumber mosaic cucumovirus under field conditions (1999)
    Springer
    Molecular breeding 5 (1999), S. 121-130 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9788
    Keywords: cucumber mosaic virus ; tomato ; transgenic ; virus resistance ; field
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Since the summer of 1993, transgenic tomato plants expressing the coat protein (CP) genes of cucumber mosaic cucumovirus have been tested under field conditions to assess the level of resistance and agronomic performance. Trials were performed in different areas in Italy and the target virus in the majority of tests was spread naturally by the indigenous aphid populations. Twenty-three homozygous lines of variety UC82B, transformed to contain four different CP genes of CMV, were evaluated. The lines were preselected for CP expression, single gene copy, and virus resistance in growth chamber experiments. In general, CMV resistance was confirmed under field conditions though resistance in the field was less effective than what was observed in growth chamber experiments. The resistance observed in multi-year and multi-location experiments is of commercial value for several of the most resistant lines. Engineered resistance upon transfer to Italian varieties by breeding or direct transformation will be used in tomato production in Italy or elsewhere.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009615807781
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    Effect of soil type and plant species on the fluorescent pseudomonads nitrate dissimilating community (1999)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 209 (1999), S. 275-282 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: flax ; nitrate dissimilation ; Pseudomonas ; rhizosphere ; soil ; tomato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The distribution of nitrogen dissimilative abilities among 618 isolates of fluorescent pseudomonads was studied. These strains were isolated from two uncultivated soils (C and D; collected at Châteaurenard and Dijon, France, respectively) and from rhizosphere, rhizoplane and root tissue of two plant species (flax and tomato) cultivated on these two soils. According to their ability to dissimilate nitrogen, the isolates have been distributed into three metabolic types: non-dissimilators, NO2 - accumulators and denitrifiers. While the three metabolic types were recovered in all the compartments of soil D experiments, only two (non-dissimilators and denitrifiers) were recovered in all the compartments of soil C experiments. Even under the contrasting conditions of the two soil types, both plants were able to select the nitrate dissimilating community among the total community of fluorescent Pseudomonas, but the mode of this selection seems to be dependent on both plant and soil type. The soil type appears to be unable to significantly modulate the strong selective effect of tomato. Indeed, similar dissimilator to non-dissimilator ratios were found in the root tissue of this plant species cultivated in both soils. In contrast, the different dissimilator to non-dissimilator ratios observed in flax roots between soils C and D suggest that the selective effect of flax was modulated by the soil type. Taxonomic identifications showed that the 618 isolates were distributed among three species (P. chlororaphis, P. fluorescens, P. putida) plus an intermediate type between P. fluorescens and P. putida. However, no clear relationship between the distribution of the metabolic types (functional diversity) and the distribution of bacterial species has been found.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004694510322
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    Water-deficit induction of a tomato H1 histone requires abscisic acid (1999)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 29 (1999), S. 35-46 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: abscisic acid ; gene-expression ; H1 histone ; tomato ; water-deficit-stress
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Many genes are induced by periods of water deficit, and a subset of these are dependent on elevated ABA content for expression. A number of drought-induced genes are not induced in leaves of the ABA-deficient mutant flacca from tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) but are induced in detached, wilted wild-type leaves and ABA-treated leaves of both genotypes. The nucleotide sequence of the cDNA and corresponding genomic DNA fragment of one of these genes, his1-s (formerly called le20), encodes an amino acid sequence that is rich in Lys, Ala, and Ser. The predicted protein contains the tripartite structure of H1 histone and is similar to other H1 histones, especially in the globular domain. Since, his1-s is more closely related to a stress-induced gene from Lycopersicon pennellii than to another H1 histone in the tomato genome it is considered a stress-induced variant of H1 histone. his1-s mRNA accumulated in vegetative plants in response to other abiotic stress treatments, including application of polyethylene glycol, and salt. The mRNA preferentially accumulated in leaves as compared to roots. his1-s mRNA accumulation was controlled during development; the level was higher in developing seeds of mature green fruit than in detached wilted leaves. H1 histones have been implicated in the general repression of gene expression and in the regulation of specific genes. The rapid accumulation of his1-s mRNA during stress may indicate that this unique, stress-induced H1 histone is involved in controlling gene expression during plant stress.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006264001528
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    Realizing the Potential of Integrated Irrigation and Drainage Water Management for Meeting Crop Water Requirements in Semi-Arid and Arid Areas (1999)
    Springer
    Irrigation and drainage systems 13 (1999), S. 321-347 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0654
    Keywords: cotton ; drainage ; irrigation ; salinity ; shallow groundwater ; tomato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In situ use of ground water by plants is one optionbeing considered to reduce discharge of subsurfacedrainage water from irrigated agriculture. Laboratory, lysimeter, and field studies havedemonstrated that crops can use significant quantitiesof water from shallow ground water. However, moststudies lack the data needed to include the crop wateruse into an integrated irrigation and drainage watermanagement system. This paper describes previousstudies which demonstrated the potential use of groundwater to support plant growth and the associatedlimitations. Included are results from three fieldstudies which demonstrated some of the managementtechniques needed to develop an integrated system. The field studies demonstrated that approximately 40to 45% of the water requirement for cotton can bederived from shallow saline ground water. Thatregulation of the outflow will result in increasinguse. Implementation of integrated management ofirrigation and subsurface drainage systems is a viableand sustainable alternative in the management ofsubsurface drainage water from arid and semi-aridareas only if soil salinity can be managed and if thesystem is profitable.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1006390421589
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    Functional male sterility (ps-2) in tomato (Lycopesicon esculentum Mill.) and its application in breeding and hybrid seed production (1999)
    Springer
    Euphytica 107 (1999), S. 13-21 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: functional male sterility ; hybrid seed production ; tomato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Data and findings concerning the development of an effective male sterility system (as already applied in the practice of producing tomato hybrid seed) through the use of the positional sterility (ps 2) gene are reported. Undesirable selfing and the necessity of emasculation are discussed as the two main disadvantages that limit the use of ps 2-sterile seed parents in tomato hybrid seed production. The following specific characteristics in the performance of ps 2-lines were evaluated: 1) the percentage of selfing in the ps 2-lines varies within and between the years of growing, being forever lowest during the period of hybrid seed production; 2) the percentage of selfed seeds when using a ps 2-line as seed parent in producing hybrid seed is significantly lower than the percentage of selfing, observed on this same line; 3) the ps 2-gene expressivity varies depending on the genotype. This enables the breeding of ps 2-lines exhibiting very low percentage of selfing; 4) stamen emasculation at anthesis (as applied in ps 2-lines) is significantly easier and more rapid than emasculation in floral buds. The easy maintenance of the sterile lines – by artificial selfing it is possible to produce 100% ps 2 progeny – and the high yield of hybrid seed obtained are discussed as important advantages in using this type of sterility in tomato hybrid seed production.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1003527714805
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    Metal speciation in xylem exudate of Lycopersicon esculentum Mill — technetium (1999)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 212 (1999), S. 163-171 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: amino acids ; carboxylic acids ; nicotianamine ; Tc ; tomato ; xylem
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This paper deals with a new analytical approach for studying metal speciation in the xylem, as applied to the nuclear waste metal technetium (99Tc) in tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill, cv. Tiny Tim). Special attention was paid to sampling protocols and sample handling so that metal oxidation/reduction processes during analytical procedures did not influence the results. Marker Tc-ligand complexes were synthesized in vitro (Tc-cysteine, Tc-histidine, Tc-citrate, and Tc-nicotianamine) and sampling was performed under both argon and atmospheric conditions. Analyses were carried out using paper chromatography, gel electrophoresis (PAGE), and reversed phase ion-pair chromatography (RP-IPC). The results show Tc to be present predominantly in the TcO4 − form in the xylem, indicating transport similarities with molybdenum and chromium. Probably, the approach used is also valuable in other metal-speciation studies in the xylem.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004607813710
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    Chromium mobilization and plant availability — the impact of organic complexing ligands (1999)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 212 (1999), S. 201-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: complexation ; CrIII ; organic acids ; root exudates ; solubilization ; tomato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Pot experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of various organic acids (carboxylic and amino acids) on the uptake and translocation of root-absorbed trivalent chromium by tomato ( Lycopersicum esculentum) plants grown in sand and soil culture. Statistically significant increases in chromium accumulation from Cr(III) treated plants in the presence of increasing concentrations of organic acid suggest the existence of Cr(III) — organic acid interactions in the soil-plant system. However, the amino acids have been less effective in the mobilization of chromium compared to carboxylic acids. The results are discussed on the basis of the potential of organic acids to form complexes with Cr(III).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004691217480
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    Growth and nitrogen nutrition of Chinese fir seedlings exposed to nutrient loading and fertilization (1999)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 216 (1999), S. 83-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Cunninghamia lanceolata ; Fertilization ; Nutrient loading ; Nitrogen ; Retranslocation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Nutrient loaded and non-loaded Chinese fir (Cunninghamia lanceolata (Lamb) Hook) seedlings were transplanted in a pot trial to examine effects of exponential nutrient loading and fertilization treatments on first season growth and N nutrition. The treatments tested four rates of N (0, 30, 60, and 90 mg tree-1) as a mixed NPK fertilizer applied before planting to create a soil fertility gradient, and two topdressings applied only to non-loaded seedlings later in the season. Nutrient loading alone consistently enhanced seedling growth on the four soil fertility classes, increasing respective biomass and N uptake 42, 45, 20 and 8%, and 65, 67, 29 and 18% more than non-loaded seedlings. The positive response was attributed to increased N retranslocation from higher nutrient reserves built up by loading during nursery culture. Net retranslocation from old shoots to new growth was highest soon after planting when nutrient stress was most severe. Pre-plant soil fertilization and post-plant topdressings were also effective in promoting seedling productivity, but equivalent additions yielded less biomass than that from nutrient loading alone. Implications are that exponential nutrient loading may be more efficient in improving early growth performance of Chinese fir seedlings than traditional field fertilization practices at plantation establishment, and may on competitive sites avoid problems of stimulating surrounding vegetation rather than trees.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004733714217
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    Spring dynamics of soil carbon, nitrogen, and microbial activity in earthworm middens in a no-till cornfield (1998)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 26 (1998), S. 243-249 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Earthworm middens ; Soil ; Carbon ; Nitrogen ; Microbial activity
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Earthworm activity may be an important cause of spatial and temporal heterogeneity of soil properties in agroecosystems. Structures known as “earthworm middens,” formed at the soil surface by the feeding and casting activities of some earthworms, may contribute significantly to this heterogeneity. We compared the temporal dynamics of carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and microbial acitivity in Lumbricus terrestris middens and in surrounding non-midden (bulk) soil during the spring, when seasonal earthworm activity was high. We sampled soil from middens and bulk soil in a no-till cornfield on four dates during May and June 1995. Soil water content and the weight of coarse organic litter (〉2mm) were consistently higher in middens than in bulk soil. Total C and N concentrations, C:N ratios, and microbial activity also were greatest in midden soil. Concentrations of ammonium-nitrogen and dissolved organic N were greater in middens than in bulk soil on most dates, suggesting accelerated decomposition and mineralization in middens. However, concentrations of nitrate were usually lower in middens, indicating reduced nitrification or increased leaching and denitrification losses from middens, relative to bulk soil. Fungal activity, as well as total microbial activity, was consistently greater in middens. The contribution of fungae to overall microbial activity differed significantly between middens and bulk soil only on one date when both soils were very dry; the contribution of fungae to microbial activity was lower in the middens on this date. We conclude that the midden-forming activity of L. terrestris can be a major determinant of spatial heterogeneity in some agricultural soils, and that this can potentially affect overall rates of soil processes such as organic matter decomposition, N mineralization, denitrification, and leaching.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050374
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    Ecological characteristics of a nitrogen-saturated coniferous forest in The Netherlands (1998)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 26 (1998), S. 258-267 
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    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Decomposition ; Deposition ; Nitrogen ; saturation ; Pinus sylvestris ; Soil biota
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Wekerom forest shows a high nitrogen (N) load, and the first signs of N saturation. This characterization is based on the high N content of the needles, the high nitrate-N (NO3-N) mobilization and low cation mobilization from the organic horizon. The N cycle in this forest has been transformed into an „open flow” system, in which the ammonium-N, deposited in large quantities from the atmosphere, is transformed into NO3-N, which is leached into the groundwater. Decomposition of deeper organic layers, such as the fragmented litter and humus layers, is thought to provide additional NH4-N, which explains the high NO3-N output. Together with a reduction in the number and vitality of the pine trees, there is an increase in the number of nitrophilous plants, such as Deschampsia flexuosa and Rumex acetosella. The ectomycorrhizal and litter-decaying fungi are specific, N-resistant species. Soil fauna are classified as common inhabitants of dry, acid, nutrient poor forests.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050377
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    Dynamics and stratification of functional groups of micro- and mesoarthropods in the organic layer of a Scots pine forest (1998)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 26 (1998), S. 268-284 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Collembola ; Acari ; Araneae ; Nitrogen ; Stratification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This paper addresses the abundance, biomass and microstratification of functional groups of micro- and mesoarthropods inhabiting the organic layers of a Scots pine forest (Pinus sylvestris L.). An experiment using stratified litterbags, containing organic material of four degradation stages, i.e., freshly fallen litter, litter, fragmented litter and humus, was performed over a period of 2.5 years. Statistical data analysis revealed that each organic layer had a different, characteristic species composition that changed with time following successive degradation stages. Species of Acari, Araneae and Collembola were assigned to different functional groups based on taxonomy, microstratification, food type or feeding mode. The abundance and biomass carbon of functional groups were dependent on the organic layer and most functional groups showed a particular preference for one of the upper organic layers. Temporal and spatial differences in density and biomass carbon of functional groups could partly be related to fluctuations in the soil climate, although effects of trophic interactions could not be ruled out. A general decline in abundance and biomass, especially in populations of fungal feeders, during the last year of the study could not be explained by a reduction in litterbag volume, changed litter chemistry or soil climate, but was attributed to an indirect effect of a remarkable increase in soil coverage by wavy hair grass, Deschampsia flexuosa (L.). The analysis demonstrated that species diversity, microhabitat specification, soil fauna succession, and degradation stages of organic material are interrelated. The results obtained indicate that both the chemistry of organic matter and decomposition rates have an important effect on trophic relationships and community structure.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050378
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    Dynamics and stratification of bacteria and fungi in the organic layers of a scots pine forest soil (1998)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 26 (1998), S. 313-322 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Fungi ; Bacteria ; Nitrogen ; Scots pine ; Stratification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The abundance and micro-stratification of bacteria and fungi inhabiting the organic layers of a Scots pine forest (Pinus sylvestris L.) were investigated. An experiment using stratified litterbags, containing organic material of four degradation stages (fresh litter, litter, fragmented litter and humus) was performed over a period of 2.5 years. Dynamics and stratification of fluorescent stained bacteria and fungi, ratios between bacterial and fungal biomass, and relationships with moisture and temperature are described. Average bacterial counts in litter and fragmented litter were similar, i.e., approximately 5×109 bacteriag–1 (dry weight) organic matter, and significantly exceeded those in humus. The mean bacterial biomass ranged from 0.338 to 0.252mg carbon (C) g–1 (dry weight) organic matter. Lengths of mycelia were significantly below the usually recorded amounts for comparable temperate coniferous forests. The highest average hyphal length, 53mg–1 (dry weight) organic matter, was recorded in litter and decreased significantly with depth. The corresponding mean fungal biomass ranged from 0.050 to 0.009mg Cg–1 (dry weight). The abundance of bacteria and fungi was influenced by water content, that of fungi also by temperature. A litterbag series with freshly fallen litter of standard quality, renewed bimonthly, revealed a clear seasonal pattern with microbial biomass peaks in winter. The mean hyphal length was 104mg–1 (dry weight) and mean number of bacteria, 2.40×109 bacteria g–1 (dry weight). Comparable bacterial and fungal biomass C were found in the freshly fallen litter [0.154 and 0.132mgCg–1 (dry weight) organic material, respectively]. The ratio of bacterial-to-fungal biomass C increased from 1.2 in fresh litter to 28.0 in humus. The results indicate the existence of an environmental stress factor affecting the abundance of fungi in the second phase of decomposition. High atmospheric nitrogen deposition is discussed as a prime factor to explain low fungal biomass and the relatively short lengths of fungal hyphae in some of the forest soil layers under study.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050382
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    The use of 15N labelling to study the turnover and utilization of ruminant manure N (1998)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 28 (1998), S. 56-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Animal manure ; Immobilization ; Mineralization ; Nitrogen ; Slurry distribution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  An improved understanding of the cycling of animal manure N is a prerequisite for making better use of this N source. A sheep was fed 15N-labelled grass in order to study the fate of 15N-labelled ruminant manure N in the plant-soil system. The uniformity of labelling was found to be satisfactory when an appropriate feeding strategy was used. The mineralization of labelled faecal N was compared to the mineralization of labelled feed N and indigestible feed N by measuring residual labelled organic N in unplanted topsoil in the field. After 18 months, 61% of both faecal N and feed N was recovered in organic form in the topsoil, while 94% of the indigestible feed N was still present in the soil. The influence of slurry distribution in soil on the crop uptake of labelled faecal N in slurry was studied in a sandy and a sandy loam soil. The crop uptake of labelled faecal N was compared with the uptake of 15N-labelled mineral fertilizer in a reference treatment. The uptake was 28–32% of that of the reference treatment with simulated slurry injection, 13–25% with incorporated slurry and 18–19% with slurry on the soil surface. The mineralization of faecal N in the autumn after application in spring was low irrespective of the slurry distribution in soil. The results demonstrate that the contact between animal manure and the soil matrix significantly influences the short-term turnover and availability of faecal and ammonium N in slurry, especially in fine-textured soils.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050463
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    Short-term effects of nitrogen on methane oxidation in soils (1998)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 28 (1998), S. 64-70 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Methane oxidation ; Nitrogen ; Fertilizer ; Soils ; Isotopic dilution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  The short-term effects of N addition on CH4 oxidation were studied in two soils. Both sites are unfertilized, one has been under long-term arable rotation, the other is a grassland that has been cut for hay for the past 125 years. The sites showed clear differences in their capacity to oxidise CH4, the arable soil oxidised CH4 at a rate of 0.013 μg CH4 kg–1 h–1 and the grassland soil approximately an order of magnitude quicker. In both sites the addition of (NH4)2SO4 caused an immediate reduction in the rate of atmospheric CH4 oxidation approximately in inverse proportion to the amount of NH4 + added. The addition of KNO3 caused no change in the rate of CH4 oxidation in the arable soil, but in the grassland soil after 9 days the rate of CH4 oxidation had decreased from 0.22 μg CH4 kg–1 h–1 to 0.13 μg CH4 kg–1 h–1 in soil treated with the equivalent of 192 kg N ha–1. A 15N isotopic dilution technique was used to investigate the role of nitrifiers in regulating CH4 oxidation. The arable soil showed a low rate of gross N mineralisation (0.67 mg N kg–1 day–1), but a relatively high proportion of the mineralised N was nitrified. The grassland soil had a high rate of gross N mineralisation (18.28 mg N kg–1 day–1), but negligible nitrification activity. It is hypothesised that since there was virtually no nitrification in the grassland soil then CH4 oxidation at this site must be methanotroph mediated.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050464
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    Methane fluxes and nitrogen dynamics from a drained fenland peat (1998)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 27 (1998), S. 279-283 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Peats ; Methane ; Nitrogen ; Land use ; Agriculture
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  Rates of methane uptake were measured in incubation studies with intact cores from adjacent fenland peats that have been under arable management and woodland management for at least the past 30 years. On two separate occasions the woodland peat showed greater rates of uptake than the arable peat. These rates ranged from 23.1 to 223.3 μg CH4 m–2 day–1 for the woodland peat and from 29.6 to 157.6 μg CH4 m–2 day–1 for the arable peat. When the peats were artificially flooded there was a decrease in the rate of methane oxidation, but neither site showed any net efflux of methane. 15N isotopic dilution was used to characterise nitrogen cycling within the two peats. Both showed similar rates of gross nitrogen mineralisation (3.58 mg N kg–1 day–1, arable peat; 3.54 N kg–1 day–1, woodland peat) and ammonium consumption (4.19 arable peat and 4.70 mg N kg–1 day–1 woodland peat). There were significant differences in their inorganic ammonium and nitrate pool sizes, and the rate of gross nitrification was significantly higher in the woodland peat (4.90 mg N kg–1 day–1) compared to the arable peat (1.90 mg N kg–1 day–1). These results are discussed in the light of high atmospheric nitrogen deposition.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050434
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    Comparison of nutrient losses into the water from rainbow trout culture based on fresh Baltic herring, moist and dry diets (1998)
    Springer
    Aquaculture international 6 (1998), S. 441-450 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-143X
    Keywords: Cage culture ; Dietary lipid ; Dietary water ; Feeding frequency ; Moist diets ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss)
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The nutrient losses into the water from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) cage culture using locally caught low-fat Baltic herring, herring-based moist diets and fishmeal-based dry diets were estimated. Feeding with herring led to nitrogen and phosphorus losses into the water twice as high as those feeding with dry pellets (78–162 versus 37–39 g N and 15–39 versus 7–18 g P per kg growth). This was supported by direct measurements of ammonia and phosphate excretion. Increasing feeding frequencies resulted in increased nutrient losses irrespective of diet. Increasing dietary lipid level had a more pronounced effect in reducing the expected nutrient losses in dry pellets than herring. The reduction within the herring was approximately 18% on average for nitrogen and 25% for phosphorus losses. Dietary water content did not affect the nutrient losses. © Rapid Science Ltd. 1998
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009283401505
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    Pcr-amplification of tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) DNA from squashes of plants and whitefly vectors: Application to the study of TYLCV acquisition and transmission (1998)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 104 (1998), S. 189-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Bemisia tabaci ; geminivirus ; primers ; tomato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract DNA of tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), a geminivirus transmitted by the whitefly Bemisia tabaci, was amplified from squashes of infected tomato plants and of viruliferous vectors using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Samples of infected tissues as small as 1 mm2 were squashed onto a nylon membrane. A 1 × 2 mm strip containing the squash was introduced into a 25 µl PCR reaction mix. The reaction products were subjected to gel electrophoresis, blotted and hybridized with a radiolabeled virus-specific DNA probe. TYLCV DNA was amplified from squashes of leaves, roots, and stem of infected tomato and from individual viruliferous whiteflies. The same squash could be used several times to amplify different virus DNA fragments with various sets of primers. Thus plant and insect squashes can be used as templates for the amplification of geminiviral DNA with no need to prepare tissue extracts or purify nucleic acids. The squash-PCR procedure was applied to study whitefly transmission of TYLCV. Tomato plants were inoculated by placing a single viruliferous insect in the center of a young leaflet. In some plants TYLCV DNA was detected at the site of inoculation as early as 5 min after the beginning of the access feeding and in all plants after 30 min. The squash-PCR procedure also was applied to the study of TYLCV acquisition by the insect vector. TYLCV DNA was detected in the head of whiteflies as early as 5 min after the beginning of the access feeding on infected tomato plants. Viral DNA was detected in the thorax after 10 min and in the abdomen after 25 min.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008699603559
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    Biocontrol of soil-borne fungal plant diseases by 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol-producing fluorescent pseudomonads with different restriction profiles of amplified 16S rDNA (1998)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 104 (1998), S. 631-643 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Fusarium ; Pythium ; Pseudomonas ; tomato ; cucumber ; 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Fluorescent pseudomonads producing the antimicrobial compound 2,4-diacetylphloroglucinol (Phl) are being studied extensively for use as biocontrol agents of soil-borne fungal diseases. Some of them can produce pyoluteorin (Plt) in addition to Phl, whereas others synthesise only Phl. Here, a collection of seven Phl+ Plt- pseudomonads, seven Phl+ Plt+ pseudomonads and seven Phl- biocontrol pseudomonads were compared for protection of plant roots against fungal pathogens. The seven Phl+ Plt+ pseudomonads were identical by restriction analysis of amplified spacer ribosomal DNA (spacer ARDRA), whereas the Phl+ Plt- pseudomonads and especially the Phl- biocontrol pseudomonads were quite diverse by spacer ARDRA. Collectively, the Phl+ Plt- pseudomonads proved superior to the Phl+ Plt+ pseudomonads and the Phl- biocontrol pseudomonads for protection of tomato against Fusarium crown and root rot (in rockwool microcosms) or cucumber against Pythium damping-off (in non-sterile soil microcosms). There was no correlation between protection in vivo and inhibition of the corresponding fungal pathogen on plates. However, there was a significant correlation between the amount of Phl produced on plates and protection of tomato against Fusarium crown and root rot, but not with protection of cucumber against Pythium damping-off. Interestingly, the minority of strains unable to produce HCN, an extracellular protease, or both, were among those unable to protect plants in both pathosystems. A seedling assay was developed to compare pseudomonads for suppression of Fusarium crown and root rot in vitro, and a significant correlation was found between disease severity in vitro and in vivo. Overall, results suggest that promising biocontrol pseudomonads may be identified based on the ability to produce Phl and/or specific ARDRA-based fingerprints.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008672104562
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    The role of mineral nutrients in the increased growth response of tomato plants in solarized soil (1998)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 206 (1998), S. 21-27 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Lycopersicon esculentum ; nitrogen ; plant growth ; plant nutrition ; soil solarization ; tomato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Soil solarization is a non-chemical disinfestation technique that frequently promotes plant growth in the absence of known major pathogens, a phenomenon termed increased growth response (IGR). The effect of solarization on plant nutrients and their role in the IGR was studied with tomato plants grown in solarized or non-solarized (control) sandy soil, under controlled conditions. Solarization considerably increased the soil concentrations of water extractable N, K, Ca, Mg and Na at most sites, whereas Cl and DTPA extractable Mn, Zn, Fe and Cu were decreased by the treatment. Plant growth and specific leaf area were enhanced in solarized as well as in N-supplemented control soil. In tomato plants grown in solarized soil, concentrations of most nutrients in the xylem sap, including N, were increased compared to the control, whereas Cl and SO4 levels decreased. The most significant increase in leaf nutrient concentration caused by soil solarization was recorded for N. Furthermore, leaf N concentration was highly and positively correlated with shoot growth. The concentration of Cu increased in leaves from the solarization vs. the control treatment, whereas that of SO4 and Cl decreased, the latter presumably below the critical toxicity level. The correlation between shoot growth and leaf concentration was positive for Cu and inverse for Cl and SO4. In conclusion, we found that soil solarization significantly affects nutrient composition in tomato plants, and provided strong evidence that N, and eventually also Cl, play a major role in IGR.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004321118896
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    Structural patterns of tomato plants grown in greenhouse (1998)
    Springer
    Genetic resources and crop evolution 45 (1998), S. 87-93 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: commercial cultivars ; greenhouse ; growth form ; inflorescence ; morphology ; tomato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We characterize the growth form of the two types of commercial tomato cultivars. In both types of tomato the branching is sympodial. The difference between cultivars of the indeterminate and the determined type is given by variations in the intensity in which the spatial and temporal pattern of the sympodial growth is expressed. Variations that manifests itself in the relative rate of development of each sympodial unit and in the amount of sympodial shoots that are produced during the plant's lifetime. The inflorescences of tomato plants grown in greenhouse are studied. The main inflorescences variations that have been observed are: the appearance of either dichasial inflorescences or pleiochasial inflorescences; the bracts development at the level of either the branches of the inflorescence or individual flowers; and the proliferation of the apex of the inflorescence.
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    Effects of soil fumigation and N source on soil inorganic N and tomato growth (1998)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 52 (1998), S. 37-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: crop growth ; metam-sodium ; methyl bromide ; nitrification ; soil fumigation ; tomato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Soil fumigation, commonly used in vegetable production, may alter the rate of nitrification, affecting availability of N for crop use. The objective of this research was to examine effects of soil fumigation and N fertilizer source on tomato growth and soil NO3–N and NH4–N in field production. Experiments 1 and 2 included application of methyl bromide at 420 kg ha-1 to a Norfolk sandy loam (fine loamy siliceous thermic Typic Kandiudult) in combination with preplant applications of calcium nitrate, ammonium nitrate, and ammonium sulfate at 144 kg N ha-1. An additional fumigant, metam-sodium, was included in the second experiment at 703 L ha-1 (268 kg sodium methyldithiocarbamate ha-1). Experiment 3 included methyl bromide and metam-sodium, with ammonium sulfate as the sole source of N applied at 144 kg N ha-1. In the first two studies, fumigants had little or no effect on soil NH4–N or NO3–N concentration. Tomato plants were larger and fruit yield was greater in fumigated plots, but there were few growth or yield responses to N source. In the third experiment, fumigants increased concentration of soil NO3–N and NH4–N at 16 days after fumigation (DAF), however, there was no effect on nitrification owing to fumigants. It appears that N source selection to overcome inhibition of nitrification is not necessary in plant production systems that involve fumigation
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1009707030892
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    Variation among seven genotypes of Lycopersicon esculentum and 36 accessions of L. hirsutum for interspecific crossability (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 101 (1998), S. 185-191 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: crossability ; interspecific hybridization ; Lycopersicon esculentum ; Lycopersicon hirsutum ; tomato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract To improve the efficiency of introgressing genes from Lycopersicon hirsutum (H) into L. esculentum (E), environmental and genetic variation for the number of progeny per fruit from E × H crosses was quantified. Over three dates in a year, 36 H accessions were crossed to seven E accessions in a greenhouse. The proportion of total variation for the number of E × H progeny per fruit due to environment (dates, location, and error), H accession, E accession, interactions between E and H, and interactions between accessions and environments was 0.42, 0.26, 0.12, 0.11, and 0.09, respectively. Sampling greater numbers of fruit on a single date improved the efficiency of recovering progeny more than increased sampling over time. The specific combination of E and H parents can profoundly affect the number of E × H progeny recovered and therefore the efficiency of gene introgression. Accessions of H from the southern edge of the species' natural geographic range generally yielded few to zero progeny per fruit in crosses with E. In contrast to the southern H accessions, most northern accessions produced greater than 40 E × H progeny per fruit. Most genes within H should be readily accessible for tomato breeding but genes that are found only in southern H accessions may be challenging to introgress.
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    Variation of 2-Tridecanone level in tomato plant leaflets and resistance to two mite species (Tetranychus sp.) (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 104 (1998), S. 33-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum ; Lycopersicon esculentum ; methyl ketone ; spider mites ; Tetranychus urticae ; Tetranychus ludeni ; tomato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The wild tomato accession Lycopersicon hirsutum f. glabratum ‘PI 134417’ is a promising source of resistance to arthropods in tomato. It is self compatible and intercrosses easily with the cultivated species Lycopersicon esculentum. It is resistant to several arthropods, including spider mites, and these resistances have been related to the presence of high contents of 2-tridecanone (2-TD) and other methyl ketones in the leaves. The objective of this study was to evaluate the contribution of 2-TD concentration in the leaflets of Lycopersicon for resistance to the spider mites Tetranychus urticae (Koch, 1836) and T. ludeni Zacher, 1913. Plants of two segregating generations (F2) were evaluated through the thumbtack bioassay (Weston & Snyder, 1990) in two different assays. Both experiments included as checks L. esculentum ‘TSWV-547’ (mite susceptible), L. hirsutum f. glabratum ‘PI 134417’ (resistant) and the interspecific hybrid F1 (TSWV-547 × PI 134417). In the first experiment, 10 genotypes selected from F2 (TSWV-547 × PI 134417), with contrasting 2-TD concentrations in the leaflets, were tested for resistance to T. urticae. In a second experiment, seven genotypes of the F2 (TSWV-547 × BPX-318p1#230), also with contrasting 2-TD concentrations, were used to evaluate the resistance to T. ludeni. BPX-318p1#230 is a single plant selected from the segregating population F2 (TSWV-547 × PI 134417) for its high 2-TD content. In both experiments, high negative correlations (r = − 0.88; − 0.91 and − 0.93 in the first experiment, and r = − 0.78, − 0.99 and − 0.96 in the second experiment) were found between the 2-TD content and average distance travelled by the spider mites after 60, 90 and 120 minutes, respectively. The level of resistance (repellency) to spider mites T. urticae and T. ludeni in the genus Lycopersicon appears to be mediated by the 2-TD levels present in the tomato leaflets. The similar results of both experiments showed that selection for high 2-TD content in leaflets can lead to genetic improvement in the direction of increased levels of spider mite resistance in tomato.
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    Phytotoxicity of the fluoride ion and its uptake from solution culture by Avena sativa and Lycopersicon esculentum (1998)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 200 (1998), S. 119-129 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: fluoride ; oat ; plant uptake ; solution culture ; tomato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Avena sativa (oats) and Lycopersicon esculentum (tomatoes) were grown in dilute nutrient solutions containing varying concentrations of fluoride (F). Shoot and root growth of tomatoes were limited when calculated F ion activities (F-) were greater than 1473 μM in solution. However, F- activities up to 5130 μm had no effect on the dry weights of oat shoots or roots, suggesting that tomatoes are more sensitive to F toxicity. At low F activities in solution (〈1684 μM) F concentrations in plant shoots increased almost linearly with activity, but then increased rapidly before reaching an upper asymptote. These findings are discussed in relation to plant uptake and toxicity of F. The complexation of Ca with F has been proposed as the mechanism of selectively altering membrane permeability to F, but further studies are required to confirm the role of Ca. Data recalculated from the literature and from this paper also suggest that growth solution ionic strength is positively related to uptake of F- by plants.
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    Phytotoxicity of hydrogen fluoride and fluoroborate and their uptake from solution culture by Lycopersicon esculentum and Avena sativa (1998)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 200 (1998), S. 175-184 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: fluoroborate ; hydrogen fluoride ; oat ; plant uptake ; solution culture ; tomato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The aims of this paper were to determine the phytoavailability and phytotoxicity of hydrogen fluoride (HF) and fluoroborate (BF 4 - ) in solution when exposed to the root of the plant. As fluoroborate undergoes a slow hydrolysis to F and borate ions, the stability of BF 4 - under solution culture conditions was determined. Fluoroborate was found to have a zero order rate constant of 0.0136 and took approximately 72 days to hydrolyse completely. Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum) and oat (Avena sativa) plants were grown in dilute nutrient solutions which contained a range of activities of HF and BF 4 - . Dry matter production of both tomato and oat plants grown in nutrient solutions were found to be restricted by increased activity of HF and BF 4 - in solution. Tomatoes were more sensitive to HF and BF 4 - than oats. Limitations to dry matter production coincided with increased uptake of F for F concentrations in tissue of both tomatoes and oats. Fluoride uptake of both HF and BF by tomatoes and oats was orders of magnitude higher compared to similar activities of other ionic species of F reported in previous studies. Possible mechanisms of uptake are discussed.
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    A SCAR marker linked to the ToMV resistance gene, Tm22, in tomato (1998)
    Springer
    Euphytica 101 (1998), S. 73-77 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: TMV ; RAPD ; gene-tagging ; tomato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based co-dominant marker was developed which is tightly linked to Tm22. This dominant locus confers resistance to ToMV in tomato. Random-amplified-polymorphic DNA (RAPD) screening was carried out with DNA from ToMV-susceptible and resistant tomato near-isogenic lines. A polymorphic band linked to ToMV resistance was observed. The polymorphic fragment was cloned and the DNA sequences of both ends determined. Specific PCR primers were designed from these sequences. PCR amplification with the specific primers resulted in an amplified band (SCAR) in both susceptible and resistant tomato lines. The amplified band from the susceptible lines could, however, be discerned from that of the resistant ones after cleavage with the restriction enzyme Hind III. In an F2 population of 90, the polymorphic markers co-segregated with susceptibility or resistance, as determined by biological assays for ToMV resistance. The reported SCAR marker is linked to ToMV resistance not only in cultivars derived from American lineage, but also from European lineage. This method enables the distinction of homozygous and heterozygous individual plants in segregating populations, and provides a convenient and rapid assay for both selection and quality control during breeding programs and hybrid seed production, respectively.
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    Flowering in the uniflora mutant of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.): description of the reproductive structure and manipulation of flowering time (1998)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 25 (1998), S. 149-157 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: cutting ; defoliation ; flowering ; Lycopersicon esculentum ; meristem identity gene ; season effects ; tomato ; topping ; uniflora mutant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The uniflora (uf) mutant of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) is known to produce solitary, normal, fertile flowers instead of inflorescences. Histological and SEM studies revealed that this unusual reproductive structure resulted from the inability of the plant to produce an inflorescence and not from post-initiation abortion processes affecting young flower buds. Development prior to floral transition was apparently not affected by the mutation since rates of germination and leaf initiation were identical in both uf and the ‘Ailsa Craig’ (AC) initial cultivar. However, the time of flowering of the mutant was always delayed as compared to AC. In uf, environmental conditions markedly influenced flowering time which occurred early in all individuals in summer, but was strongly delayed during winter, with less than 20% plants reaching flowering before having initiated 40 leaves. Defoliation treatments stimulated floral transition in uf plants since 100% flowering occurred whatever the season and since the time of floral transition was usually advanced in comparison to the non-defoliated control plants. Similarly, compared to intact uf plants, flowering of terminal meristem of cuttings and upper axillary bud of decapitated plants was promoted. The involvement of correlative influences and assimilate availability in the control of flowering in tomato is suggested by these findings.
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    Induced systemic resistance in Trichoderma harzianum T39 biocontrol of Botrytis cinerea (1998)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 104 (1998), S. 279-286 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: bean ; grey mould ; pepper ; plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria ; systemic acquired resistance ; tomato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Biocontrol of Botrytis cinerea with Trichoderma spp. is generally believed to result from direct interaction of the biocontrol agent with the pathogen or from a Trichoderma-induced change in environmental conditions that affects B. cinerea development. In this work we provide arguments for the participation of induced plant defence in T. harzianum T39 control of B. cinerea. In tomato, lettuce, pepper, bean and tobacco, T. harzianum T39 application at sites spatially separated from the B. cinerea inoculation resulted in a 25–100%percnt; reduction of grey mould symptoms, caused by a delay or suppression of spreading lesion formation. Given the spatial separation of both micro-organisms, this effect was attributed to the induction of systemic resistance by T. harzianum T39. The observation that in bean the effect of T. harzianum T39 was similar to that of the rhizobacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa KMPCH, a reference strain for the induction of systemic resistance, confirmed this hypothesis. Since B. cinerea control on tobacco leaves sprayed with T. harzianum T39 was similar to the control on leaves from T. harzianum T39 soil-treated plants, induction of plant defence might also participate in biocontrol on treated leaves.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008628806616
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  • 47
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    Methane uptake in Swedish forest soil in relation to liming and extra N-deposition (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 25 (1997), S. 296-301 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Methane ; Forest soil ; pH ; Liming ; Nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Methane uptake to soil was examined in individual chambers at three small forest catchments with different treatments, Control, Limed and Nitrex sites, where N-deposition was experimentally increased. The catchments consisted of both well-drained forest and wet sphagnum areas, and showed uptake of CH4 from the ambient air. The lowest CH4 uptakes were observed in the wet areas, where the different treatments did not influence the uptake rate. In the well-drained areas the CH4 uptakes were 1.6, 1.4 and 0.6 kg ha–1 year–1 for the Limed, Control and Nitrex sites, respectively. The uptake of methane at the well-drained Nitrex site was statistically smaller than at the other well-drained catchments. Both acidification and increase in nitrogen in the soil, caused by the air-borne deposition, are the probable cause for the reduction in the methane uptake potential. Uptake of methane was correlated to soil water content or temperature for individual chambers at the well-drained sites. The uptake rate of methane in soil cores was largest in the 0- to 10-cm upper soil layer. The concentration of CH4 in the soil was lower than the atmospheric concentration up to 30 cm depth, where methane production occurred. Besides acting as a sink for atmospheric methane, the oxidizing process in soil prevents the release of produced methane from deeper soil layers reaching the atmosphere.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050318
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  • 48
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    Field-scale and laboratory study of factors affecting N2O emissions from a rye stubble field on sandy loam soil (1997)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 25 (1997), S. 366-371 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Water addition ; Nitrogen ; Glucose ; O2 content ; Temperature ; Closed-chamber method
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Emission of N2O from cultivated and fertilised soils may contribute significantly to the total global N2O emission. This study included laboratory and field investigations of the N2O production from a dry stubble field as influenced by addition of water, nitrogen and glucose. N2O fluxes were measured using a closed-chamber technique, and the O2 content in the soil was measured using soil probes. Results from a laboratory soil core technique were correlated to the relative N2O emission observed in the field. When the soil water content in the field increased from 14% to 60% water-filled pore space, the N2O emission increased from non-significant to a constant emission of 30 μg N m–2 h–1. At this soil water content the production of N2O was limited by the availability of nitrogen and carbon. Application of nitrogen at soil temperatures of 13 and 21°C in a pre-wetted soil increased the N2O emission 3.1- and 3.7-fold, respectively, whereas nitrogen plus carbon application increased the N2O emission 13.3- and 7.3-fold, respectively. In both treatments the N2O emission rates were affected by fluctuations in soil temperature and O2 content. The results indicate that even in a soil producing very little N2O under dry conditions, the soil microbial community maintains a potential to produce N2O when favourable conditions occur in terms of availability of water, nitrogen and carbon.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003740050327
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  • 49
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    Needle CO2 exchange, structure and defense traits in relation to needle age in Pinus heldreichii Christ – a relict of Tertiary flora (1997)
    Springer
    Trees 12 (1997), S. 82-89 
    Details
    ISSN: 0931-1890
    Keywords: Key words Pinus leucodermis ; Photosynthesis ; Respiration ; Nitrogen ; Chlorophyll
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  Pinus heldreichii Christ is a long-lived, slow-growing Tertiary relict from the Balkans. In this study we evaluated the physiological characteristics of eight needle-age classes of P. heldreichii grown at the Arboretum of the Institute of Dendrology in Kórnik, Poland. At the end of the growing season, current-year foliage had the highest rates of mass-based light-saturated net photosynthesis (Asat) of 33.5 nmol CO2· g–1· s–1. Asat decreased with needle age, but older needle classes retained from approximately 62 to 26% of the current needles’ rate. The relationship between leaf N and chlorophyll a concentration among all needle-age classes was highly significant (r = 0.96, P = 0.0006). The variation in Asat of 1- to 7-year-old needles was linearly related to needle N concentration (r = 0.98, P = 0.0001). Needle dark respiration rates among these needle age classes ranged from 0.8 to 2.2 nmol · g–1· s–1 and decreased with needle age and nitrogen concentration. Total phenols and glucose concentrations increased linearly with needle age. A similar pattern was observed in acid buffering capacity and the pH of tissue homogenates. The water content ranged from 62% for the current needles to 51% for the 6-year-old needles. Greater investment in leaf structural tissue and increased chemical defense is associated with higher structural cost of older needles and may reduce their photosynthetic activity. Significant declines in water and nitrogen content with needle age and an increase in content of phenolics is most likely a defense adaptation of P. heldreichii related to the species’ long-lived leaves.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00009700
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  • 50
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    Comparison of an in vitro and a damping-off assay to test soils for suppressiveness to Pythium aphanidermatum (1997)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 103 (1997), S. 55-63 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: cellophane ; conduciveness ; conventional ; cover crops ; damping-off ; Lycopersicon esculentum ; organic ; receptivity ; tomato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Testing of soil samples in greenhouse assays for suppressiveness to soilborne plant pathogens requires a considerable investment in time and effort as well as large numbers of soil samples. To make it possible to process large numbers of samples efficiently, we compared an in vitro growth assay with a damping-off assay using Pythium aphanidermatum as the test organism on tomato seedlings. The in vitro test compares the radial growth or relative growth of the fungus in soil to that in autoclaved soil and reflects suppressiveness of soils to the pathogen. We used soils from a field experiment that had been farmed either organically or conventionally and into which a cover crop (oats and vetch in mixture) had been incorporated 0, 10, 21, and 35 days previously. We obtained a significant, positive correlation between damping-off severities of tomato seedlings in damping-off assays and both relative and radial growth in vitro. In addition, radial and relative growth of P. aphanidermatum in the in vitro assay were positively correlated with several carbon and nitrogen variables measured for soil and incorporated debris. We did not find differences between the two farming systems for either growth measures of P. aphanidermatum or disease severities on tomato at different stages of cover crop decomposition. The in vitro assay shows potential for use with any fungus that exhibits rapid saprophytic growth, and is most suitable for routine application in suppressiveness testing.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1008603006217
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  • 51
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    Effects of potassium deficiency on tomato growth and mineral nutrition at the early production stage (1997)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 189 (1997), S. 189-196 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: growth ; potassium deficiency ; potassium ; sodium ; tomato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of potassium deficiency on hydroponically grown tomato were investigated at the early production stage (23 leaves, 3 trusses). Two types of potassium deficiency were applied : the permanent deficiency lasted for 23 days whereas the 10-day temporary deficiency was followed by a 7-day period of potassium supply resumption. Growth was assessed through non-destructive measurements. Permanent potassium deficiency resulted in growth slow-down before visual symptoms appeared on the adult leaves (leaves 12 to 17), but the older leaves (next to the first truss) were not affected. Temporary potassium deficiency reduced the growth rate, but, after potassium supply resumption, the plants recovered a growth pattern which was similar to that of the control plants. The potassium of the older leaves appeared to be less mobilizable than that present in the adult leaves where the visual deficiency symptoms appeared. Potassium uptake kinetics during the potassium supply resumption period were investigated on the plants submitted to temporary deficiency. In tomato plants which had been temporarily deprived of potassium before being transferred onto a standard nutrient solution, potassium uptake was faster than in the control plants. This result is to be related to the plant ability to recover a normal growth pattern. As a result of the occurrence of K-Mg and K-Na antagonisms, the sum of the cations was maintained at a constant value in some plant organs.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004263304657
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  • 52
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    Genetic nature of bacterial wilt resistance in tomato (lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) accession La 1421 (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 96 (1997), S. 323-326 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: epistatis ; genetics ; Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium ; Ralstonia solanacearum ; selection ; bacterial wilt ; tomato ; Lycopersicon esculentum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The genetic nature of bacterial wilt resistance in tomato was studied in two crosses based on the number of days of survival (quantitative) in the field before the appearance of wilt symptoms. Significant differences were observed between generation means in both crosses (LA 1421 × Cascade and LA 1421 × Caraibo). This study indicates that resistance identified in Lycopersicon esculentum var. cerasiforme LA 1421 may be different from that derived from L. pimpinellifolium. However, the genetic mechanism seems to be complex with a duplicate form of epistasis. Results suggest that selection for resistance from crosses between LA 1421 and Cascade should preferably be delayed until a high level of fixation of genes is attained. The variation observed in the F2 and BC2 progeny of the Caraibo cross, suggested that genetic combination between the two resistance sources can lead to higher levels of resistance.
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  • 53
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    Effect of three anthocyaninless genes on germination in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) I. Seed germination under optimal conditions (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 95 (1997), S. 89-98 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: anthocyanin ; isogenic lines ; Lycopersicon esculentum ; seed germination ; tomato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of three mutant genes affecting anthocyanin biosynthesis – anthocyaninless of Hoffmann (ah), anthocyaninwithout (aw) and baby lea syndrome (bls) – on tomato germination capacities at 24 ° C was investigated. The study was performed on nine anthocyanin containing lines – Apedice, Apeca, Ailsa Craig, Monfavet 167, Monfavet 168, Por, Piernita, VF 36 and VFNT cherry and 13 isogenic/near isogenic lines (IL/NIL) from them: 4 differing for gene ah, 3 differing for gene aw and 6 differing for gene bls). In the majority of the anthocyaninless IL/NILs germination began earlier than that in the wild type lines. Significant differences were observed in the time to 50% germination between the anthocyanin-containing and the anthocyaninless IL/NILs except for the most rapidly germinating line VFNT cherry. Seed weight, water uptake, effect of testa removal and presence or absence of maternal effects in F1 germination responses were investigated in order to elucidate the causes of the more rapid germination in the anthocyaninless IL/NILs. The increased amount of water uptake by the anthocyaninless lines, the shorter treatment time necessary for their testa removal, the important maternal effects in the genetic variability of the time to 50% germination and the differences in germination capacities between the wild type and the mutant IL/NILs after testa removal, indicated that the seed coat and the endosperm had to be affected by the effects of the three genes in a way that caused enhanced germination.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002906013961
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  • 54
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    A male-fertile Lycopersicon esculentum × Solanum lycopersicoides hybrid enables direct backcrossing to tomato at the diploid level (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 95 (1997), S. 99-108 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: breeding ; Botrytis cinerea ; gray mold ; introgression ; isozymes ; tomato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Solanum lycopersicoides Dun. is a wild nightshade native to Chile and Peru that possesses many traits of potential interest to tomato breeders, including environmental stress tolerance, resistances to disease and insect pests, and certain fruit quality characteristics. Sexual and somatic hybrids with the cultivated tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) are readily obtained, yet have a strong tendency towards male-sterility combined with unilateral incompatibility, barriers that have deterred breeding efforts in the past. We report herein the synthesis of a partially male-fertile F1 hybrid by sexual crosses between tomato and a recently collected population of S. lycopersicoides. Over 280 BC1 plants were obtained by directed backcrossing to tomato at the diploid level, of which 58 were sufficiently fertile to permit selfing or additional backcrosses. The transmission of S. lycopersicoides genetic markers into a uniform L. esculentum background was confirmed with 24 isozyme or morphological loci on 11 of the 12 alien chromosomes. Potentially useful tolerance to gray mold (Botrytis cinerea) was demonstrated by inoculation of stem cuttings with mycelial plugs: at 6 days post-inoculation, the intergeneric hybrid showed little evidence of disease progression and the length of stem lesions averaged only one third that of susceptible controls.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002958030799
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  • 55
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    Phosphate induced carboxylate and proton release by tomato roots (1997)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 191 (1997), S. 35-39 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: carboxylic anions ; P ; pH ; roots ; tomato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Exudation of carboxylic anions and protons by plant roots plays an important role in mobilizing soil P under P-deficiency conditions. The objective of this work was to quantify short-term (6 h) carboxylate and H+ exudation by tomato roots in response to P concentration (0, 0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 mt M P) in nutrient solution (Cp). The exudation rate of tri- and dicarboxylates decreased exponentially with increasing Cp, from 0.3 to 0.03 μmol plant−1 6h−1. At low Cp the predominant exudates were fumarate, citrate and succinate, while at Cp=0.5 and 1.0 mt M the prevalent anions were succinate and citrate. The solution pH declined sharply as Cp was lowered from 0.1 (pH=4.2) to 0 mt M P (pH=3.7).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1004262730434
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  • 56
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    Release of carboxylic anions and protons by tomato roots in response to ammonium nitrate ratio and pH in nutrient solution (1997)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 191 (1997), S. 27-34 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: carboxylic anions ; NH 4 + /NO 3 − ; pH ; roots ; tomato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The exudation of certain organic anions and protons by roots which may affect solubility of metals and P and uptake by plants, is affected by nitrogen form and pH. The objective of this work was to study exudation of carboxylates and H+/OH− by tomato plants in response to NH4/NO3 ratio and pH in nutrient solution. Four NH4/(NH4+NO3) ratios (R= 0, 0.33, 0.67 and 1) and constant vs. variable solution pH treatments were investigated. The sum of the exudation rates of all carboxylates tended to decline with increasing R, particularly tri- and dicarboxylates. The molar fraction of the exuded tri- and dicarboxylates, averaged over all treatments and plant ages, increased in the order tartarate ∼2%), malate (∼6%), succinate (∼15%), citrate (∼26%) and fumarate (∼46%). At R=1 the solution pH dropped from 5.2 to ∼3 and at R=0 increased to ∼8. The R corresponding to the pH stat of tomato plant was ∼0.3. For the constant solution pH treatment, the effect of solution pH on carboxylate exudation rate was small as compared to the effect of R. The exudation of citrate and H+ efflux which were initiated when NO3 and NH4 uptake rates per plant exceeded certain threshold values, increased with plant age.
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  • 57
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    Effect of three anthocyaninless genes on germination in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) II. Seed germination under stress conditions (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 97 (1997), S. 31-38 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: anthocyanin ; seed germination ; stress conditions ; tomato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Seeds from four pairs of tomato isogenic/near-isogenic lines (IL/NIL) differing for anthocyaninless of Hoffmann (ah), three pairs of IL/NILs differing for anthocyaninwithout (aw) and six pairs of IL/NILs differing for baby lea syndrome (bls) were evaluated for their germination ability under stress conditions: low and high temperature, salt and osmotic stress. Mutant genes affecting anthocyanin biosynthesis enhanced tomato germination capacity under all above mentioned treatments, except for the aw gene under a PEG-6000 treatment. Testa removal accelerated germination under stress conditions, but differences in time to 50% germination between the wild type lines and their ah-, aw- and bls-IL/NILs although diminished, were not eliminated.
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    Recovery of ethylene biosynthesis in diazocyclopentadiene (DACP)-treated tomato fruit (1997)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 22 (1997), S. 73-78 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: ACC ; ACC oxidase ; ACC synthase ; color ; DACP ; ethylene production ; Lycopersicon esculentum ; Northern analysis ; respiration ; tomato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Diazocyclopentadiene (DACP), a competitive ethylene action inhibitor binds irreversibly to the ethylene receptor to reduce tissue responses to ethylene. Tomato fruit (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill cv lsquo;Rondellorsquo;) were treated with DACP at the mature green stage. Ethylene biosynthesis and respiration rate were depressed. Color changes from green to red were delayed. Compared to the control, ACC content increased and ACC oxidase activity in vivo decreased in DACP-treated fruit. Thus, decrease of ethylene production caused by DACP treatment was due to the reduction of ACC oxidase activity. The decline in ripening subsequently recovered after DACP treatment. Results from the Northern analysis for gene expression of ACC synthase and ACC oxidase, showed that expression of both genes declined in DACP-treated fruit, and then recovered. Therefore the recovery of ethylene production was due to the recovery in gene expression and activity of ACC oxidase. We conclude that the effects of DACP on ethylene biosynthesis are on expression of ACC synthase and ACC oxidase genes, and/or regulation of ACC oxidase activity.
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    Screening for resistance in wild Lycopersicon species to Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici race 1 and race 2 (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 93 (1997), S. 145-153 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: tomato ; Lycopersicon esculentum ; wild species ; Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici ; resistance ; genetic variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Wild Lycopersicon accessions were screened for resistance to the Fusarium wilt disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici (Fol) race 1 and race 2. In total, four isolates of each race were used. Among 17 accessions of six Lycopersicon species tested, a wide genetic variation for wilt resistance was observed. Most accessions were highly susceptible, some showed intermediate resistance, but one accession of L. cheesmanii (G1.1615 = PI 266375) and two accessions of L. chilense (G1.1556 and G1.1558) were highly resistant to Fol races 1 and 2. The resistance in the latter three accessions equalled or was higher than the resistance determined by the known I-genes, that have been widely used in breeding programmes. These newly found resistant accessions provide breeders with more opportunities for Fusarium disease resistance and may contribute to our understanding of Fusarium disease resistance gene organisation and evolution.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1023/A:1002943805229
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    2-Tridecanone-mediated mechanisms of resistance to the South American tomato pinworm Scrobipalpuloides absoluta (Meyrick, 1917) (Lepidoptera-Gelechiidae) in Lycopersicon spp (1997)
    Springer
    Euphytica 93 (1997), S. 189-194 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: Lycopersicon esculentum ; Lycopersicon hirsutum ; var. glabratum ; insect resistance ; methyl-ketones ; non-preference ; oviposition ; feeding ; antibiosis ; tomato ; South American tomato pinworm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Oviposition and feeding of Scrobipalpuloides absoluta was studied on plants of seven different genotypes with varying 2-tridecanone (2-TD) foliage concentrations: Lycopersicon esculentum var. glabratum 'PI 134417' (= GLA), L. esculentum 'TSWV-547' (= ESC), F1 (ESC × GLA), and 4 F2 genotypes – two with high 2-TD (HI1, HI2), and two with low foliage 2-TD concentrations (LO1, LO2). GLA, HI1 and HI2 showed 2-TD concentrations above 185 × 10-1 2 moles/cm2, while ESC, LO1 and LO2 had 2-TD below 40 × 10-1 2 moles/cm2; F1 had intermediary levels of 2-TD (83,5 × 10-1 2 moles 2-TD/cm2). Ovipositioning was substantially higher in the low 2-TD than on either the high 2-TD genotypes or in the F1, especially in the upper portion of the plants. Scores for leaf lesion type (LLT), overall plant damage (OPD) and percent leaflets attacked (PLA) were substantially higher for the low 2-TD than for either the high 2-TD genotypes or the F1. The results indicate that 2-TD mediates resistance to S. absoluta in the interspecific cross, and strongly suggest that 2-TD acts as both an ovipositioning and feeding deterrent for this insect.
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    Vermicomposting of coffee pulp using the earthworm Eisenia fetida: Effects on C and N contents and the availability of nutrients (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 22 (1996), S. 162-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Carbon ; Coffee pulp ; Eisenia fetida ; Nitrogen ; Nutrients ; Vermicomposting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In Colombia, more than 1 million tons of coffee pulp are produced every year. Its transformation into compost by means of turned piles has led to a final product with poor physical and chemical characteristics and vermicomposting has been suggested as an alternative method of transforming these wastes into a useful organic fertilizer. The ability of the earthworm Eisenia fetida to transform coffee pulp into a valuable compost was evaluated. The influence of bed depth and time on different C fractions, N content and availability of nutrients was studied. The results showed that the C and N contents were not affected by the depth of the bed, whereas time affected both. An increase in the fractionation ratio, determined by calculating the C in the fraction smaller than 100 μm as a percentage of C in the samples as a whole, and low values of humic-like substances were recorded during vermicomposting. After ingestion of the pulp by the earthworms, an increase in available P, Ca, and Mg but a decrease in K were detected.
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  • 62
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    Effects of cropping systems on nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium forms and soil organic carbon in a Gray Luvisol (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 22 (1996), S. 184-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Cropping systems ; Soil organic matter ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Potassium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of up to 23 years of agricultural cropping of a boreal forest soil on soil organic carbon (SOC) and N, P, and K pools were studied. The cropping systems studied were: (a) continuous barley, (b) continuous forage bromegrass, (c) continuous forage legume, and (d) barley/grass-legume forage rotation. Continuous bromegrass increased while other cropping systems decreased SOC in the surface soil. Kjeldahl N in soil approximately followed the trend in SOC. The net gain in N under continuous grass was attributed mostly to nonsymbiotic N fixation. Changes in SOC content appeared to be also influenced by cropping and tillage frequencies. Changes in fixed (intercalary) ammonium were small. There was no measurable change in total P, in part, because input was only slightly higher than crop offtake. Organic P increased under continuous bromegrass, and tended to decrease under continuous legume. The C/N and C/P ratios of soil organic matter decreased slightly with cropping. Exchangeable K (Kex) was decreased by cropping systems containing a legume crop to a greater extent than those without a legume crop. Most of the decrease occurred in the 0–15 cm depth. Nitric acid extractable K was not affected by cropping. Since net loss of Kex to 30 cm depth was substantially less than crop offtake, it is suggested that subsoil K reserves and matrix K were supplying a major portion of the crops' K requirement. It is concluded that the effects of cropping systems on SOC, N, P and K are influenced by crop type, and cropping and tillage frequencies.
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  • 63
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    Electronic Resource
    Microbial C and N dynamics during mesophilic and thermophilic incubations of ryegrass (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 22 (1996), S. 1-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Microbial Biomass ; Carbon ; Nitrogen ; Chloroform-fumigation extraction ; Temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Laboratory studies were conducted to determine C and N dynamics during the decomposition of ryegrass straw under mesophilic and thermophilic conditions. A KC of 0.61 was developed for the chloroform-fumigation extraction method to estimate microbial biomass C. These estimates showed that the C and N requirement of the thermophilic biomass was approximately 50% of the mesophilic biomass. There was no relationship between chloroform-fumigation microbial biomass estimates and plating of microorganisms from straw on specific media. Mineralized C was measured as 185 and 210 g kg–1 straw in the 25°C and 50°C treatments, respectively. The efficiency of microbial substrate use, on a total straw basis, was 34 and 28% in the 25°C and 50°C incubations, respectively. The level of soluble C declined more slowly than total C mineralization at both temperatures, indicating that a portion of the labile C was not readily biodegradable. The addition of N decreased the rate of C mineralization at both temperatures. The reduced N requirement of the thermophiles explains why rapid degradation of the high C:N residue occurred without additional N or the need for the addition of a low C:N ratio substrate. Additional inoculum did not affect the decomposition process. We conclude that the promotion of thermophilic biomass activities, through composting for example, may prove useful in upgrading agricultural wastes for introduction into sustainable cropping systems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00384425
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  • 64
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    Electronic Resource
    Release and consumption of nitrogen by snail feces in Negev Desert soils (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 23 (1996), S. 399-404 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Snails ; Nitrogen ; Desert ; Mineralization ; Nitrification ; Respiration ; Feces ; N cycling processes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Snail grazing and feces production have been shown to be major components of the nitrogen (N) budget of Negev Desert ecosystems. However, the movement of N from feces into soil N cycling processes has not been studied. In this study, we measured immediate N release from different types of snail feces following wetting of dry desert soils, and characterized potential net N mineralization and nitrification and soil respiration over a 12-day incubation under laboratory conditions. The dynamics of inorganic N exhibited two distinct phases during the 12-day incubation: (1) immediate release of inorganic N following wetting of the soil and (2) decline of inorganic N from day 1 to day 12 of the incubation. The immediate pulse of N release from this one wetting event (6–25 mg N m–2) was larger than annual atmospheric inputs of N to Negev Desert ecosystems (〈2 mg N m–2); however, from 50 to 80% of the N released upon wetting was consumed by the end of the incubation. There were differences in inorganic N release and respiration from feces from different kinds of snails, and from feces from the same species of snail fed different plants. The results suggest that while snail feces contribute significant amounts of plant available N to Negev ecosystems, plants must compete with other “sinks” for this N.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00335913
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  • 65
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Release and consumption of nitrogen by snail feces in Negev Desert soils (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 23 (1996), S. 399-404 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Snails ; Nitrogen ; Desert ; Mineralization ; Nitrification ; Respiration ; Feces ; N cycling processes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Snail grazing and feces production have been shown to be major components of the nitrogen (N) budget of Negev Desert ecosystems. However, the movement of N from feces into soil N cycling processes has not been studied. In this study, we measured immediate N release from different types of snail feces following wetting of dry desert soils, and characterized potential net N mineralization and nitrification and soil respiration over a 12-day incubation under laboratory conditions. The dynamics of morganic N exhibited two distinct phases during the 12-day incubation: (1) immediate release of inorganic N following wetting of the soil and (2) decline of inorganic N from day 1 today 12 of the incubation. The immediate pulse of N release from this one wetting event (6–25 mg N m-2) was larger than annual atmospheric inputs of N to Negev Desert ecosystems (〈2 mg N m-2); however, from 50 to 80% of the N released upon wetting was consumed by the end of the incubation. There were differences in inorganic N release and respiration from feces from different kinds of snails, and from feces from the same species of snail fed different plants. The results suggest that while snail feces contribute significant amounts of plant available N to Negev ecosystems, plants must compete with other “sinks” for this N.
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  • 66
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    Electronic Resource
    Disturbance effects on soil solution chemistry due to heating cable installation (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 22 (1996), S. 40-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Northern hardwoods ; Disturbance in soil ; Nitrogen ; Soil warming
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Installation of heating cables for warming soil was used to evaluate the effect of disturbance on soil solution chemistry within a northern hardwood forest (Adirondack Mountains, New York). Differences in response among treatments suggested the importance of both the depth and timing of cable installation. There were increases (p〉0.05) in many solutes within pilot study plots in which “surrogate cable” was installed at 15 cm depth. Most notably, mean nitrate concentrations for the 1st year following disturbance were 744 μeq l–1 at 15 cm depth compared to 7 μeq l–1 for the non-disturbed control. A comparison of pilot plots with 5 cm cable depth and an unheated soil-warming control plot with the same cable disturbance showed that the seasonality of soil disturbance may have a key role in response to disturbance. The soil solution response was diminished if installation occurred during the spring, a period of rapid uptake of nitrogen by vegetation. Mean nitrate concentrations were 176 μeq l–1 for 5-cm pilot plots (installed in fall 1991) versus 6 μeq l–1 for 5-cm, unheated soil-warming control plots (installed in spring 1992). Disturbance effects were attenuated over time and not generally apparent 1 year after installation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00384430
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  • 67
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Microbial C and N dynamics during mesophilic and thermophilic incubations of ryegrass (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 22 (1996), S. 1-9 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Microbial Biomass ; Carbon ; Nitrogen ; Chloroform-fumigation extraction ; Temperature
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Laboratory studies were conducted to determine C and N dynamics during the decomposition of ryegrass straw under mesophilic and thermophilic conditions. A KC of 0.61 was developed for the chloroform-fumigation extraction method to estimate microbial biomass C. These estimates showed that the C and N requirement of the thermophilic biomass was approximately 50% of the mesophilic biomass. There was no relationship between chloroform-fumigation microbial biomass estimates and plating of microorganisms from straw on specific media. Mineralized C was measured as 185 and 210 g kg-1 straw in the 25°C and 50°C treatments, respectively. The efficiency of microbial substrate use, on a total straw basis, was 34 and 28% in the 25°C and 50°C incubations, respectively. The level of soluble C declined more slowly than total C mineralization at both temperatures, indicating that a portion of the labile C was not readily biodegradable. The addition of N decreased the rate of C mineralization at both temperatures. The reduced N requirement of the thermophiles explains why rapid degradation of the high C:N residue occurred without additional N or the need for the addition of a low C:N ratio substrate. Additional inoculum did not affect the decomposition process. We conclude that the promotion of thermophilic biomass activities, through composting for example, may prove useful in upgrading agricultural wastes for introduction into sustainable cropping systems.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00384425
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  • 68
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    Vermicomposting of coffee pulp using the earthworm Eisenia fetida: Effects on C and N contents and the availability of nutrients (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 22 (1996), S. 162-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Carbon ; Coffee pulp ; Eisenia fetida ; Nitrogen ; Nutrients ; Vermicomposting
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In Colombia, more than 1 million tons of coffee pulp are produced every year. Its transformation into compost by means of turned piles has led to a final product with poor physical and chemical characteristics and vermicomposting has been suggested as an alternative method of transforming these wastes into a useful organic fertilizer. The ability of the earthworm Eisenia fetida to transform coffee pulp into a valuable compost was evaluated. The influence of bed depth and time on different C fractions, N content and availability of nutrients was studied. The results showed that the C and N contents were not affected by the depth of the bed, whereas time affected both. An increase in the fractionation ratio, determined by calculating the C in the fraction smaller than 100 μm as a percentage of C in the samples as a whole, and low values of humic-like substances were recorded during vermicomposting. After ingestion of the pulp by the earthworms, an increase in available P, Ca, and Mg but a decrease in K were detected.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00384449
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  • 69
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Disturbance effects on soil solution chemistry due to heating cable installation (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 22 (1996), S. 40-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Northern hardwoods ; Disturbance in soil ; Nitrogen ; Soil warming
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Installation of heating cables for warming soil was used to evaluate the effect of disturbance on soil solution chemistry within a northern hardwood forest (Adirondack Mountains, New York). Differences in response among treatments suggested the importance of both the depth and timing of cable installation. There were increases (p〉0.05) in many solutes within pilot study plots in which “surrogate cable” was installed at 15 cm depth. Most notably, mean nitrate concentrations for the 1st year following disturbance were 744 μeq l-1 at 15 cm depth compared to 7 μeq l-1 for the non-disturbed control. A comparison of pilot plots with 5 cm cable depth and an unheated soil-warming control plot with the same cable disturbance showed that the seasonality of soil disturbance may have a key role in response to disturbance. The soil solution response was diminished if installation occurred during the spring, a period of rapid uptake of nitrogen by vegetation. Mean nitrate concentrations were 176 μeq l-1 for 5-cm pilot plots (installed in fall 1991) versus 6 μeq l-1 for 5-cm, unheated soil-warming control plots (installed in spring 1992). Disturbance effects were attenuated over time and not generally apparent 1 year after installation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00384430
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  • 70
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    Effects of cropping systems on nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium forms and soil organic carbon in a Gray Luvisol (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 22 (1996), S. 184-190 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Key words Cropping systems ; Soil organic matter ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Potassium
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of up to 23 years of agricultural cropping of a boreal forest soil on soil organic carbon (SOC) and N, P, and K pools were studied. The cropping systems studied were: (a) continuous barley, (b) continuous forage bromegrass, (c) continuous forage legume, and (d) barley/grass-legume forage rotation. Continuous bromegrass increased while other cropping systems decreased SOC in the surface soil. Kjeldahl N in soil approximately followed the trend in SOC. The net gain in N under continuous grass was attributed mostly to nonsymbiotic N fixation. Changes in SOC content appeared to be also influenced by cropping and tillage frequencies. Changes in fixed (intercalary) ammonium were small. There was no measurable change in total P, in part, because input was only slightly higher than crop offtake. Organic P increased under continuous bromegrass, and tended to decrease under continuous legume. The C/N and C/P ratios of soil organic matter decreased slightly with cropping. Exchangeable K (Kex) was decreased by cropping systems containing a legume crop to a greater extent than those without a legume crop. Most of the decrease occurred in the 0–15 cm depth. Nitric acid extractable K was not affected by cropping. Since net loss of Kex to 30 cm depth was substantially less than crop offtake, it is suggested that subsoil K reserves and matrix K were supplying a major portion of the crops‘ K requirement. It is concluded that the effects of cropping systems on SOC, N, P and K are influenced by crop type, and cropping and tillage frequencies.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00384453
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  • 71
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    Effects of long-term open-air exposure to fluoride, nitrogen compounds and SO2 on visible symptoms, pollutant accumulation and ultrastructure of Scots pine and Norway spruce seedlings (1996)
    Springer
    Trees 10 (1996), S. 157-171 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Conifer ; Fluoride ; Nitrogen ; Sulphur dioxide ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Effects of SO2, aqueous fluoride (NaF) and a solution of nitrogen compounds (NH4NO3) on the visible symptoms, pollutant accumulation and ultrastructure of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] seedlings were studied in an open-air experiment lasting for 3 consecutive years. Visible injury symptoms were most pronounced in combination exposures and whenever F was applied. Visible symptoms correlated well with needle pollutant concentrations. Exposure to NaF increased needle F contents particularly when F was applied with SO2 or NH4NO3. This suggests that a reduction in N or SO2 emissions, in F polluted areas, could improve the condition of conifers via decreased accumulation of phytotoxic F in the needles. Norway spruce needles accumulated 2–10 times as much S and F as those of Scots pine. Microscopic observations showed various changes in the needle mesophyll cell ultrastructure. In both species, exposure to SO2 increased significantly the amount of cytoplasmic vacuoles, suggesting detoxification of excess sulphate or low pH. F treatments resulted in a significant enlargement of plastoglobuli in Scots pine and a darkening of plastoglobuli in Norway spruce. All exposures enhanced the accumulation of lipid bodies. An increased portion of translucent plastoglobuli was most pronounced in N treatments. Many of the ultrastructural changes and visible symptoms appeared only as number of years exposed increased, indicating that long-term experiments are needed. Both visible symptoms and ultrastructural changes pointed to the more pronounced sensitivity of Norway spruce compared to Scots pine. Ultrastructural results mostly supported earlier qualitative observations of F, N and SO2 effects on needle mesophyll cell ultrastructure. However, no reduction of thylakoids in SO2 containing exposure or curling of thylakoids in F exposure could be detected in the present study.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02340767
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  • 72
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    Effects of N addition rates on the productivity ofPicea sitchensis,Thuja plicata, andTsuga heterophylla seedlings (1996)
    Springer
    Trees 10 (1996), S. 189-197 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Nitrogen ; Picea sitchensis ; Relative growth rates ; Thuja plicata ; Tsuga heterophylla
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Seedlings ofPicea sitchensis, Thuja plicata andTsuga heterophylla were supplied N hydroponically at one of four exponentially increasing rates of addition (0.09, 0.07, 0.05, or 0.025 gN-1 day-1) for up to 3 months in a naturally illuminated glasshouse. Relative growth rates (RGR) were analyzed as a function of N uptake, the allocation of assimilated N to foliage (LNFR), foliar N concentrations (Nla) and met assimilation rates (NAR), which were combined to estimate N productivity (RGR per unit whole-plant N concentration). Nitrogen accumulation, biomass and N partitioning and RGR and its components varied with species in response to the different N regimes.T. heterophylla had the lowest maximum wholeplant N concentrations (wpN) and specific absorption rates for N and exhibited the least plasticity in root: shoot ratios as wpN increased from 11–21 mg g-1. In all species, RGR increased linearly with wpN, while LNFR increased curvilinearly. Foliar N (Nla) increased linearly with wpN and NAR increased linearly with Nla. The RGRs ofT. heterophylla were highest at wpNs up to 18 mg g-1, a result of higher foliar N use efficiencies (NAR/Nla). However, RGR increased more with wpN inT. plicata andP. sitchensis. Although LNFR increased with wpN in all species, foliar N use efficiency declined, possibly due to an increased partitioning of foliar soluble N to non-photosynthetic compounds. Thus, in each species, N productivity did not increase above intermediate levels of wpN: 14 mg g-1 inT. heterophylla, 16 mg g-1 inP. sitchensis and 17 mg g-1 inT. plicata.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02340771
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  • 73
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    Effects of N addition rates on the productivity ofPicea Sitchensis,Thuja plicata, andTsuga heterophylla seedlings (1996)
    Springer
    Trees 10 (1996), S. 198-205 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Nitrogen ; Photosynthesis ; Picea sitchensis ; Thuja plicata ; Tsuga heterophylla
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effects of differing, exponentially increasing rates of N addition (0.025, 0.05, 0.07 and 0.09 gN gN-1day-1) on photosynthesis, discrimination against13C and partitioning of foliar N to chlorophyll and major photosynthetic proteins were compared in seedlings of the evergreen conifersPicea sitchensis, Thuja plicata andTsuga heterophylla. T. heterophylla had the lowest range of foliar N concentrations (Nlm). Across species, photosynthetic rates (A) increased linearly with Nlm to a maximum at 21 mg g-1 and declined at higher Nlms. Species differences inA resulted from differences in Nlm, not from differences in photosynthetic N use efficiency. Self-shading may have causedA to decline at a high Nlm inP. sitchensis andT. plicata. Measurements of gas exchange and δ13C suggested that carboxylation capacity increased more than did stomatal conductance as Nlm increased. The responses were small and confined to Nlms associated with the lesser rates of N addition. Concentrations of total protein, ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (RUBISCO) and the light harvesting chlorophyll a/b protein complex (LHC) increased with Nlm, but the fraction of foliar N allocated to RUBISCO and LHC increased with Nlm only inP. sitchensis and only between the 0.025 and 0.05N regimes. The responsiveness ofA and concentrations of RUBISCO to Nlm were less than reported for deciduous C3 species.
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  • 74
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    Growth rates and nutrition status of an open and a closed population of Rhododendron ferrugineum L . in the northwestern Alps (France) (1996)
    Springer
    Trees 11 (1996), S. 91-98 
    Details
    ISSN: 0931-1890
    Keywords: Keywords Amino-acids ; Carbohydrates ; Cell compounds ; Nitrogen ; Rhododendron ferrugineum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  This study evaluates the utility of cell compounds as indicators of nutrition status of plant populations. An overview of the soluble free amino-acids, carbohydrates and P-compounds in the two year classes of leaves from Rhododendron ferrugineum populations showing variable biological performances, was drawn up using carbon-13 and phosphorus-31 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy (NMR). The results showed differences between the age of leaves and the degree of population closure. The open population, which has the smallest growth rate and net primary productivity, had generally lower levels of amino-acids but higher levels of carbohydrates and P-compounds. Neither the amounts of mineral nitrogen produced by the soils nor the total nitrogen concentrations in leaves differed significantly. Still we hypothesize that the nitrogen availability could be largely responsible for the variations observed between the populations, as phosphorus analyses showed that the two populations did not suffer significant P deficiencies. Differences in vitality of R. ferrugineum may be explained by the fact that in an open population R. ferrugineum is forced into a situation of sharing nutrients with other species while in a closed population it is the sole species to exploit a specific pool of nutrients. Finally we observed that the 13C- and 31P-NMR approach is more suitable for studying the nutrition status of plant populations under field conditions than the determination of the total amounts of different elementary nutrients.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00009660
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  • 75
    Electronic Resource
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    Effects of long-term open-air exposure to fluoride, nitrogen compounds and SO2 on visible symptoms, pollutant accumulation and ultrastructure of Scots pine and Norway spruce seedlings (1996)
    Springer
    Trees 10 (1996), S. 157-171 
    Details
    ISSN: 0931-1890
    Keywords: Key words Conifer ; Fluoride ; Nitrogen ; Sulphur dioxide ; Ultrastructure
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract  Effects of SO2, aqueous fluoride (NaF) and a solution of nitrogen compounds (NH4NO3) on the visible symptoms, pollutant accumulation and ultrastructure of Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and Norway spruce [Picea abies (L.) Karst.] seedlings were studied in an open-air experiment lasting for 3 consecutive years. Visible injury symptoms were most pronounced in combination exposures and whenever F was applied. Visible symptoms correlated well with needle pollutant concentrations. Exposure to NaF increased needle F contents particularly when F was applied with SO2 or NH4NO3. This suggests that a reduction in N or SO2 emissions, in F polluted areas, could improve the condition of conifers via decreased accumulation of phytotoxic F in the needles. Norway spruce needles accumulated 2 – 10 times as much S and F as those of Scots pine. Microscopic observations showed various changes in the needle mesophyll cell ultrastructure. In both species, exposure to SO2 increased significantly the amount of cytoplasmic vacuoles, suggesting detoxification of excess sulphate or low pH. F treatments resulted in a significant enlargement of plastoglobuli in Scots pine and a darkening of plastoglobuli in Norway spruce. All exposures enhanced the accumulation of lipid bodies. An increased portion of translucent plastoglobuli was most pronounced in N treatments. Many of the ultrastructural changes and visible symptoms appeared only as number of years exposed increased, indicating that long-term experiments are needed. Both visible symptoms and ultrastructural changes pointed to the more pronounced sensitivity of Norway spruce compared to Scots pine. Ultrastructural results mostly supported earlier qualitative observations of F, N and SO2 effects on needle mesophyll cell ultrastructure. However, no reduction of thylakoids in SO2 containing exposure or curling of thylakoids in F exposure could be detected in the present study.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/PL00009644
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  • 76
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    Determination of potentially mineralizable nitrogen in agricultural soil (1996)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 21 (1996), S. 114-120 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Statistical methods ; Mineralization ; Nitrogen ; First-order kinetics ; Incubation experiment ; Model for N mineralization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Potentially mineralizable soil N was determined after incubation for 2, 4, 8, 12, 16, 22, and 30 weeks, according to the Stanford and Smith method. A first-order kinetics model was used, and a simulation study was performed using three different statistical methods to estimate potentially mineralizable N and the rate constant k. The first method was based on the maximum-likelihood approach. The second one relied on nonlinear least square data fitting. The third method was based on linear of logarithmically transformed data. The results of the simulation study suggested that the non-linear least square method was preferable to the others. This method was then applied to real data from 30 different Italian soils. The values obtained for potentially mineralizable N were, on average, 10% of total N (mean standard error=0.9). The estimated value of k was 0.050 (mean standard error=0.005). Finally, from the values obtained for k and the results of the simulation, the results indicated that significantly less reliable estimates of potentially mineralizable N were obtained by using data for up to only 22 weeks of incubation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336002
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  • 77
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    Effects of fusaric acid on cells from tomato cultivars resistant or susceptible toFusarium oxysporum f. sp.Lycopersici (1996)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 102 (1996), S. 127-132 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: cell suspension culture ; ion leakage ; Lycopersicon esculentum ; tomato ; toxicity ; fusaric acid
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Cell suspension cultures were set up from two tomato cultivars, one resistant, (‘Rio grande’) and one susceptible (‘63.5’) toFusarium oxysporum f. sp.lycopersici. Growth rates of the two cell cultures were comparable. Toxicity of fusaric acid, expressed as the fresh weight loss, was analyzed: It was significant in both cases after 10 h, but toxicity was twice as high for ‘63.5’ suspension cells. In the same way, electrolyte leakage caused by fusaric acid was three times more important for ‘63.5’ suspension cells. Moreover, fusaric acid treatment resulted in an acidification of the extracellular medium for ‘63.5’ suspension cells (0.4 pH unit), whereas an alkalization was observed for ‘Rio grande’ suspension cells (0.2 pH unit). Preliminary experiments suggest that fusaric acid was partially metabolized by ‘Rio grande’ suspension cells, however, no detoxified forms of fusaric acid were detected either in cells or in culture filtrates. For these two tomato cultivars, the differences in sensitivity to fusaric acid of cultivated cells correspond to the differences in plant susceptibility toFusarium oxysporum f. sp.lycopersici.
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    Biological control ofBotrytis cinerea on tomato stem wounds withTrichoderma harzianum (1996)
    Springer
    European journal of plant pathology 102 (1996), S. 635-643 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: biological control ; grey mould ; Trichoderma harzianum ; tomato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effectiveness ofTrichoderma harzianum in suppression of tomato stem rot caused byBotrytis cinerea was examined on tomato stem pieces and on whole plants. Ten days after simultanous inoculation withB. cinerea andT. harzianum, the incidence of infected stem pieces was reduced by 62–84%, the severity of infection by 68–71% and the intensity of sporulation by 87%. Seventeen days after inoculation of wounds on whole plants, the incidence of stem rot was reduced by 50 and 33% at 15 and 26 °C, respectively, and the incidence of rot at leaf scar sites on the main stem was reduced by 60 and 50%, respectively. Simultanous inoculation and pre-inoculation withT. harzianum gave good control ofB. cinerea (50 and 90% disease reduction, 10 days after inoculation). The rate of rotting was not reduced by the biocontrol agent once infection was established. However, sporulation byB. cinerea was specifically reduced on these rotting stem pieces. Temperature had a greater effect than vapour pressure deficit (VPD) on the efficacy of biocontrol. Suppression ofB. cinerea incidence byT. harzianum on stem pieces was significant at 10 °C and higher temperatures up to 26 °C. Control of infection was significantly lower at a VPD of 1.3 kPa (60% reduction), than at VPD〈1.06 kPa (90–100% control). Reductions in the severity of stem rotting and the sporulation intensity of grey mould were generally not affected by VPD in the range 0.59–1.06 kPa. Survival ofT. harzianum on stems was affected by both temperature and VPD and was greatest at 10 °C at a low VPD and at 26 ° C at a high VPD.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01877244
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    Coat protein-mediated protection to cucumber mosaic virus infections in cultivated tomato (1996)
    Springer
    Euphytica 88 (1996), S. 139-149 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: coat protein ; cucumber mosaic virus ; Lycopersicon ; tomato ; transformation ; virus resistance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) infections rank among the most devastating diseases in the commercial culture of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), for which suitable sources of natural resistance are not available. The concept of pathogen-derived resistance, however, offers an alternate approach to combat plant viral diseases by transformation of crops with nucleotide sequences derived from the viral genome. This report demonstrates the successful application of such a pathogen-derived resistance gene comprising the CMV coat protein (CP) gene, to generate protection to CMV infections in cultivated tomato. Transformation of an inbred tomato line with the CMV CP gene isolated from a subgroup I strain, engendered high levels of protection to various CMV strains, including a virulent strain causing lethal necrosis and a typical subgroup II strain. Moreover, when challenged by natural infection through aphid vectors in open field, levels of protection were largely maintained in hemizygous hybrids. In all, these results demonstrate that synthetic resistance genes based on the CMV CP gene make excellent sources of broad spectrum resistance to CMV infections for introgression into tomato breeding programs.
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    Colonisation patterns of root tissues byPhytophthora nicotianae var.parasitica related to reduced disease in mycorrhizal tomato (1996)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 185 (1996), S. 223-232 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: biocontrol ; G. mosseae ; immunocytochemistry ; P. nicotianae var.parasitica ; tomato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Tomato plants pre-colonised by the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungusGlomus mosseae showed decreased root damage by the pathogenPhytophthora nicotianae var.parasitica. In analyses of the cellular bases of their bioprotective effect, a prerequisite for cytological investigations of tissue interactions betweenG. mosseae andP. nicotianae v.parasitica was to discriminate between the hyphae of the two fungi within root tissues. We report the use of antibodies as useful tools, in the absence of an appropriate stain for distinguishing hyphae ofP. nicotianae v.parasitica from those ofG. mosseae inside roots, and present observations on the colonisation patterns by the pathogenic fungus alone or during interactions in mycorrhizal roots. Infection intensity of the pathogen, estimated using an immunoenzyme labelling technique on whole root fragments, was lower in mycorrhizal roots. Immunogold labelling ofP. nicotianae v.parasitica on cross-sections of infected tomato roots showed that inter or intracellular hyphae developed mainly in the cortex, and their presence induced necrosis of host cells, the wall and contents of which showed a strong autofluorescence in reaction to the pathogen. In dual fungal infections of tomato root systems, hyphae of the symbiont and the pathogen were in most cases in different root regions, but they could also be observed in the same root tissues. The number ofP. nicotianae v.parasitica hyphae growing in the root cortex was greatly reduced in mycorrhizal root systems, and in mycorrhizal tissues infected by the pathogen, arbuscule-containing cells surrounded by intercellularP. nicotianae v.parasitica hyphae did not necrose and only a weak autofluorescence was associated with the host cells. Results are discussed in relation to possible processes involved in the phenomenon of bioprotection in arbuscular mycorrhizal plants.
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    Host-plant resistance to Pseudomonas solanacearum in tomato germplasm (1996)
    Springer
    Genetic resources and crop evolution 43 (1996), S. 569-574 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5109
    Keywords: bacterial wilt ; germplasm evaluation ; Lycopersicon esculentum ; Pseudomonas solanacearum ; resistance ; tomato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Seedlings of two hundred and thirty-three accessions of the tomato collection maintained at the Centro Agronómico Tropical de Investigación y Enseñanza, Turrialba, Costa Rica (CATIE) and 7 cultivars used as controls were evaluated for host-plant resistance to 4 virulent strains of Pseudomonas solanacearum representing race 1 biovars 1 and 3. In general, biovar 3 strains wilted seedlings faster than biovar 1 strains but, after 20 days post-inoculation, no significant differences were noted in susceptible control ratings. Significant differences for disease index were noted, but no line with complete resistance was found. For the USA biovar 1 strain UW-25, only 5 accessions, CATIE 17331, 17334, 17349, 17739, 17740, and 2 of the control cultivars, ‘Hawaii 7998’ and ‘UC-82B’ showed some degree of resistance. Conversely, both the frequency and the degree of resistance were high for Costa Rican biovar 1 strain UW-256. For biovar 3, the Costa Rican strain UW-255 was more virulent than the Peruvian strain UW-130. Eight CATIE accessions, 5539, 17331, 17333, 17334, 17345, 17349, 17742, and MIP-CH1, were as resistant as the resistant control ‘Hawaii 7998’ to 3 strains and accession 17740 was as resistant as ‘Hawaii 7998’ to all 4 strains.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00138833
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    The effect of fertilizer placement on nitrogen uptake and yield of wheat and maize in Chinese loess soils (1996)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 47 (1996), S. 81-91 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: China ; Loess Plateau ; maize ; 15N ; Nitrogen ; urea ; wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Field trials were carried out to study the fate of15N-labelled urea applied to summer maize and winter wheat in loess soils in Shaanxi Province, north-west China. In the maize experiment, nitrogen was applied at rates of 0 or 210 kg N ha−1, either as a surface application, mixed uniformly with the top 0.15 m of soil, or placed in holes 0.1 m deep adjacent to each plant and then covered with soil. In the wheat experiment, nitrogen was applied at rates of 0, 75 or 150 kg N ha−1, either to the surface, or incorporated by mixing with the top 0.15 m, or placed in a band at 0.15 m depth. Measurements were made of crop N uptake, residual fertilizer N and soil mineral N. The total above-ground dry matter yield of maize varied between 7.6 and 11.9 t ha−1. The crop recovery of fertilizer N following point placement was 25% of that applied, which was higher than that from the surface application (18%) or incorporation by mixing (18%). The total grain yield of wheat varied between 4.3 and 4.7 t ha−1. In the surface applications, the recovery of fertilizer-derived nitrogen (25%) was considerably lower than that from the mixing treatments and banded placements (33 and 36%). The fertilizer N application rate had a significant effect on grain and total dry matter yield, as well as on total N uptake and grain N contents. The main mechanism for loss of N appeared to be by ammonia volatilization, rather than leaching. High mineral N concentrations remained in the soil at harvest, following both crops, demonstrating a potential for significant reductions in N application rates without associated loss in yield.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01985721
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    The roles of inorganic nitrogen salts in maintaining phytochrome- and gibberellin A3-mediated germination control in skotodormant lettuce seeds (1996)
    Springer
    Journal of plant growth regulation 15 (1996), S. 159-165 
    Details
    ISSN: 1435-8107
    Keywords: Germination ; Gibberellin ; Imbibition ; Lettuce ; Nitrogen ; Phytochrome ; Skotodormant
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Skotodormant seeds of Lactuca sativa Grand Rapids imbibed in darkness for 10 days (10-day DS) germinated poorly upon terminal treatment with red light (R) or gibberellin A3 (GA3). Inorganic nitrogen salts in the imbibition solutions reduced seed skotodormancy. Ten-day DS seeds, imbibed in 25 mm salt solutions followed by terminal R, germinated 99% if imbibed in NH4NO3, 70% if imbibed in KNO3 or NH4Cl, and 55% if imbibed in NaNO3. Seeds imbibed in higher salt concentrations germinated fully upon terminal R treatment. Seeds imbibed in 25 mm NH4Cl or in 50 mm NH4NO3 germinated completely upon GA3 treatment. Osmotic effects of imbibition media accounted for only part of the effect, since seeds imbibed in 50 mm CaCl2 or NaCl germinated poorly following R or GA3 treatment. Seeds imbibed in 500 mm polyethylene glycol (PEG) 1000 or mannitol solutions for 10 days still exhibited skotodormancy. Treatments of R or GA3 did not stimulate germination in seeds imbibed in mannitol, but germination was complete if seeds were given 1-h acid immersion plus a water rinse before the terminal R or GA3 treatment. Seeds imbibed in 50–500 mm PEG during 10-day DS germinated significantly better in response to terminal R. Terminal GA3 significantly improved germination only in seeds imbibed at 500 mm PEG. Pfr appeared to function in mannitol-imbibed seed only after an acid treatment. Seed exposure to inorganic nitrogen salts during the 10-day DS maintained seed sensitivity to terminal R or GA3 treatment. The depth of seed skotodormancy was related to the availability of inorganic nitrogen and also involved the levels of Pfr or endogenous GA3.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00190579
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    Interactions between the soilborne root pathogenPhytophthora nicotianae var.parasitica and the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungusGlomus mosseae in tomato plants (1996)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 185 (1996), S. 199-209 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: arbuscular mycorrhiza ; biological control ; Phytophthora nicotianae var.parasitica ; P nutrition ; root morphology ; tomato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract In order to study the influence of Arbuscular Mycorrhiza (AM) on the development of root rot infection, tomato plants were raised with or withoutGlomus mosseae and/orPhytophthora nicotianae var.parasitica in a sand culture system. All plants were fed with a nutrient solution containing one of two phosphorus (P) levels, 32µM (I P) or 96µM (II P), to test the consequence of enhanced P nutrition by the AM fungus on disease dynamics. Mycorrhizal plants had a similar development to that of control plants. Treatment withPhytophthora nicotianae var.parasitica resulted in a visible reduction in plant weight and in a widespread root necrosis in plants without mycorrhiza. The presence of the AM fungus decreased both weight reduction and root necrosis. The percentage reduction of adventitious root necrosis and of necrotic root apices ranged between 63 and 89% The enhancement of P nutrition increased plant development, but did not appreciably decrease disease spread. In our system, mycorrhiza increased plant resistance toP. nicotianae var.parasitica infection. Although a contribution of P nutrition by mycorrhiza cannot be excluded, other mechanisms appear to play a crucial role.
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    Effect of nitrogen fertiliser on temporal and spatial variation of mineral nitrogen and microbial biomass in a silvopastoral system (1995)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 19 (1995), S. 177-185 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Excreta ; Fertiliser ; Microbial biomass ; Nitrogen ; Silvopastoral
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This paper describes a field study to assess the effect of increasing the frequency of split applications of N fertiliser on the pattern of plant uptake, soil N availability, and microbial biomass C and N. Measurements were taken during the growing season in different positions relative to young trees (Prunus avium L.) in an upland silvopastoral system in its first year after establishment. At fertiliser rates of 72 and 144 kg ha-1 N applied as NH4NO3, increasing the number of split applications increased N uptake by the pasture. Mineral forms of soil N measured 2 weeks after application indicated that residual NH inf4 sup+ -N and total mineral N were also greater in this treatment on certain dates. Soil NO inf3 sup- -N was positively correlated with the soil moisture content, and nitrification reached a maximum in early May and declined rapidly thereafter except within the herbicide-treated areas around the trees where soil moisture had been conserved. Results of the study suggest that high NO inf3 sup- -N in herbicide-treated areas was probably caused by mineralisation of grass residues and low uptake by the tree rather than by preferential urine excretion by sheep sheltering beside the trees. Mean microbial biomass C and N values of 894 and 213 kg ha-1, respectively, were obtained. Microbial C was slightly increased by the higher frequency of split applications at 144 kg ha-1 N and was probably related to the greater herbage production with this treatment. Microbial N was not significantly affected by the N treatments. Both microbial biomass C and N increased during the growing season, resulting in the net immobilisation of at least 45 kg ha-1 N which was later released during the autumn.
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    Organic nitrogen mineralization in temperate humid-zone soils after two and six weeks of aerobic incubation (1995)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 20 (1995), S. 237-242 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Mineralization capacity ; Nitrogen ; Soil incubation ; Time of incubation ; Temperate humid-zone soils
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The N mineralization rate in 11 soils was studied by aerobic incubation at 28°C and at a moisture content of 75% of field capacity for 2 weeks (short term) and 6 weeks (medium term). Relationships between the N mineralization indices for each period were evaluated. Ammonification largely predominated during the first 2 weeks of incubation, whereas nitrification was the predominant process between weeks 2 and 6. The net N mineralized in the different soils varied from 0 to 2.85% of the organic N after 2 weeks of incubation and from 0.32 to 3.36% of the organic N after 6 weeks of incubation, the mean values for each period being 0.82 and 1.51% of the organic N, respectively. The quantities of NH inf4 sup+ -N, NO inf3 sup- -N, and total inorganic N produced and the percentage of organic N mineralized after 2 weeks of incubation were highly and positively correlated with the coresponding values after 6 weeks of incubation. These results showed that either length of incubation could be used to determine the potential N mineralization capacity of the soils. Information obtained from two incubation periods was largely supplementary for the kinetic study of N mineralization, ammonification, and nitrification; therefore a medium-term incubation with intermediate measurements of N mineralization over a short term may be more useful than a single measurement using either of the two incubation periods.
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    Effects of phosphorus supply on growth and nitrogen fractions in xylem sap and foliage of Eucalyptus regnans (F.Muell.), E. nitens (Maiden) and E. globulus (Labill.) seedlings: implications for herbivory (1995)
    Springer
    Trees 9 (1995), S. 324-331 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-2285
    Keywords: Amino acids ; Arginine ; Eucalyptus ; Foliage ; Nitrogen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Rates of growth of seedlings of E. globulus, E. regnans and E. nitens were related to phosphorus supply in two soils but concentrations of total nitrogen and total phosphorus in most plant tissues did not vary significantly among soil or phosphorus treatments. Differences in concentrations of nitrogen and phosphorus and in the composition of the pool of free amino-acids among leaves at different stages of development were far greater than differences between treatments. The most significant of these differences were several-fold greater concentrations of arginine in the oldest leaves and these are most likely due to protein degradation and/or in situ synthesis since arginine is not generally phloem mobile. The concentration of reduced nitrogen in xylem sap was inversely related to growth and glutamine was by far the dominant nitrogenous solute. We suggest that specific nitrogenous solutes may be useful indices of the nitrogen status of eucalypt tissues for insect herbivores.
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    Citric acid in tomato plant roots and its effect on cadmium uptake and distribution (1995)
    Springer
    Plant and soil 171 (1995), S. 333-339 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: cadmium ; citric acid ; distribution ; roots ; tomato ; uptake
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of root citric acid on uptake and initial distribution of cadmium (Cd) in tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum, cv. Tiny Tim). Cd was measured by γ-spectrometry, using 115Cd spikes. Citric acid was measured by UV-detection, and, after spiking with 14C-citric acid, by β-spectrometry. Cd was applied for 48 h periods, in control experiments, in the presence of citric acid, and after 24 h plant pre-incubation with citric acid. Pre-incubation resulted in two-fold increases in fast-exchangeable amounts of root citric acid, as measured by the presence of citric acid in xylem exudates of decapitated and pressurized roots. Simultaneous application of Cd and citric acid did not change Cd accumulation in total plants and in the roots, nor did any significant change occur with respect to Cd root-to-shoot transport, and Cd concentrations in shoot tissues and xylem fluid. After citric acid pre-incubation, total plant uptake of Cd increased twofold, without any significant change in Cd accumulation in the roots. Cd root-to-shoot transport was increased 5–6 fold, and Cd concentrations in shoot tissues and xylem fluid were increased 6–8 fold. Speciation calculations indicated that, under the conditions applied, xylem Cd may be, at least partly, complexed in citric acid. A C Borstlap Section editor
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    Evaluation and inheritance of the Lycopersicon hirsutum resistance against potato virus Y (1995)
    Springer
    Euphytica 86 (1995), S. 219-226 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: ELISA ; Lycopersicon hirsutum ; mechanisms of resistance ; potato virus Y ; tomato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Potato virus Y (PVY) infects most Solanaceous crops grown in Mediterranean countries in open fields and in greenhouses. Necrogenic strains, which have been isolated from diseased tomatoes in France since the 1980's, seriously cause yield and quality loss of tomato fruits. Lycopersicon hirsutum PI 247087 was found to be resistant to PVY. Virus could not be detected in inoculated leaves by ELISA and/or by back-inoculation on susceptible plants. This resistance was efficient against the 16 tested isolates or strains. Temperature and inoculum concentration did not affect its expression. All the F1 plants of (Momor × PI 247087), (PI 134417 × PI 247087) and (PI 247087 × PI 134417) had symptom scores and ELISA values similar to those of the susceptible parents. The mechanism of resistance could be immunity-like or inhibition of virus migration from cell to cell. The resistance of L. hirsutum PI 247087 appeared to be governed by two independent recessive genes. In a few F2 plants of (PI 134417 × PI 247087) and F2 (Momor × PI 247087), virus was able to multiply in the inoculated leaves but could not establish a systemic infection. This finding may suggest a mechanism which interfers with the long distance migration of the virus in the plant.
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    Endogenous ethylene requirement for adventitious root induction and growth in tomato cotyledons and lavandin microcuttings in vitro (1995)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 17 (1995), S. 205-212 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: adventitious rooting ; ethylene ; in vitro culture ; lavandin ; tomato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The role of ethylene in the formation of adventitious roots in vitro was studied in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. cv. UC 105) cotyledons and lavandin (Lavandula officinalis Chaix × Lavandula latifolia microshoots. Both systems were able to form roots on hormone-free medium evolving low amounts of ethylene. The addition of 20–50 μM indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) inhibited root formation in tomato cotyledons while increasing ethylene production. Naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA, 3 μM) stimulated root number in lavandin explants and induced a transient rise in ethylene evolution. Enhanced ethylene levels via the endogenous precursors 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC, 25–50 μM) drastically impaired root regeneration and growth in tomato. In lavandin, 10 μM ACC stimulated ethylene production and significantly inhibited the rooting percentage and root growth. Conversely, ACC enhanced the root number in the presence of NAA only. Severe inhibition of rooting was also caused by ethylene reduction via biosynthetic inhibitors, aminoethoxyvinylglycine (AVG, 5–10 μM) in tomato, and salicylic acid (SA, 100 μM) in lavandin. A strict requirement of endogenous ethylene for adventitious root induction and growth is thus suggested.
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    Genetics of the viability of pollen grain produced at low temperatures inLycopersicon Mill. (1995)
    Springer
    Euphytica 84 (1995), S. 139-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: pollen grain viability ; low temperature ; cold tolerance inheritance ; generation means analysis ; tomato ; Lycopersicon esculentum ; Lycopersicon
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The different viabilities of pollen produced at low temperatures in intra- and inter-specific crosses of tomato were studied. Cultivars Red Top, Moneymaker, and Marroqui were crossed with cultivar E-15 and these four cultivars were hybridized with lines of the wild speciesL. pimpinellifolium PE-13,L. parviflorum PE-52,L. pennellii PE-47, andL. hirsutum PE-37 and PE-41. A six-generation family of the Moneymaker x PE-47 cross was obtained to carry out a more detailed genetical study of pollen grain viability at low temperatures. Pollen grain viability was evaluated during the winter via acetocarmine staining. When the parents were compared with their F1, the intra-specific tomato crosses showed dominance to better-quality pollen, theL. esculentum x L. pimpinellifolium inter-specific crosses showed positive heterosis, while the crosses ofL. esculentum with the tolerant speciesL. pennellii andL. hirsutum showed intermediate inheritance. However, in theL. esculentum x L. pennellii family, the dominance and the non-allelic interactions (homozygosis x homozygosis) were the most important factors, so that dominance to better viability at low temperatures appeared to be the general mode of inheritance. Genetical control of pollen grain viability at low temperatures seemed to be polygenetic.
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    In vitro selection of tomato transformants at the immature embryo stage (1995)
    Springer
    Euphytica 81 (1995), S. 79-83 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: immature embryos ; kanamycin resistance ; non-callus growth ; nutrient media ; tomato ; Lycopersicon esculentum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A method is described for selecting resistant transformed tomato genotypes in vitro at the stage of immature embryos. The utilization of HLH nutrient medium with the selective agent kanamycin is proposed. Normal development of seedlings from immature embryos, which do not form callus, is a good and true indicator for isolation of resistant genotypes. The immature embryos do not germinate and develop on MS selective medium.
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    Variation of resistance to broomrape (Orobanche ramosa) in tomatoes (1995)
    Springer
    Euphytica 81 (1995), S. 109-114 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: branched broomrape ; genetic variation ; tomato ; Lycopersicon esculentum ; Lycopersicon pimpinellifolium ; Orobanche ramosa ; breeding ; tolerance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Twenty five tomato cultivars and one accession of wild tomato were evaluated for their resistance to branched broomrape (Orobanche ramosa) infestation. Tomato cultivars were found different in their resistance to Orobanche based on different growth parameters. Total Orobanche number, haustoria development and number of emerged Orobanche shoots were all different between tomato cultivars. Differences in the growth and fruit yield among tomato cultivars were also found in response to Orobanche infestation. Ranking tomato cultivars for Orobanche resistance indicates the existence of different resistance mechanisms in these cultivars. Relatively high to moderate levels of resistance were obtained in Tiny Tim, Acora, Castler, Pomodora, Orient, Red Alert and the accession LA 1478 of L. pimpinellifolium. The cultivar Tiny Tim showed the highest level of resistance for all measured parameters and in all experiments.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022464
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    Inheritance of black leaf mold resistance in tomato (1995)
    Springer
    Euphytica 86 (1995), S. 111-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5060
    Keywords: inheritance ; black leaf mold ; Pseudocercospora fuligena ; host resistance ; tomato ; Lycopersicon esculentum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Inheritance of black leaf mold (BLM) (caused by Pseudocercospora fuligena) resistance was studied in four crosses involving two resistant Lycopersicon accessions (PI134417, L. hirsutum and PI254655, L. esculentum) and four susceptible Asian Vegetable Research and Development Center tomato lines (CLN657BC1F2-267-0-3-12-7, CL143-0-10-3-0-1-10, CLN698BC1F2-358-4-13 and CL5915-93D4-1-0-3). For each cross, six generations, i.e. P1, P2, F1, F2, BC1F1 and BC1F2 were evaluated following inoculations with isolate Pf-2 of P. fuligena. Chi-square analyses of the data based on the ratio of resistant to susceptible plants in the F2 in three of four crosses gave a good fit to a segregation ratio of 1 R : 15 S, and BC1F2 data in three of four crosses gave an acceptable fit to the segregation ratio of 1 R : 63 S. The results indicate that resistance to BLM may be conditioned by two recessive genes acting epistatically in both PI134417 and PI254655.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00022016
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  • 95
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    Increase of endogenous zeatin riboside by introduction of the ipt gene in wild type and the lateral suppressor mutant of tomato (1995)
    Springer
    Plant growth regulation 16 (1995), S. 27-36 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-5087
    Keywords: axillary meristem ; cytokinin ; ipt gene ; ls mutant ; tomato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract We studied axillary meristem formation of the lateral suppressor (ls) mutant of tomato after elevating the endogenous cytokinin levels through introduction of the isopentenyltransferase (ipt) gene from Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Growth and development of several transformants were examined during in vitro culture. Transformants exhibited phenotypes varying in severity and were divided into four classes. A number of the ipt transformants had a normal phenotype, as non-transformed plants. Others showed a mild to severe ‘cytokinin-like’ phenotype. Transformants with a mild phenotype exhibited reduced internode length and reduced root development. Transformants with a severe phenotype showed even shorter internodes, loss of apical dominance, reduction of leaf size, production of callus at the basis of the shoots and absence of root development or development of green non-branching roots. The severity of the phenotype correlated well with the level of ipt gene expression, as measured by northern analysis. Transformants with a severe phenotype also exhibited increased levels of zeatin riboside, but zeatin levels were not elevated. The increase in endogenous zeatin riboside levels in the ls mutant did not restore axillary meristem formation, but sometimes bulbous structures were formed in the initially ‘empty’ leaf axils. Several adventitious meristems and shoots developed from below the surface of these structures. It is concluded that a reduced level of cytokinins in the ls mutant shoots is not responsible for the absence of axillary meristem formation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00040504
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  • 96
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    Response of tomato to nitrogen fertilization and irrigation frequencies in a semi-arid tropical soil (1994)
    Springer
    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 40 (1994), S. 85-88 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: irrigation frequences ; Lycopersicon esculentum ; nitrogen levels ; semi-arid ; tomato
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The effect of different irrigation frequencies (5, 7 and 9 days interval) and N rates (0, 50, 100 and 150 kg N ha−1) on applied N in tomato was studied in a field experiment during 3 growing seasons. The application of 100 kg N ha−1 with irriga tion scheduled at 7 days interal resulted in significantly higher N uptake and recovery rate than the other combinations of N rate and irrigation frequencies studied.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00750091
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  • 97
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    Decomposition and nutrient content of litter in a fertilized eucalypt forest (1994)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 17 (1994), S. 159-166 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Eucalypt forest ; Litter decomposition ; Fertilizer ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The decomposition and nutrient content of litter was studied for 2 years in regrowth Eucalyptus diversicolor forest to which N (0, 200 kg ha-1 year-1) and P (0, 30, 200 kg ha-1) had been applied. The P addition increased, and the N addition decreased, the rate of dry weight loss of decomposing litter. Analysis of the coefficients of a double exponential decay model with components describing the release of labile and resistant fractions indicated that decomposition of the resistant component of litter was most affected by the fertilizer additions. Treatment with N reduced the rate of loss of this component and increased its half-life by approximately 30%, whereas P treatment increased its rate of decay and decreased its half-life by approximately 30%. P accumulated in litter during decomposition. P uptake and retention was greater in P-treated than untreated plots. The application of N reduced P accumulation in litter. An accumulation of N also occurred during decomposition, the amount of N imported into litter being greater on plots treated with N fertilizer. Treatment with N affected the amount of S in decomposing litter. Litter on N-treated plots either accumulated more S or released it more slowly than litter on plots not treated with N. The application of N as NH4NO3 decreased forest-floor litter pH, increased litter layer mass (by 15%), and increased the amount of N (by 34%) and S (by 32%) stored in the forest floor. Treatment with P reduced the amount of N (by 22%) stored in the litter layer. The application of 200 kg P ha-1 in the absence of N increased the store of P in the litter layer by 80%, but when N and P were applied together the amount of P in the litter was not significantly different between P treatments.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00337749
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  • 98
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    Effect of Baythroid on nitrogen transformations in soil (1994)
    Springer
    Biology and fertility of soils 17 (1994), S. 173-176 
    Details
    ISSN: 1432-0789
    Keywords: Ammonification ; Cyfluthrin ; Nitrification ; Nitrogen ; N mineralization ; N transformations ; Pesticides
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Geosciences , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Laboratory incubation experiments were conducted in soil to study the influence of the insecticide Baythroid on immobilization-remineralization of added inorganic N, mineralization of organic N, and nitrification of added NH inf4 su+ -N. Baythroid was applied at 0, 0.4, 0.8, 1.6, 3.2, and 6.4 μg g-1 soil (active ingredient basis). The treated soils were incubated at 30°C for different time intervals depending upon the experiment. The immobilization and mineralization of N were significantly increased in the presence of Baythroid, the effect being greater with higher doses of the insecticide. Conversely, nitrification was retarded at lower doses of Baythroid and significantly inhibited at higher doses. The results of these studies suggest that excessive amonts of insecticide residues affect different microbial populations differently, leading to changes in nutrient cycling.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00336318
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  • 99
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    Infection of potato stem bases, stolons and tubers byPolyscytalum pustulans (Owen & Wakef.) Ellis and development of sclerotia (1994)
    Springer
    Potato research 37 (1994), S. 35-42 
    Details
    ISSN: 1871-4528
    Keywords: scale leaves ; sclerotial viability ; seed tubers ; pure culture ; hyphal rings ; tomato ; Solanum tuberosum L.
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Polyscytalum pustulans spread from infected buds of seed tubers on the nodal scale leaves of elongating stems and stolons. More eyes were infected at the apical end of developing tubers than at the stolon end. Sclerotia, first found within the agar of ageing cultures, appeared to form from thickened hyphal rings within the aerial hyphae and conidiophores. As infected plants senesced, sclerotia developed within single or groups of host cells in diseased stem bases and remained viable for seven years in undisturbed soil. Sclerotia were also found after harvest in skin spots on decayed seed tubers.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02360430
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  • 100
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    Influence of growth conditions on the value of crisphead lettuce (1994)
    Springer
    Plant foods for human nutrition 46 (1994), S. 1-11 
    Details
    ISSN: 1573-9104
    Keywords: Chemical composition ; Cultivar ; Harvest data ; Lactuca sativa L. ; Lettuce ; Nitrate ; Nitrogen ; Plant age ; Tipburn ; Quality ; Vitamin C
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The marketable and nutritional quality of crisphead lettuce as affected by nitrogen supply, cultivar, and plant age at harvest was investigated in six plantings during 1989 and 1990. The optimum yield of marketable heads was obtained at a total nitrogen supply of 150 kg N per ha although only small differences were observed to the yield at 100 and 200 kg total N per ha. The total nitrogen supply included the amount of mineral nitrogen within the rhizosphere. The incidence of dry tipburn in older leaves was clearly decreased by an increased nitrogen supply, especially at late planting. The content of nitrate was increased and the content of dry matter and vitamin C decreased with increased nitrogen supply. The vitamin C content was higher for the cultivar ‘Marius’ than for ‘Saladin’. As plants got older, the nutritional quality of crisphead lettuce decreased because the content of nutrients, especially vitamin C, decreased with increased plant age at harvest.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01088455
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