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  • Books  (3,140)
  • Articles  (6,944,382)
  • Other Sources  (2,917)
  • Springer  (3,530,783)
  • American Chemical Society  (2,084,046)
  • Springer Nature  (1,070,317)
  • Periodicals Archive Online (PAO)  (190,459)
  • Frontiers
  • MDPI Publishing
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  • Books  (3,140)
  • Journals  (1,157)
  • Articles  (6,944,382)
  • Other Sources  (2,917)
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  • 1
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    Octopus crawling on land: physiological and biochemical responses of Octopus vulgaris to emersion (2024)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-12-18
    Description: Cephalopods are well known for their cognitive capabilities and unique behavioural repertoires. Yet, certain life strategies and behaviours are still not fully understood. For instance, coastal octopuses have been documented (mainly through citizen science and TV documentaries) to occasionally leave the water and crawl in intertidal areas. Yet, there is a complete lack of knowledge on this behaviour's physiological and biochemical basis. Within this context, this study aimed to investigate, for the first time, physiological (routine and maximum metabolic rates and aerobic scope) and biochemical (i.e., antioxidant enzymes activities, heat shock protein and ubiquitin levels, DNA damage, lipid peroxidation) responses of the common octopus, Octopus vulgaris, to emersion. The octopuses’ physiological performance was determined by measuring metabolic rates in different emersion treatments and biochemical markers. The size-adjusted maximum metabolic rates (MMRadj) of octopuses exposed to 2:30 min of air exposure followed by re-immersion did not differ significantly from the MMRadj of the chased individuals (control group). Yet, most biochemical markers revealed no significant differences among the different emersion treatments. Our findings showed that O. vulgaris could tolerate exposure to short-term emersion periods due to an efficient antioxidant machinery and cellular repair mechanisms. Alongside, we argue that the use of atmospheric air through the mucus-covered gills and/or cutaneous respiration may also help octopus withstand emersion and crawling on land.
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  • 2
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    Synthesis and outlook on future research and scientific education in southern Africa (2024)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-01-07
    Description: The sustainability of southern Africa’s natural and managed marine and terrestrial ecosystems is threatened by overuse, mismanagement, population pressures, degradation, and climate change. Counteracting unsustainable development requires a deep understanding of earth system processes and how these are affected by ongoing and anticipated global changes. This information must be translated into practical policy and management interventions. Climate models project that the rate of terrestrial warming in southern Africa is above the global terrestrial average. Moreover, most of the region will become drier. Already there is evidence that climate change is disrupting ecosystem functioning and the provision of ecosystem services. This is likely to continue in the foreseeable future, but impacts can be partly mitigated through urgent implementation of appropriate policy and management interventions to enhance resilience and sustainability of the ecosystems. The recommendations presented in the previous chapters are informed by a deepened scientific understanding of the relevant earth system processes, but also identify research and knowledge gaps. Ongoing disciplinary research remains critical, but needs to be complemented with cross-disciplinary and transdisciplinary research that can integrate across temporal and spatial scales to give a fuller understanding of not only individual components of the complex earth-system, but how they interact.
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  • 3
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    Unique southern African terrestrial and oceanic biomes and their relation to steep environmental gradients (2024)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-01-07
    Description: The southern African subcontinent and its surrounding oceans accommodate globally unique ecoregions, characterized by exceptional biodiversity and endemism. This diversity is shaped by extended and steep physical gradients or environmental discontinuities found in both ocean and terrestrial biomes. The region’s biodiversity has historically been the basis of life for indigenous cultures and continues to support countless economic activities, many of them unsustainable, ranging from natural resource exploitation, an extensive fisheries industry and various forms of land use to nature-based tourism. Being at the continent’s southern tip, terrestrial species have limited opportunities for adaptive range shifts under climate change, while warming is occurring at an unprecedented rate. Marine climate change effects are complex, as warming may strengthen thermal stratification, while shifts in regional wind regimes influence ocean currents and the intensity of nutrient-enriching upwelling. The flora and fauna of marine and terrestrial southern African biomes are of vital importance for global biodiversity conservation and carbon sequestration. They thus deserve special attention in further research on the impacts of anthropogenic pressures including climate change. Excellent preconditions exist in the form of long-term data sets of high quality to support scientific advice for future sustainable management of these vulnerable biomes.
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  • 4
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    Molecular fossils in reefal carbonates and sponges of the deep fore reef of Mayotte and Mohéli, Comoro Islands, western Indian Ocean (2024)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-01-12
    Description: Microbial carbonates are common components of Quaternary tropical coral reefs. Previous studies revealed that sulfate-reducing bacteria trigger microbial carbonate precipitation in supposedly cryptic reef environments. Here, using petrography, lipid biomarker analysis, and stable isotope data, we aim to understand the formation mechanism of microbial carbonate enclosed in deep fore reef limestones from Mayotte and Mohéli, Comoro Islands, which differ from other reefal microbial carbonates in that they contain less microbial carbonate and are dominated by numerous sponges. To discern sponge-derived lipids from lipids enclosed in microbial carbonate, lipid biomarker inventories of diverse sponges from the Mayotte and Mohéli reef systems were examined. Abundant peloidal, laminated, and clotted textures point to a microbial origin of the authigenic carbonates, which is supported by ample amounts of mono- O -alkyl glycerol monoethers (MAGEs) and terminally branched fatty acids; both groups of compounds are attributed to sulfate-reducing bacteria. Sponges revealed a greater variety of alkyl chains in MAGEs, including new, previously unknown, mid-chain monomethyl- and dimethyl-branched MAGEs, suggesting a diverse community of sulfate reducers different from the sulfate-reducers favoring microbialite formation. Aside from biomarkers specific for sulfate-reducing bacteria, lipids attributed to demosponges (i.e., demospongic acids) are also present in some of the sponges and the reefal carbonates. Fatty acids attributed to demosponges show a higher diversity and a higher proportion in microbial carbonate compared to sponge tissue. Such pattern reflects significant taphonomic bias associated with the preservation of demospongic acids, with preservation apparently favored by carbonate authigenesis.
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  • 5
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    Coastal upwelling systems as dynamic mosaics of bacterioplankton functional specialization (2024)
    Frontiers
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    Publication Date: 2024-01-30
    Description: Coastal upwelling areas are extraordinarily productive environments where prokaryotic communities, the principal remineralizers of dissolved organic matter (DOM), rapidly respond to phytoplankton bloom and decay dynamics. Nevertheless, the extent of variability of key microbial functions in such dynamic waters remains largely unconstrained. Our metatranscriptomics analyses of 162 marker genes encoding ecologically relevant prokaryotic functions showed distinct spatial-temporal patterns in the NW Iberian Peninsula upwelling area. Short-term (daily) changes in specific bacterial functions associated with changes in biotic and abiotic factors were superimposed on seasonal variability. Taxonomic and functional specialization of prokaryotic communities, based mostly on different resource acquisition strategies, was observed. Our results uncovered the potential influence of prokaryotic functioning on phytoplankton bloom composition and development (e.g., Cellvibrionales and Flavobacteriales increased relative gene expression related to vitamin B12 and siderophore metabolisms during Chaetoceros and Dinophyceae summer blooms). Notably, bacterial adjustments to C- or N-limitation and DMSP availability during summer phytoplankton blooms and different spatial-temporal patterns of variability in the expression of genes with different phosphate affinity indicated a complex role of resource availability in structuring bacterial communities in this upwelling system. Also, a crucial role of Cellvibrionales in the degradation of DOM (carbohydrate metabolism, TCA cycle, proteorhodopsin, ammonium, and phosphate uptake genes) during the summer phytoplankton bloom was found. Overall, this dataset revealed an intertwined mosaic of microbial interactions and nutrient utilization patterns along a spatial-temporal gradient that needs to be considered if we aim to understand the biogeochemical processes in some of the most productive ecosystems in the world´s oceans.
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  • 6
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    Discrepancies between non-native and invasive species classifications (2024)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-01
    Description: Biological invasions pose a growing threat to ecosystems, biodiversity, and socio-economic interests. In the European Union, the introduction of non-native species through trade, tourism, and other pathways has led to unintended consequences. Among these non-native species, a subset exhibits negative impacts and is commonly referred to as ‘invasive’. However, the number of non-native species and the proportion considered invasive vary across different member states of the European Union. Classifications and definitions of invasive species also differ among countries potentially leading to an underrepresentation. Here, we use Germany as a case study to highlight gaps in invasive species classifications. The number of non-native species reported as invasive in Germany remains low (~ 14%) compared to other European Union member states (~ 22%), despite Germany’s strong economy, significant research investments, and well-established trade networks. This disparities may be attributed to complex and multifaceted factors, encompassing differences in classifications, variations in research effort and focus, and diverse national priorities. We further propose that the impacts of non-native species on resources and biodiversity may be more likely to be overlooked, principally in large economies reliant on international trade, such as Germany. This oversight could negatively affect conservation efforts and funding for research aimed at improving understanding invasive species threats. We suggest that this underreporting may stem from a focus on maintaining economic growth, which might have taken precedence over addressing the potential ecological and economic impacts of invasive species.
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  • 7
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    The Silicon Cycle in the Ocean (2024)
    Frontiers
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-01
    Description: The element silicon is everywhere! In fact, silicon is the second most abundant element in Earth’s crust. Silicon in rocks and minerals breaks down and is transported from rivers and streams into the world’s oceans. Many marine organisms need silicon as it is a crucial nutrient to build their skeletons. Silicon eventually reaches the seafloor, but its journey into the abyss is not straightforward due to biological, physical, and chemical processes. All these processes transport and transform silicon, creating a cycle that we call the marine silicon cycle. The silicon cycle is directly connected to the carbon cycle, making silicon a key player in the regulation of Earth’s climate. In this article, we discuss why we need to understand the marine silicon cycle, explain the steps that happen in the ocean, and demonstrate how the marine silicon cycle affects humans.
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  • 8
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    Differential effects of microplastic exposure on leaf shredding rates of invasive and native amphipod crustaceans (2024)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-01
    Description: There is growing concern surrounding the pervasive impacts of microplastic pollution, but despite increasing interest in this area there remains limited understanding of its disruption to biological communities and the ecosystem services they provide. One such service is the breakdown of leaf litter in freshwaters by invertebrate shredders, such as Gammarus spp., that directly and indirectly provides resources for many other species. This study investigates the effect of microplastic exposure on leaf consumption by two Gammarus species in Ireland, the native Gammarus duebeni celticus, and the invasive Gammarus pulex. Individuals were exposed to 40-48 mu m polyethylene particles for 24 h at a range of concentrations (20-200,000 MP/L), with the amount of leaf consumption in that time frame recorded. Microplastics did not affect the feeding rate of either species at environmentally relevant concentrations, indicating that ecosystem services currently provided by our study species are sustainable. However, at higher microplastic concentrations the feeding rate of G. d. celticus was significantly reduced, whereas G. pulex remained unaffected, drawing attention to species-specific and native-invader differences in microplastic impacts. The results of our study further contribute to the observed pattern that invasive species, including various amphipod species, often display a higher tolerance to environmental stressors compared to their native counterparts. This research highlights the need for mitigation of ongoing and increasing microplastic pollution that could differentially influence key ecosystem services and functions.
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  • 9
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    Warming, not acidification, favours survival of non-indigenous over native gammarid species (2024)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-01
    Description: Anthropogenic disturbances, including non-indigenous species (NIS) and climate change, have considerably affected ecosystems and socio-economies globally. Despite the widely acknowledged individual roles of NIS and global warming in biodiversity change, predicting the connection between the two still remains a fundamental challenge and requires urgent attention due to a timely importance for proper conservation management. To improve our understanding of the interaction between climate change and NIS on biological communities, we conducted laboratory experiments to test the temperature and pCO2 tolerance of four gammarid species: two native Baltic Sea species (Gammarus locusta and G. salinus), one Ponto‐Caspian NIS (Pontogammarus maeoticus) and one North American NIS (Gammarus tigrinus). Our results demonstrated that an increase in pCO2 level was not a significant driver of mortality, neither by itself nor in combination with increased temperature, for any of the tested species. However, temperature was significant, and differentially affected the tested species. The most sensitive was the native G. locusta which experienced 100% mortality at 24 °C. The second native species, G. salinus, performed better than G. locusta, but was still significantly more sensitive to temperature increase than either of the NIS. In contrast, NIS performed better than native species with warming, whereby particularly the Ponto-Caspian P. maeoticus did not demonstrate any difference in its performance between the temperature treatments. With the predicted environmental changes in the Baltic Sea, we may expect shifts in distributions of native taxa towards colder areas, while their niches might be filled by NIS, particularly those from the Ponto-Caspian region. Although, northern colder areas may be constrained by lower salinity. Additional studies are needed to confirm our findings across other NIS, habitats and regions to make more general inferences.
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  • 10
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    Did Algae Eat All the Silica in the World’s Oceans? (2024)
    Frontiers
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-02-01
    Description: Silicon is a crucial nutrient that can join with the element oxygen to form a substance commonly called silica. Silica, commonly known as glass, is found in rocks in the Earth’s crust and dissolves into the oceans, where organisms like algae and sponges use it to build their glassy skeletons. This process, called biosilicification, is extremely important in the silica cycle. Over time, organisms have changed the silica cycle. Today, because of these organisms, the oceans no longer contain much silica. However, when the Earth was younger and these organisms had not evolved yet, no biological processes affected silica in the oceans. The evolution of these oceanic organisms across time has removed silica from the oceans. In this article, we discuss how the evolution of silicon-using sponges, as well as tiny organisms called zooplankton and algae, have changed the amount of silica in the world’s oceans through geologic time.
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  • 11
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    Long-term climate change impacts on regional sterodynamic sea level statistics analyzed from the MPI-ESM large ensemble simulation (2024)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-01
    Description: Statistics of regional sterodynamic sea level variability are analyzed in terms of probability density functions of a 100-member ensemble of monthly mean sea surface height (SSH) timeseries simulated with the low-resolution Max Planck Institute Grand Ensemble. To analyze the impact of climate change on sea level statistics, fields of SSH variability, skewness and excess kurtosis representing the historical period 1986-2005 are compared with similar fields from projections for the period 2081-2100 under moderate (RCP4.5) and strong (RCP8.5) climate forcing conditions. Larger deviations of the models SSH statistics from Gaussian are limited to the western and eastern tropical Pacific. Under future climate warming conditions, SSH variability of the western tropical Pacific appear more Gaussian in agreement with weaker zonal easterly wind stress pulses, suggesting a reduced El Nino Southern Oscillation activity in the western warm pool region. SSH variability changes show a complex amplitude pattern with some regions becoming less variable, e.g., off the eastern coast of the north American continent, while other regions become more variable, notably the Southern Ocean. A west (decrease)-east (increase) contrast in variability changes across the subtropical Atlantic under RCP8.5 forcing is related to changes in the gyre circulation and a declining Atlantic Meridional Overturning Circulation in response to external forcing changes. In addition to global mean sea-level rise of 16 cm for RCP4.5 and 24 cm for RCP8.5, we diagnose regional changes in the tails of the probability density functions, suggesting a potential increased in variability-related extreme sea level events under global warmer conditions.
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  • 12
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    Vertical distribution of epibenthic megafauna of a large seamount west of Cape Verde islands (tropical North Atlantic) (2024)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-05
    Description: Seamounts are thought to function as hotspots of megafauna diversity due to their topology and environmental characteristics. However, assessments of megafauna communities inhabiting seamounts, including diversity and density, are scarce. In this study, we provide megafauna diversity and density estimates for a recently discovered, not yet characterized seamount region (Boetius seamounts) west of Cape Verde (N17° 16′, W29° 26′). We investigated the distribution of epibenthic megafauna over a large depth gradient from the seamount’s summit at 1400 m down to 3200 m water depth and provided qualitative and quantitative analyses based on quantified video data. In utilizing an ocean floor observation system (OFOS), calibrated videos were taken as a horizontal transect from the north-eastern flank of the seamount, differentiating between an upper, coral-rich region (−1354/−2358 m) and a deeper, sponge-rich region (−2358/−3218 m). Taxa were morphologically distinguished, and their diversity and densities were estimated and related to substrate types. Both the upper and deeper seamount region hosted unique communities with significantly higher megafauna richness at the seamount’s summit. Megafauna densities differed significantly between the upper (0.297 ± 0.167 Ind./m 2 ) and deeper community (0.112 ± 0.114 Ind./m). The seamount showed a vertical zonation with dense aggregations of deep-sea corals dominating the seamount’s upper region and colonies of the glass sponges Poliopogon amadou dominating the deeper region. The results are discussed in light of detected substrate preferences and co-occurrence of species and are compared with findings from other Atlantic seamounts.
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  • 13
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    The Agulhas Current System as an important driver for oceanic and terrestrial climate (2024)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-06
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  • 14
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    Physical drivers of Southwest African coastal upwelling and its response to climate variability and change (2024)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-12
    Description: The southeastern tropical Atlantic hosts a coastal upwelling system characterized by high biological productivity. Three subregions can be distinguished based on differences in the physical climate: the tropical Angolan and the northern and southern Benguela upwelling systems (tAUS, nBUS, sBUS). The tAUS, which is remotely forced via equatorial and coastal trapped waves, can be characterized as a mixing-driven system, where the wind forcing plays only a secondary role. The nBUS and sBUS are both forced by alongshore winds and offshore cyclonic wind stress curl. While the nBUS is a permanent upwelling system, the sBUS is impacted by the seasonal cycle of alongshore winds. Interannual variability in the region is dominated by Benguela Niños and Niñas that are warm and cold events observed every few years in the tAUS and nBUS. Decadal and multidecadal variations are reported for sea surface temperature and salinity, stratification and subsurface oxygen. Future climate warming is likely associated with a southward shift of the South Atlantic wind system. While the mixing-driven tAUS will most likely be affected by warming and increasing stratification, the nBUS and sBUS will be mostly affected by wind changes with increasing winds in the sBUS and weakening winds in the northern nBUS.
    Type: Book chapter , NonPeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/bookPart
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  • 15
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    A look into the temporal variability of sedimentation rates in the Skagerrak to track human and natural impacts in the North Sea (2024)
    Frontiers
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-21
    Type: Article , NonPeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 16
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    Editorial: Constraining Uncertainties in Hindcasts and Future Projections of Marine Deoxygenation (2024)
    Frontiers
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-22
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  • 17
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    The deepest record of the octocoral Acanthogorgia from the Red Sea (2024)
    Frontiers
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-23
    Description: Octocorals (Cnidaria: Anthozoa) have a global distribution and form benthic assemblages along the depth gradient, from shallow to deep waters. They often occur below SCUBA diving limits, where they can become dominant habitat builders and aggregate different taxa. During a cruise in February 2023, one octocoral specimen was collected at 1453 m depth at Kebrit Deep, in the northern Saudi Arabian Red Sea axis, an area with extremely high temperature and salinity profiles at depth. Morphological analysis coupled with DNA barcoding using two mitochondrial markers ( COI and mtMuts ), revealed that the coral belongs to Acanthogorgia , a genus of azooxanthellate octocorals known to occur from 3 to 2300 m depths in cold, temperate and tropical waters. In the Red Sea, the genus was previously only known from shallower waters. Hence, we report the deepest record of the genus Acanthogorgia from the warm and saline Red Sea basin. This finding provides novel insights on deep-water octocoral diversity in the Red Sea, a still scantily explored area of the world, while emphasizing the need for further explorations at depth.
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  • 18
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    Inconsistent Atlantic Links to Precipitation Extremes over the Humid Tropics (2024)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-26
    Description: This study investigates extreme wet and dry conditions over the humid tropics and their connections to the variability of the tropical ocean basins using observations and a multi-model ensemble of 24 state-of-the-art coupled climate models, for the 1930–2014 period. The extreme wet (dry) conditions are consistently linked to Central Pacific La Niña (Eastern Pacific El Niño), the weakest being the Congo basin, and homogeneous patterns of sea surface temperature (SST) variability in the tropical Indian Ocean. The Atlantic exhibits markedly varying configurations of SST anomalies, including the Atlantic Niño and pan-Atlantic decadal oscillation, with non-symmetrical patterns between the wet and dry conditions. The oceanic influences are associated with anomalous convection and diabatic heating partly related to variations in the strength of the Walker Circulation. The observed connection between the Amazon basin, as well as the Maritime continent, and the Indo-Pacific variability are better simulated than that of the Congo basin. The observed signs of the Pacific and Indian SST anomalies are reversed for the modelled Congo basin extreme conditions which are, instead, tied to the Atlantic Niño/Niña variability. This Atlantic–Congo basin connection is related to a too southerly location of the simulated inter-tropical convergence zone that is associated with warm SST biases over the Atlantic cold tongue. This study highlights important teleconnections and model improvements necessary for the skillful prediction of extreme precipitation over the humid tropics.
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  • 19
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    Alkaline mineral addition to anoxic to hypoxic Baltic Sea sediments as a potentially efficient CO2-removal technique (2024)
    Frontiers
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    Publication Date: 2024-02-28
    Description: Recent studies have begun to explore the potential of enhanced benthic weathering (EBW) in the Baltic Sea as a measure for climate change mitigation. To augment the understanding of EBW under seasonally changing conditions, this study aims to investigate weathering processes under anoxia to hypoxia in corrosive bottom waters, which reflect late summer conditions in the Baltic Sea. Dunite and calcite were added to sediment cores retrieved from Eckernförde Bay (Western Baltic Sea) with a constant flow-through of deoxygenated, CO 2 -enriched Baltic Sea bottom water. The addition of both materials increased benthic alkalinity release by 2.94 μmol cm −2 d −1 (calcite) and 1.12 μmol cm −2 d −1 (dunite), compared to the unamended control experiment. These excess fluxes are significantly higher than those obtained under winter conditions. The comparison with bottom water oxygen concentrations emphasizes that highest fluxes of alkalinity were associated with anoxic phases of the experiment. An increase in Ca and Si fluxes showed that the enhanced alkalinity fluxes could be attributed to calcite and dunite weathering. First order rate constants calculated based on these data were close to rates published in previous studies conducted under different conditions. This highlights the suitability of these proxies for mineral dissolution and justifies the use of these rate constants in modeling studies investigating EBW in the Baltic Sea and areas with similar chemical conditions. Generally stable pH profiles over the course of the experiment, together with the fact that the added minerals remained on the sediment surface, suggest that corrosive bottom waters were the main driving factor for the dissolution of the added minerals. These factors have important implications for the choice of mineral and timing for EBW as a possible marine carbon dioxide removal method in seasonally hypoxic to anoxic regions of the Baltic Sea.
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  • 20
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    In situ observation on two ‘elusive’ rhodaliid siphonophores (Cnidaria; Hydrozoa; Siphonophora) from the Red Sea, including a potential new species within the genus Archangelopsis (2024)
    Frontiers
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    Publication Date: 2024-03-01
    Description: Rhodaliids, a specific family of siphonophores inhabiting the benthic zone, have remained enigmatic due to their rarity and elusive nature. These unique organisms, primarily found in open ocean habitats, exhibit distinctive features and are characterized by complex structures. During the Red Sea Decade Expedition, two rhodaliid specimens were collected at the sea bed at water depths of 438 and 495 meters. Regardless of challenges in specimen preservation, detailed morphological analysis revealed unique characteristics. Genetic analysis, employing the 16S rRNA marker, revealed one specimen closely related to Thermopalia taraxaca , while the taxonomic traits of this specimen suggested the identification of Archangelopsis jagoa . While most of the morphological features of the second specimen were also very similar to A. jagoa , some differences in coloration suggest the discovery of either an unusual colour variant or a potential new species within this genus. Notably, this study reports the first sequencing of A. jagoa . This species demonstrated a capacity to thrive in low-oxygen environments, challenging conventional assumptions about their habitat requirements. Despite difficulties in specimen handling and genetic analysis limitations due to a lack of comprehensive data, this research sheds light on the elusive world of benthic rhodaliids.
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  • 21
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    Towards a sustained and fit-for-purpose European Ocean Observing and Forecasting System (2024)
    Frontiers
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    Publication Date: 2024-03-11
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  • 22
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    Short and decadal impacts of seafloor physical perturbation on the abundances of Lebensspuren ‘traces of life’ in the Peru Basin manganese nodule province (2024)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-18
    Description: Interest in deep-sea mining for polymetallic nodules as an alternative source to onshore mines for various high-technology metals has risen in recent years, as demands and costs have increased. The need for studies to assess its short- and long-term consequences on polymetallic nodule ecosystems is therefore also increasingly prescient. Recent image-based expedition studies have described the temporal impacts on epi-/megafauna seafloor communities across these ecosystems at particular points in time. However, these studies have failed to capture information on large infauna within the sediments or give information on potential transient and temporally limited users of these areas, such as mobile surface deposit feeders or fauna responding to bloom events or food fall depositions. This study uses data from the Peru Basin polymetallic nodule province, where the seafloor was previously disturbed with a plough harrow in 1989 and with an epibenthic sled (EBS) in 2015, to simulate two contrasting possible impact forms of mining disturbance. To try and address the shortfall on information on transient epifauna and infauna use of these various disturbed and undisturbed areas of nodule-rich seafloor, images collected 6 months after the 2015 disturbance event were inspected and all Lebensspuren, 'traces of life', were characterized by type (epi- or infauna tracemakers, as well as forming fauna species where possible), along with whether they occurred on undisturbed seafloor or regions disturbed in 1989 or 2015. The results show that epi- and endobenthic Lebensspuren were at least 50% less abundant across both the ploughed and EBS disturbed seafloors. This indicates that even 26 years after disturbance, sediment use by fauna may remain depressed across these areas.
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    The importance of the soluble and colloidal pools for trace metal cycling in deep-sea pore waters (2024)
    Frontiers
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    Publication Date: 2024-03-15
    Description: Physical and chemical trace metal speciation are important for our understanding of metal cycling and potential toxicity to marine life. Trace metals can behave differently in diffusion processes or particle-solution interactions and have different bioavailabilities depending on their physical and chemical forms, which often depend on redox conditions. Here we investigated dissolved (〈 0.2 µm) and soluble (〈 0.02 µm) concentrations of Mn, Co, Ni, Fe, Cu, V, Mo, U, Cd, and As in oxic and suboxic deep-sea sediments of the central equatorial Pacific Ocean. Vanadium, Mo, U, As, and Cd showed no significant concentration differences between their dissolved and soluble forms, suggesting that they are present as inorganic ionic species or organic complexes in the truly dissolved or small colloidal fraction. In contrast, the colloidal fraction (〉 0.02 µm 〈 0.2 µm) of Mn, Co, Ni, and Cu increased with depth in oxic pore waters and Fe had the largest but variable colloidal pool. Soluble Mn, Co, and Ni were released in the uppermost 2-4 cm in the sediment because of reductive dissolution. The increasing colloidal fraction with depth suggests a decrease in the concentration of small organic ligands with depth, that are abundant in the surface sediment pore waters, and instead an increasing importance of larger (〉 0.02 µm) inorganic nanoparticles and colloids such as Mn and Fe (oxyhydr)oxides that control Mn, Fe, and Co cycling at depths 〉 10 cm. The distribution of Ni and Cu cannot be exclusively explained by inorganic nanoparticles and a shift from low to larger high molecular weight organic ligands might occur. These findings provide new insights into trace metal distributions in the dissolved phase, highlighting the diversity of metal complexes and the need to incorporate these in future calculations of benthic metal fluxes and ecotoxicity assessments, especially in oxic pore waters.
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    Blurring societal acceptance by lack of knowledge — insights from a German coastal population study on blue carbon (2024)
    Frontiers
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    Publication Date: 2024-03-22
    Description: Within the context of climate change, coastal vegetated ecosystems have the capacity for long-term carbon storage. Blue carbon refers to such carbon trapped in the oceans and coastal shelf seas. These ecosystems are under anthropogenic pressure and, to help these ecosystems to thrive and realize their carbon storage potentials, interventions require acceptance from society, in general, and adjacent coastal communities, in particular. Through a random street survey along the German coasts in 2022, quantitative and qualitative data were collected from more than 200 participants. A questionnaire comprising 50 open and closed questions was designed to assess the status quo of German coastal residents’ norms and values concerning blue carbon ecosystems. Focus was put on nature conservation and climate change perceptions. The survey results reveal that most residents along the German coast valued nature conservation while idealizing nature that is seen as “untouched” by humans. Responses regarding active interventions to improve coastal ecosystem services were diverse. Blue carbon strategies are likely to operate within this area of tension. Most respondents were aware of climate change as a threat to their home region and were in favor of an increase in action against climate change there. The respondents were familiar with CO 2 reduction and avoidance strategies. However, they were less aware of measures to remove atmospheric CO 2 and the potential of storing CO 2 in ecosystems beyond afforestation measures. Due to a lack of knowledge, no consolidated public opinions on blue carbon in coastal vegetated ecosystems could be identified, blurring societal acceptance of blue carbon strategies. While these ecosystems are particularly vulnerable to human disturbance, long-term carbon storage is essential for blue carbon. Therefore, the individual acceptance of interventions from people living in close proximity to intervention sites is key for sustained success. The present article concludes that there are possibilities to co-create knowledge and acceptance as prerequisites for blue carbon interventions to possibly become efficacious.
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    Design, Implementation, and Evaluation of an External Pose-Tracking System for Underwater Cameras (2024)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-03-25
    Description: To advance underwater computer vision and robotics from lab environments and clear water scenarios to the deep dark ocean or murky coastal waters, representative benchmarks and realistic datasets with ground truth information are required. In particular, determining the camera pose is essential for many underwater robotic or photogrammetric applications and known ground truth is mandatory to evaluate the performance of, e.g., simultaneous localization and mapping approaches in such extreme environments. This paper presents the conception, calibration, and implementation of an external reference system for determining the underwater camera pose in real time. The approach, based on an HTC Vive tracking system in air, calculates the underwater camera pose by fusing the poses of two controllers tracked above the water surface of a tank. It is shown that the mean deviation of this approach to an optical marker-based reference in air is less than 3 mm and 0.3. Finally, the usability of the system for underwater applications is demonstrated.
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    The archaeome in metaorganism research, with a focus on marine models and their bacteria–archaea interactions (2024)
    Frontiers
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    Publication Date: 2024-03-25
    Description: Metaorganism research contributes substantially to our understanding of the interaction between microbes and their hosts, as well as their co-evolution. Most research is currently focused on the bacterial community, while archaea often remain at the sidelines of metaorganism-related research. Here, we describe the archaeome of a total of eleven classical and emerging multicellular model organisms across the phylogenetic tree of life. To determine the microbial community composition of each host, we utilized a combination of archaea and bacteria-specific 16S rRNA gene amplicons. Members of the two prokaryotic domains were described regarding their community composition, diversity, and richness in each multicellular host. Moreover, association with specific hosts and possible interaction partners between the bacterial and archaeal communities were determined for the marine models. Our data show that the archaeome in marine hosts predominantly consists of Nitrosopumilaceae and Nanoarchaeota, which represent keystone taxa among the porifera. The presence of an archaeome in the terrestrial hosts varies substantially. With respect to abundant archaeal taxa, they harbor a higher proportion of methanoarchaea over the aquatic environment. We find that the archaeal community is much less diverse than its bacterial counterpart. Archaeal amplicon sequence variants are usually host-specific, suggesting adaptation through co-evolution with the host. While bacterial richness was higher in the aquatic than the terrestrial hosts, a significant difference in diversity and richness between these groups could not be observed in the archaeal dataset. Our data show a large proportion of unclassifiable archaeal taxa, highlighting the need for improved cultivation efforts and expanded databases.
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    Modelling mass accumulation rates and 210Pb rain rates in the Skagerrak: lateral sediment transport dominates the sediment input (2024)
    Frontiers
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-03
    Description: Sediment fluxes to the seafloor govern the fate of elements and compounds in the ocean and serve as a prerequisite for research on elemental cycling, benthic processes and sediment management strategies. To quantify these fluxes over seafloor areas, it is necessary to scale up sediment mass accumulation rates (MAR) obtained from multiple sample stations. Conventional methods for spatial upscaling involve averaging of data or spatial interpolation. However, these approaches may not be sufficiently precise to account for spatial variations of MAR, leading to poorly constrained regional sediment budgets. Here, we utilize a machine learning approach to scale up porosity and 210 Pb data from 145 and 65 stations, respectively, in the Skagerrak. The models predict the spatial distributions by considering several predictor variables that are assumed to control porosity and 210 Pb rain rates. The spatial distribution of MAR is based on the predicted porosity and existing sedimentation rate data. Our findings reveal highest MAR and 210 Pb rain rates to occur in two parallel belt structures that align with the general circulation pattern in the Skagerrak. While high 210 Pb rain rates occur in intermediate water depths, the belt of high MAR is situated closer to the coastlines due to lower porosities at shallow water depths. Based on the spatial distributions, we calculate a total MAR of 34.7 Mt yr -1 and a 210 Pb rain rate of 4.7 · 10 14 dpm yr -1 . By comparing atmospheric to total 210 Pb rain rates, we further estimate that 24% of the 210 Pb originates from the local atmospheric input, with the remaining 76% being transported laterally into the Skagerrak. The updated MAR in the Skagerrak is combined with literature data on other major sediment sources and sinks to present a tentative sediment budget for the North Sea, which reveals an imbalance with sediment outputs exceeding the inputs. Substantial uncertainties in the revised Skagerrak MAR and the literature data might close this imbalance. However, we further hypothesize that previous estimates of suspended sediment inputs into the North Sea might have been underestimated, considering recently revised and elevated estimates on coastal erosion rates in the surrounding region of the North Sea.
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    Maribacter halichondriae sp. nov., isolated from the marine sponge Halichondria panicea, displays features of a sponge-associated life style (2024)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: A new member of the family Flavobacteriaceae (termed Hal144T) was isolated from the marine breadcrumb sponge Halichondria panicea. Sponge material was collected in 2018 at Schilksee which is located in the Kiel Fjord (Baltic Sea, Germany). Phylogenetic analysis of the full-length Hal144T 16S rRNA gene sequence revealed similarities from 94.3 to 96.6% to the nearest type strains of the genus Maribacter. The phylogenetic tree of the 16S rRNA gene sequences depicted a cluster of strain Hal144T with its closest relatives Maribacter aestuarii GY20T (96.6%) and Maribacter thermophilus HT7-2T (96.3%). Genome phylogeny showed that Maribacter halichondriae Hal144T branched from a cluster consisting of Maribacter arenosus, Maribacter luteus, and Maribacter polysiphoniae. Genome comparisons of strain Maribacter halichondriae Hal144T with Maribacter sp. type strains exhibited average nucleotide identities in the range of 75–76% and digital DNA-DNA hybridisation values in the range of 13.1–13.4%. Compared to the next related type strains, strain Hal144T revealed unique genomic features such as phosphoenolpyruvate-dependent phosphotransferase system pathway, serine-glyoxylate cycle, lipid A 3-O-deacylase, 3-hexulose-6-phosphate synthase, enrichment of pseudogenes and of genes involved in cell wall and envelope biogenesis, indicating an adaptation to the host. Strain Hal144T was determined to be Gram-negative, mesophilic, strictly aerobic, flexirubin positive, resistant to aminoglycoside antibiotics, and able to utilize N-acetyl-β-D-glucosamine. Optimal growth occurred at 25–30 °C, within a salinity range of 2–6% sea salt, and a pH range between 5 and 8. The major fatty acids identified were C17:0 3-OH, iso-C15:0, and iso-C15:1 G. The DNA G + C content of strain Hal144T was 41.4 mol%. Based on the polyphasic approach, strain Hal144T represents a novel species of the genus Maribacter, and we propose the name Maribacter halichondriae sp. nov. The type strain is Hal144T (= DSM 114563T = LMG 32744T).
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    The interplay of co-occurring ecosystem engineers shapes the structure of benthic communities – a mesocosm experiment (2024)
    Frontiers
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-10
    Description: Introduction Ecosystem engineers play a pivotal role in shaping habitats through their activities and presence. In shallow Baltic waters, seagrasses, patch-forming mussels, and infaunal clams modify soft bottom habitats, impacting benthic community structure. While the individual effects of these ecosystem engineers are well studied, interactions among co-occurring engineers are poorly understood.Methods We conducted a mesocosm experiment to assess the independent and combined impacts of seagrass (Zostera marina), epifaunal mussels (Mytilus spp.), and infaunal clams (Macoma balthica) on invertebrate colonization in soft sediments.Results Our findings reveal significant engineer-driven alterations in macrofaunal community structure. Combined engineer effects diverged from individual impacts, indicating potential synergies or antagonisms in sediment (re)colonization. Notably, a higher number of engineer species positively affected the diversity of settled macrofauna, with the lowest macrofaunal abundance and biomass but the highest Shannon diversity found in the presence of all three engineers.Discussion Results suggest that seagrass, mussels, and clams influence benthos through larval settlement and sediment biogeochemistry, providing insights into the distinct roles of habitat-forming organisms in shaping the benthic communities in coastal ecosystems of the Baltic Sea.
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    Editorial – Ocean Dynamics in 2023: overview and thank you to reviewers (2024)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
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    Future weakening of southeastern tropical Atlantic Ocean interannual sea surface temperature variability in a global climate model (2024)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: Future changes in the southeastern tropical Atlantic interannual sea surface temperature (SST) variability in response to increasing greenhouse gas concentrations are investigated utilizing the global climate model FOCI. In that model, the Coastal Angola Benguela Area (CABA) is among the regions of the tropical Atlantic that exhibits the largest surface warming. Under the worst-case scenario of the Shared Socioeconomic Pathway 5-8.5 (SSP5-8.5), the SST variability in the CABA decreases by about 19% in 2070–2099 relative to 1981–2010 during the model’s peak interannual variability season May–June–July (MJJ). The weakening of the MJJ interannual temperature variability spans the upper 40 m of the ocean along the Angolan and Namibian coasts. The reduction in variability appears to be related to a diminished surface-layer temperature response to thermocline-depth variations, i.e., a weaker thermocline feedback, which is linked to changes in the mean vertical temperature gradient. Despite improvements made by embedding a high-resolution nest in the ocean a significant SST bias remains, which might have implications for the results.
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    Underwater Multiview Stereo Using Axial Camera Models (2024)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-15
    Description: 3D models, generated from underwater imagery, are a valuable asset for many applications. When acquiring images underwater, light is refracted as it passes the boundary layers between water, housing and the air inside the housing due to the different refractive indices of the materials. Thus the geometry of the light rays changes in this scenario and the standard pinhole camera model is not applicable. As a result, pinhole 3D reconstruction methods can not easily be applied in this environment. For the dense reconstruction of scene surfaces the added complexity is especially challenging, as these types of algorithms have to match vast amounts of image content. This work proposes the refractive adaptation of a PatchMatch Multi-View Stereo algorithm. The refraction encountered at flat port underwater housings is explicitly modeled to avoid systematic errors in the reconstruction. Concepts derived from the axial camera model are employed to handle the high demands of Multi-View Stereo regarding accuracy and computational complexity. Numerical simulations and reconstruction results on synthetically generated but realistic images with ground truth validate the effectiveness of the approach.
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    Best practices recommendations for estimating dissipation rates from shear probes (2024)
    Frontiers
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-15
    Description: As a part of the Scientific Committee on Oceanographic Research (SCOR) Working Group #160 “Analyzing ocean turbulence observations to quantify mixing” (ATOMIX), we have developed recommendations on best practices for estimating the rate of dissipation of kinetic energy, ε, from measurements of turbulence shear using shear probes. The recommendations provided here are platform-independent and cover the conceivable range of dissipation rates in the ocean, seas, and other natural waters. They are applicable to commonly deployed platforms that include vertical profilers, fixed and moored instruments, towed profilers, submarines, self-propelled ocean gliders, and other autonomous underwater vehicles. The procedure for preparing the shear data for spectral estimation is discussed in detail, as are the quality control metrics that should accompany each estimate of ε. The methods are illustrated using a high-quality ‘benchmark’ dataset, while potential pitfalls are demonstrated with a second dataset containing common faults.
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    Relationship between the carbonate system and phytoplankton community in the Gulf of Guinea-Africa (2024)
    Frontiers
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-22
    Description: We carried out measurements of the CO2 system parameters to evaluate the impact of carbonate and nutrients' chemistry on phytoplankton populations in the Gulf of Guinea (GoG). The seasonal variations of the CO2 system parameters (fCO2, DIC, pH and TA) along with nitrates and phosphates were quantified weekly at surface (between 0 and 5 m depth) (5.57 degrees N - 4.57 degrees W) in the GoG from May to December 2020. Seawater pH varied widely during the study period, ranging between 8.10-8.35 pH units; DIC and TA varied between 1810 and 2094 mu mol kg-1, and between 2051 and 2216 mu mol-1 respectively. DIC peaks coincided with the high upwelling period (August and September). For phytoplankton, a total of 60 species were found belonging to four taxonomic phyla: Bacillariophyta, Dinophyta, Chlorophyta and Dictyochophyta. The highest number of phytoplanktonic species were recorded for Bacillariophyta phylum with 36 species (60%). The phylum Dinophyta comprised 22 taxa (36%) and Chlorophyta and Dictyochophyta recorded only one species (2%). The highest specific diversities were observed in August and September with 29 and 26 taxa respectively and the lowest was found in October-November (5 taxa) and December (one taxa). Bacillariophyta and Dinophyta appeared throughout the entire study period. The only species for Chlorophyta phylum appeared in June and July and the Dictyochophyta's one in May, July and August. In general, the physical (SST, SSS) and chemical (TA, DIC, pH) parameters influenced less than 50% of the phytoplankton population in the coastal area of the GoG. Our study shows that Bacillariophyta population grows up when the physicochemical parameters' variability increase.
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    A model for community-driven development of best practices: the Ocean Observatories Initiative Biogeochemical Sensor Data Best Practices and User Guide (2024)
    Frontiers
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-26
    Description: The field of oceanography is transitioning from data-poor to data-rich, thanks in part to increased deployment of in-situ platforms and sensors, such as those that instrument the US-funded Ocean Observatories Initiative (OOI). However, generating science-ready data products from these sensors, particularly those making biogeochemical measurements, often requires extensive end-user calibration and validation procedures, which can present a significant barrier. Openly available community-developed and -vetted Best Practices contribute to overcoming such barriers, but collaboratively developing user-friendly Best Practices can be challenging. Here we describe the process undertaken by the NSF-funded OOI Biogeochemical Sensor Data Working Group to develop Best Practices for creating science-ready biogeochemical data products from OOI data, culminating in the publication of the GOOS-endorsed OOI Biogeochemical Sensor Data Best Practices and User Guide. For Best Practices related to ocean observatories, engaging observatory staff is crucial, but having a “user-defined” process ensures the final product addresses user needs. Our process prioritized bringing together a diverse team and creating an inclusive environment where all participants could effectively contribute. Incorporating the perspectives of a wide range of experts and prospective end users through an iterative review process that included “Beta Testers’’ enabled us to produce a final product that combines technical information with a user-friendly structure that illustrates data analysis pipelines via flowcharts and worked examples accompanied by pseudo-code. Our process and its impact on improving the accessibility and utility of the end product provides a roadmap for other groups undertaking similar community-driven activities to develop and disseminate new Ocean Best Practices.
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    Perspektiven eines politikplanenden Biodiversitätsschutzgesetzes: Rechtsrahmen, Ausgestaltung und Forschungsbedarf (2024)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-29
    Description: Der Biodiversitätsverlust schreitet in bedrohlichem Ausmaß voran. Mit dem Global Biodiversity Framework und voraussichtlich dem Nature Restoration Law bestehen nun auf internationaler und europäischer Ebene vielversprechende Ansätze, ihm Herr zu werden. Jetzt ist der Bundesgesetzgeber – nicht zuletzt aus verfassungsrechtlichen Erwägungen – aufgerufen, daran anzuknüpfen. Dazu bietet sich die Regelungsform eines Rahmen- und Politikplanungsgesetzes an, wie sie schon aus dem Klimaschutzgesetz und dem Klimaanpassungsgesetz bekannt ist. Der Aufsatz beleuchtet den internationalen, europa- und verfassungsrechtlichen Hintergrund eines solchen ‘Biodiversitätsschutzgesetzes’ und diskutiert – unter Zusammenarbeit sowohl rechts- als auch naturwissenschaftlicher Autor:innen – formale und materielle Ausgestaltungsmöglichkeiten.
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    Biodiversity of the Clarion-Clipperton Fracture Zone: a worm perspective (2024)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-05-14
    Description: The deep seafloor of the Northeastern Pacific Ocean between the Clarion and Clipperton Fracture Zones (CCZ) hosts large deposits of polymetallic nodules that are of great commercial interest as they are rich in valuable metals such as manganese, nickel, copper and cobalt. However, mining of these nodules has the potential to severely affect the benthic fauna, whose distribution and diversity are still poorly understood. The CCZ is characterized by strong gradients in sea surface productivity and hence changes in the amount of organic carbon reaching the seafloor, decreasing from mesotrophic conditions in the southeast to oligotrophic conditions in the northwest. Uncovering and understanding changes in community composition and structure along this productivity gradient are challenging but important, especially in the context of future mining impacts. Here, we summarize published data on benthic annelids (polychaetes), a major component of macrobenthic communities in the CCZ. Unlike previous studies, we attempt to explore all available data based on both morphology and genetics collected by box corer and epibenthic sledge. In this regard, we specifically aimed to (a) summarize and compare morphological and molecular data in relation to surface water nutrient conditions and (b) provide recommendations to advance the studies of polychaete biodiversity. Although initial studies on polychaetes in the CCZ were performed as far back as the 1970s, there are still large data gaps further explored in our review. For example, most of the current data are from the eastern CCZ, limiting understanding of species ranges across the region. An association between polychaete communities and the available food supply was generally observed in this study. Indeed, mesotrophic conditions supported higher abundance and species richness in polychaetes as a whole, but for certain groups of species, the patterns appear to be opposite — illustrating that relationships are likely more complex at lower taxonomic levels. A better understanding of biogeographical, ecological and evolutionary processes requires a concerted effort involving increased sampling and sharing of data and material to close existing knowledge gaps.
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    Mögliche Beiträge geologischer und mariner Kohlenstoffspeicher zur Dekarbonisierung (2024)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-05-23
    Description: Es werden mögliche Beiträge geologischer und mariner Kohlenstoffspeicher für die Vermeidung von CO2-Emissionen in die Atmosphäre oder für die Entnahme von bereits emittiertem CO2 aus der Atmosphäre vorgestellt. Neben der Einlagerung von CO2 in geologischen Speichern unter Land und unter dem Meeresboden werden eine forcierte CO2-Entnahme aus der Atmosphäre und Abgabe in den Ozean durch Erhöhung der Alkalinität, durch Ozeandüngung und durch das Management vegetationsreicher Küstenökosysteme untersucht. Alle Optionen können sowohl global als auch aus deutscher Perspektive eine Rolle für das Erreichen der Klimaziele spielen. Umweltverträglichkeit, Permanenz der Speicherung sowie infrastrukturelle und rechtliche Voraussetzungen, gesellschaftliche Akzeptanz und wirtschaftliche Realisierbarkeit bedürfen für alle Ansätze weiterer Klärung, bevor hieraus realisierbare Optionen werden können.
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    Phytoplankton physiology and functional traits under artificial upwelling with varying Si:N (2024)
    Frontiers
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-03
    Description: Artificial upwelling has been discussed as a nature-based solution to fertilize currently unproductive areas of the ocean to enhance food web productivity and atmospheric CO2 sequestration. The efficacy of this approach may be closely tied to the nutrient stoichiometry of the upwelled water, as Si-rich water upwelling should benefit the growth of diatoms, who are key players for primary production, carbon export and food web efficiency. With a mesocosm experiment in subtropical waters, we assessed the physiological and functional responses of an oligotrophic phytoplankton community to artificial upwelling under varying Si:N ratios (0.07-1.33). Deep water fertilization led to strongly enhanced primary productivity rates and net autotrophy across Si scenarios. At the community level, Si-rich upwelling temporarily increased primary production and consistently enhanced diatom growth, producing up to 10-fold higher abundances compared to Si-deficient upwelling. At the organism level, contrasting effects were observed. On the one hand, silicification and size of diatom cells remained unaffected by Si:N, which is surprising given the direct dependency of these traits on Si. On the other hand, diatom Chlorophyll a density and carbon density were strongly reduced and particulate matter C:N was elevated under Si-rich upwelling. This suggests a reduced nutritional value for higher trophic levels under high Si:N ratios. Despite these strong qualitative changes under high Si, diatom cells appeared healthy and showed high photosynthetic efficiency. Our findings reveal great physiological plasticity and adaptability in phytoplankton under artificial upwelling, with Si-dependent trade-offs between primary producer quantity and quality.
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    Nutrient enrichment alters phytoplankton biomass and composition via silicon limitation (2024)
    Frontiers
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-05
    Description: Despite management efforts, anthropogenic nutrient enrichments continue to enhance phytoplankton blooms worldwide. Release of nitrogen and phosphorus compounds not only provides surplus of nutrients but also disbalances their stoichiometry. Declines in the relative availability of dissolved silicon might induce limitation in diatoms, major primary producers with silicified shells. We studied experimentally how nutrient enrichment and resulting decline in dissolved silicon to nitrogen ratios (Si:N) affect the structure and functioning of natural plankton communities. Nitrate was added to create a range of Si:N ratios and phosphate was supplied in Redfield ratio to nitrogen. We also manipulated copepod abundance to understand the top-down effects on communities experiencing nutrient enrichment. Nitrogen and phosphorus additions resulted in a steep phytoplankton biomass increase, followed by a post-bloom decline. Phytoplankton bloom biomass was higher in high nitrogen treatments but during the post-bloom period this trend switched. Biomass was sustained longer in high Si:N treatments, indicating that silicon limitation terminates the bloom. Many diatom species did not benefit from nitrogen and phosphorus enrichment and diatom dominance ceased below Si:N of 0.4:1. Under high grazing pressure, silicate was taken up faster suggesting that silicification is important in diatom defense. Copepods shaped plankton communities via feeding on dinoflagellates, chlorophytes and the diatom Skeletonema costatum but there was no significant effect of nitrogen and phosphorus enrichment on copepod abundance. Our results, combined with previous studies, show that while nutrient concentrations define the total phytoplankton bloom biomass, resource ratios are important in sustaining biomass and determining community structure and composition.
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  • 41
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    Industrial mining trial for polymetallic nodules in the Clarion-Clipperton Zone indicates complex and variable disturbances of meiofaunal communities (2024)
    Frontiers
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-07
    Description: Following several small-scale benthic disturbance experiments, an industrial polymetallic nodule collector trial was conducted by the company Global Sea mineral Resources (GSR) in their exploration contract area in the Clarion-Clipperton Zone using the pre-prototype vehicle Patania II (PATII). In this study, meiofaunal (i.e., nematode abundance, ASV diversity and genus composition) and environmental (i.e., grain size, total organic carbon/total nitrogen and pigment) properties are compared between disturbance categories (i.e., Pre-impact, Collector Impact and Plume Impact). One week after the trial, proxies for food availability within the Collector Impact sediments were altered with lower total organic carbon (TOC) and pigment (i.e., CPE: sum of Chlorophyll a and phaeopigments) values. Albeit not significant, the observed decrease of nematode abundance and ASV diversity, further indicate the consequences of the removal of the ecologically important surface sediment layer within the PATII tracks. Next to sediment removal, exposed sediments were modified in different ways (e.g., central strips, parallel caterpillar imprints with alternating bands of depressions/ripples and interface patches) and were also subject to heavy collector-induced sediment blanketing. We propose that these cumulative impacts have led to intricate seabed modifications with various levels of disturbance intensity which resulted in the high meiofaunal variability observed. Adjacent nodule-rich areas (i.e., Plume Impact) received considerable levels of sediment deposition (2-3 cm) and were defined by significantly lower food sources (CPE, TOC, carbon to nitrogen ratio) and an observation of meiofaunal enrichment (i.e., higher average nematode abundance and ASV diversity; although statistically non-significant), but mechanisms behind these ecological changes (e.g., suspended material-surface fluxes, passive dispersal of fauna in the plume vs. active upward migration and “viability” of redeposited fauna) remain unresolved. We conclude that complex benthic pressure-response relationships associated with the PATII trial, combined with the high degree of natural spatial and temporal variability in abyssal meiofaunal communities and sedimentary parameters, complicates the quantitative assessment of deep-sea mining associated disturbances.
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  • 42
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    A climatology of weather-driven anomalies in European photovoltaic and wind power production (2024)
    Nature Research | Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-10
    Description: Weather causes extremes in photovoltaic and wind power production. Here we present a comprehensive climatology of anomalies in photovoltaic and wind power production associated with weather patterns in Europe considering the 2019 and potential 2050 installations, and hourly to ten-day events. To that end, we performed kilometer-scale numerical simulations of hourly power production for 23 years and paired the output with a weather classification which allows a detailed assessment of weather-driven spatio-temporal production anomalies. Our results highlight the dependency of low-power production events on the installed capacities and the event duration. South-shifted Westerlies (Anticyclonic South-Easterlies) are associated with the lowest hourly (ten-day) extremes for the 2050 (both) installations. Regional power production anomalies can differ from the ones in the European mean. Our findings suggest that weather patterns can serve as indicators for expected photovoltaic and wind power production anomalies and may be useful for early warnings in the energy sector.
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  • 43
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    New insights into the geometry of gas chimneys in the Gorgan plain through seismic attribute integration (2024)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-14
    Description: Gas chimneys and gas clouds in the subsurface media are known as one of the indications of possible petroleum reservoirs. Investigations of their properties are mostly initiated by seismic attribute interpretation on reflection seismic data. However, due to the complexity of their behavior and their difficult interpretation of seismic attributes, state-of-the-art methods are mostly required to be applied on the seismic data to prevent any misinterpretation. This is mostly done through attribute integration and multi-attribute analysis. This research presents a study on seismic attributes and integration on several 2D seismic reflection lines from the Gorgan Plain. It is located in Northeast Iran, on the western border of the region’s well-known Kopeh-Dagh fold and thrust belt, and southeastern border of the South Caspian Basin. Hydrocarbon systems of the Gorgan Plain are poorly known and have not been widely studied, but according to preliminary investigations, this region has the potential for hydrocarbon occurrences. The aim of this study is to investigate presence and then delaminate the affected area of possible gas chimneys that are related to possible hydrocarbon reservoirs. Gas chimneys are assumed to be created due to the routes, mostly made by faults, that provoke light hydrocarbons components to migrate toward the surface. Preliminary interpretations of seismic reflection data in this study revealed that at least two gas chimneys occurred within the Gorgan Plain. As it was mentioned, since they are mostly due to the faulting above the hydrocarbon reservoir, gas chimney and heavy faulting might exhibit the same effects on the seismic data and then on its attributes, which are amplitude reduction and high damping on energies, distortion of the waveshape and seismic velocity reduction. Thus, care should be taken in separation of these two different geologic phenomena on seismic attributes. This also was done in this study through utilized integration of the most relevant seismic attributes such as Instantaneous-phase, Chaos, Variance and Remove-bias attributes. Based on the result of interpretations and according to the evolution of the basin and its structural reconstruction on other studies, gas chimneys of the Gorgan Plain, are in relation to the operation of fault zones in Cenozoic erathem in the region. These fault zones which cut the entire Cenozoic erathem, create the pathway for vertical migration of hydrocarbons through Cheleken formation (reservoir rock) and its overburden sedimentary sequences. In other words, operation of fault zones within Cenozoic sedimentary sequence, is the main reason for gas seepage in the Gorgan Plain, which is also shown in seismic data.
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  • 44
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    Random noise attenuation in seismic data using an adaptive thresholding and the second-order variant time-reassigned synchrosqueezing transform (2024)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-17
    Description: Seismic data analysis often faces the challenge of random noise contamination from various sources. To overcome this, innovative noise attenuation methods utilizing seismic signal properties are needed. This study focuses on efficiently suppressing random noise in the domain of time and frequency by accurately estimating instantaneous frequency using the single-valued group delay characteristic of seismic signals. The time-reassigned synchrosqueezing transform (TSST) and its second-order variant (TSST2) offer high-resolution time-frequency representations (TFRs) for noise suppression. Expanding on these advancements, we propose an efficient noise suppression method that integrates the adaptive thresholding model into the TSST2 framework and employs sparse representation of the TFR through low-rank estimation. This method effectively attenuates noise while preserving essential signal information. The proposed approach operates trace by trace on recorded data, initially transforming it into a sparse subspace using TSST2. The adaptive thresholding model then decomposes the resulting TFR into sparse and semi-low-rank components, achieving a high-resolution and sparse TFR for efficient separation of noise and signal. After noise suppression, the seismic data can be fully reconstructed by inversely transforming the semi-low-rank component data into the time domain. This method addresses previous limitations in noise attenuation techniques and provides a practical solution for enhancing seismic data quality.
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  • 45
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    Long-term annual trawl data show shifts in cephalopod community in the western Barents Sea during 18 years (2024)
    Frontiers
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-17
    Description: Climate change is threatening marine ecosystems on a global scale but particularly so in the Arctic. As a result of warming, species are shifting their distributions, altering marine communities and predator-prey interactions. This is known as the Atlantification of the Arctic. Warming may favor short-lived, opportunistic species such as cephalopods, marine mollusks that previously have been hypothesized to be winners in an ocean of change. To detect temporal regional trends in biodiversity, long-term annual surveys in hotspots of climate change are an unparalleled source of data. Here, we use 18 years of annual bottom trawl data (2005–2022) to analyse cephalopods in the western Barents Sea. More specifically, our research goals are to assess temporal trends in cephalopod fauna composition, abundance and biomass, and to relate these trends to climate change in the western Barents Sea. Main changes in cephalopod diversity and distribution occurred in mid-2000s and early 2010s, which corresponds with a period of warming in the Arctic since the late 1990s/early 2000s. Repeated increased occurrence of the boreal-subtropical cephalopods was recorded from 2005–2013 to 2014–2022. Moreover, the abundance of cephalopods in the area (in general and for most taxa) increased from 2005–2013 to 2014–2022. These observations suggest that the cephalopod community of the Barents Sea is subjected to Atlantification since the 2005–2013 period. This corresponds with previously reported evidence of the Atlantification in fishes and benthic invertebrates in the Barents Sea and benthic invertebrates. ‘Typical’ Arctic cephalopod species such as Bathypolypus spp., Gonatus fabricii and Rossia spp., however, are still much more abundant in the western Barents Sea compared to the deep-sea and the boreal-subtropical species. We also found indirect indications for body-size reduction in Bathypolypus spp. from 2005–2013 to 2014–2022. Overall, the temporal trends in the Barents Sea cephalopod fauna provide evidence for changing marine communities in the Arctic.
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  • 46
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    Deep learning–assisted biodiversity assessment in deep-sea benthic megafauna communities: a case study in the context of polymetallic nodule mining (2024)
    Frontiers
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-17
    Description: Technological developments have facilitated the collection of large amounts of imagery from isolated deep-sea ecosystems such as abyssal nodule fields. Application of imagery as a monitoring tool in these areas of interest for deep-sea exploitation is extremely valuable. However, in order to collect a comprehensive number of species observations, thousands of images need to be analysed, especially if a high diversity is combined with low abundances such is the case in the abyssal nodule fields. As the visual interpretation of large volumes of imagery and the manual extraction of quantitative information is time-consuming and error-prone, computational detection tools may play a key role to lessen this burden. Yet, there is still no established workflow for efficient marine image analysis using deep learning–based computer vision systems for the task of fauna detection and classification. Methods In this case study, a dataset of 2100 images from the deep-sea polymetallic nodule fields of the eastern Clarion-Clipperton Fracture zone from the SO268 expedition (2019) was selected to investigate the potential of machine learning–assisted marine image annotation workflows. The Machine Learning Assisted Image Annotation method (MAIA), provided by the BIIGLE system, was applied to different set-ups trained with manually annotated fauna data. The results computed with the different set-ups were compared to those obtained by trained marine biologists regarding accuracy (i.e. recall and precision) and time. Results Our results show that MAIA can be applied for a general object (i.e. species) detection with satisfactory accuracy (90.1% recall and 13.4% precision), when considered as one intermediate step in a comprehensive annotation workflow. We also investigated the performance for different volumes of training data, MAIA performance tuned for individual morphological groups and the impact of sediment coverage in the training data. Discussion We conclude that: a) steps must be taken to enable computer vision scientists to access more image data from the CCZ to improve the system’s performance and b) computational species detection in combination with a posteriori filtering by marine biologists has a higher efficiency than fully manual analyses.
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  • 47
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    Effects of environmental and climatic drivers on abyssal macrobenthic infaunal communities from the NE Pacific nodule province (2024)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-18
    Description: The macrofauna in soft sediments of the deep seafloor is generally diverse and represents a comparatively well-studied faunal group of deep-sea ecosystems. In the abyss of the Clarion Clipperton Fracture Zone (CCFZ) in the NE Pacific, macrofauna are major contributors to benthic biodiversity. Their distribution, composition, and diversity have been frequently investigated to assess the potential impacts of future mining activities on the resident fauna. In this study, patterns of densities and community structure of CCFZ macrobenthic infauna and their relationships with a range of environmental and climatic variables were examined, with a special focus on communities from the eastern German contract area (referred to as BGR CA). However, comparisons were also made with other contractor areas (e.g., IFREMER, IOM, GSR) and one Area of Particular Environmental Interest (APEI3). Material for this study was obtained by means of a box corer during six expeditions to the CCFZ between 2013 and 2018 resulting in 148 samples. Our study uncovered notable spatial and temporal variations in both faunal densities and community composition. While areas within the BGR CA exhibited a similar community composition, slight differences were observed between the various CAs and APEI3. Surprisingly, we found an unexpected negative correlation between food availability and both macrofaunal density and community structure that may be attributed to differences in sampling methodologies and pronounced temporal variation. Furthermore, we explored the impact of climatic fluctuations associated with the El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) on macrofaunal densities, observing an increase during warm (El Niño) events. Our findings underscore the challenges of accurately assessing spatial and temporal variations in the absence of standardised sampling protocols. Hence, we emphasize the importance of adopting standardised protocols to enhance data comparability, thereby fostering a deeper understanding of the underlying factors influencing spatial and temporal changes in macrofauna community structure within the CCFZ.
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  • 48
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    Predatory preferences of a non-indigenous crab do not depend on prey invasion scenarios (2024)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-18
    Description: Predatory non-indigenous species (NIS) have profound impacts on global ecosystems, potentially leading to native prey extinction and reshaping community dynamics. Among mechanisms potentially mediating predator impacts and prey invasion success are predator preferences between native vs. non-indigenous prey, a topic still underexplored. Using functional response and prey preference experiments, this study focused on the predation by the non-indigenous Japanese brush-clawed shore crab, Hemigrapsus takanoi, between the native gammarid Gammarus duebeni and the analogous non-indigenous Gammarus tigrinus. Although H. takanoi showed subtle differences in its functional response type between the two prey species, its preferences across their environmental frequencies were not strongly influenced by the prey invasion scenario. The findings highlight the need for a comprehensive understanding of interactions in ecosystems with multiple NIS, offering fresh insights into complex feeding interactions within marine environments.
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  • 49
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    Distribution of polysaccharidic and proteinaceous gel−like particles in three cyclonic eddies in the Eastern Tropical North Atlantic (2024)
    Frontiers
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    Publication Date: 2024-06-27
    Description: Transparent exopolymer particles (TEP) and Coomassie stainable particles (CSP), two prominent classes of gel−like particles in the ocean primarily produced by phytoplankton, play crucial roles in ecological and biogeochemical processes, influencing microbial nutrition, growth, and particle aggregation. The distribution of these particles is intricately linked to the spatiotemporal dynamics of phytoplankton. Mesoscale cyclonic eddies (CEs) are known to stimulate phytoplankton growth and influence particle transport, but their effects on TEP and CSP remain to be determined. In the Eastern Tropical North Atlantic (ETNA), we examined three CEs: one off the Mauritanian coast during summer (Mau), one offshore during winter (Sal), and another near Brava island during winter. Mau and Brava CEs were in their intensification/maturity phase, while the Sal CE was in its decay phase. Both TEP and CSP concentrations correlated with primary productivity, but TEP increased with chlorophyll−a concentration, whereas elevated CSP coincided also with the highest abundance of pico−nanophytoplankton (〈20 µm), mainly Synechococcus. Both gels exhibited a positive correlation with bacterial biomass production, indicating their consumption by heterotrophic bacteria. TEP total area in the epipelagic waters of all CEs (Mau, Brava, and Sal) was elevated compared to surrounding waters, with on average 4, 2.5, and 1.6−fold higher values, respectively. However, no significant difference in TEP size distribution was observed within any CEs and their surroundings. Similarly, CSP total area increased in the epipelagic waters of Mau and Brava CEs, with on average 5 and 2.4−fold higher values, respectively, compared to surrounding waters. CSP particles were notably larger in these two eddies, while the Sal CE showed no significant difference from surrounding waters in CSP abundance and size. Overall, TEP and CSP exhibited distinct responses to CEs, with increased concentrations during their intensification/maturation stage and remineralization dominating during their decaying stage.
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  • 50
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    Uncovering the role of oxygen on organic carbon cycling: Insights from a continuous culture study with a facultative anaerobic bacterioplankton species (Shewanella baltica) (2024)
    Frontiers
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-26
    Description: Deoxygenation is tied to organic carbon (Corg) supply and utilization in marine systems. Under oxygen-depletion, bacteria maintain respiration using alternative electron acceptors such as nitrate. Since anaerobic respiration's energy yield is lower, Corg remineralization may be reduced and its residence time increased. We investigated the influence of oxygen and alternative electron acceptors' availability on Corg cycling by heterotrophic bacteria during a continuous culture experiment with Shewanella baltica, a facultative anaerobic γ-Proteobacteria in the Baltic Sea. We tested six different oxygen levels, from suboxic (〈5 µmol L-1 ) to fully oxic conditions, using media (salinity=14 g L-1 ) supplied with high (HighN) or low (LowN) inorganic nitrogen concentrations relative to glucose as labile Corg source. Our results show that suboxia limited DOC (glucose) uptake and cell growth only under LowN, while higher availability of alternative electron acceptors seemingly compensated oxygen limitation under HighN. N-loss was observed under suboxia in both nitrogen treatments. Under HighN, N-loss was highest and a C:N loss ratio of ~2.0 indicated that Corg was remineralized via denitrification. Under LowN, the C:N loss ratio under suboxia was higher (~5.5), suggesting dominance of other anaerobic respiration pathways, such as dissimilatory nitrate reduction to ammonium (DNRA). Bacterial growth efficiency was independent of oxygen concentration but higher under LowN (34±3.0%) than HighN (26±1.6%). Oxygen concentration also affected dissolved organic matter (DOM) cycling. Under oxic conditions, the release of dissolved combined carbohydrates was enhanced, and the amino acid-based degradation index (DI) pointed to more diagenetically altered DOM. Our results suggest bacterial Corg uptake in low-oxygen systems dominated by S. baltica can be limited by oxygen but compensated by high nitrate availability. Hence, suboxia diminishes Corg remineralisation only when alternative electron acceptors are lacking. Under high nitrate:Corg supply, denitrification leads to a higher N:C loss ratio, potentially counteracting eutrophication in the long run. Low nitrate:Corg supply may favour other anaerobic respiration pathways like DNRA, which sustains labile nitrogen in the system, potentially intensifying the cycle of eutrophication. Going forward, it will be crucial to establish the validity of our findings for S. baltica in natural systems with diverse organic substrates and microbial consortia.
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  • 51
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    Magmatic processes within the plumbing system of the ultraslow-spreading southwest Indian ridge: constraints from olivine, plagioclase and melt inclusions (2024)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2024-06-26
    Description: Processes taking place within the magma plumbing system can exert an important control on the composition of mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB). Plagioclase ultraphyric basalts (PUBs) found at magma-poor mid-ocean ridges exhibit diverse disequilibrium characteristics, which can provide vital insights for distinguishing the complex effects of melt transport from those of source heterogeneity on the compositions of MORBs. Here, we present new insights into magmatic processes using integrated petrologic and geochemical studies of the PUBs from two zones (~ 50° and ~ 64°E longitude) along the ultraslow-spreading southwest Indian ridge (SWIR). The studied PUBs have complex mineral morphologies, including skeletal and acicular crystals, glomerocrysts with open and closed structure, reverse and normally zoned crystals and external and internal resorption even in single samples. Both low- and high-Fo olivine and An plagioclase crystals are in disequilibrium with their matrix glasses. Some plagioclase phenocrysts have repeated oscillatory zoning (An77–86) going from their core to rim and an abrupt decrease in An content toward the rim. Disequilibrium Sr isotopic compositions are present at several scales: between cores and rims of plagioclase crystals, between different plagioclase crystals and between plagioclase and their host lavas. Inferred pressures of magma storage range from 0.3 to 11.3 kbar. The textural and compositional diversity of crystals together with the variability in melt compositions reflect the combined influences of source heterogeneity and magmatic processes (e.g. crystallization, assimilation and magma mixing processes) taking place within crystal mushes. Our data combined with previous studies suggest that the magmatic processes within the SWIR magma plumbing system involve formation, disaggregation and juxtaposition of crystal-rich mush zones.
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    Divergence between sea urchins and their microbiota following speciation (2024)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-06-28
    Description: Animals have a deep evolutionary relationship with microbial symbionts, such that individual microbes or an entire microbial community can diverge alongside the host. Here, we explore these host-microbe relationships in Echinometra, a sea urchin genus that speciated with the Isthmus of Panama and throughout the Indo-West Pacific. We find that the eggs from five Echinometra species generally associate with a species-specific bacterial community and that the relatedness of these communities is largely congruent with host phylogeny. Microbiome divergence per million years was higher in more recent speciation events than in older ones. We, however, did not find any bacterial groups that displayed co-phylogeny with Echinometra. Together, these findings suggest that the evolutionary relationship between Echinometra and their microbiota operates at the community level. We find no evidence suggesting that the associated microbiota is the evolutionary driver of Echinometra speciation. Instead, divergence between Echinometra and their microbiota is likely the byproduct of ecological, geographic, and reproductive isolations.
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  • 53
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    Plume-influenced mid-ocean ridges -Insights into the geodynamics from the Foundation segment on the Pacific-Antarctic Ridge (2024)
    Frontiers
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    Publication Date: 2024-07-01
    Type: Article , NonPeerReviewed
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  • 54
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    Provenance of clay-sized detrital sediments in the North Sea and the Skagerrak region based on radiogenic Nd-Sr-Hf isotopes and clay mineral compositions: Assessing the impact of coastal and seabed erosion (2024)
    Frontiers
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    Publication Date: 2024-07-01
    Description: The Skagerrak basin represents the main sink area for fine-grained sediment in the North Sea region and constitutes a natural deposition centre for sediments that are supplied from the Atlantic, the Baltic Sea and the surrounding continental margins and coasts. However, the exact sources and their proportional contributions to the North Sea sediments and to the Skagerrak deposits are not well understood.To trace the predominant sources of the sediment and to gain a better understanding of the sedimentary processes in the North Sea and the Skagerrak basin, radiogenic Sr, Nd, and Hf isotope signatures and clay mineral compositions of the detrital clay fraction of surface sediment samples from the North Sea, the Scandinavian margins and the Baltic Sea were measured.The results indicate that the major source for Skagerrak clay-size sediments is the northern North Sea but Scandinavia as well as the southern North Sea including the southern England coast also contribute material. Seabed and coastal erosion in the northern North Sea are enhanced by the inflowing Atlantic Currents, which provide the Skagerrak with high amounts of clay size sediments. In contrast, the southern North Sea, the Baltic Sea and mid-European rivers such as Weser, Elbe and Ems are only minor contributors. As Skagerrak deposits are dominated by clay sized material (up to 60%), the reconstructed sediment processes related to this study deviate from findings in previous sediment budget studies, which were based on both clay and silt fraction and indicated predominant influences from the southern North Sea. These results highlight that coastal and seabed erosion in the North Sea is a previously underestimated source of fine-grained sediments for depocenters in the entire North Sea.With regard to climate change, the global sea-level rise will likely enhance erosional processes and can therefore significantly influence the sediment budget of the entire North Sea.
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  • 55
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    The European Ocean Observing System: urgent gaps and recommendations to implement during the UN Ocean Decade (2024)
    Frontiers
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    Publication Date: 2024-07-02
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed , info:eu-repo/semantics/article
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  • 56
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    Reconstruction of the marine carbonate system at the Western Tropical Atlantic: trends and variabilities from 20 years of the PIRATA program (2024)
    Frontiers
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-07-02
    Description: The Western Tropical Atlantic Ocean (WTAO) is crucial for understanding CO2 dynamics due to inputs from major rivers (Amazon and Orinoco), substantial rainfall from the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), and CO2-rich waters from equatorial upwelling. This study, spanning 1998 to 2018, utilized sea surface temperature (SST) and sea surface salinity (SSS) data from the PIRATA buoy at 8°N 38°W to reconstruct the surface marine carbonate system. Empirical models derived TA and DIC from SSS, with subsequent estimation of pH and fCO2 from TA, DIC, SSS, and SST data. Linear trend analysis showed statistically significant temporal trends: DIC and fCO2 increased and pH decreased, although DIC did not show any trend after data was de-seasoned. Rainfall analysis revealed distinct dry (July to December) and wet (January to June) seasons, aligning with lower and higher freshwater influence, respectively. TA, DIC, and pH correlated positively with SSS, exhibiting higher values during the dry season and lower values during the wet season. Conversely, fCO2 correlated positively with SST, showcasing higher values during the wet season and lower values during the dry season. This emphasizes the influential roles of SSS and SST variability in CO2 solubility within the region.
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  • 57
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    Automatic mud diapir detection using ANFIS expert systems algorithm; a case study in the Gorgan plain, Iran (2024)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-07-05
    Description: Automatic seismic data interpretation is a significant method in the exploration of geophysics. Complexities of the subsurface structures and the subsurface wave propagation media, make the decision-making process difficult in seismic data interpretation. Nevertheless, the extent of related knowledge and using the expert system method in seismic data interpretation can mitigate this problem. An expert system is a knowledge-based system that applies its knowledge in a complex and specific area and acts as an expert end-user consultant. This study investigates the design of an ANFIS expert system for mud diapirs detection with seismic data analysis in Gorgan plain. This method was applied to seismic attributes from a complex geological mud diapir bearing structure from south of the Caspian Sea. The south of the Caspian Sea is one of the richest area as petroleum reserves, and the Gorgan plain has various mud diapirs, which act as indicators of hydrocarbon reservoirs. The expert system design process to identify mud diapirs on seismic sections was modeled in two approaches including manual and automatic seismic data interpretation. In the first approach, the experience of the expert was collected by manual interpretation of training data and used to create a knowledge base and inference of the expert system in the second approach. The validation verified the accuracy of this method with an average accuracy of 90.1% according to using minimum knowledge to develop a knowledge base of the designed ANFIS expert system.
    Type: Article , PeerReviewed
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    Pinewood (2024)
    Springer Nature | Palgrave Macmillan
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-23
    Description: This open access book examines how Pinewood came to be Britain’s dominant film studio complex, focusing on key years following the Second World War. It presents a revisionist, micro history of the studio and its longevity during a particularly turbulentperiod, explaining Pinewood’s survival at a time when other major film studios such as Denham closed. This book also provides contemporary insights into how Pinewood’s technologies, practices, and filmmaking methods compared to Hollywood’s. Thirteen films produced in1946–47 are analysed in detail, tracking how economic pressures engendered many creative techniques and innovative technologies. Prevailing cultures of management and labour organization are foregrounded, as well as insights into being a studio employee. These are vividly brought to life through an in-depthfocus on the in-house studio magazine Pinewood Merry-Go-Round, which provides rare details of sports and leisure activities organized at the studios.
    Keywords: Pinewood ; Film history ; British cinema ; Film studios ; Innovation ; Technology ; Leisure cultures ; Labour history ; Set design ; thema EDItEUR::A The Arts::AT Performing arts::ATF Films, cinema ; thema EDItEUR::A The Arts::AT Performing arts::ATJ Television ; thema EDItEUR::A The Arts::AT Performing arts::ATF Films, cinema::ATFX Filmmaking and production: technical and background skills
    Language: English
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    Agroforestry as Climate Change Adaptation (2024)
    Springer Nature | Palgrave Macmillan
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-16
    Description: This open access book provides multidisciplinary perspectives on the potential of agroforestry to mitigate the negative impacts of climate change on cocoa production. Against the backdrop of increasingly precarious farmer livelihoods, it focuses on cocoa-agroforestry in Ghana – the second largest producer of cocoa in the world. Taking the reader on a journey across experimental plots and on-farm studies, the book delivers a holistic understanding of cocoa-agroforestry. Chapters examine historical yield and climate interactions, the effects of heat and drought on cocoa plants and the role of differing shade trees on soil fertility, yields, pests and diseases. The book discusses the socioeconomics of shade tree management, including cost-benefits, tree rights and competition for natural resources emphasizing policy implications and recommendations. Taking a multidisciplinary approach to climate-agriculture interactions, the book provides an innovative understanding of agroforestry and perennial cropping systems that goes beyond the Ghanaian cocoa belt. It is of relevance to students, researchers, farmers, practitioners and policymakers working with agroforestry and climate change adaptation. This is an open access book.
    Keywords: cocoa ; climate change ; multidisciplinary ; mitigation ; adaptation ; resilience ; climate-smart agriculture ; Ghana ; shade trees ; farming systems ; ecophysiology ; land rights ; tree use rights ; smallholder farming ; rural livelihoods ; technical efficiency ; perennial crop ; profitability ; sustainability ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPQ Central government::JPQB Central government policies ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JH Sociology & anthropology::JHB Sociology ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RG Geography ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RN The environment::RNF Environmental management ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RN The environment::RNU Sustainability
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    Scripting Farming Simulator with Lua (2024)
    Springer Nature | Apress
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-14
    Description: Create mods using the popular game Farming Simulator with Lua, a versatile scripting language that can run on various platforms and applications. This open access book is best suited for programmers who want to learn how to use Lua to write scripts that can enhance and extend the gameplay experience. You'll start by reviewing the basics of programming in Lua and then move on to advanced topics, such as object-oriented programming, vehicle and placeable specializations, network synchronization, and creating custom user interfaces. With step-by-step instructions and detailed explanations, you'll see how to create scripts that modify game mechanics and add new features to the game. The practical examples and projects are ideal for providing hands-on experience with Lua scripting. Whether you are a creator looking to take your skills to the next level or a game developer interested in learning a new programming language, Scripting Farming Simulator with Lua is the ultimate guide to mastering Lua scripting. What You'll Learn Understand the fundamentals of programming in LUA Implement a basic “Hello-World” mod Add a new graphical user interface to your mod Use hook scripts to extend base game features Publish your mod on the official Farming Simulator ModHub Who This Book Is For Creators who want to add new features to Farming Simulator; game developers who want to learn a new programming language for modding purposes, and anyone who wants to expand their knowledge of programming and scripting.
    Keywords: Modding ; Lua ; Farming Simulator ; Scripting ; GIANTS Editor ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UM Computer programming / software engineering::UMK Games development and programming
    Language: English
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    Quantifying Climate Risk and Building Resilience in the UK (2024)
    Springer Nature | Palgrave Macmillan
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-16
    Description: This open access book draws together key research from the UK Climate Resilience programme. It focuses on topics central to the programme’s research agenda, including improved characterisation and quantification of climate risks, enhanced understanding of the management of climate risks, and the development and delivery of climate services. Key chapters address the challenges inherent to undertaking resilience research, including how to make the term ‘climate resilience’ usable and useful, co-producing research between academics, policy makers and practitioners, and engaging and communicating outside of academia. This book is unique in providing a concise and accessible overview of the programme’s key lessons, placing the findings into a wider context and it will inform future research, policy and practice agendas.
    Keywords: Climate risk ; climate adaptation ; risk ; resilience ; climate services ; climate resilience ; climate change ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPQ Central government::JPQB Central government policies ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JH Sociology & anthropology::JHB Sociology ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RG Geography::RGC Human geography ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RG Geography ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RB Earth sciences::RBP Meteorology & climatology
    Language: English
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    Religious Entanglements Between Germans and Indians, 1800–1945 (2024)
    Springer Nature | Palgrave Macmillan
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-02
    Description: Religion as a form of cultural expression constitutes a critical element in the relationship between Germany and India. The discovery of Indian traditions in Germany and re-interpretations of those traditions in India fueled not only new theological and philosophical explorations, but also extensive innovations in the fields of music, dance, bodily experience, and political intervention. Seeking to uncover the enfolding of colonial thought structures through presentations of the Self, while placing them in the context of global colonial value chains that connected the peripheries with the centre, this interdisciplinary volume addresses India through the lens of an entangled relationship. Adopting the position that the acceleration of communication, technical development, and colonisation locally triggered re-interpretations of the religious sphere, This volume takes a look at the period from 1800 to the end of National Socialism, tracing the strands of an Indo-Germanic religion in the making as it goes along. A special emphasis is placed on the artistic expressions of religious experience including re-enactments of musical compositions and dance configurations, which were created to embody India in Germany. This is an open access book.
    Keywords: Kaiserreich ; Ahmadiyya Islam ; coloniality ; völkisch ; Madame Menaka ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History::NHD European history ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History::NHF Asian history ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QR Religion and beliefs::QRA Religion: general::QRAC Comparative religion ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History::NHT History: specific events and topics::NHTB Social and cultural history
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    Surgery in and around the Orbit (2024)
    Springer Nature | Springer International Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-03
    Description: This OpenAccess - textbook sheds new light on pathology in and around the orbit, which is typically an area where many medical disciplines overlap. Each physician brings a specific expertise, but the goal should be that the end result of all this input is much more than the sum of the parts. Collaboration, insight and overall knowledge of all parties involved are essential to achieve an optimal patient outcome. Oral and Maxillofacial surgeons have traditionally focused on the bony parts of the orbit, but usually have limited knowledge of the intricacies of binocular single vision, and for the Ophthalmologist it may be the other way around. In the past, scientific articles were often written from a single point of view, resulting in tunnel vision for the physician. The multidisciplinary approach to the orbit leads to an improvement in treatment that should not be underestimated and from which the patient benefits immensely. But especially forthe physician and the trainees, a multidisciplinary consultation is a real goldmine in which a lot can be gained. Not every medical problem needs to be tackled in a multidisciplinary framework, but problems around the eye socket often do. At Amphia Hospital in Breda, the Netherlands, more than fifteen years ago, a collaboration between Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons, Endocrinologists, Radiologists and Ophthalmologists was initiated, which has proven to be very fruitful. The main focus was on Graves' Orbitopathy and orbital fractures, but problems associated with these conditions were also frequently encountered. For those who want to follow this example, or for those who are interested in both orbital surgery, anatomy or ophthalmological orbital issues, this book could prove to be complementary.
    Keywords: Orbit ; Treatment Protocol ; Graves ; Trauma ; Multidisciplinary ; Orbital Infectiom ; Orbital Anatomy ; OpenAccess ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MK Medical specialties, branches of medicine::MKE Dentistry::MKEP Oral and maxillofacial surgery ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MJ Clinical and internal medicine::MJQ Ophthalmology ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MF Pre-clinical medicine: basic sciences::MFC Anatomy ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MN Surgery::MNP Plastic and reconstructive surgery ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MJ Clinical and internal medicine::MJP Otorhinolaryngology (ENT)
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    Toward Good Simulation Practice (2024)
    Springer Nature | Springer Nature Switzerland
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: This open access book, the Community of Practice led by the VPH Institute, the Avicenna Alliance, and the In Silico World consortium has brought together 138 experts in In Silico Trials working in academia, the medical industry, regulatory bodies, hospitals, and consulting firms. Through a consensus process, these experts produced the first attempt to define some Good Simulation Practices on how to develop, evaluate, and use In Silico Trials. Good Simulation Practice constitutes an indispensable guide for anyone who is planning to engage at any title with In Silico Trials.
    Keywords: In Silico Trials ; In Silico Medicinal Chemistry ; In Silico Dreams ; Multiscale Modeling of the Skeletal System ; Brain and Human Body Modeling ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MQ Nursing and ancillary services::MQW Biomedical engineering ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAD Bioethics ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UY Computer science::UYM Computer modelling and simulation
    Language: English
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    Gender Equality, Climate Action, and Technological Innovation for Sustainable Development in Africa (2024)
    Springer Nature | Palgrave Macmillan
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-06
    Description: This open access book explores the intersection of gender and climate change, suggests ways in which innovative technologies can accelerate climate relief actions, and offers strategies for integrating climate change initiatives into national policies and planning. By examining the devastating consequences of climate change on women and girls throughout the continent, the authors pose a crucial question: Does gender matter in climate change discussions in Africa? Political and social traditions have burdened women with greater vulnerability to the impacts of climate-related natural disasters, including violence, displacement, poverty, famine and lack of access to clean water. However, women are also key to effective and inclusive climate mitigation, adaptation, and decision-making. The authors provide a compelling discourse that identifi es the social and economic benefi ts for all citizens when genderinclusive policies shape equitable and targeted action plans, from mitigationto adaptation and funding. The UN’s SDG 13 calls for urgent action and commitment to combat climate change. The implementable and action-oriented propositions presented in this book will be of interest to students, educators, practitioners, third-sector actors, and policymakers committed to gender equality, sustainable development and climate action in Africa.
    Keywords: Sustainable Development Goals ; SDGs ; climate change ; women's empowerment ; gender inclusion ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JB Society and culture: general::JBS Social groups, communities and identities::JBSF Gender studies, gender groups ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAF Ecological science, the Biosphere ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RN The environment::RNP Pollution and threats to the environment::RNPG Climate change ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RN The environment::RNU Sustainability ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JB Society and culture: general::JBC Cultural and media studies::JBCC Cultural studies ; thema EDItEUR::1 Place qualifiers::1H Africa ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KJ Business and Management::KJD Business innovation ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KJ Business and Management::KJK International business
    Language: English
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    Surgery in and around the Orbit (2024)
    Springer Nature | Springer International Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-01
    Description: This OpenAccess - textbook sheds new light on pathology in and around the orbit, which is typically an area where many medical disciplines overlap. Each physician brings a specific expertise, but the goal should be that the end result of all this input is much more than the sum of the parts. Collaboration, insight and overall knowledge of all parties involved are essential to achieve an optimal patient outcome. Oral and Maxillofacial surgeons have traditionally focused on the bony parts of the orbit, but usually have limited knowledge of the intricacies of binocular single vision, and for the Ophthalmologist it may be the other way around. In the past, scientific articles were often written from a single point of view, resulting in tunnel vision for the physician. The multidisciplinary approach to the orbit leads to an improvement in treatment that should not be underestimated and from which the patient benefits immensely. But especially for the physician and the trainees, a multidisciplinary consultation is a real goldmine in which a lot can be gained. Not every medical problem needs to be tackled in a multidisciplinary framework, but problems around the eye socket often do. At Amphia Hospital in Breda, the Netherlands, more than fifteen years ago, a collaboration between Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons, Endocrinologists, Radiologists and Ophthalmologists was initiated, which has proven to be very fruitful. The main focus was on Graves' Orbitopathy and orbital fractures, but problems associated with these conditions were also frequently encountered. For those who want to follow this example, or for those who are interested in both orbital surgery, anatomy or ophthalmological orbital issues, this book could prove to be complementary.
    Keywords: Orbit ; Treatment Protocol ; Graves ; Trauma ; Multidisciplinary ; Orbital Infectiom ; Orbital Anatomy ; OpenAccess ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MK Medical specialties, branches of medicine::MKE Dentistry::MKEP Oral and maxillofacial surgery ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MJ Clinical and internal medicine::MJQ Ophthalmology ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MF Pre-clinical medicine: basic sciences::MFC Anatomy ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MN Surgery::MNP Plastic and reconstructive surgery ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MJ Clinical and internal medicine::MJP Otorhinolaryngology (ENT)
    Language: English
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    Introduction to Digital Humanism (2024)
    Springer Nature | Springer Nature Switzerland
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-14
    Description: This open access textbook introduces and defines digital humanism from a diverse range of disciplines. Following the 2019 Vienna Manifesto, the book calls for a digital humanism that describes, analyzes, and, most importantly, influences the complex interplay of technology and humankind, for a better society and life, fully respecting universal human rights. The book is organized in three parts: Part I “Background” provides the multidisciplinary background needed to understand digital humanism in its philosophical, cultural, technological, historical, social, and economic dimensions. The goal is to present the necessary knowledge upon which an effective interdisciplinary discourse on digital humanism can be founded. Part II “Digital Humanism – a System’s View” focuses on an in-depth presentation and discussion of the main digital humanism concerns arising in current digital systems. The goal of this part is to make readers aware and sensitive to these issues, including e.g. the control and autonomy of AI systems, privacy and security, and the role of governance. Part III “Critical and Societal Issues of Digital Systems” delves into critical societal issues raised by advances of digital technologies. While the public debate in the past has often focused on them separately, especially when they became visible through sensational events the aim here is to shed light on the entire landscape and show their interconnected relationships. This includes issues such as AI and ethics, fairness and bias, privacy and surveillance, platform power and democracy. This textbook is intended for students, teachers, and policy makers interested in digital humanism. It is designed for stand-alone and for complementary courses in computer science, or curricula in science, engineering, humanities and social sciences. Each chapter includes questions for students and an annotated reading list to dive deeper into the associated chapter material. The book aims to provide readers with as wide an exposure as possible to digital advances and their consequences for humanity. It includes constructive ideas and approaches that seek to ensure that our collective digital future is determined through human agency.
    Keywords: ethics in computer science ; responsible technologies ; legal issues and regulation ; data privacy ; digitalization ; digital economy ; digital humanism ; social responsibility ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UB Information technology: general topics::UBJ Digital and information technologies: social and ethical aspects ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QD Philosophy::QDT Topics in philosophy::QDTQ Ethics and moral philosophy ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UY Computer science::UYQ Artificial intelligence ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QD Philosophy::QDT Topics in philosophy::QDTS Social and political philosophy
    Language: English
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    Manufacturing Refused Knowledge in the Age of Epistemic Pluralism (2024)
    Springer Nature | Palgrave Macmillan
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-06
    Description: This open access book explores contemporary practices that challenge science, arguing that this matter cannot be simply disregarded as a new manifestation of “anti-scientism”. It scrutinizes the processes through which knowledge claims, refused by established institutions and the scientific community, seek legitimacy. Assuming an agnostic analytical stance, it explores the actors involved in such processes and their social worlds, their interactions with epistemic institutions, and the ways in which they enact such refused knowledge in their daily lives. Drawing on a three-year mixed-method research project, this collection demonstrates how refused knowledge can be seen as a distinct mode of knowing, employed in response to the uncertainties of everyday life. Thus, it offers a deeper understanding not only of how refused knowledge garners credibility, but also of how knowledge at large – including scientific knowledge – emerges from specific sociotechnical assemblages.
    Keywords: Science contestation ; Anti-science ; Symmetry Principle ; Expertise ; Epistemic Democracy ; Post-truth ; Science-denialism ; Refused Knowledge ; Actor–network Theory ; Situated Knowledge ; Feminist Epistemology ; Social Network Analysis ; Social Imaginaries ; Media Analysis ; Fringe Science ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JH Sociology and anthropology::JHB Sociology ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JB Society and culture: general::JBC Cultural and media studies::JBCC Cultural studies ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JH Sociology and anthropology::JHM Anthropology ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JB Society and culture: general::JBC Cultural and media studies::JBCT Media studies
    Language: English
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    Differential Geometry (2024)
    Springer Nature | Birkhäuser
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: This open access book covers the main topics for a course on the differential geometry of curves and surfaces. Unlike the common approach in existing textbooks, there is a strong focus on variational problems, ranging from elastic curves to surfaces that minimize area, or the Willmore functional. Moreover, emphasis is given on topics that are useful for applications in science and computer graphics. Most often these applications are concerned with finding the shape of a curve or a surface that minimizes physically meaningful energy. Manifolds are not introduced as such, but the presented approach provides preparation and motivation for a follow-up course on manifolds, and topics like the Gauss-Bonnet theorem for compact surfaces are covered.
    Keywords: Differential Geometry ; Surfaces ; Curves ; Elastic ; Minimal ; Willmore ; Variational Calculus ; Riemannian Geometry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PB Mathematics::PBM Geometry::PBMP Differential and Riemannian geometry
    Language: English
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    Peter Schroeder-Heister on Proof-Theoretic Semantics (2024)
    Springer Nature | Springer Nature Switzerland
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-08
    Description: This open access book is a superb collection of some fifteen chapters inspired by Schroeder-Heister's groundbreaking work, written by leading experts in the field, plus an extensive autobiography and comments on the various contributions by Schroeder-Heister himself. For several decades, Peter Schroeder-Heister has been a central figure in proof-theoretic semantics, a field of study situated at the interface of logic, theoretical computer science, natural-language semantics, and the philosophy of language. The chapters of which this book is composed discuss the subject from a rich variety of angles, including the history of logic, the proper interpretation of logical validity, natural deduction rules, the notions of harmony and of synonymy, the structure of proofs, the logical status of equality, intentional phenomena, and the proof theory of second-order arithmetic. All chapters relate directly to questions that have driven Schroeder-Heister's own research agenda and to which he has made seminal contributions. The extensive autobiographical chapter not only provides a fascinating overview of Schroeder-Heister's career and the evolution of his academic interests but also constitutes a contribution to the recent history of logic in its own right, painting an intriguing picture of the philosophical, logical, and mathematical institutional landscape in Germany and elsewhere since the early 1970s. The papers collected in this book are illuminatingly put into a unified perspective by Schroeder-Heister's comments at the end of the book. Both graduate students and established researchers in the field will find this book an excellent resource for future work in proof-theoretic semantics and related areas.
    Keywords: Proof-theoretic Semantics ; Logical Constants ; Proof Theory ; Deductive Logic ; Constructive Logic ; Intuitionistic Logic ; Mathematical Logic ; Peter Schroeder-Heister ; Gerhard Gentzen ; Gottlob Frege ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QD Philosophy ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QD Philosophy::QDT Topics in philosophy::QDTL Philosophy: logic ; thema EDItEUR::C Language and Linguistics::CF Linguistics::CFA Philosophy of language ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PB Mathematics::PBB Philosophy of mathematics ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PB Mathematics::PBC Mathematical foundations ; thema EDItEUR::C Language and Linguistics::CB Language: reference and general::CBX Language: history and general works ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QD Philosophy ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QD Philosophy::QDT Topics in philosophy::QDTL Philosophy: logic ; thema EDItEUR::C Language and Linguistics::CF Linguistics::CFA Philosophy of language ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PB Mathematics::PBB Philosophy of mathematics ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PB Mathematics::PBC Mathematical foundations ; thema EDItEUR::C Language and Linguistics::CB Language: reference and general::CBX Language: history and general works
    Language: English
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    Biographical Life Course Research (2024)
    Springer Nature | Palgrave Macmillan
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: This open access book explores an approach that connects individual and societal processes throughout history and shifting trends in sociological perspectives, influenced by C. Wright Mills’ theories of time and temporality. It traces its origins from American pragmatist thought and Chicago qualitative sociology in the early 20th century to the revival of biographical research in European and American sociology during the 1970s. The book shows empirical studies from this vibrant research approach can bridge methodological gaps between qualitative and quantitative biographical studies, applicable to various topics like class, gender, ethnicity, and intergenerational dimensions.
    Keywords: Life course ; Biography ; Mixed-methods ; Case studies ; Temporality ; History-biography dynamic ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JH Sociology and anthropology::JHB Sociology ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RG Geography::RGC Human geography ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JH Sociology and anthropology::JHB Sociology::JHBK Sociology: family and relationships ; thema EDItEUR::C Language and Linguistics::CF Linguistics::CFG Semantics, discourse analysis, stylistics
    Language: English
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    Hochschulweiterbildung zwischen Wissenschaftsinstitution und Weiterbildungsmarkt (2024)
    Springer Nature | Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-03
    Description: Dieses Open-Access-Buch basiert auf einer mikrosoziologischen Analyse des Akteursverhaltens in der Programmplanung und -entwicklung der Weiterbildung an Schweizer Hochschulen. Diese ist in einen ausgeprägten Weiterbildungsmarkt eingebettet, in welchem öffentliche und private Anbieter miteinander konkurrieren. Die Marktorientierung vollzieht sich dabei auf unterschiedlichen Ebenen, indem sowohl Wettbewerbsdynamiken als auch Berufspraxis und Gesellschaft als prioritäre Themenkontexte der Nachfragerinnen und Nachfrager hochschulischer Weiterbildungen zu berücksichtigen sind. Auf der Ebene der Hochschulen ergibt sich für die Akteure und Akteurinnen in der Programmplanung und -entwicklung ein Spannungsfeld, da sowohl Funktionslogiken der Wissenschaftsinstitution als auch Mechanismen des Weiterbildungsmarktes in der Hochschulweiterbildung wirksam werden. Die Programmverantwortlichen üben in diesem Umfeld eine aktive und gestaltende Rolle aus, indem sie Weiterbildungen inhaltlich entwickeln und marktbezogen vertreiben. Als methodologischer Zugang dient die Konventionenökonomie. Es wird untersucht, wie verantwortliche Akteure und Akteurinnen in der Weiterbildung an Hochschulen ihre Planungsentscheide auf der Basis von Konventionen begründen, und welchem Qualitätsverständnis zu hochschulischen Weiterbildungen dabei gefolgt wird.
    Keywords: Hochschulweiterbildung ; Wirtschaftssoziologie ; Bildungsmanagement ; Konventionenökonomie ; Erwachsenenbildung ; Weiterbildungsforschung ; Hochschulbildung ; Weiterbildungsmanagement ; Konventionen ; Bildungssoziologie ; Konventionentheorie ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNM Higher education, tertiary education
    Language: German
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    Basic Modeling and Theory of Creep of Metallic Materials (2024)
    Springer Nature | Springer Nature Switzerland
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: This open access book features an in-depth exploration of the intricate creep behavior exhibited by metallic materials, with a specific focus on elucidating the underlying mechanical properties governing their response at elevated temperatures, particularly in the context of polycrystalline alloys. Traditional approaches to characterizing mechanical properties have historically relied upon empirical models replete with numerous adjustable parameters, painstakingly tuned to match experimental data. While these methods offer practical simplicity, they often yield outcomes that defy meaningful extrapolation and application to novel systems, invariably necessitating the recalibration of parameters afresh. In stark contrast, this book compiles a compendium of models sourced from the scientific literature, meticulously crafted through ab initio methodologies rooted in fundamental physical principles. Notably, these models stand apart by their conspicuous absence of adjustable parameters. This pioneering effort is envisioned as a groundbreaking initiative, marking the first of its kind in the field. The resulting models, bereft of arbitrary tuning, offer a level of predictability hitherto unattained. Notably, they provide a secure foundation for ascertaining operational mechanisms, contributing significantly to enhancing our understanding of material behavior in high-temperature environments. This open access book is a valuable resource for researchers and seasoned students engaged in the study of creep phenomena in metallic materials. Readers will find a comprehensive exposition of these novel, parameter-free models, facilitating a deeper comprehension of the intricate mechanics governing material deformation at elevated temperatures.
    Keywords: Stress strain curves ; Stationary creep ; Dislocation model ; Creep with low stress exponents ; Solid solution hardening ; Precipitation hardening ; Modelling of subgrain formation ; Grain boundary sliding ; Brittle rupture ; Ductile rupture ; Hart's criterion ; Cavitation ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TG Mechanical engineering and materials::TGM Materials science ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHF Materials / States of matter
    Language: English
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    Quantitative Sustainability (2024)
    Springer Nature | Springer International Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: This open access book focuses on how scientific methodologies can help industrial managers, entrepreneurs and policymakers handle the 17 Sustainable Development Goals in an efficient and realistic way. It also offers an operative scheme for scientists to overcome their discipline barriers. Is interdisciplinarity an intrinsic research value or is it merely instrumental for handling the increasing flux of open problems that sustainability poses to science?Can these problems of sustainability be solved with what the authors already know? Is it just a matter of having the right people at the table and giving them sufficient resources, or is it something more? Is meeting the needs of the present without compromising those of future generations a scientific definition of sustainable development? Questions similar to those posed in the sixties regarding complexity must be asked about sustainability today. In addition, the new data science includes powerful tools for making novelquantitative predictions about future sustainability indicators, an open problem that the book discusses. This book is primarily addressed to Ph.D. students, postdocs and senior researchers in the Life and Hard Science (LHS) and Social Sciences and Humanities (SSH) disciplines, as well as professionals of the primary, secondary and tertiary industrial sectors.
    Keywords: Sustainable Development Goals ; Data science in Sustainability ; SDG Targets ; Data Science in Sustainable Development Goals ; Complex Network ; Food Security ; Climate Changes ; Environmental Changes ; Human Ecology ; Sustainable Economy ; Space Science ; Platform For a Science-industry Dialogue ; Industrial Processes ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GP Research and information: general::GPF Information theory::GPFC Cybernetics and systems theory ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RN The environment::RNU Sustainability ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UN Databases ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAF Ecological science, the Biosphere ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RN The environment::RNP Pollution and threats to the environment::RNPG Climate change ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RN The environment::RNF Environmental management::RNFF Food security and supply ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RN The environment
    Language: English
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    Paradigmenwechsel in Bau- und Immobilienwirtschaft (2024)
    Springer Nature | Springer Spektrum
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: Der vorliegende Open-Access-Band gibt einen umfassenden Einblick in aktuelle europäische und nationale Anforderungen zur Kreislaufwirtschaft im Bau- und Immobilienwesen. Es beleuchtet die Entwicklungen der Gebäudezertifizierungen sowie die aktuellen Möglichkeiten digitaler Gebäudepässe. Zudem wird erörtert, wie Building Information Modelling BIM verwendet werden kann, um Bauwerksdaten schnell und strukturiert zur Verfügung zu stellen und langgfrisitig entlang der Wertschöpfungskette zu dokumentieren. In einem verlinkten online-Artikel findet sich ergänzend die Beschreibung eines Demoprojektes und eine ausführliche Kriterienliste zum kreislauffähigen Planen und Bauen.
    Keywords: Kreislauffähiges Bauen ; Digitalisierung ; Building Information Modelling ; Kreislaufwirtschaft ; Prinzipien der Kreislauffähigkeit ; Gebäudezertifizierungssysteme ; Gebäudepass ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RN The environment ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TQ Environmental science, engineering and technology
    Language: German
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    Gongsheng Across Contexts (2024)
    Springer Nature | Palgrave Macmillan
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-08
    Description: This open access book sheds light on the term gongsheng/kyōsei, which is used in Chinese and Japanese to not only translate “symbiosis” in biology but also broadly deployed in philosophical, social and political contexts. It is a cross-contextual attempt to study the foundation of gongsheng/kyōsei as a philosophy of co-becoming, with exploration of its significance for thinking about the planetary challenges of our times.
    Keywords: Symbiosis ; Confucianism ; Daoism ; Buddhism ; Human society ; Gong Sheng ; Chinese philosophy ; Mutual Embeddedness ; Environmental philosophy ; Ecological anthropology ; Human-machine relationship ; Co-existence ; Co-becoming ; Social cohesion ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QD Philosophy ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QR Religion and beliefs::QRA Religion: general ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QD Philosophy ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QR Religion and beliefs::QRA Religion: general
    Language: English
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    Cycling Through the Pandemic (2024)
    Springer Nature | Springer International Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: This open access book provides insight on how the tactical urbanism has the capacity to influence change in mobility practices such as cycling. COVID-19 crisis prompted the public authorities to rethink the use of public space in order to develop means of transport that are both efficient and adapted to the health context and their effects on cycling practices in Europe, North, and South America. Its contributors collectively reveal and evidence through policies analysis, mapping, and innovative qualitative analysis bridging video and interviews, how those new infrastructures and policies can be a trigger for change in a context of mobility transition. This book provides an important element on the way local authorities can act in a quicker and more agile way. While some decisions are specific to the context of the beginning of the pandemic, the analysis offers lessons on the way to implement the transition toward a low-carbon mobility, on the importance of processes based on trials and errors, on the political stakes of reallocating road space.
    Keywords: Tactical Urbanism ; Mobility Policies ; Urban Planning and COVID-19 ; Urban Geography and Urbanism ; Landscape/Regional and Urban Planning ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JP Politics and government::JPR Regional, state and other local government ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JP Politics and government::JPQ Central / national / federal government::JPQB Central / national / federal government policies ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAF Ecological science, the Biosphere
    Language: English
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    Vom Hauen und Stechen (2024)
    Springer Nature | J.B. Metzler
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: Dieses Open-Access-Buch beschäftigt sich mit der Zuordnung der Gebrauchsspuren bei jung- und endneolithischen Knochenartefakten zu einem Werkmaterial oder einer Funktion. In der Regel werden Knochen-, Geweih- und Zahnartefakte nur typologisch untersucht. Dabei werden Begriffe wie etwa „Meißel“, „Pfriem“, „Ahle“, „Schaber“ aufgrund der Form der Artefakte vergeben, ohne jedoch die tatsächliche Funktion bzw. den Verwendungszweck näher zu untersuchen. Experimentalarchäologische Untersuchungen haben gezeigt, dass es durchaus Unterschiede in den Gebrauchsspuren gibt, die wiederum Rückschlüsse auf den tatsächlichen Gebrauch und das bearbeitete Material ermöglichen. Die bisherigen Experimente haben gezeigt, dass sich die Gebrauchsspuren in drei Gruppen einteilen lassen, die wichtige Hinweise auf die Art der Bewegung oder die Handhabung und damit auf das bearbeitete Material geben. Zudem haben die Untersuchungen von nachgebauten Werkzeugen und Artefakten ergeben, dass die Mikrospuren direkt miteinander verglichen werden können.
    Keywords: Use Wear Analysis ; Herstellungsspuren ; Gebrauchsspuren ; Knochenartefakte ; Funtkionsanalyse ; Feuchtbodensiedlungen ; Neolithikum ; Experimentelle Archäologie ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NK Archaeology
    Language: German
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    Industry 4.0 and the Road to Sustainable Steelmaking in Europe (2024)
    Springer Nature | Springer International Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: This open access book gathers original contributions focused on the transition of the European steel industry to Industry 4.0. It not only investigates how Industry 4.0 can enhance productivity, cost-saving, and sustainability in the steel industry but also helps to comprehend its broad consequences on employment, education and training, human resources, economic resilience and decarbonisation. The content engages with the international debate on Industry 4.0 through the lens of the steel industry from a multidisciplinary perspective. It encourages a scientifically grounded critical approach and includes contributions from humanities and technical disciplines, with a focus on the social dimensions of the phenomenon. This book draws strength from up-to-date international research projects and adopts a strong industry-based perspective, providing a thorough description and analysis of the state of the art of the European steel industry. It also analyzes the trends, outcomes, opportunities, and criticalities arising with the transition to the Industry 4.0 paradigm. The book is primarily based on the results of the European Steel Skills Agenda (ESSA) skills alliance project co-funded by the Erasmus+ programme of the European Union and supported by the European Steel Technology Platform (ESTEP). This is an open access book.
    Keywords: Industry 4.0 ; Steel Industry ; Skill Formation ; Recruitment ; Technological Innovation ; Workforce Development ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TG Mechanical engineering and materials::TGM Materials science
    Language: English
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    Sozialrechtsbezogene Beratung (2024)
    Springer Nature | Springer VS
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-16
    Description: In diesem Open-Access-Buch wird erstmals die sozialrechtsbezogene Beratung von Verbänden als Strategie im Zugang zum Recht in die Tiefe gehend analysiert und anhand von drei exemplarisch dargestellten Beratungssituationen die Herstellung eines Zugangs zum System sozialer Sicherung rekonstruiert. Die Beratung der Sozialverbände zu sozialen Problemlagen ist ein historisch gewachsenes Gefüge im Sozialstaat. Sie tragen mit ihrer Beratung dazu bei, dass Bürger:innen im Bedarfsfall Barrieren im Zugang zum System sozialer Sicherung überwinden und auf die sozialen Sicherungssysteme zugreifen können. Die Gestaltung des Beratungssettings ist dabei von ausschlaggebender Bedeutung.
    Keywords: sozialrechtsbezogene Beratung ; Rechtsmobilisierung ; Zugang zum Recht ; System sozialer Sicherung ; Sozialverbände ; Sozialrecht ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences
    Language: German
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    Kulturelle Teilhabe durch Immaterielles Kulturerbe (2024)
    Springer Nature | Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-14
    Description: Dieses Open-Access-Buch gibt einen umfassenden Überblick über die Verfahren und Abläufe der nationalen Umsetzung der UNESCO-Konvention zur Erhaltung des immateriellen Kulturerbes in Deutschland. Die Untersuchung konzentriert sich auf die Jahre unmittelbar vor und nach dem deutschen Beitritt zum Übereinkommen im Jahre 2013. Durch eine Politikfeldanalyse wird insbesondere der Frage nachgegangen, ob und wie die neue Aufgabe vom übergreifenden Ziel des Politikfelds, kulturelle Teilhabe zu steigern, beeinflusst wurde. Die Kombination aus einer Insiderperspektive des Autors mit einem analytischen Forschungsansatz dürfte für Vertreterinnen und Vertreter der Praxis des deutschen Mehrebenensystems der Kulturpolitik ebenso interessant sein wie für andere Forschende im Feld.
    Keywords: UNESCO-Konvention zur Erhaltung des immateriellen Kulturerbes ; Auswärtige Kulturpolitik ; Kulturelle Teilhabe ; Immaterielles Kulturerbe in Deutschland ; UNESCO-Kulturerbe in Deutschland ; Kulturpolitik-Instrumente im internationalen Vergleich ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general::JFC Cultural studies ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government
    Language: German
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    Progress in Landslide Research and Technology, Volume 2 Issue 2, 2023 (2024)
    Springer Nature | Springer Nature Switzerland
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-17
    Description: This open access book provides an overview of the progress in landslide research and technology and is part of a book series of the International Consortium on Landslides (ICL). The book provides a common platform for the publication of recent progress in landslide research and technology for practical applications and the benefit for the society contributing to the Kyoto Landslide Commitment 2020, which is expected to continue up to 2030 and even beyond to globally promote the understanding and reduction of landslide disaster risk, as well as to address the 2030 Agenda Sustainable Development Goals.
    Keywords: Landslide Disaster Mitigation Measures ; Monitoring and Early Warning ; Testing, Modeling and Risk Assessment ; Frontiers of Landslide Science and Applications ; Landslide Mechanism and Dynamics ; Catastrophic Landslides ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RN The environment::RNR Natural disasters ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RB Earth sciences ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RB Earth sciences::RBG Geology & the lithosphere ; bic Book Industry Communication::U Computing & information technology::UB Information technology: general issues ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RG Geography ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RB Earth sciences::RBP Meteorology & climatology
    Language: English
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    Women's Empowerment and Public Policy in the Arab Gulf States (2024)
    Springer Nature | Springer Nature Singapore
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-29
    Description: This open access book explores the various dimensions of women’s empowerment in public policy in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) region, with a particular focus on Qatar, comparing the country to the other Gulf states. Through its rich compilation of empirical qualitative research, the text unpacks the various ways in which women’s empowerment materializes in the GCC context, providing insights into public policy perspectives in high-income rentier states more broadly. The Arab world has long been part of the global dialogue on women’s economic and political empowerment and the GCC has, over the past decade, situated women’s empowerment amongst their respective national priorities and long-term strategies. In turn, the Gulf has seen gradual implementation of policies aimed at women, specifically, in looking to attract and retain them in the labour market, and in the public sector more broadly. The collection surveys and evaluates the progress made in recent decades, paying close attention to the cultural and policy constraints still limiting women’s empowerment in the Gulf. With a key linkage to SDG5, this book is a timely text addressing the context and drivers behind policies centering on women in the Arab region, in its analysis of the interplay of international women’s empowerment discourse and regional public policy decisions. It is relevant to researchers and policy makers focused on women and gender issues in relation to social, cultural, economic, and political empowerment in the Gulf specifically, but also in the Arab world and beyond. ; This open access book explores the various dimensions of women’s empowerment in public policy in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), with a particular focus on Qatar, comparing the country to the other Gulf states. Through its rich compilation of empirical qualitative research, the text unpacks the various ways in which women’s empowerment materializes in the GCC context, providing insights into public policy perspectives in high-income rentier states more broadly. The Arab world has long been part of the global dialogue on women’s economic and political empowerment and the GCC has, over the past decade, situated women’s empowerment amongst their respective national priorities and long-term strategies. In turn, the Gulf has seen gradual implementation of policies aimed at women, specifically, in looking to attract and retain them in the labour market, and in the public sector more broadly. The collection surveys and evaluates the progress made in recent decades, paying close attention to the cultural and policy constraints still limiting women’s empowerment in the Gulf. With a key linkage to SDG5, this book is a timely text addressing the context and drivers behind policies centering on women in the Arab region, in its analysis of the interplay of international women’s empowerment discourse and regional public policy decisions. It is relevant to researchers and policy makers focused on women and gender issues in relation to social, cultural, economic, and political empowerment in the Gulf specifically, but also in the Arab world and beyond.
    Keywords: Public Policy and Women Empowerment in the Gulf ; Women and Work in Qatar ; Maqasid Approach to Women Empowerment ; Public Sector and Empowering Women in Qatar ; Public Sector and Empowering Women in the GCC ; Family and Labour Economics ; Gender, Family and Society ; Gender in Law and Policy ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JB Society and culture: general::JBS Social groups, communities and identities::JBSF Gender studies, gender groups ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JP Politics and government::JPP Public administration ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JH Sociology and anthropology::JHB Sociology::JHBK Sociology: family and relationships ; thema EDItEUR::L Law::LN Laws of specific jurisdictions and specific areas of law::LNH Employment and labour law: general ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KC Economics::KCF Labour / income economics
    Language: English
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    Making Universities Matter (2024)
    Springer Nature | Springer Nature Switzerland
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-07
    Description: In an era of rapid change and increasing societal demands, the role of universities as knowledge producers and catalysts for change has come under scrutiny. This open access book offers a fresh perspective on the significance of universities in society, shedding light on how their knowledge can truly matter beyond academia. Drawing upon insightful inquiries from both the Swedish and international contexts, this volume delves into the multifaceted interactions between universities and various knowledge users, emphasizing the need for scholars to reflect on how their knowledge can become useful and applicable to wider society. Organized into three compelling themes, collaboration, engagement, and impact, this book explores the concept of "mattering". Together and jointly, they point at the fluid movement of scholars and scholarly knowledge across academic, political, and public spaces, and the intentional actions of scientists to leverage their expertise for real-worldimpact. Essential reading for social science and humanities scholars, university management professionals, and individuals keen on a critical understanding of the evolving role of universities, this volume offers a comprehensive examination of how universities have mattered, continue to matter, and can shape the future.
    Keywords: Knowledge and Innovation ; Knowledge transfer ; Universities in society ; Knowledge production ; Innovation and Technology Management ; University governance ; Science–policy interaction ; Role of universities in society ; Research collaboration ; Inequality in academia ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KJ Business and Management::KJD Business innovation ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KJ Business and Management::KJM Management and management techniques::KJMK Knowledge management ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JH Sociology and anthropology::JHB Sociology ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNM Higher education, tertiary education ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KC Economics ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNF Educational strategies and policy
    Language: English
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    Cancer Care in Pandemic Times: Building Inclusive Local Health Security in Africa and India (2024)
    Springer Nature | Palgrave Macmillan
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    Publication Date: 2024-01-16
    Description: This open access edited volume focuses on the scope and benefits of strengthening local industrial-health linkages. The Covid-19 pandemic collapsed international supply chains for health. That experience brought home to African policy makers the critical nature of local manufacturing capabilities for sustaining and strengthening health care, and highlighted the pandemic benefits of India’s much stronger industrial base. At that time, a network of researchers in East Africa, India and the UK were investigating how to address the crisis of cancer care in low-resource health systems. Their project, uniquely, focused on the scope and benefits of strengthening local industrial-health linkages. The project researchers were also drawn into the pressing demands of Covid19 response. The result is this very timely book. The authors link their research on cancer to pandemic experience, and they draw sharp lessons for how countries can enhance their populations’ health security. The authors argue that improving cancer care is crucial for human wellbeing and more inclusive health care. They challenge policy makers to bring together health needs, health innovations and improved industrial capabilities to embed better cancer care and broader health system improvement in local industrial innovation and development.
    Keywords: Covid19 ; cancer ; Africa ; India ; health security ; manufacturing for health ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPS International relations
    Language: English
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    Intercultural Competence and Pragmatics (2024)
    Springer Nature | Palgrave Macmillan
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    Publication Date: 2024-03-24
    Description: This Open Access book examines the link between intercultural competence (IC) and pragmatics by asking frontline modern foreign language teachers in higher education teaching a variety of languages (e.g., Dutch, English, French, German, Italian, Spanish, Swedish) how they conceptualise intercultural competence and which skills, competences and knowledge they consider important in their teaching contexts. The data were collected with an online survey that focused on the relationship between intercultural competence and pragmatics. While international organizations such as the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) or the Council of Europe (CoE) agree that intercultural competence should play an important role in education, it is not always clear what IC may encompass in specific teaching contexts and subject areas. Examining how modern foreign language teachers in higher education conceptualise intercultural competence and the value they attach as well as the attention they give to various areas of pragmatics in their teaching is highly important, since those language professionals may be the final teachers learners encounter during their formal foreign language education. They are therefore in a unique position to shape modern foreign language learners’ intercultural and pragmatic awareness, competence and skills. This book will be of interest to language professionals, modern foreign language teachers and teacher trainers, as well as students and scholars of applied linguistics, pragmatics, and language education.
    Keywords: intercultural competence ; pragmatic competence ; intercultural teaching ; intercultural communicative competence ; L2 pragmatics ; teaching of L2 pragmatics ; intercultural competence in foreign language teaching ; language and culture ; intercultural skills ; intercultural communication ; communicative competence ; intercultural competence in higher education ; intercultural education ; interlanguage pragmatics ; ICC ; IC ; thema EDItEUR::C Language and Linguistics::CF Linguistics::CFG Semantics, discourse analysis, stylistics ; thema EDItEUR::G Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary subjects::GT Interdisciplinary studies::GTC Communication studies ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JB Society and culture: general::JBC Cultural and media studies::JBCT Media studies ; thema EDItEUR::C Language and Linguistics::CB Language: reference and general ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JN Education::JNM Higher education, tertiary education
    Language: English
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    Internet of Production (2024)
    Springer Nature | Springer International Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: This seminal compendium, available through open access, illuminates the forefront of digital collaboration in production. It introduces the visionary concept of the Internet of Production (IoP), an ambitious initiative by Germany's esteemed Cluster of Excellence at RWTH Aachen University. This handbook pioneers the integration of data, models, and knowledge across development, production, and user cycles, offering interdisciplinary insights into production technology's horizons with the overall objective to create a worldwide lab. The work is organized into seven key parts, each contributing to a comprehensive understanding of the IoP. Part I lays the foundation with interdisciplinary visions and concepts. Part II delves into IoP's infrastructure, encompassing digital shadows and actionable artificial intelligence. Part III examines materials within the digitalized production landscape. Part IV confronts the challenges and potentials of production processes under novel digitalization methods. Part V focuses on production management with data-driven decision support, while Part VI explores agile development processes. Finally, Part VII delves into the interplay between internal and external perspectives in the IoP, human-centered work design, and platform-based ecosystems. Supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG), this compendium redefines manufacturing through the transformative IoP lens. Embrace this scholarly endeavor to embrace technological advancement. This is an open access book.
    Keywords: Internet of Production ; Industrial Internet of Things ; Advanced Manufacturing ; Production ; Digital Shadow ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TG Mechanical engineering and materials::TGP Production and industrial engineering ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UM Computer programming / software engineering::UMB Algorithms and data structures ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TG Mechanical engineering and materials::TGM Materials science ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KJ Business and Management::KJM Management and management techniques::KJMV Management of specific areas::KJMV5 Production and quality control management ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KJ Business and Management::KJM Management and management techniques::KJMV Management of specific areas ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KJ Business and Management::KJM Management and management techniques::KJMV Management of specific areas::KJMV8 Purchasing and supply management
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    Civil Society Elites (2024)
    Springer Nature | Palgrave Macmillan
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    Publication Date: 2024-01-16
    Description: This open access book introduces a groundbreaking concept - civil society elites - and serves as an essential resource for scholars, researchers and students interested in the complexities of power and influence within contemporary civil societies. Through a series of unique empirical studies, the authors offer a comprehensive examination of the individuals occupying the upper echelons of influential civil society organisations and movements. By delving into the factors that propel individuals into key positions and examining the connections between civil society leaders within and across sectors, the book offers insight into the mechanisms that shape access to powerful positions in civil societies. As a reflection of current debates on elites and populism, the book furthermore explores the expression and conceptualisation of counter-elite positions and criticism of civil society elites. With its original approach, the book serves as a catalyst for further research into inequalities, power structures and elites within civil societies.
    Keywords: Civil society elites ; Elite theory ; Civil society theory ; Elite integration ; Elite reproduction ; Elite contestation ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general::JFF Social issues & processes ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JK Social services & welfare, criminology::JKS Social welfare & social services::JKSN Social work ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JH Sociology & anthropology::JHB Sociology
    Language: English
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    A Circular Built Environment in the Digital Age (2024)
    Springer Nature | Springer International Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: This open access book offers a comprehensive exploration of the digital innovations that have emerged in recent years for the circular built environment. Each chapter is meticulously crafted to ensure that both academic readers and industry practitioners can grasp the inner workings of each digital technology, understand its relevance to the circular built environment, examine real-life implementations, and appreciate the intriguing business models behind them. Our primary objective is to blend scholarly knowledge with practical inspiration by providing real-life case studies for each innovation. The authors, who possess extensive expertise in their respective fields, have contributed chapters dedicated to digital technologies within their areas of specialization. The book is organized into three distinct parts. The first part focuses on data-driven digital technologies and delves into how their capabilities can facilitate the transition to a circular built environment. Essential aspects such as building information modeling (BIM), digital twins, geographical information systems (GIS), scanning technologies, artificial intelligence (AI), data templates, and material passports are explored as vital tools for data collection, integration, and analysis in the context of circular construction. In the second part, various digital technologies for design and fabrication are introduced. Topics covered include computational design algorithms, additive and subtractive manufacturing, robotic manufacturing, and extended reality. These discussions shed light on how these technologies can be leveraged to enhance design and fabrication processes within the circular built environment. Finally, the last part of the book presents emerging digital concepts related to business and governance. It explores the role of deconstruction and reverse logistics, blockchain technology, digital building logbooks, and innovative business models as enablers of circularity in the built environment. The book concludes with a chapter dedicated to digital transformation and its potential to propel the built environment towards a regenerative future. In addition to the substantive content, the book features forewords and perspectives from esteemed experts, providing valuable economic and creative insights to complement its comprehensive approach.
    Keywords: Digital innovations in the construction sector ; Applications in the construction sector ; Circular economy in the built environment ; Digital construction ; Addititive manufacturing ; Robotic manufacturing and artificial intelligence ; Big data and analytics ; Blockchain ; Circular business models ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TN Civil engineering, surveying and building::TNK Building construction and materials ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TQ Environmental science, engineering and technology::TQD Environmental monitoring ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RN The environment::RNU Sustainability ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PB Mathematics::PBT Probability and statistics ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UF Business applications::UFM Mathematical and statistical software
    Language: English
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    Die politische Ökonomie der „Überflüssigen“ (2024)
    Springer Nature | Springer VS
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-16
    Description: Jakob Graf wirft in diesem Open-Access-Buch die Frage auf, wie sozialökologische Konflikte am Rande der Weltwirtschaft soziologisch verstanden werden können. Dabei zeigt er, dass gerade in durch Rohstoffausbeutung gekennzeichneten Ländern des Globalen Südens große Teile der Erwerbstätigen nicht mittels Lohnarbeit in den globalen Kapitalismus integriert werden. Aus Sicht der kapitalistischen Weltwirtschaft sind große Teile der weltweiten Armen vielmehr „überflüssig“. Der Autor zeigt, dass diese Menschen allerdings nicht einfach „arbeitslos“, sondern vielfach wirtschaftlich aktiv sind; sie tragen in entscheidendem Maße zum Überleben der Menschen in ärmeren Ländern bei. Wie aus dem Widerspruch zwischen diesen lokalen „bedarfsökonomischen“ Aktivitäten und der kapitalistischen Wirtschaft sozialökologische Konflikte entstehen, verdeutlicht Graf am Beispiel der indigenen Mapuche im Süden Chiles. Diese setzen sich gegen die Expansion der industriellen Forstwirtschaft zur Wehr, die für die Weltmärkte in riesigen Forstplantagen Zellstoff produziert. Als historisch "Enteignete" kämpfen die Mapuche für die Wiederaneignung ihres Landes und ihrer Ressourcen. Graf analysiert die Funktionsweise derartiger Konflikte, er fragt, wie sich die soziale Gruppe der „Überflüssigen“ soziologisch verstehen lässt.
    Keywords: Lateinamerika ; soziale Konflikte ; Chile ; Kapitalismus ; Kolonialismus ; Globaler Süden ; bic Book Industry Communication::K Economics, finance, business & management::KC Economics::KCP Political economy
    Language: German
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    Entstehung, Struktur und Steuerung des deutschen Schulsystems (2024)
    Springer Nature | Springer Fachmedien Wiesbaden
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-14
    Description: Für jene, die (künftig) als Lehrkräfte oder in anderen Positionen im Kontext von Schule arbeiten, ist es unerlässlich, über ein orientierendes Wissen zum Schulsystem zu verfügen. In Anlehnung an die Themenstruktur der Module zum bildungswissenschaftlichen Studium bietet dieses Open-Access-Lehrbuch in komprimierter und präziser Form zentrale, wissenschaftlich fundierte Grundlagen zur Entstehung, Struktur und Steuerung des deutschen Schulsystems und seiner Qualitätsentwicklung. Eine konzentrierte Themenwahl und die grundlegende Einführung zentraler Begriffe und problemorientierter Zusammenhänge garantieren ein vertieftes Basiswissen, das sowohl im Rahmen von Lehrveranstaltungen als auch zur Prüfungsvorbereitung unentbehrlich ist. Hierzu tragen auch Reflexionsaufgaben am Ende aller Kapitel bei. Über eine grundlegende Aktualisierung der herangezogenen Forschungs- und Datenlage hinaus bietet die 4. Auflage nun einen systematischen Blick auf die (nicht) staatlichen Akteure, die aufunterschiedlichen Ebenen des Bildungssystems Einfluss nehmen. Darüber hinaus werden Querschnittsthemen (wie Inklusion und Digitalisierung) stärker akzentuiert, die das Bild von Schule prägen. ; Für jene, die (künftig) als Lehrkräfte oder in anderen Positionen im Kontext von Schule arbeiten, ist es unerlässlich, über ein orientierendes Wissen zum Schulsystem zu verfügen. In Anlehnung an die Themenstruktur der Module zum bildungswissenschaftlichen Studium bietet dieses Open-Access-Lehrbuch in komprimierter und präziser Form zentrale, wissenschaftlich fundierte Grundlagen zur Entstehung, Struktur und Steuerung des deutschen Schulsystems und seiner Qualitätsentwicklung. Eine konzentrierte Themenwahl und die grundlegende Einführung zentraler Begriffe und problemorientierter Zusammenhänge garantieren ein vertieftes Basiswissen, das sowohl im Rahmen von Lehrveranstaltungen als auch zur Prüfungsvorbereitung unentbehrlich ist. Hierzu tragen auch Reflexionsaufgaben am Ende aller Kapitel bei. Über eine grundlegende Aktualisierung der herangezogenen Forschungs- und Datenlage hinaus bietet die 4. Auflage nun einen systematischen Blick auf die (nicht) staatlichen Akteure, die aufunterschiedlichen Ebenen des Bildungssystems Einfluss nehmen. Darüber hinaus werden Querschnittsthemen (wie Inklusion und Digitalisierung) stärker akzentuiert, die das Bild von Schule prägen.
    Keywords: Bildungswesen ; Erziehungswissenschaft ; Schulentwicklung ; Schulqualität ; Schultheorie ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JN Education::JNL Schools
    Language: German
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    Rational Use of Intravenous Fluids in Critically Ill Patients (2024)
    Springer Nature | Springer International Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-11
    Description: This open access book, published by Springer under the Open Access CC BY 4.0 Licence in collaboration with the International Fluid Academy (IFA, www.fluidacademy.org), explores rationalized intravenous fluid therapy for critically ill patients. Despite being commonly prescribed in inpatient settings, intravenous fluids are often administered without evidence-based guidelines, neglecting essential considerations such as the fact they are drugs, that need proper dosing, duration, indications, contraindications, side effects, and de-escalation. This book fills this knowledge gap. Each chapter starts with a clinical vignette and a related question, followed by a concise summary abstract, key learning points, main text, and a conclusion that addresses the clinical question and provides relevant take-home messages. Additionally, every chapter includes an IFA commentary referencing the latest literature and evidence. The book begins with an introductory chapter that provides definitions and terminology, followed by four sections. The first section covers the fundamentals of intravenous fluid therapy, including fluid compartments in sick patients, fluid bolus dynamics, heart-lung interactions, fluid challenge, fluid responsiveness, arterial blood gas analysis based on traditional and Stewart concepts, and electrolyte physiology relevant to clinical issues. The second section discusses commercially available intravenous fluids, while the third section focuses on fluid therapy in specific clinical situations. The final section introduces the concepts of fluid stewardship and appropriate fluid prescription. Aligned with the International Fluid Academy's mission to enhance education and promote research on fluid management and monitoring, ultimately improving patient survival rates, this book contributes significantly to establishing fluid stewardship at the bedside. It provides valuable support for physicians, nurses, pharmacists, and other healthcare professionals across various clinical disciplines working in emergency rooms, operating rooms, or intensive care units, aiding their everyday clinical practice.
    Keywords: Dynamics of fluid resuscitation ; Acid-base homeostasis ; Hydroxyethyl starch ; Blood and blood products in resuscitation ; Regulation of plasma electrolytes and dyselectrolytemia ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MK Medical specialties, branches of medicine::MKP Accident and emergency medicine::MKPL Intensive care medicine ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MK Medical specialties, branches of medicine::MKA Anaesthetics ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MK Medical specialties, branches of medicine::MKP Accident and emergency medicine ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MJ Clinical and internal medicine ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MN Surgery
    Language: English
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    The Palgrave Handbook of South–South Migration and Inequality (2024)
    Springer Nature | Palgrave Macmillan
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-16
    Description: This open access handbook examines the phenomenon of South-South migration and its relationship to inequality in the Global South, where at least a third of all international migration takes place. Drawing on contributions from nearly 70 leading migration scholars, mainly from the Global South, the handbook challenges dominant conceptualisations of migration, offering new perspectives and insights that can inform theoretical and policy understandings and unlock migration’s development potential. The handbook is divided into four parts, each highlighting often overlooked mobility patterns within and between regions of the Global South, as well as the inequalities faced by those who move. Key cross-cutting themes include gender, race, poverty and income inequality, migration decision making, intermediaries, remittances, technology, climate change, food security and migration governance. The handbook is an indispensable resource on South-South migration and inequality for academics, researchers, postgraduates and development practitioners.
    Keywords: Global South ; colonisation ; decolonisation ; forced migration ; food insecurity ; climate change ; gender inequality ; transnational borders ; asylum ; refugees ; diaspora ; colonialism ; displacement ; discrimination ; intersectional inequalities ; Indigenous Peoples ; postcolonialism ; racism ; Sustainable Development Goals ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JF Society & culture: general::JFF Social issues & processes::JFFN Migration, immigration & emigration ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JH Sociology & anthropology::JHB Sociology::JHBD Population & demography ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RG Geography::RGC Human geography ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPA Political science & theory ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences
    Language: English
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    Perspectives on Socio-environmental Transformations in Ancient Europe (2024)
    Springer Nature | Springer Nature Switzerland
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: This open access book brings together key issues from transformative processes and events across Europe (and in some cases beyond) from 15,000 to 1 BCE. This volume covers the research output produced by the Collaborative Research Centre (CRC) 1266 "Scales of Transformation" – the first interdisciplinary centre to diachronically investigate transformations in past societies with a summary of their individual aspects from the Late Palaeolithic to the Roman Period. Following the introduction, the book is divided into three main sections: In "Identification of anatomies of socio-environmental transformation", the concept of scales of transformations is first explained, and the various parameters of transformational change are identified. This is followed by "Expressions of socio-environmental transformations: from climate preconditions to decision making", in which transformation processes are illustrated with individual examples. The third major part of the book deals with"Perspectives on decision making processes in socio-environmental transformations". In conclusion, the results are framed in a broad temporal framework, and patterns of socio-environmental change are presented across common time frames from the Eastern Mediterranean to Scandinavia. This book is of interest to researchers in archaeology and palaeoecology.
    Keywords: Archaeological transformation studies ; Human-environment interaction ; Social archaeology of prehistoric societies ; Transformations in human history ; Integrative archaeology ; Modelling past transformations ; Combining quantitative and qualitative archaeological research ; Palaeoenvironmental research ; European prehistory ; Prehistoric social and political history ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NK Archaeology ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NK Archaeology
    Language: English
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    International Yearbook of Soil Law and Policy 2022 (2024)
    Springer Nature | Springer International Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-03-14
    Description: This open access book presents an important discussion on the interface between sustainable soil management and climate mitigation and adaptation. It investigates a variety of aspects in this context, such as the political and societal consequences for countries in the Global South, an assessment of the outcomes of the UNFCCC Conference of Parties held in Glasgow, appropriate legal instruments to promote desealing, regulatory concepts for negative emissions in soil and land use, the debate in Europe on carbon uptake in soils and the climate-related policy of the Convention on Biological Diversity. Lastly, it provides information on recent court rulings on climate mitigation in Germany and Australia and their relevance for sustainable soil management. This sixth volume of the International Yearbook of Soil Law and Policy is divided into four parts, the first of which deals with various aspects of the theme “Climate Mitigation and Adaptation and Sustainable Soil Management.”The second part covers recent international developments, the third presents regional and national reports, and the fourth discusses overarching issues. Given the range of key topics covered, the book offers an indispensable tool for all academics, legislators and policymakers working in this field. The “International Yearbook of Soil Law and Policy” series discusses central questions in law and politics with regard to the protection and sustainable management of soil and land – at the international, national, and regional level.
    Keywords: Land Degradation ; Neutrality ; Sustainable Management ; Climate Adaptation ; Soil ; Governance ; Climate Mitigation ; UNFCCC ; CBD ; Sustainability ; Climate Change ; Emissions ; Climate Policy ; Climate Litigation ; bic Book Industry Communication::L Law::LB International law::LBB Public international law::LBBP International environmental law ; bic Book Industry Communication::T Technology, engineering, agriculture::TV Agriculture & farming::TVB Agricultural science ; bic Book Industry Communication::L Law::LB International law::LBB Public international law ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPV Political control & freedoms::JPVH Human rights ; bic Book Industry Communication::R Earth sciences, geography, environment, planning::RB Earth sciences::RBP Meteorology & climatology ; bic Book Industry Communication::J Society & social sciences::JP Politics & government::JPQ Central government::JPQB Central government policies
    Language: English
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    Elusive Phenomena, Unwieldy Things (2024)
    Springer Nature | Springer Nature Switzerland
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-04
    Description: This open access book provides a historical treatment of scientific control in experimentation in the longue durée. The introduction distinguishes four related strands in the history of experimental control: the development of practices to stabilize experimental conditions; the career of the comparative design; the unfolding of methodological discussions about control practices and designs; and the history of the term “control”. Each chapter brings these distinctions to bear on specific historical episodes. The focus is on experiments with complex, elusive phenomena such as perception and learning, irregular movements, and unobservable elements. Such experiments bring control issues to the fore because they are difficult to design and stabilize and often controversial. Together, the chapters show that the local context shapes what exactly is controlled, how control can be accomplished, and how controls are justified. They also show that control strategies and methodological ideas often remain stable for a long time and change only gradually. This book, as well as the volume on analysis and synthesis in experimentation by the same editors, contains contributions by an array of experts from multiple disciplines, making it suitable for historians and philosophers of science and students alike.
    Keywords: Control experiment ; History of experimental practice ; History of life sciences ; History of physical sciences ; History of philosophy of science ; visions on experimentation ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PD Science: general issues::PDX History of science ; thema EDItEUR::Q Philosophy and Religion::QD Philosophy::QDH Philosophical traditions and schools of thought ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PN Chemistry::PNF Analytical chemistry ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PB Mathematics::PBX History of mathematics
    Language: English
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    Manifold Learning (2024)
    Springer Nature | Springer Nature Switzerland
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-14
    Description: This Open Access book reviews recent theoretical and numerical developments in nonlinear model order reduction in continuum mechanics, being addressed to Master and PhD students, as well as to researchers, lecturers and instructors. The aim of the authors is to provide tools for a better understanding and implement reduced order models by using: physics-based models, synthetic data forecast by these models, experimental data and deep learning algorithms. The book involves a survey of key methods of model order reduction applied to model-based engineering and digital twining, by learning linear or nonlinear latent spaces. Projection-based reduced order models are the projection of mechanical equations on a latent space that have been learnt from both synthetic data and experimental data. Various descriptions and representations of structured data for model reduction are presented in the applications and survey chapters. Image-based digital twins are developed in a reduced setting. Reduced order models of as-manufactured components predict the mechanical effects of shape variations. A similar workflow is extended to multiphysics or coupled problems, with high dimensional input fields. Practical techniques are proposed for data augmentation and also for hyper-reduction, which is a key point to speed up projection-based model order reduction of finite element models. The book gives access to python libraries available on gitlab.com, which have been developed as part of the research program [FUI-25] MORDICUS funded by the French government. Similarly to deep learning for computer vision, deep learning for model order reduction circumvents the need to design parametric problems prior reducing models. Such an approach is highly relevant for image-base modelling or multiphysics modelling.
    Keywords: Computational Mechanics ; Data Augmentation ; Deep Learning ; Digital Twining ; Dimensionality Reduction ; GenericROM Library ; High-Fidelity Model ; Hyper-reduction ; Image-based Digital Twins ; Manifold Learning ; Model Order Reduction ; Mordicus ; Multiphysics Modeling ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UY Computer science::UYQ Artificial intelligence::UYQM Machine learning ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UF Business applications::UFM Mathematical and statistical software ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PB Mathematics::PBT Probability and statistics ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TG Mechanical engineering and materials::TGM Materials science::TGMB Engineering thermodynamics ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TG Mechanical engineering and materials::TGP Production and industrial engineering ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHU Mathematical physics ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UY Computer science::UYQ Artificial intelligence::UYQM Machine learning ; thema EDItEUR::U Computing and Information Technology::UF Business applications::UFM Mathematical and statistical software ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PB Mathematics::PBT Probability and statistics ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TG Mechanical engineering and materials::TGM Materials science::TGMB Engineering thermodynamics ; thema EDItEUR::T Technology, Engineering, Agriculture, Industrial processes::TG Mechanical engineering and materials::TGP Production and industrial engineering ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHU Mathematical physics
    Language: English
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    Beyond Becquerel and Biology to Precision Radiomolecular Oncology: Festschrift in Honor of Richard P. Baum (2024)
    Springer Nature | Springer International Publishing
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-04-01
    Description: This open access book is written by world-renowned experts on radiomolecular precision oncology to celebrate the work, life, principles and ideology of Richard P Baum. It includes commentaries, reviews and some thought provoking novel ideas on radionuclide precision oncology, covering topics such as various aspects of theranostics and molecular radiotherapy like radiolabeled peptides, radiolabeled antibodies, dosimetry, and quality control as well as the diagnosis and treatment of specific tumor types. Featuring contributions by biologists, physicists, chemists, mathematicians, geneticists, and physicians from a range of specialties, this Festschrift is highly interdisciplinary and will be a valuable resource for future precision oncologists. ;
    Keywords: Precision Oncology ; Theranostics ; Radiomolecular Precision Oncology ; Molecular Radiotherapy ; Radionuclide Precision Oncology ; Dosimetry ; Radiolabelled Peptides ; Radiolabelled Antibodies ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MK Medical specialties, branches of medicine::MKR Nuclear medicine ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PH Physics::PHV Applied physics::PHVD Medical physics ; thema EDItEUR::M Medicine and Nursing::MJ Clinical and internal medicine
    Language: English
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    Understanding China’s Belt and Road Initiative (2024)
    Springer Nature | Springer Nature Singapore
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-06
    Description: This open access book provokes critical thinking regarding the most ambitious Chinese project since the founding of the People’s Republic of China, The Belt and Road Initiative (BRI). The book presents extensive quality research and original insights in assessing the status of China’s outbound investment and construction projects under the BRI umbrella. Referring to case studies and projects of selected countries from Southeast Asia, Central Asia, and the Middle East, the author sheds new light on the issues and problems associated with the BRI's implementation and discusses both the readjustments and prospects for the BRI. Finally, this book demarcates the limits and potential of the world’s second largest economy in pushing for the BRI, which is challenged by enormous domestic tensions and external pressures. It also identifies and analyzes potential new collaboration areas between the Belt and Road countries and China under the BRI framework in the context of the post-COVID-19 era. It provides an outstanding reference for academics, students, policymakers, and the business community working in areas of international affairs and Asian economics and development, particularly those interested in Sino-relations and Chinese power dynamics in the global world order.
    Keywords: Contemporary Chinese Politics ; Asian Economics ; Connectivity and Infrastructure Development ; One Belt One Road ; Southeast Asia ; Diplomacy ; East Asia ; International Relations ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JP Politics and government ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History::NHF Asian history ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JP Politics and government::JPS International relations ; thema EDItEUR::K Economics, Finance, Business and Management::KC Economics ; thema EDItEUR::J Society and Social Sciences::JP Politics and government::JPS International relations::JPSD Diplomacy ; thema EDItEUR::N History and Archaeology::NH History
    Language: English
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    Conservation in Chilean Patagonia (2024)
    Springer Nature | Springer International Publishing
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    Publication Date: 2024-04-05
    Description: Chilean Patagonia, located at the southwestern tip of South America, is one of the last regions on earth where highly intact environments predominate. With a coastline that extends along some 100,000 km of fjords, channels, and islands, it has one of the world´s most extensive marine-terrestrial interfaces. Local place-based and Indigenous cultures and management practices are a vital presence across the region, while the long and rich history of conservation efforts have resulted in officially protected areas covering over 50% of the land and 41% of the coastal-marine area. However, Chilean Patagonia is increasingly facing anthropogenic pressures associated with increased infrastructure and access, salmon aquaculture, extractive industries, and the spread of invasive exotic species. Despite widespread recognition that Chilean Patagonia represents a unique global reservoir of socio-natural heritage, to date there has been no region-wide assessment of the scientific evidence of the conservation status of its ecosystems or the priorities for their effective conservation. Conservation in Chilean Patagonia: Assessing the state of knowledge, opportunities, and challenges is the first book to gather and synthesize the available scientific and socio-environmental information related to Patagonian conservation. It presents the collaborative work of 68 researchers and local experts, representing a range of specialties and perspectives, including: biology, ecology, socio-ecology, fisheries, aquaculture, anthropology, economics, geography, tourism, cryosphere, oceanography, climate and global change. The book’s 18 chapters focus on the status of key ecosystems and conservation tools, and provide recommendations toward the construction of a renewed, inclusive, and integrated conservation agenda for the Chilean Patagonian region. It provides an essential primer for anyone interested in the future of this ecologically vital region, as well as lessons on interdisciplinary collaboration and integrated analysis of conservation issues useful for conservation practitioners and scholars. This is an open access book. This book is a translation of an original Spanish edition. The translation was done with the help of artificial intelligence (machine translation by the service DeepL.com). A subsequent human revision was done primarily in terms of content, so that the book will read stylistically differently from a conventional translation.
    Keywords: Ecology ; Limnology ; Oceanography ; Biodiversity ; Marine-terrestrial Interface ; thema EDItEUR::P Mathematics and Science::PS Biology, life sciences::PSA Life sciences: general issues::PSAF Ecological science, the Biosphere ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RN The environment::RNK Conservation of the environment ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RB Earth sciences::RBK Hydrology and the hydrosphere::RBKC Oceanography (seas and oceans) ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RG Geography::RGM Biogeography ; thema EDItEUR::R Earth Sciences, Geography, Environment, Planning::RN The environment::RNC Applied ecology::RNCB Biodiversity
    Language: English
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