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  • Wheat  (108)
  • Saccharomyces cerevisiae
  • Springer  (172)
  • MDPI Publishing
  • 1980-1984  (172)
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 40 (1984), S. 1159-1161 
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; 5-trifluoromethyl-6-àzauracil ; yeast cell cultures ; cell division ; inhibition of
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Cell division, as studied in asynchronous cultures of yeast cells, is sensitive to 5-trifluoromethyl-6-azauracil (F3CAzU). Under defined conditions (10 mmoles l−1 F3CAzU) this compound blocks immediately and completely the process of cell division. Using synchronized cells, the time-point at which division process of yeast cell can be inhibited by F3CAzU has been determined. The inhibitor effect of this compound is completely reversed by thymine, thymidine and uracil.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Current genetics 8 (1984), S. 559-566 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: DNA repair ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Cloning
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Three overlapping plasmids were isolated from a YEp24 library, which restore Rad+ functions to rad6-1 and rad6-3 mutants. Different subclones were made and shown to integrate by homologous recombination at the RAD6 site on chromosome VII, thus verifying the cloned DNA segments to be the RAD6 gene and not a suppressor. The gene resides in a 1.15 kb fragment, which restores Rad+ levels of resistance to U.V., MMS and γ-rays to both rad6-1 and rad6-3 strains. It also restores sporulation ability to rad6-1 diploids. Integrative deletion of the RAD6 gene was shown not to be completely lethal to the yeast. Our results suggest that the RAD6 gene has some cell cycle-specific function(s), probably during late S phase.
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  • 3
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: α-Pheromone-inactivating glycoproteins ; bar1-1 ; Barrier proteins ; Purification ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Two kinds of a-mating-type-specific proteins inactivating α pheromone (α factor) were purified from heat shock extract of MATa cells. Their molecular weights were estimated to be 400,000 and 200,000 by gel filtration. Both proteins were detected in MATa SST1 cells but not in MATα SST1, MATa sst1-1 and MATa/MATα SST1/SST1 cells. In addition, the proteins were detected in matα2-1 SST1 cells but not in matα1-2 SST1 cells. From these results, it is concluded that these proteins are synthesized under the control of the SST1 gene and responsible for the Barrier action of MATa cells. The relationship of these proteins to the secreted Barrier protein having a higher molecular weight is discussed.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; TRP3 gene ; Deletion analysis ; Enzyme function
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Two sets of deletions, entering the TRP3 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae from the 3′- and the 5′-end were constructed. Complementation analysis with chromosomal trp3A, trp3B and trp3C mutations was done by introducing the 3′- and 5′-truncated gene on a multicopy 2 μm-vector. The N-terminal glutamine amido transferase function is encoded by a DNA fragment of 600–700 bp, and the C-terminal indole-3-glycerol-phosphate synthase function by a DNA fragment of about 900 bp, whereas both functions together are encoded by a contiguous DNA fragment of about 1,500 bp. The bi functional TRP3-peptide thus could be dissected into two catalytically independent peptides in vivo. For the indole-3-glycerol-phosphate synthase activity, independent catalytic activity was also demonstrated in vitro: deletions entering the TRP3 gene from the 5′-end, and lacking large parts of the sequence coding for the glutamine amidotransferase function, still are able to ex press a peptide exhibiting functional indole-3-glycerol phosphate synthase activity in vitro. Deletion plasmids pME505·De1C102·2μm and DelC10·2μm exhibited shorter TRP3 transcripts according to the deleted DNA-fragments (150 and 426 by respectively) but yielded peptides of invariable Mr of 35,000 d. Transcription and translation of these peptides, which probably represent the independently folding indole-3-glycerol-phosphate synthase core are discussed.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Cephalosporium acremonium ; Mitochondrial DNA ; Autonomous replication sequence ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A fragment of DNA which functions as an autonomous replication sequence in yeast was cloned from Cephalosporium acremonium. Mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) was isolated from an industrial strain of C. acremonium (08G-250-21) highly developed for the production of the antibiotic, cephalosporin C. Size, 27 kb, and restriction pattern indicated this DNA was identical to mtDNA previously isolated (Minuth et al. 1982) from an ancestral strain (ATTC 14553) which produces very low amounts of cephalosporin C. A 1.9 kb Pst1 fragment of the Cephalosporium mtDNA was inserted into a Pst1 site of the yeast integrative plasmid, Ylp5, to produce a 7.5 kb plasmid, designated pPS1. The structure of pPS1 was verified by restriction analysis and hybridization. PS1 transformed Saccharomyces cerevisiae (DBY-746) to uracil prototrophy at a frequency of 272 transformants/μg DNA. Transformation frequencies of 715 transformants/μg DNA and zero were obtained for the replicative plasmid, YRp7, and the integrative plasmid YIp5, respectively. Southern hybridization and transformation of E. coli by DNA from yeast transformed by pPS1 verified that pPS1 replicates autonomously in yeast. The uracil-independent pPS1-yeast transformants were mitotically unstable. The average retention of pPS1 after three days growth in selective and non-selective medium was 4.5% and 0.4%, respectively, compared to retentions of 4.6% and 0.5% for YRp7. The properties of pPS1 were compared to those of a related plasmid, pCP2. pCP2 was constructed (Tudzynski et al. 1982) by inserting the C. acremonium 1.9 kb Pst1 fragment into the yeast integrative plasmid, pDAM1.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; 5-aminolevulinate synthase ; Cloned gene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have cloned the structural gene HEM1 for 5-aminolevulinate (ALA) synthase from Saccharomyces cerevisiae by transformation and complementation of a yeast hem1–5 mutant which was previously shown to lack ALA synthase activity (Urban-Grimal and Labbe Bois 1981) and had no immunodetectable ALA synthase protein when tested with yeast ALA synthase antiserum. The gene was selected from a recombinant cosmid pool which contained wild-type yeast genomic DNA fragments of an average size of 40 kb. The cloned gene was identified by the restauration.of growth on a non fermentable carbon source without addition of exogenous ALA. Sub cloning of partial Sau3A digests and functional analysis by transformation allowed us to isolate three independent plasmids, each carrying a 6 kb yeast DNA fragment inserted in either orientation into the single BamHI site of the vector pHCG3 and able to complement hem1–5 mutation. Analysis of the three plasmids by restriction endonucleases showed that HEM1 is contained within a 2.9 kb fragment. The three corresponding yeast trans formants present a 1, 2.5 and 16 fold increase in ALA synthase activity as compared to the wild-type strain. The gene product immunodetected in the transformant yeast cells has identical size as the wild-type yeast ALA synthase and its amount correlates well with the increase in ALA synthase activity.
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  • 7
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    Springer
    Current genetics 9 (1984), S. 107-111 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; 2 μm minichromosomes ; Metrizamide gradients
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Two micrometer minichromosomes from Saccharomyces cerevisiae were isolated without detergent using metrizamide gradients. 2 μm minichromosomes showed a lower density in metrizamide gradients relative to genomic chromatin. Our results suggest a lower ratio of proteins to DNA in 2-μm minichromosomes as compared with genomic chromatin. The procedure described herein yields minichromosomes free of cellular chromatin and ribosomal protein contamination. This method may be useful for the isolation and characterization of other yeast minichromosomes.
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  • 8
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    Current genetics 8 (1984), S. 81-84 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Mitochondrial genes ; Vegetative segregation ; Uniparental inheritance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Zygotes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae that are heteroplasmic for mitochondrial alleles produce diploid progeny that are homoplasmic for one allele or the other, judged by the criterion that upon further subcloning they produce daughter cells of only one phenotype or the other. Here we show that when such cells are subjected to strong selection for the missing allele, it cannot be detected, so that it is probably not present in even a single copy.
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  • 9
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Iso-1-cytochrome c ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Heme ; Transcription
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A Saccharomyces cerevisiae mutant (hem1 cycl-1) was transformed with plasmids bearing a chromosomal centromer (CEN3) and a 2 μm DNA replication origin. In one of the plasmids a functional CYC1 gene was present, in a second plasmid an XhoI fragment located between bases -245 and -678 upstream from the translation initiation codon had been deleted, in a third plasmid this region had been inverted. Results of hybridization experiments carried out with mRNA isolated from heme-deficient and heme-containing transformants indicated that heme controls transcription of the CYC1 gene and that DNA sequences located within the upstream XhoI fragment are involved in activation of the gene by heme.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; TRP3 gene ; Sequence analysis ; Enzyme function
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The structure and function of the TRP3 gene of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were analyzed. Subcloning of an original 4.8 kb BamHI DNA fragment, carrying the yeast TRP3 gene, allowed for a localization of the gene on a 2.5 kb ClaI/BamHI fragment. Transcription was found to proceed from the ClaI site towards the BamHI site. Three major transcription start sites were determined at positions −92, −87, and −81 by S1-mapping. The synthesis of the TRP3 gene is regulated by the general control, and was found to take place- at the transcriptional level. The sequence of the 5′-noncoding region up to position −400 and part of the coding region to position 840 were determined. The 5′-noncoding region contains sequences common to most amino acid biosynthetic genes known so far, namely a presumptive ribosome binding site, “Goldberg-Hogness boxes”, and a consensus sequence, possibly involved in the general control. For the coding region a single open reading frame was found. The deduced amino acid sequence was aligned with homologous amino acid sequences of Neurospora crassa, Pseudomonas putida and Escherichia coli. The exceptionally high homology (40–60%) between these sequences led us to postulate that the TRP3 gene product is of the structure NH2-glutamine amidotransferase-indole-3-glycerol-phosphate synthase-COOH.
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  • 11
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Cloning ; Suppressor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A plasmid, pYsup1-1, containing a DNA fragment able to suppress the recessive mutant phenotype of the suppressor locus sup1 (allele sup1-ts36) of Saccharomyces cerevisiae was isolated from a bank of yeast chromosomal DNA cloned in cosmid p3030. The complementing gene was localized on a 2.6 kb DNA fragment by further subcloning. Evidence is presented that the cloned DNA segment codes for the sup1 structural gene (chromosome IIR).
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  • 12
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    Current genetics 8 (1984), S. 575-580 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Candida utilis ; Protoplast fusion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Auxotrophic mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Candida utilis were hybridized through protoplast fusion. Spontaneous, UV- and FPA-induced mitotic segregation indicated that after cell fusion, exclusion of the S. cerevisiae nucleus or nuclear fusion followed by preferential loss of S. cerevisiae chromosomes can take place. Some of the hybrids were stable. One of them, expressed mating and sporulation functions of the S. cerevisiae parent. Thus, markers from both parents could be recovered as mitotic and meiotic segregants.
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  • 13
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Agglutination substance ; α Pheromone ; Cell cycle ; Ethyl N-phenylcarbamate ; Mating reaction ; Microtubules ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Effects of ethyl N-phenylcarbamate (EPC) on the mating reaction of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were studied, with special attention on the effect on the α pheromone action. EPC inhibited zygote formation at a concentration which promoted induction of sexual agglutinability. EPC enhanced agglutinability induction by α pheromone, but inhibited α-pheromone-induced formation of large pearshaped cells in a mating type. The enhancement of agglutinability induction was accompanied with increased production of a agglutination substance and inhibition of α pheromone inactivation. EPC arrested the cell cycle of a cells probably in the step controlled by CDC19, CDC35, cAMP etc., just before the step controlled by CDC28, α pheromone etc.
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  • 14
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Glucan synthetase ; EDTA ; Magnesium ; Sucrose ; Fluoride
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Yeast β(1–3) glucan synthetase is stimulated and stabilized by EDTA. Sucrose protects the enzyme from selfinactivaton. Preincubation of cell free extracts at low sucrose concentrations indicates a slow transition of the enzyme towards dissociation. Transition kinetics at 30° C and 0° C in the presence and in the absence of sucrose are interpreted assuming that a subunit is thermolabile in the free state and that sucrose increases its stability. Magnesium is deletereous for glucan synthetase in cell-free extracts. Chaotropic agents inactivate glucan synthetase according to their capacity to solubilize and depolymerize biological compounds. Fluoride plays a special role in the activation of glucan synthetase. Its action appears to be dependent on the presence of GTP (or other nucleotides). The role of all these agents on the activity and stability of the enzyme is interpreted in a unified scheme.
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  • 15
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    Archives of microbiology 137 (1984), S. 357-361 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Killer toxin ; Extracellular glycoprotein
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A total of 13 killer toxin producing strains belonging to the genera Saccharomyces, Candida and Pichia were tested against each other and against a sensitive yeast strain. Based on the activity of the toxins 4 different toxins of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, 2 different toxins of Pichia and one toxin of Candida were recognized. The culture filtrate of Pichia and Candida showed a much smaller activity than the strains of Saccharomyces. Extracellular killer toxins of 3 types of Saccharomyces were concentrated and partially purified. The pH optimum and the isoelectric point were determined. The killer toxins of S. cerevisiae strain NCYC 738, strain 399 and strain 28 were glycoproteins and had a molecular weight of Mr=16,000. The amino acid composition of the toxin type K2 of S. cerevisiae strain 399 was determined and compared with the composition of two other toxins.
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  • 16
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Agglutination substance ; Cell-cell recognition ; Glycoprotein ; Mating ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Sexual agglutinability ; Yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract An a-mating-type-specific substance responsible for sexual agglutination was purified to 397-times in specific activity (units/mg protein) from the cytoplasm of a-mating type cells. The purified substance gave a single band stained with PAS reagent but not with both Coomassie brilliant blue and silver staining reagent by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of 8 M urea. However, incorporation of [35S]methionine and Lowry reaction clearly indicate that the substance is a glycoprotein. The substance specifically masked sexual agglutinability of cells of the opposite mating type α, indicating univalent action. The substance is a glycoprotein with a carbohydrate content of 90%, a pI of 4.5, and a molecular weight of 130,000. The substance was inactivated by 2-mercaptoethanol and proteolytic enzymes but not by glycolytic enzymes. The substance formed a complementary complex having no biological activity when mixed with α-agglutination substance from the wall or cytoplasm of α-cells in vitro.
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  • 17
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Glycoprotein ; Inducible strains ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Sexual agglutinability ; Tunicamycin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Effects of tunicamycin (TM) on the sexual agglutinability and zygote formation of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were studied using the two kinds of haploid strains, inducible and constitutive for sexual agglutinability. Induction of sexual agglutinability by opposite mating type sex pheromone of inducible strains was inhibited by TM in α mating type but not in a mating type. The recovery by temperature-shift-down from the temperature-suppressed sexual agglutinability of constitutive strains was enhanced by TM in a mating type but rather inhibited in α mating type. Pretreatment with TM of constitutive strains enhanced sexual agglutinability in a mating type but not in α mating type. The above-mentioned a-mating-type-specific agglutinability-enhancing actions of TM were discussed in relation to the action mechanism of α pheromone which induces or enhances the sexual agglutinability of a cells. Zygote formation was inhibited by TM in both constitutive and inducible strains at concentrations which showed only partially inhibitory effect on sexual agglutinability.
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  • 18
    ISSN: 1573-1561
    Keywords: Leptopilinaheterotoma ; Hymenoptera ; Eucoilidae ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; host-habitat searching ; chemoreception ; fermentation products ; ethanol ; ethyl acetate ; acetaldehyde
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Abstract Chemical stimuli play an important role in the process of searching for a host habitat by parasitic wasps. Volatile compounds originating from host habitats and/or hosts are the cues that enable such a location.Leptopilina heterotoma, a larval parasite ofDrosophila, is attracted to the food of its host, baker's yeast. Analysis of the fermentation products of baker's yeast, using a mass spectrometer, and olfactometer studies indicate that three fermentation products of this yeast, the main component of the host habitat in our laboratory, attractL. heterotoma: ethanol (5%), ethyl acetate (10−2, 10−3%), and acetaldehyde (1%). A combination of these three compounds, however, cannot compete with baker's yeast in attracting the parasites. Thus other factors, such as different compounds, concentrations, and/or combinations, also, play a role and remain to be tested.Leptopilina heterotoma does not use host-related olfactory cues in long-distance habitat location as it cannot distinguish between host habitat and host habitat with hosts.
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  • 19
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 67 (1984), S. 249-255 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Wheat ; Plant regeneration ; Chromosome variation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary A cytological study has been made of plants regenerated from cultured immature embryos of four wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum, 2n = 6x = 42). In total, 29% of the 192 plants examined were aneuploid with a range in chromosome numbers of 38–45. Evidence of chromosome structural changes was also found. This variation occurred in regenerants of all four cultivars, but there were large differences in the proportions of aneuploids arising from individual cultures which meant that no significant differences could be demonstrated between cultivars. Chromosome abnormalities were present in plants regenerated both from embryogenic cultures and from cultures in which the origin of shoots could not be distinctly defined.
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  • 20
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 67 (1984), S. 439-442 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Wheat ; Multicellular pollen grains ; Embryos ; Cytology
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Cytological analysis of microspore embryogenesis during in vitro culture reveals a high mortality in the first week and a latency phase of about one week before the first embryogénic mitosis. Genotypic differences observed during our wheat anther culture do not seem to originate at the induction level but are linked to the different abortion rates.
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  • 21
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 67 (1984), S. 525-528 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Cryopreservation ; Embryo culture ; Haploids ; Wheat ; Rice ; Germplasm bank
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Anther culture derived pollen embryos and immature zygotic embryos of wheat and rice, frozen in liquid nitrogen in the presence of dimethyl sulfoxide, sucrose and glycerol, have been revived. The retrieved cultures proliferated and/or regenerated shoots and plantlets. The prospects of the cryopreservation of embryos for the conservation and multiplication of germplasm and the possibility of the establishment of ‘Germplasm Banks’ are discussed.
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  • 22
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 68 (1984), S. 219-226 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Hexaploid genotypes ; Allelic variation ; Esterase ; Isozymes ; Isoelectric focusing ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Analysis of grain esterase isozymes in Chinese Spring aneuploid genotypes by IEF confirmed that genes on the long arms of chromosomes 3A, 3B and 3D (Est-5) control the production of 19 isozymes. Allelic variants have been found for the isozyme pattern controlled by each chromosome. Segregational data involving null alleles and complex phenotypic differences indicate that the wheat grain esterases are encoded by three compound and probably homoeoallelic loci, each capable of producing at least six different isozymes. In a sample of 138 hexaploid genotypes, seven alleles were distinguished.
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  • 23
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Electrophoresis ; Endosperm ; Proteins ; Emmer ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Triticum turgidum L. var. dicoccoides (wild emmer) is an important genetic resource for increasing the protein content of common wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Many studies have shown that the presence or absence of bands in sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide (SDS-PAGE) electrophoregrams of wheat storage proteins to be of a purely genetic character. A total protein extraction and SDS-PAGE technique was used to estimate the storage protein genetic variability among 841 accessions of wild emmer collected from various ecological regions in the Middle East. In addition, a computer data bank was developed, recording the onedimension electrophoregram bands for each accession by molecular weight (MW) and relative Coomassie Blue staining intensity as determined from densitometer scans. Analyses of this information are being used to identify specific accessions for further study by two dimension electrofocusing-electrophoresis and breeding and genetic analyses. The computer-assisted analyses indicated that the greatest genetic variability occurs for proteins in the high MW region (above 70,000 MW) followed by those in the medium range (70,000 to 33,300 MW). Comparatively little variability was revealed for protein subunits of below 33,300 MW.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Chromosomal location ; Genetic control ; Salt soluble proteins ; Wheat ; Barley ; Rye
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Salt-soluble proteins from the endosperms of wheat, barley, and rye have been separated by nonequilibrium electrofocusing x electrophoresis. Genes encoding 14 of the 25 components observed in wheat have been unambiguously assigned to 10 different chromosomes (1B, 3B, 3D, 4A, 4D, 5B, 6B, 6D, 7B, 7D) by analysis of the compensated nulli-tetrasomic series. Five more wheat proteins seem to be controlled by group 2 chromosomes. Analysis of wheat-barley and wheat-rye addition lines has led to the location of genes for 6 out of 20 barley proteins in 4 different chromosomes (1H, 3H, 4H, 6H; 1H is homoeologous to group 7 chromosomes of wheat) and of genes for 5 out of 20 rye proteins in two different chromosomes (2R, 4R). The relationship between the proteins reported here and previously characterized ones is discussed.
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  • 25
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Wheat ; Triticum ; Grain protein ; Grain weight ; Maternal effect ; Cytoplasmic effect
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Reciprocal crosses were made between cultivated wheat (Triticum turgidum var. ‘durum’) and a high-protein line of wild tetraploid wheat (T. turgidum var. ‘dicoccoides’). F1 grains (on maternal spikes) were very similar to the selfed grains on the maternal parent in protein percentage, weight and protein content. These traits were also analyzed in F3 grains developed on F2 spikes of segregating populations derived from reciprocal crosses between the same cultivated parent and another high-protein line of var. ‘dicoccoides’. No significant differences in the mean values of these traits were found between the reciprocal crosses, indicating no cytoplasmic effect. It has been concluded that these grain characteristics are largely determined by the maternal plant.
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  • 26
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 68 (1984), S. 21-23 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Wheat ; Heritability ; Yield ; Height
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Grain yield, plant height and test weight were studied in a population of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). The population consisted of F2 bulk populations of 42 crosses among 11 genotypes adapted to S. W. Ontario. Heritabilities were: 0.30±0.32 for yield, 0.77±0.15 for height and 0.98±0.08 for test weight. Predicted genetic gain with 10% selection intensity was 0.15 t/ha for yield, 10.1 cm for height and 3.00 kg/hl for test weight. The low heritability for yield indicates that effective selection would require pedigree information and progeny tests, while the high heritabilities for height and test weight indicate that selection for these traits using single plots would be appropriate.
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  • 27
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: 14C-labelled plant material ; 14C-labelled soil ; Root exudation ; Sample oxidizer ; Scintillation counting ; Sutton series soil ; Tissue solubilization ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A comparison between a tissue solubilization method and a sample oxidizer technique to measure14C in plant and soil material is described. The solubilization method although not quantitative gives good recoveries and reproducible values of14C-content with soil samples not exceeding 10 mg and should be of value for estimating the14C-content of soils in laboratories without a sample oxidizer.
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  • 28
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    Plant and soil 77 (1984), S. 141-149 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Cracks ; Crack width ; Lateral roots ; Pea ; Penetration ; Penetrometer ; Rape ; Remoulded soil ; Roots ; Safflower ; Seminal axes ; Soil strength ; Undisturbed soil ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Experimental methods are described for observing the behaviour of roots encountering cracks in soil. The proportions of roots which enter a second soil block after crossing a crack of known width were measured. Soil strength was measured with a penetrometer. Results are presented for the proportions of seminal roots of wheat and primary lateral roots of pea which enter moulded soil of various strengths after crossing cracks. Results are also presented for the proportions of seminal roots of pea, rape and safflower which enter undisturbed soil after crossing cracks. It was found that, in all cases, the proportion of roots penetrating the second soil block decreased with increasing crack width and increasing soil strength. Also, a smaller proportion of thinner roots penetrated the second soil block than thicker roots under similar conditions. Root diameter in the cracks was influenced by both crack width and soil strength, and an empirical equation is presented to describe this effect.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Ammonium acetate extractable potassium ; Inceptisol soil ; Minimum level ; Non-exchangeable potassium ; Pearl millet ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Ammonium acetate extractable potassium in the soil reached a minimum value of 6.8 mg K/100g soil after 14 crops of wheat and pearl millet in the field without applying any potassium fertilizer. At this level of ammonium acetate extractable K both wheat and pearl millet utilized about, 90 per cent of the total K from non-exchangeable sources. Wheat and pearl millet were grown in this soil in the greenhouse at different levels of K. At K0 level wheat utilized 86 per cent of the total K uptake from the non-exchangeable source and pearl millet, 95 per cent. At K1 level, wheat utilized only 19 per cent but at higher levels of K, there was build up in the K status of soils. In the case of pearl millet at K1, K2 and K3 levels 59, 13 and 22 per cent of total uptake were contributed by non-exchangeable forms. The total K uptake by pearl millet was more than double that by wheat. Plant analysis showed that 83 per cent of the total K in wheat was contained in the shoot portion and the rest in the roots. The corresponding figures for pearl millet were 94 and 6 per cent.
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  • 30
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    Plant and soil 79 (1984), S. 249-254 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Acid KMnO4 extraction ; Chemical index ; Incubation ; Mineralizable N ; Mineral N ; N uptake ; Soil ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary A chemical measure of soil nitrogen (N) availability has been evaluated. The method involved the estimation of initial mineral N, plus mineralizable N released with 0.05N KMnO4 in 1NH2SO4. The results obtained correlated highly significantly with the N uptake by wheat plants (r=0.72,P〈0.01).
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  • 31
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    Plant and soil 76 (1984), S. 379-387 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Actinomycetes ; Bacteria ; Chernozemic soil ; Fungi ; Rhizosphere ; Trifluralin herbicide ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary This study examined the effects of trifluralin (α,α,α-trifluoro-2,6-dinitro-N,N-dipropyl-p-toluidine), a soil incorporated herbicide, on soil microflora both in the general soil environment and in the rhizosphere of trifluralin damaged wheat roots. Two Dark Brown Chernozemic soils were treated with various trifluralin rates in the growth chamber and wheat [Triticum aestivum L. ‘Neepawa’] was seeded. Trifluralin generally had no effect on fungi, bacteria, or actinomycete populations in either the general soil or in the rhizosphere. CO2 evolution was unchanged when trifluralin was added to the soil. In wheat plots, at two field locations, there were no significant effects of trifluralin (1.0 kg ha−1) on soil fungi, bacteria, actinomycete, denitrifying bacteria, and nitrifying Nitrobacter propulations. A pure culture study with 42 soil microorganisms showed that many isolates were inhibited at 400 to 100,000 μg g−1 but not at concentrations 〈16 μg g−1. Similar data were obtained from tests on four different soils. These studies indicate that trifluralin is unlikely to cause changes in the numbers of soil microorganisms when used at recommended levels.
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  • 32
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    Plant and soil 78 (1984), S. 417-428 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Aphelenchoides spp ; Aphelenchus avenae ; Pinus radiata ; Soil fungi ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The soils of a wheat-field and pine-forest had different mycofloras and supported different populations ofAphelenchus avenae, a mycophagous nematode. The abundance ofA. avenae was correlated with the composition of the mycoflora in these soils; the greater abundance ofA. avenae in wheat-field soil being associated with a more diverse mycoflora.
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  • 33
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    Plant and soil 79 (1984), S. 11-28 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Beta distribution ; Buckling ; Cracks ; Crack width ; Lateral roots ; Pea ; Penetration ; Penetrometer ; Rape ; Remoulded soil ; Roots ; Safflower ; Seminal axes ; Soil strength ; Undisturbed soil ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary It is shown that probabilities of root penetration across cracks in soil can be calculated effectively using a mathematical model involving root stress and soil distributions and penetrometer/root stress ratios. Penetration criteria are developed, and it is found that the effective penetrometer/root stress ratios take values of about 4 for crack widths smaller than about 2 mm and about 8 for wider cracks. Root swelling does not appear to contribute significantly to the probability of root penetration through any effect on root buckling stress. Suggestions are made for further work on the effects of soil structure and strength on root behaviour.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 1573-6881
    Keywords: H+-ATPase complex ; assembly defect ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; mitochondrial biogenesis ; membrane association
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Notes: Abstract We have investigated the extent to which the assembly of the cytoplasmically synthesized subunits of the H+-ATPase can proceed in a mtDNA-less (rho°) strain of yeast, which is not capable of mitochondrial protein synthesis. Three of the membrane sector proteins of the yeast H+-ATPase are synthesized in the mitochondria, and it is important to determine whether the presence of these subunits is essential for the assembly of the imported subunits to the inner mitochondrial membrane. A monoclonal antibody against the cytoplasmically synthesized β-subunit of the H+-ATPase was used to immunoprecipitate the assembled subunits of the enzyme complex. Our results indicate that the imported subunits of the H+-ATPase can be assembled in this mutant, into a defective complex which could be shown to be associated with the mitochondrial membrane by the analysis of the Arrhenius kinetics of the mutant mitochondrial ATPase activity.
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  • 35
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    Nutrient cycling in agroecosystems 5 (1984), S. 285-288 
    ISSN: 1573-0867
    Keywords: Wheat ; potassium chloride ; irrigation ; plant water potential
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract ‘The water potential of wheat plants increased during the mid-day noon, probably as an adaptation; the rise was greater with less frequent irrigation and was increased by KCl application.’
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  • 36
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    Plant and soil 80 (1984), S. 135-138 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Hardpans ; Root growth ; Soil compaction ; Subterranean clover ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Wheat crops with stunted chlorotic patches are widespread in northern Victoria, Australia, and are often associated with dense, compacted layers of soil. Poor growth of subterranean clover, with symptoms of cupped and reddened leaflets, is also a problem in these cropping regions during the pasture phase of the rotation. Artificially compacted soils were created to test the hypothesis that these symptoms of poor growth were caused by soil compaction. Soil compacted from 0–20 cm with a bulk density similar to that measured in problem fields reproduced these symptoms in wheat and subterranean clover. Surface compaction alone also reproduced the symptoms in clover.
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  • 37
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Azospirillum brasilense ; Wheat ; Triticum aestivum ; N-fertilizer
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The yield response of a common spring wheat cultivar,Triticum aestivum, to inoculation withAzospirillum brasilense was studied at four levels of N fertilization. Plant yield increased due to the inoculation treatment only at medium and high levels of N fertilization, with a maximum yield increase of about 8.0 per cent at the highest level (approximately 1.0 g of pure N per plant). Yield increase was mostly due to an increase in the number of grains per spike, and at the highest level of fertilization, also due to a higher number of spikes per plant. At all N levels, the inoculation caused an increase of 0.5–1.4 per cent in the number of fertile spikelets per main spike. Grain protein percentage was unaffected by the inoculation, though significantly increase due to the fertilization treatments. The occurrence of maximum yield response at the highest N level, the response by early-determined yield components, i.e. spikelet number, and the unaffected grain protein content are in accord with the suggestion that the contribution ofAzospirillum brasilense to wheat yield is not through N2-fixation.
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  • 38
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    European journal of nutrition 22 (1983), S. 205-212 
    ISSN: 1436-6215
    Keywords: Schwermetallwirkung ; Malatdehydrogenase ; Glutamatdehydrogenase ; Glycerinaldehyd-3-phosphatdehydrogenase ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The difference between cadmium, zinc, lead, and mercury in regard of their effects on the activity of the enzymes tested is very slight. Concentrations higher than 10−5 M reduce significantly the activity of the enzymes, and concentrations of approximately 10−3 M inhibit it completely. An increase of the activity cannot be detected. The addition of combinations of cadmium, zinc, and lead results in a summing up of the toxic effects, whereas the interaction between mercury and the other three heavy metals shows a cumulative effect, which is appointed nearly completely by the heavy metal more toxic. The findings suggest that under in-vitro conditions there exists a direct interaction between the heavy metals and the enzymes.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die vier Schwermetalle Cadmium, Zink, Blei und Quecksilber unterscheiden sich in ihrer Wirkung auf die Aktivität der untersuchten Enzyme nur sehr wenig. Konzentrationen über 10−5 M vermindern die Enzymaktivität signifikant, und Konzentrationen von etwa 10−3 M unterbinden sie völlig. Eine Steigerung der Enzymaktivität läßt sich nicht feststellen. Die Zugabe von Cadmium-, Zink- und Bleikombinationen führt zu einer Addition der toxischen Effekte, während bei der Interaktion zwischen Quecksilber und den anderen drei Schwermetallen die Gesamtwirkung fast ausschließlich durch das stärker hemmende Schwermetall allein bestimmt wird. Die erhaltenen Ergebnisse lassen vermuten, daß es unter Invitro-Bedingungen zu einer direkten Wechselwirkung zwischen den Schwermetallen und den Enzymen kommt.
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  • 39
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    Current genetics 7 (1983), S. 165-166 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Cephalosporium acremonium ; Mitochondrial hybrid vector ; Nuclear association
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The hybrid vector pCP2, consisting of the bacterial plasmid pBR325, the nuclear gene Leu-2 of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and a fragment of mitochondrial DNA from Cephalosporium acremonium, was found to associate with the nucleus in a transformed strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. This was inducted by (1) efficient expression of the Leu-2 gene as evidenced by a short generation time on selective medium; (2) independence of Leu-2 gene expression from mitochondrial protein synthesis, since pCP2 was shown to replicate and to be expressed in petite mutants; (3) association of pCP2 with isolated DNA from nuclei as proved by transformation experiments with E. coli.
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  • 40
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; G1 cdc mutants ; tα-factor
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Mutants in four G1 cdc strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were isolated which failed to show division arrest in the presence of α-factor. The cell cycle properties, terminal arrest morphology and mating competence of these mutants at the restrictive temperature were examined. The G1 specific arrest of the cdc 36 and cdc39 mutants is dependent upon the availability of an intact mating factor response system in Mat a cells. Cdc28 and cdc37 mutants exert their cell cycle blocks independently of the mating factor pathway. It is likely that the nature of the primary growth defect in cdc36 and cdc39 mutants is such that the α-factor pathway is activated in the absence of the pheromone at the restrictive temperature and that G1 arrest is a secondary consequence of a non-cycle specific event in such mutants.
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  • 41
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    Current genetics 7 (1983), S. 235-237 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: DNA replication ; Shuttle vectors ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Mitotic segregation of three 2 μm-pBR322 chimaeric plasmids (YEp6, YEp21, and YEp24) was studied in yeast. Each displayed a characteristic rate of loss: YEp6 was lost at approximately twice the rate of YEp21 and YEp24. The loss rates were not significantly increased when two chimaeric plasmids were coresident, nor was the endogenous 2 μm plasmid itself displaced. Therefore these plasmids appear to be compatible in yeast.
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  • 42
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; DEL1 ; rad ; ste7
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary In DEL1 strains of the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the iso-1-cytochrome c (CYC1) region is flanked on either side by Tyl elements in direct orientation which promote cyc1 deletions of the bracketed DNA in the haploid cell. In this study, we asked which genes might control this event by testing the possibility that the DEL1 mutation mechanism requires an enzyme (or enzymes) that is also utilized in the repair of damaged DNA. To this end, we independently coupled eight repair mutations, rad3–2, rad4–4, rad6–1, rad6–3, rad9–1, rev3–1, rad50–1, and rad51-1, toDEL1 and asked whether DEL1 was still functional. We found that none of these rad mutations significantly affects the mutation frequency of 10−6-10−5 established in DEL1 strains for the CYC1 locus. Furthermore, we determined that ste7, a temperature-sensitive sterile allele known to alter gene regulation in Ty-mediated mutations, is not required for DEL1 function. Finally, DEL1 is not temperature-sensitive at 23° or 37 °C.
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  • 43
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    Current genetics 7 (1983), S. 369-377 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Isoenzymes ; Induction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Tetrad analysis indicates that α-isopropylmalate synthase activity of yeast is determined by two separate genes, designated LEU4 and LEU5. LEU4 is identified as a structural gene. LEU5 either encodes another α-isopropylmalate synthase activity by itself or provides some function needed for the expression of a second structural gene. The properties of mutants affecting the biosynthesis of leucine and its regulation suggest that the expression of LEU1 and LEU2 (structural genes encoding isopropylmalate isomerase and β-isopropylmalate dehydrogenase, respectively) is controlled by a complex of a-isopropylmalate and a regulatory element (the LEU3 gene product). Similarities and differences between yeast and Neurospora crassa with respect to leucine biosynthesis are discussed.
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  • 44
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    Current genetics 7 (1983), S. 393-397 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Trehalose ; Glycogen ; Sporulation ; Germination ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Mutants with specific lesions were used to differentiate between the functions of glycogen and trehalose in S. cerevisiae. Diploids which harbor the glc1/glc1 mutation depend upon the phosphorylated, less active form of glycogen synthase and show a more active, phosphorylated form, of the enzyme trehalase. These conditions are due to a lesion in the regulating subunit of the cAMP-dependent protein kinase. Such cells are unable to sporulate. Diploids which contain the sst1/sst1 mutation have normal glycogen metabolism but their trehalose-6-phosphate synthase is not active. Such strains sporulate but germination is poor and only one-spore tetrads are formed. These results confirm that glycogen is needed to trigger sporulation while trehalose plays a role in the germination process. Different systems, I and II, of trehalose accumulation were proposed. System I would require the UDPG-linked trehalose synthase, whereas system II would constitute an alternative pathway, specifically induced or activated by the expression of a MAL gene. The presence of system II in its constitutive form in the constructed diploids would favour trehalose synthesis during growth on glucose, however, it did not overcome the glycogen deficiency during sporulation nor the lack of trehalose for germination. It seems that only system I, namely trehalose 6-P-synthase, plays a role in the germination process.
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  • 45
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Oversecretion mutants ; Protease defect ; Wall glucan defect ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Two chromosomal mutations in yeast that result in oversecretion of the K1 killer toxin protein were examined. A recessive mutation in gene ski5 appears to lead to toxin oversecretion through a defect in a cell surface, PMSF-inhibited protease. A wild type killer strain degraded toxin following synthesis, and degradation could be partially prevented by addition of PMSF to the growth medium. The ski5 mutation caused an approximate ten fold oversecretion of toxin, similar to that seen in a PMSF-treated wild type culture, and no increased oversecretion in the presence of PMSF. The ski5 mutation caused oversecretion of other low molecular weight secreted proteins and appeared to oversecrete the α-factor pheromone, as judged by activity tests. The ski5 mutation was complemented by mutations in ski genes 1–4, and the mutant was not supersensitive to mating pheromones or K2 killer toxin. We also examined killer strains with a mutation in the nuclear gene krel which results in a defective (1→6)-β-D-glucan cell wall receptor for killer toxin. Such strains oversecrete toxin into the growth medium, but also, unexpectedly, oversecrete most other secreted proteins. The defect in (1→6)-β-D-glucan in these mutants appears to perturb the partitioning of secreted proteins between the cell wall and the medium.
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  • 46
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    Current genetics 7 (1983), S. 427-431 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; DNA ; Alkaline elution
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The method of analysis of DNA in mammalian cells by alkaline elution from filters (Kohn et al. 1974) was adapted for studies on yeast DNA. By this technique spheroplasts obtained from yeast cells are lysed on filters and single-stranded DNA fragments selectively eluted by alkaline solutions. The procedure was applied to monitor the occurrence of replication intermediates and production of DNA single-strand breakage by MMS, and its repair in growth medium.
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  • 47
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    Current genetics 7 (1983), S. 433-438 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Yeast transformation ; Yeast autonomously replicating sequences ; Ribosomal RNA genes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have previously demonstrated that the loss of Rcp-CEN3, a centromeric plasmid containing yeast rDNA autonomously replicating sequences (ARS) is as high as around 50% per generation for most yeast strains. In this study we have attempted to elucidate mechanisms underlying the high mitotic instability of Rcp-CEN3. For this purpose a tandem duplication of a rDNA ARS was constructed in Rcp-CEN3. The new plasmid having two ARSs possesses a markedly higher mitotic stability as compared to a monoARS Rcp-CEN3. The mitotic stability of this centromere-containing plasmid which has two replicators corresponds to the calculated value for the mitotic stability of two monoARS plasmids Rcp-CEN3 in given cells. Genetic analysis has demonstrated that both plasmids having one or two ARSs are maintained in the single copy state. These results demonstrate that the mitotic instability of centromeric plasmid Rcp-CEN3 carrying a rDNA ARS is associated with the absence of stringent control of replication from the rDNA ARS. A possible mechanism of replication of the chromosomal rDNA repeats in yeast is discussed in the light of this data.
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  • 48
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: α Pheromone ; Cell cycle ; G1 arrest ; Hansenula wingei ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Shmoo
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The cell cycle of a (5) mating type cells of Hansenula wingei was arrested in the G1 phase by α pheromone of Saccharomyces cerevisiae but not by α(21) pheromone of H. wingei, although both the α pheromones are known to induce sexual agglutination ability of a mating type cells of H. wingei. Cells of α mating type of H. wingei became shmooed or arrested in the G1 phase in response to neither a pheromone of H. wingei nor α pheromone of S. cerevisiae.
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  • 49
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    Archives of microbiology 134 (1983), S. 64-67 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Anaerobic growth ; Hungate technique ; Tween 80 ; Ergosterol
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Nontrachet strain 522 was successfully grown anaerobically on various glucose concentrations in Yeast Nitrogen Base (YNB) medium (pH 3.5) prepared under an atmosphere of carbon dioxide (CO2). This growth occurred in the absence of Tween 80 and ergosterol. The medium, prepared using the Hungate technique for cultivation of strictly anaerobic bacteria, contained the reducing agent cysteine·HCl·H2O (0.03%). Anaerobic growth was stimulated by the addition of Tween 80 and ergosterol to the anaerobic medium.
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    Archives of microbiology 134 (1983), S. 171-174 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Acetate growth medium ; Anti-microtubule agent ; Bud initiation ; Ethyl N-phenylcarbamate ; Meiosis ; Mitotic cell cycle ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Sporulation induction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract When diploid cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were incubated in acetate growth media containing 2.5 mM ethyl N-phenylcarbamate (EPC), bud initiation was inhibited preferentially, and eventually overgrown, unbudded cells accumulated. During subsequent incubation, meiosis and ascospore formation occurred at high frequencies. The behavior of EPC-treated cells was essentially the same as that of cells transferred to a starvation sporulation medium. EPC thus has a pronounced effect on the mitotic growth of yeast cells, which leads to meiotic development. Our observations indicate that EPC has a decisive function in the initiation of meiosis in rich growth media.
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  • 51
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Nucleotide pools ; Continuous cultivation ; Synchronized growth ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
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    Notes: Abstract High pressure liquidd chromatography has been used to study the acid soluble nucleotide pool of Saccharomyces cerevisiae under different conditions of growth. ATP, ADP, AMP, NAD, GTP, UTP, UDP, CTP, CDP, and UDP-sugars plus UMP could be separated and were found in concentrations higher than 0.1 μmol per g yeast cell dry weight (=detection limit). During glucose-limited continuous culture the levels of individual nucleotides depended on the growth rate, which was most pronounced with pyrimidine (uridine, cytidine) nucleotides. The energy charge (E.C.) remained high (0.9) at all growth rates (0.07–0.3 h-1). During synchronized growth at a constant growth rate (0.11 h-1) almost all nucleotide levels and the E.C. remained at constant values with the only exception of UDP-sugars and UMP of which increased levels were found during the phase of budding. Under conditions of metabolic stress (addition of antimycin A, deoxyglucose plus iodoacetate) pronounced changes in the levels of purine (adenine and guanine) nucleotides and the E.C. were observed. All other nucleotides were less influenced by these conditions. Only under these conditions IMP accumulation was observed. The results strongly argue against the significance of purine nucleotide or E.C. measurements under viable conditions. In contrast, changes in the levels of pyrimidine nucleotides seem to be indicative of changes in the flux through the metabolic pathways where they act as coenzymes.
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  • 52
    ISSN: 1432-1424
    Keywords: electron probe X-ray microanalysis ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; ethidium ; brontophenol blue ; cationic dye ; cytolysis
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Notes: Summary K+ efflux provoked by ethidium proceeds partially as an all-or-none effect by which the diffusion barrier for K+ is disrupted and partially from still intact cells, presumably by exchange against ethidium. This is shown by the application of an electron probe microanalysis X-ray technique by which the K+ content of a number of individual cells is analyzed.
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  • 53
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Pollen irradiation ; Wheat ; Differential gene transfer
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The use of irradiated pollen to bring about limited gene transfer in wheat has been investigated. Doses of X-rays of 2Kr, 3Kr and 5Kr were used to generate M1 progeny between maternal and paternal genotypes differing in quantitative and major gene characters. Cytological studies of M1 plants revealed hybrids with widespread aneuploidy and structural rearrangements in the paternal genome. These effects resulted in phenotypic variation between M1 progeny and complex multivalent formation at meiosis. All M1 plants at the 5Kr and 3Kr doses were sterile and all but 2 plants at the 2Kr dose. Studies of the two M2 families from these plants revealed disturbances in genotype frequencies for some of the marker loci with an excess of maternal homozygotes and a deficit of paternal homozygotes. This was also reflected in a more maternal appearance for quantitative characters. These results are interpreted as showing that irradiation damage to the paternal genome in M1 plants results in the differential transmission of maternal alleles.
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  • 54
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 65 (1983), S. 171-172 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Resistance ; Genetic engineering ; Yellow rust ; Wheat ; Chitinase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Virulence and resistance may act on the same biochemical mechanisms. Because Erwinia-virulence on potato depends on the lysis of cell walls of the host, resistance may depend on the lysis of cell walls of the parasite. An example is given with yellow rust on wheat.
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 66 (1983), S. 249-256 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Wheat ; Dwarfism ; Yield ; Quality
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The effects of the ‘Tom Thumb’ Rht3 dwarfing gene in wheat on plant height, yield components and grain quality in field trials of random inbred lines from two ‘Minister Dwarf’ (Rht3) x rht3 crosses are described. Limited genetic increases in Rht3 plant height, up to 70 cm, were achieved by incorporating genes from the extremely tall variety ‘April Bearded’. Amongst lines from the higher yielding cross, the dwarfing gene did not reduce grain yield but was associated with an increase in grain number of over 25%. Although Rht3 reduced grain protein content by up to 0.8%, breadmaking quality, as measured by SDS sedimentation values and baking tests, was not affected. A controlled environment experiment with near-isogenic Rht3 and rht3 lines indicated that reduced grain size in the dwarfs is a competitive response to the increase in fertility rather than a primary effect of the dwarfing gene.
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 64 (1983), S. 255-258 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Wheat ; Malate dehydrogenase ; Chromosomal location
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The malate dehydrogenase (E.C. no 1.1.1. 37) of Triticum aestivum L. cv. Chinese Spring, shows two activity zones. The results obtained support the hypothesis that the malate dehydrogenase isozymes of zone II are dimers composed of the six possible combinations of subunits coded by triplicate genes located in the long arms of chromosomes of the homoeologous group 1.
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  • 57
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 66 (1983), S. 153-157 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Inheritance ; Culm-length ; GA insensitivity ; Grain weight ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The study was carried out in the first year on samples of random F5 lines, uniform in height and in heading date, of three crosses between semi dwarf spring wheat cultivars (Triticum aestivum L.), differing in grain weight and in their Rht gene. In the second year only the progenies of the early heading F5 lines were studied. All the material was grown in the absence of lodging. The culm-length genotypes of the different lines were identified by test crosses and by a seedling GA response test. No differences in grain weight were found between the two semi dwarf genotypes (Rht 1Rht1 rht 2rht2 and rht 1rht1 Rht 2Rht2). The tall genotype (rht 1rht1 rht 2rht2) was significantly higher in grain weight than the two semi dwarf genotyes and the grain weight of these genotypes exceeded markedly the grain weight of the dwarf genotype (Rht 1Rht1 Rht 2Rht2). These genotypic effects were independent of differences in plant height, heading date or number of grains per spike.
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 64 (1983), S. 103-107 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Glutenin ; Wheat ; Co-dominance ; Bread-making
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Ten pairs of reciprocal crosses have been made between wheat cultivars which show differences in their glutenin subunit compositions. The F1 seed glutenin subunit composition was studied by means of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulphate (SDS). The results indicate that all the high molecular weight (HMW) and medium molecular weight (MMW) subunits (from 133,000 to 65,000 daltons) are transmitted to the F1 seed generation from the parental cultivars. In accordance with the triploid nature of the heterozygous endosperm (3n) and with the maternal and paternal gene dosage ratio (2∶1) in the endosperm itself, a significant effect of maternal parent is registered when comparing pairs of reciprocal seeds. Genes coding for the glutenin subunits are expressed whatever their doses are (one, two, or three) in the hybrid endosperm; thus the glutenin subunits inheritance is consistent with the co-dominant type. For one pair of the reciprocal crosses, two MMW parental bands (MW: 71,000 and 66,000) seemed absent in the F1 seed patterns while a new band with an intermediate, apparent MW (68,000) appears. This phenomenon was observed when the glutenins analyzed by electrophoresis were previously separated from other endosperm proteins, and not when they were directly extracted from the ground seed. We assume that the extraction can cause interactions between moieties attached to the subunits and lead to the formation of a complex having an intermediate electrophoretic mobility.
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 64 (1983), S. 303-307 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Crossability ; Wheat ; Rye ; Hordeum bulbosum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Crosses of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Group 5 chromosome substitution lines from three different cultivar backgrounds indicate that there may be multiple alleles for reduced crossability with rye (Secale cereale L.) and H. bulbosum on both 5A and 5B chromosomes. No reduction in seed set was observed from any of the 5D substitution lines. It was found that the Kr1 locus on chromosome 5B had a more pronounced affect on both rye and H. bulbosum crossability than the Kr2 locus on chromosome 5A and that the effects of both loci were cumulative. The Kr alleles affected both rye and H. bulbosum crossability in a linear, or additive, fashion. The Kr 2 allele was shown to have little effect on H. bulbosum crossability compared to a significant effect on rye crossability. Tests with tetrasomic and nulli-tetrasomic lines of ‘Chinese Spring’ indicated that the kr allele is ‘null’ or inactive in promoting crossability while the Kr allele is active in reducing crossability to both rye and H. bulbosum. Thus, extra doses of the kr allele do not increase rye or H. bulbosum crossability in the presence of the corresponding Kr allele.
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  • 60
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 64 (1983), S. 309-316 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Wheat ; α-Amylase ; Isozymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary An analysis of the α-amylase isozymes in GA-treated endosperm of wheat nullisomic-tetrasomics shows that there is more variation at the α-Amy-1 and α-Amy-2 homoeoallelic loci than was previously thought. Among the 16 isozymes produced by genes on the group 7 chromosomes, most could be definitely established as products of a single homoeoallele. Inter-varietal allelic differences would be expected at such loci and clear variation was found in isozymes produced by chromosomes 6B and 7B. The latter allele, α-Amy-B2b carried by the variety ‘Hope’, was used to locate the enzyme structural gene within chromosome 7B relative to the centromere and five other gene markers. The nature of the α-Amy-B2b phenotype and the rare non-parental isozyme patterns found among the recombinant lines indicates that the locus is large and compound, probably involving some degree of intra-locus gene duplication.
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  • 61
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Gliadin ; Glutenin ; Tticum ; Wheat ; Endosperm
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Gliadins, here defined as those proteins of defatted wheat endosperm which dissolve in 70% (v/v) ethanol at room temperature, were fractionated by gel filtration using Sephadex G-100. The protein which eluted with the void volume of the column, often described as high-molecular-weight (HMW) gliadin, was fractionated by the two different, two dimensional gel electrophoresis procedures of O'Farrell (1975) and O'Farrell et al. (1977). The next two fractions to elute from the gel column, ω-gliadin and α-, β-, γ-gliadin, were analysed similarly. The subunits of HMW gliadin and the classical (i.e. non-aggregated) gliadins map at distinctive positions on the electrophoregrams, the majority of the HMW gliadin subunits being more basic and having a slightly slower electrophoretic mobility than the α-, β-, γ-gliadins. These experiments demonstrate that those gliadins which aggregate to form HMW gliadin are distinct molecular entities and thus coded by different genes to those gliadins which do not aggregate. Glutenin, here prepared by a modification of the pH 6.4 precipitation procedure of Orth and Bushuk (1973), was also analysed by two-dimensional electrophoresis. The low-molecular-weight subunits were found to correspond exactly with the HMW gliadin subunits. Using the nullisomic-tetrasomic lines and the ditelocentric lines of ‘Chinese Spring’, the genes controlling the synthesis of all the major HMW gliadin subunits were shown to be located on the short arms of chromosomes 1A, 1B and 1D, as are the genes coding for the ω-gliadins and the majority of the γ-gliadins.
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 65 (1983), S. 41-46 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; Wheat ; Protein ; Mutation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Poor adaptability or functional quality of much germplasm used for breeding high-protein hard red winter wheats prompted mutagenesis as an alternative means of increasing grain protein content. Four hard red winter wheat genotypes — KS644 (‘Triumph// Concho/Triumph’), ‘Kaw’, ‘Parker’, and ‘Shawnee’ — were treated with 0.40 M ethyl methanesulfonate (EMS). Advanced lines (M8-M10) were selected that had a 3-year mean grain protein advantage of 0.7% to 2.0% over controls. Increased grain protein content was generally associated with decreased grain yield and kernel weight, but some high-protein mutant lines had yields or kernel weights similar to those of original genotypes. Changes in height and lodging induced by EMS were generally favorable, most mutants being shorter and lodging less than controls, but blooming date was generally delayed, a deleterious change. One line also changed from resistant to segregating for wheat soil-borne mosaic virus. Mutant lines might be utilized in cross-breeding programs, particularly if negative pleiotropic effects and linkages are absent.
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  • 63
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: HMW glutenin subunit genes ; cDNA clones ; Tandem DNA repeats ; Chromosomal location ; Gene copy number ; Wheat ; Triticum aestivum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary cDNA clones encoding wheat HMW glutenin subunits have been isolated from a cDNA bank made to poly A+ RNA from developing wheat endosperm var. Chinese Spring. One such clone, pTag 1290, has enabled us to identify the HMW glutenin mRNA species. The DNA sequence of this clone has been partially determined and it contains several tandem DNA repeats. The sequence is discussed in relation to the generation of the HMW glutenin subunit gene family. Analysis of the organization of the HMW glutenin sequences in the wheat genome revealed that the genes encoding HMW glutenin subunits exist in low copy number and are located on the long arm of each of the homoeologous group 1 chromosomes.
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  • 64
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Triticum aestivum ; T. timopheevii ; Wheat ; Photoperiod ; Vernalization ; Male sterility ; Alloplasmic hybrids
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Studies were conducted to determine the influence of the male sterility-inducing cytoplasm of Triticum timopheevii (Zhuk.) Zhuk. on response of several common winter wheat (T. aestivum L.) nuclear genotypes to photoperiod and vernalization. Comparative studies of cytoplasmic substitution lines provide information on the role of the cytoplasmic genetic mechanism in growth and development. In the case of cytoplasmic male sterility-based hybrid production systems, ubiquity of sterility-inducing cytoplasm in derived hybrids warrants thorough characterization of its influence on plant phenotype. Factorial combinations of cytoplasm (T. timopheevii and T. aestivum), nuclear genotype, and photoperiod or vernalization treatments were evaluated under hydroponic conditions in controlled environment chambers. Interaction of cytoplasm, photoperiod, and nuclear genotype was significant in one or more experiments for days to anthesis and potential spikelet number, and interaction of cytoplasm, vernalization, and nuclear genotype was significant for days to spike emergence. Long day length was associated with increased percentage seed set in one study, but interactions of photoperiod and cytoplasm were not detected for percentage seed set. Interactions involving cytoplasm and photoperiod or vernalization were interpreted as evidence of the existence of genetic factors in cytoplsam of T. timopheevii which alter photoperiod or vernalization responses of alloplasmic plants relative to responses exhibited by euplasmic plants. Since photoperiod and vernalization responses are critical to adaptation, T. timopheevii cytoplasm can alter adaptability of T. aestivum. The specific effect would be nuclear genotype dependent, and does not appear to be of a magnitude greater than that induced by nuclear genetic variability at loci conditioning photoperiod or vernalization responses or other adaptation-determining characteristics. Normal multilocation/year testing of alloplasmic hybrids should therefore adequately identify zones of adaptation.
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  • 65
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 64 (1983), S. 231-238 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Maize ; Wheat ; Rape ; Restriction fragments ; Two dimensional electrophoresis ; Melting profiles
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary This paper deals with the relationship of chloroplast DNA (ctDNA) and cytoplasmic malesterility (CMS) of maize, wheat and rape. Intramolecular heterogeneity and fragment patterns of DNA digested with restriction endonucleases were compared and analyzed. For this purpose methods of agarose gel electrophoresis and two dimensional gel electrophoresis with denaturating solvent concentration gradients were applied. 1) Heat denaturation of ctDNA from a male sterile line in maize yielded a profile with three melting regions. This base sequence heterogeneity was not observed for the ctDNA of its maintainer. 2) Maize ctDNA was digested with EcoR1 and BamH1 restriction endonucleases, wheat and rape ctDNA with EcoR1 only. No significant differences were observed in the comparison of the fragment patterns from the sterile lines and their maintainers with the exception of the sterile line in rape which lacked one fragment present in its maintainer. 3) Two dimensional electrophoresis using a gradient of denaturing agents revealed several differences in number and relative positions of the separated restriction endonuclease fragments between the sterile lines and their respective maintainers in all three tested crops. This raises the possibility that changes in ctDNA may be involved in CMS.
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    Protoplasma 114 (1983), S. 1-13 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Embryo ; Endosperm ; Scutellum ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The overall morphology of the developing wheat embryo in relation to its neighbouring tissues is described. The embryo is “isolated” early in development, but appears to be a powerful sink for nutrients. It is supplied initially by hydrolysis of the nucellar parenchyma and later by hydrolysis of neighbouring endosperm cells, which are completely digested. Later on, the nucellar epidermis forms specialised cells that may be transfer cells opposite the groove at the base of the embryo. The accumulation of starch and protein appears to begin first in the basal tissues of the scutellum and coleorhiza.
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    Protoplasma 115 (1983), S. 104-113 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Cereals ; Embryo culture ; Triticum aestivum ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Cell proliferation from the mature embryo of wheat occurs on a defined medium in the presence of 2,4-D. Unorganized growth is observed when the 2,4-D concentration is equal to or greater than 2 mg/l, but increasing levels of 2,4-D inhibit cell division. Cell divisions begin after 4 days in culture from parenchyma cells within and near the procambial tissues of the embryo axis. By day 8 continuous meristematic zones are formed in association with vascular tissues, and DNA synthesis and cell divisions are distributed throughout these zones. No morphological evidence exists to show that these zones consist of proliferating root primordia, which are formed only after the level of 2,4-D falls below some critical concentration. When the concentration of 2,4-D is lowered, the meristematic zones first become dissected and then give rise to many root meristems.
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    Protoplasma 117 (1983), S. 40-44 
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Cereals ; Immature embryo ; Somatic embryogenesis ; Tissue culture ; Triticum aestivum L. ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Tissue cultures derived from the scutellum of immature embryos ofTriticum aestivum L. (wheat) gave rise to somatic embryos with a well-defined scutellum and coleoptile as well as one or more shoot primordia and a root primordium. The normal somatic embryos were formed from compact, white callus tissue which was not observed until 4 or more weeks after culture initiation. The highest frequency of white embryogenic tissue formation and the most normal embryoids were obtained in the dark on Murashige and Skoog's medium with twice the concentration of inorganic salts plus sucrose (2%), inositol (100–200 mg/l), casein hydrolysate (100–200 mg/l), glutamine (500 mg/l), and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (1–2 mg/l).
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    European journal of plant pathology 89 (1983), S. 87-98 
    ISSN: 1573-8469
    Keywords: Wheat ; Septoria ; epidemiology ; crop loss
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Description / Table of Contents: Samenvatting In 1980 werden inoculaties verricht metSeptoria tritici in een veldproef met wintertarwe ‘Okapi’. De bladnecrose-voortschrijdingscurves werden bepaald. De S-vormige curves konden getransformeerd worden tot logit-lijnen. De geïnoculeerde en niet geïnoculeerde objecten verschilden aanzienlijk in de hellingen van de logit-lijnen. De halfwaardetijden varieerden al naar inoculatiedosis en vochtbehandeling na inoculatie. De verschillen in opbrengst (kg ha−1) waren significant voor geïnoculeerd tegenover niet-geïnoculeerd. De opbrengstderving van 878 kg ha−1 (gelijk aan 12% van de niet-geïnoculeerde controle 7045 kg ha−1)werd volledig verklaard door de vermindering van het korrelgewicht. De schade is aanzienlijk voor een cultivar die niet bijzonder vatbaar is. De opbrengstderving correleerde goed met de hoeveelheid necrose waargenomen bij de ontwikkelingsstadia DC=75 en DC=77. De necrose geïntegreerd over de tijd correleerde goed met de verlaging van het korrelgewicht.
    Notes: Abstract In 1980, field inoculations withSeptoria tritici were performed on winter wheat cv. Okapi. Leaf necrosis progress curves were established; they were sigmoid and could be transformed into logit lines. There was a great difference in the slope of the logit lines between inoculated plots and non-inoculated controls. The mid-time values varied according to inoculum dosage and post-inoculation humidity treatment. Yields (kg ha−1) and average grain weights (mg grain−1) differed significantly between inoculated and non-inoculated plots, but seldom among inoculation treatments. Decrease of average grain weight completely explained yield loss, which was 878 kg ha−1 or 12% of control (7045 kg ha−1). This crop loss is considerable for a cultivar which is not particularly susceptible. A good correlation was found between the amount of necrosis at development stages DC=75 and 77 and yield depression. The integral of necrosis over time gave a high correlation with loss of kernel weight.
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    Plant and soil 74 (1983), S. 295-300 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Endoscope ; Potatoes ; Root density ; Root length ; Soil core ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary It was determined experimentally whether the amount of roots, viewed by endoscope in observation tubes (cm cm−2) is related to root density (cm cm−3) in adjacent bulk soil, determined by core sampling. For wheat plants the results can be summarized by the equation: root length (cm cm−2, endoscope)=0.29 times root density (cm cm−3, soil cores). Results for potato plants could not be interpreted as unequivocally as for wheat.
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  • 71
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Fertilizer ; Moisture stress ; Nitrogen-15 ; Nitrogen balance ; Priming effect ; Rainfed ; Recovery ; Utilization ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The fate of nitrogen fertilizer applied to wheat growing on a deep loessial soil in a semi-arid region was studied with15N as KNO3 measured by emission spectrometry. The soil N was monitored at the end of the winter growing season and again at the end of the dry summer period. Nitrogen was applied at rates equivalent to 18 and 6 g m−2. The wheat was grown in 1.25×1.25 m microplots and in 30-cm-diameter plotlets enclosed by a hard plastic pipe that was inserted 60 cm into the ground. The year was relatively dry, with only 200 mm of rainfall, most of it early in the season. Late rains fell after the crop had dried and wet the soil to below 60 cm. Plant growth was less than average and N fertilizer uptake amounted to 22–29% of amount applied. At the end of the summer, 34–65% of the applied fertilizer N was detected in the soil as available mineral N. The amount remaining in the soil organic fraction was difficult to determine but appeared to be between 5 and 19%. Accordingly, gaseous losses between 6 and 16% must have occurred during the growing season, probably during relatively short periods after heavy rains in January and March. The fertilizer application appeared to have caused a “priming effect” because mineral N in soil and plant from non-fertilizer origin, amounted to 12–17 g m−2 in plots where N was applied, compared with 9.5 g m−2 in the control plots. Nitrogen loss from plots with no plants on them was considerable (up to 30%) possibly because they were wet for longer periods.
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    Plant and soil 75 (1983), S. 405-415 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Barley ; Growth analysis ; Model ; Root growth ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Root development is described by a simple algebraic model which gives the numbers and lengths of root members of different orders in terms of time and a few properties of each order of root member. The model is tested against experimental results for the early growth of the roots of temperate cereals in pots or in liquid culture. The model is then used to simulate root growth and to explain the observed behaviour of four growth measures (relative multiplication rate, relative extension rate, mean extension rate, average root length) used in the growth analysis of root systems. Three principles governing root development emerge from the model and the simulations.
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    Plant and soil 70 (1983), S. 303-307 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Choline ; Glycinebetaine ; Quaternary ammonium compounds ; Salinity ; Salt tolerance ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The periodide method for quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC) analysis was modified to permit rapid screening of numerous replicate plant samples. This procedure provides a valuable tool for assessing salt tolerance. Aqueous plant extracts were used without further purification. Total QAC were precipitated as the periodide complexes at low pH. In neutral media, only choline periodide crystallized; other major QAC (e.g. glycinebetaine) were soluble at pH 6.8–7.0 QAC concentration was then determined spectrophotometrically. The influence of oven-drying of plant material at 80°C was tested by comparing this technique to lyophilization. Since QAC values were essentially identical from both drying techniques, oven-drying was used routinely because of its economy and practicality. The optimum range of acid concentration for precipitation of total QAC was established.
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  • 74
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    Plant and soil 70 (1983), S. 391-402 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Intercropping Lupins ; Lupinus albus ; Manganese ; Nitrogen ; Phosphorus ; Triticum aestivum ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Significant interactions between wheat and lupins occur below ground and wheat intercropped with lupins has access to a larger pool of available P, Mn and N than has wheat grown in monoculture. This suggests that the wheat is able to take up nutrients produced or made available by lupins grown in association with it.
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  • 75
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    Plant and soil 71 (1983), S. 463-467 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Anion uptake ; Barley ; Hordeum vulgare ; Mycorrhiza ; Phosphorus ; pH Rhizosphere ; Triticum aestivum ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary In two field experiments sown in 1982 to test the effect of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas (VAM) on growth and phosphorus nutrition of (i) spring wheat and spring barley, (ii) winter wheat and winter barley, we measured the concentrations of the major cation (K+, Ca2+, Mg2+ and Na+) and anions (Cl−, SO4 2−, H2PO4 − and NO3 −) in shoot tissue. In all cases the sum of the anion concentrations (ΣA) was increased strongly by mycorrhizal infection but not by P additions, confirming earlier observations2 on spring wheat. The concentration of total cations (ΣA) was generally reduced by P additions, hence P and VAM both reduced the cation excess (ΣC−ΣA) but by different mechanisms. These results suggest that increased uptake of anions by plants with VAM may be a general phenomenom which would have important implications for the elemental composition of crops. The effect may also be manifested by other types of mycorrhizal association.
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  • 76
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    Plant and soil 74 (1983), S. 407-416 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Calcareous soil ; Dry matter ; Grain yield ; Leaching fraction ; Root-zone salinity ; Salinity tolerance ; Sea water ; Soil salinity ; Triticum aestivum L. ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary Sea water dilutions having ECi=2, 12, 18 and 24 mmhos/cm, at 20°C were used for weekly irrigations of the wheat line RI 3748 (Triticum aestivum L.) on an initially non-saline calcareous loamy sand soil. The added quantities were 1.1, 1.3 and 1.5 times the weekly evapotranspiration. The vegetative growth (G), grain yield (Y), g/1000 grains and ECe were significantly affected by ECi and not by L. ECiXL affected g/1000 grains and the early G only. Soil salinity ECe (0–60 cm) increased with time. The ration between time-averaged $$EC_e (\overline {EC} _e )$$ and ECi indicated that the higher the ECi the longer the time to reach steady-state condition. These ratios were 1.54, 0.73, 0.63 and 0.56 at ECi=2,12, 18, and 24, respectively. Regression of Y on $$\overline {EC} _e $$ or ECi is a parabola. It indicates that about 27% decrement in Y occurs at ECe=12.35 or ECi=8.3 whereas the given value for wheat in standard tables of crop tolerance to salinity is 50% decrement in Y.
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    Plant and soil 74 (1983), S. 229-235 
    ISSN: 1573-5036
    Keywords: Barley ; Hordeum vulgare ; Mineral composition ; Na−K interaction ; Solonetzic soil ; Solonetz-Solod sequence ; Triticum aestivum ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Summary The growth and mineral composition of barley and wheat was measured across sequences of Solonetz and Solod soils. Growth of both species, along with root penetration was reduced on the Solonetz compared to the Solod soil. Mineral composition of the foliage and roots indicated that a Na−K interaction was present for the barley across the Solonetz-Solod sequences. Such factors were considered to be characteristics of soil—plant relationships on Solonetzic soils.
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    Applied microbiology and biotechnology 16 (1982), S. 75-80 
    ISSN: 1432-0614
    Keywords: Immobilization of yeast ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Ethanol production
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Process Engineering, Biotechnology, Nutrition Technology
    Notes: Summary Baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) was immobilized in gels made of prepolymerized, linear, water soluble polyacrylamide, partially substituted with acylhydrazide groups. Gelation was effected by the addition of controlled amounts of dialdehydes (e.g. glyoxal). The immobilized yeasts retained full glycolytic activity. Moreover, the entrapped cells were able to grow inside the chemically corsslinked gel during continuous alcohol production. Glyoxal was found to be the most favourable crosslinking agent for this system. the system employed allowed for the free exchange of substrate and products. The gel surrounding the entrapped cells had no effect on temperature stability profile. On the other hand, substantial enhancement in survival of cells in presence of high ethanol concentrations was recorded for the entrapped yeast. The capability of the immobilized yeast to carry out continuous conversion of glucose to ethanol was demonstrated.
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  • 79
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Multiple mutants of DNA repair ; Sensitivity to nitrogen mustard and to radiation ; Thermoconditional DNA repair
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Three haploid yeast mutants (snm) sensitive or thermoconditionally sensitive to the DNA cross-linking agent nitrogen mustard (HN2) were crossed with four rad strains representing mutations in the three pathways of DNA dark repair. The resulting haploid double and triple mutant strains were tested for their sensitivity to UV, HN2 and HN1. From the observed epistatic or synergistic interactions of the combinations of mutant alleles we could derive the relation of the SNM1 and SNM2 genes to the postulated repair pathways. Alleles snm1-1 and snml-2 ts were found epistatic to genes of the rad3 group, whereas snm2-1 ts was epistatic to rad6. The snm1 and snm2 mutant alleles interacted synergistically. From these data it is concluded that the SNM1 gene product plays a cross-link specific role in excision repair while the SNM2 gene product may be involved in a system of error-prone repair.
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  • 80
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    Current genetics 6 (1982), S. 163-165 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Hybridization ; Polyethylene glycol ; Nuclear transfer ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Viable hybrids of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were obtained by transfer of isolated diploid nuclei into haploid protoplasts using a polyethylene glycol (PEG) fusion procedure.
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  • 81
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    Current genetics 6 (1982), S. 159-162 
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Transformation ; Gene subcloning
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary We have developped a procedure to delimit the boundaries of a cloned gene carried on a DNA fragment as large as 4 to 5 kilobases. The method consists in the following. Two series of limit digest products generated with a tetranucleotide recognition sequence endonuclease and originating from either of the two ends of this DNA segment are tested for their complementing capacity by yeast transformation. The gene is then delimited by the overlap of the two shortest complementing fragments.
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  • 82
    ISSN: 1432-0983
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; TRP2 gene ; TRP3 gene ; Cloning in yeast
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary This paper describes the isolation of the TRP2 and the TRP3 genes of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Two pools of plasmids consisting of BamHI and Sa1GI yeast DNA inserts into the bifunctional yeast — Escherichia coli vector pLC544 (Kingsman et al. 1979) were constructed in E. coli and used for the isolation of the two genes by selection for functional complementation of trp2 and trp3 mutations, respectively, in yeast. The TRP2 gene was isolated on a 6.2 kb BamHl and a 5.8 kb Sa1GI yeast DNA fragment which shared an identical 4.5 kb BamHI-SaIGI fragment. The TRP3 gene was located on a 5.2 kb BamHl fragment. By physical, genetic and physiological experiments it could be shown that the cloned yeast DNA fragments contained the whole structural sequences as well as the regulatory regions of the TRP2 and the TRP3 genes.
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  • 83
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: a Pheromone ; α Pheromone ; Hansenula wingei ; Inducible mutant ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Saccharomyces kluyveri ; Sexual agglutinability ; Shmoo ; Synthetic analogues
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Three analogues of the peptidyl pheromone, α pheromone of Saccharomyces kluyveri, synthesized based on the amino acid sequence proposed by Sato et al. (Agric Biol Chem 45:1531–1533, 1981) were tested for both shmoo-inducing and agglutinability-inducing actions. Purified natural α pheromone of the yeast showed the highest activity among the peptides tested. When methionine in the peptides was oxidized, the activity decreased significatly. α Pheromone of S. kluyveri induced sexual agglutinability in a cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae, and shmoo in a cells of S. cerevisiae and S. kluyveri. a Pheromone of S. kluyveri had no agglutinability-inducing action on α cells of S. cerevisiae. a Cells of S. kluyveri inactivated only α pheromone of the same species, but a cells of S. cerevisiae inactivated α pheromones of both S. cerevisiae and S. kluyveri.
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  • 84
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    Archives of microbiology 132 (1982), S. 141-143 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase ; Gluconeogenesis ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Mutant
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A mutant of Saccharomyces cerevisiae lacking phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (E.C. 4.1.1.32) was isolated. The mutant did not grow on gluconeogenic sources except glycerol. The mutation was recessive and apparently affected the structural gene of the enzyme. Intracellular levels of metabolites related to the metabolic situation of the enzyme were not significantly affected after transfer of the mutant from a medium with glycerol to a medium with ethanol as carbon source. In these conditions only AMP decreased 3 to 5 times. A search for mutants affected in the other gluconeogenic enzyme, fructose 1,6 bisphosphatase, remained unsuccessful.
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  • 85
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    Archives of microbiology 131 (1982), S. 298-301 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Yeast ; Protoplast ; Compartmentation ; Vacuole ; Trehalose ; Trehalase ; Carbohydrate metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Protoplasts of Saccharomyces cerevisiae synthesized and degraded trehalose when they were incubated in a medium containing traces of glucose and acetate. Such protoplasts were gently lyzed by the polybase method and a particulate and soluble fraction was prepared. Trehalose was found in the soluble fraction and the trehalase activity mostly in the particulate fraction which also contained the vacuoles besides other cell organelles. Upon purification of the vacuoles, by density gradient centrifugation, the specific activity of trehalase increased parallel to the specific content of vacuolar markers. This indicates that trehalose is located in the cytosol and trehalase in the vacuole. It is suggested that trehalose, in addition to its role as a reserve may also function as a protective agent to maintain the cytosolic structure under conditions of stress.
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  • 86
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    Archives of microbiology 133 (1982), S. 242-248 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Tryptophan degradation to tryptophol ; Degradation-defective mutant strain ; Aromatic aminotransferases ; Tryptophan accumulation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Tryptophan was found to be degraded in Saccharomyces cerevisiae mainly to tryptophol. Upon chromatography on DEAE-cellulose two aminotransferases were identified: Aromatic aminotransferase I was constitutively synthesized and was active in vitro with tryptophan, phenylalanine or tyrosine as amino donors and pyruvate, phenylpyruvate or 2-oxoglutarate as amino acceptors. The enzyme was six times less active with and had a twenty times lower affinity for tryptophan (K m=6 mM) than phenylalanine or tyrosine. It was postulated thus that aromatic aminotransferase I is involved in vivo in the last step of tyrosine and phenylalanine biosynthesis. Aromatic aminotransferase II was inducible with tryptophan but also with the other two aromatic amino acids either alone or in combinations. With tryptophan as amino donor the enzyme was most active with phenylpyruvate and not active with 2-oxoglutarate as amino acceptor; its affinity for tryptophan was similar as for the other aromatic amino acids (K m=0.2–0.4 mM). Aromatic aminotransferase II was postulated to be involved in vivo mainly in the degradation of tryptophan, but may play also a role in the degradation of the other aromatic amino acids. A mutant strain defective in the aromatic aminotransferase II (aat2) was isolated and its influence on tryptophan accumulation and pool was studied. In combination with mutations trp2 fbr, aro7 and cdr1-1, mutation aat2 led to a threefold increase of the tryptophan pool as compared to a strain with an intact aromatic aminotransferase II.
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  • 87
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    Archives of microbiology 132 (1982), S. 236-240 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: α Pheromone ; Cycloheximide ; Inducible a strain ; Phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Sexual agglutinability ; Temperature-sensitive
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract When α pheromone-pretreated cells of an inducible a strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae carrying the inducible gene saa1 were incubated in a growth medium at 28°C, induction of sexual agglutinability began after a 10 min lag period. If the cells were incubated at 38°C during the lag period, no induction occurred even after incubation at 28°C. Contrary to this, if the cells were incubated at 28°C during the lag period, almost complete induction occurred, even after transfer to 38°C. Temperature shift experiments revealed that 5 min incubation at 28°C was necessary for the initiation of the temperature-sensitive period and further 5 min incubation for the completion of the period. The temperature-sensitive period was sensitive to phenylmethylsulfonyl fluoride.
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  • 88
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Candida utilis ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae ; Zygosaccharomyces bailii ; Compartmentation ; Vacuoles ; Internal pH ; Phosphate ; Glycolysis ; Nuclear magnetic resonance
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract 31P NMR spectra were obtained from suspensions of Candida utilis, Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Zygosaccharomyces bailii grown aerobically on glucose. Direct introduction of substrate into the cell suspension, without interruption of the measurements, revealed rapid changes in pH upon addition of the energy source. All 31P NMR spectra of the yeasts studied indicated the presence of two major intracellular inorganic phosphate pools at different pH environments. The pool at the higher pH was assigned to cytoplasmic phosphate from its response to glucose addition and iodoacetate inhibition of glycolysis. After addition of substrate the pH in the compartment containing the second phosphate pool decreased. A parallel response was observed for a significant fraction of the terminal and penultimate phosphates of the polyphosphate observed by 31P NMR. This suggested that the inorganic phosphate fraction at the lower pH and the polyphosphates originated from the same intracellular compartment, most probably the vacuole. In this vacuolar compartment, pH is sensitive to metabolic conditions. In the presence of energy source a pH gradient as large as 0.8 to 1.5 units could be generated across the vacuolar membrane. Under certain conditions net transport of inorganic phosphate across the vacuolar membrane was observed during glycolysis: to the cytoplasm when the cytoplasmic phosphate concentration had become very low due to sugar phosphorylation, and into the vacuole when the former concentration had become high again after glucose exhaustion.
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  • 89
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 61 (1982), S. 27-33 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Preferential transmission ; In situ hybridization ; C-banding ; Aegilops sharonensis ; Wheat ; Addition ; Substitution
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary An attempt to produce a set of addition lines of Aegilops sharonensis to the wheat variety ‘Chinese Spring’ produced only one addition line. This was due to preferential transmission of one chromosome from Ae. sharonensis. This chromosome was studied in detail by established cytological methods of chromosome observation and by the newer techniques of C-banding and in situ hybridization of a cloned DNA sequence. The chromosome was found to be partially homologous to an Ae. sharonensis chromosome of similar behaviour in another wheat addition line. The incomplete homology of the two Ae. sharonensis chromosomes was due to the presence of a translocated segment of a wheat chromosome. — Substitution lines of the Ae. sharonensis chromosome for wheat homoeologous group 4 were produced and the Ae. sharonensis chromosome thereby designated 4 S l .
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 63 (1982), S. 227-233 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: C-banding ; Wheat ; Rye ; Triticale
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Using different stains, wheat chromosomes could be distinguished from rye chromosomes by preferential staining. C-bands of rye chromosomes were preferentially stained with Giemsa while those of wheat chromosomes were preferentially stained with either Leishman or Wright stain. Preferential staining aids the identification of wheat and rye chromosomes and chromosome segments and in particular the recognition of wheat/rye chromosome substitutions and translocations.
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  • 91
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 62 (1982), S. 45-48 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Wheat ; Rye ; Triticale ; Callus cultures ; Alcohol dehydrogenase ; Isoenzymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Two NAD-dependent alcohol dehydrogenases ADH-1 and ADH-2, under independent genetic control of genes designated as Adh-1 and Adh-2 located on chromosomes 4A, 4B and 4D, have been reported in aestivum wheat (Hart 1980). Only ADH-1 is expressed in developing seeds, dry seeds, pollen and germinating seedlings. ADH-2 can be induced in seedling roots or shoots under conditions of partial anaerobiosis or by certain chemicals. Expression of ADH-1 and ADH-2 isoenzymes was investigated in undifferentiated calli from aestivum and durum wheats, rye, triticale and also in in vitro regenerated roots and leaves from aestivum cultures. Wheat callus cultures originating from seed, mature and immature embryos, mesocotyl and root, as well as cultures grown on media containing different supplements did not show any variation in the overall expression of ADH-1 or ADH-2, although differences in the band intensities were observed. The callus isoenzyme pattern was similar to that observed in roots under anaerobic conditions. Both ADH-1 and ADH-2 were expressed in in vitro regenerated roots but were absent in regenerated leaves. Expression of ADH-1 and ADH-2 in wheat calli seems to be related to the type of differentiation.
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  • 92
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 62 (1982), S. 127-134 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Wheat ; Genetical analysis ; Cross prediction
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Genetical analysis of the F2 triple test cross design combined with conventional early generations was used to elucidate the genetical control of yield and yield components in two crosses of winter wheat. From estimates of the additive, {d}, and additive X additive, {i}, components of means, together with the additive genetical variance, D, predicted frequencies of recombinant inbred lines that would transgress the parental range were calculated for each cross. The accuracy of predictions was evaluated by comparing expected frequencies with observed numbers in populations of F6 lines previously developed by single seed descent. For both crosses and all characters where an adequate genetical model was found to explain the observed variation between the early generations, good agreement between predicted and observed frequencies of transgressive segregants was obtained. Furthermore, for characters exhibiting significant epistasis, allowance for additive X additive {i} epistasis in the prediction equations was sufficient to allow for skewness of the recombinant inbred population. These results demonstrate that cross performance in wheat can be predicted from genetical analysis of early generations, and the value of this approach in breeding new varieties is discussed.
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  • 93
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 62 (1982), S. 121-126 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Wheat ; Quality ; Dwarfism ; Gibberellin ; α-amylase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The effects of the Tom Thumb dwarfing gene, Rht3, on the quality and quantity of grain α-amylase produced during germination and by induction with exogenous gibberellic acid are described. In a season conducive to high sprouting damage the gene reduced α-amylase levels in the field by 77%. Selection among random Rht3 genotypes showed that other genetic factors can be combined with the dwarfing gene to further increase sprouting damage resistance.
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  • 94
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 62 (1982), S. 317-320 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Wheat ; Rye ; Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase ; Genetic control
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6-PGD) zymogram phenotypes of wheat, rye and their aneuploid derivatives were determined. Two genes involved in the production of 6-PGD isozymes were located on chromosome arms CRL (4 RL) and FRL (6 RL) of “Imperial” rye. On the basis of differential interactions between wheat and rye chromosomes, evidence was obtained that genes located on chromosomes 6 A, 6 BL and 7 BL control 6-PGD isozyme activities in ‘Chinese Spring’ wheat. The wheat and rye 6-PGD zymogram phenotypes were indicative of homoeologous relationships between rye chromosome 6 RL to wheat chromosomes of group 6, and rye chromosome 4 RL to wheat chromosomes of group 7.
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  • 95
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: HMW storage prolamins ; Wheat ; Rye ; Barley ; Characterization and purification
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    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Homologous high molecular weight storage prolamins were purified from grain of wheat, rye and barley using combinations of gel filtration, ion-exchange chromatography and preparative isoelectric focusing. Sodium dodecylsulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis showed that the components were single bands with apparent mol.wts. of above 100,000. Molecular weights determined by sedimentation equilibrium ultracentrifugation were considerably lower; 54,700, 67,600 and 69,600 for the components from barley, rye and wheat respectively. Amino acid analysis showed the presence of 13.6 to 16.5 mol% glycine, 29.6 to 34.0 mol% glutamate + glutamine, 11.4 to 13.7 mol% proline and a total of 4.0 to 5.7 mol% basic amino acids. Automated N-terminal amino acid sequencing of the component from wheat showed the presence of cysteine residues at positions 5 and 10, and this is discussed in relation to the possible role of these proteins in the visco-elastic gluten network.
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  • 96
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 63 (1982), S. 39-47 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: C-banding ; Wheat ; Triticale ; Heterochromatin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary The C-banding patterns of wheat chromosomes in 7 hexaploid triticale and 7 wheat genotypes are described and compared. All 14 wheat chromosome pairs were individually identified in the triticales and a tetraploid wheat, and all the B and two A genome chromosome pairs in the hexaploid wheat genotypes. Little variation was found between genotypes in the distribution of C-bands but considerable variation was found in their size, total number and total length.
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  • 97
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Wheat ; Agropyron ; Chromosome pairing ; Alcohol dehydrogenase isozymes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The relationships of Agropyron intermedium chromosomes in two wheat-Agropyron addition series were determined. Chromosome pairing behaviour revealed that the alien chromosome in lines TAF-2 and L7 of ‘Vilmorin’-A. intermedium set are homologous to the alien chromosomes in lines P and C of the ‘Caribo’-A. intermedium set respectively. Localization of alcohol dehydrogenase isozyme genes in ‘Vilmorin’-Agropyron addition line L4 and in ‘Caribo’-Agropyron line O indicated relationships with wheat chromosomes of homoeologous group 4.
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  • 98
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 63 (1982), S. 337-348 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Wheat ; rDNA ; Sequence ; Populations ; Variation ; Spacer region ; Triticum
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The wheat rDNA clone pTA250 was examined in detail to provide a restriction enzyme map and the nucleotide sequence of two of the eleven, 130 bp repeating units found within the spacer region. The 130 bp units showed some sequence heterogeneity. The sequence difference between the two 130 bp units analysed (130.6 and 130.8) was at 7 positions and could be detected as a 4 °C shift in Tm when heterologous and homologous hybrids were compared. This corresponded to a 1.2% change in nucleotide sequence per ΔTm of 1 °C. The sensitivity of the Tm analysis using cloned sequences facilitated the analysis of small sequence variations in the spacer region of different Triticum aestivum cultivars and natural populations of T. turgidum ssp. dicoccoides (referred to as T. dicoccoides). In addition spacer length variation was assayed by restriction enzyme digestion and hybridization with spacer sequence probes. Extensive polymorphism was observed for the spacer region in various cultivars of T. aestivum, although within each cultivar the rDNA clusters were homogeneous and could be assigned to particular chromosomes. Within natural populations of T. dicoccoides polymorphism was also observed but, once again, within any one individual the rDNA clusters appeared to be homogeneous. The polymorphism, at the sequence level (assayed by Tm analysis), was not so great as to prevent the use of spacer sequence variation as a probe for evolutionary relationships. The length variation as assayed by restriction enzyme digestion did not appear to be as useful in this regard, since its range of variation was extensive even within populations of a species.
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  • 99
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    Theoretical and applied genetics 63 (1982), S. 349-360 
    ISSN: 1432-2242
    Keywords: Chromosomes ; Nucleotides ; Evolution ; Polyploids ; Triticum ; Heterochromatin ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The nature of genome change during polyploid evolution was studied by analysing selected species within the tribe Triticeae. The levels of genome changes examined included structural alterations (translocations, inversions), heterochromatinization, and nucleotide sequence change in the rDNA regions. These analyses provided data for evaluating models of genome evolution in polyploids in the genus Triticum, postulated on the basis of chromosome pairing at metaphase I in interspecies hybrids. The significance of structural chromosome alterations with respect to reduced MI chromosome pairing in interspecific hybrids was assayed by determining the incidence of heterozygosity for translocations and paracentric inversions in the A and B genomes of T. timopheevii ssp. araraticum (referred to as T. araraticum) represented by two lines, 1760 and 2541, and T. aestivum cv. Chinese Spring. Line 1760 differed from Chinese Spring by translocations in chromosomes 1A, 3A, 4A, 6A, 7A, 3B, 4B, 7B and possibly 2B. Line 2541 differed from Chinese Spring by translocations in chromosomes 3A, 6A, 6B and possibly 2B. Line 1760 also differed from Chinese Spring by paracentric inversions in arms 1AL and 4AL whereas line 2541 differed by inversions in 1BL and 4AL (not all chromosomes arms were assayed). The incidence of structural changes in the A and B genomes did not coincide with the more extensive differentiation of the B genomes relative to the A genomes as reflected by chromosome pairing studies. To assay changing degrees of heterochromatinization among species of the genus Triticum, all the diploid and polyploid species were C-banded. No general agreement was observed between the amount of heterochromatin and the ability of the respective chromosomes to pair with chromosomes of the ancestral species. Marked changes in the amount of heterochromatin were found to have occurred during the evolution of some of the polyploids. The analysis of the rDNA region provided evidence for rapid “fixation” of new repeated sequences at two levels, namely, among the 130 bp repeated sequences of the spacer and at the level of the repeated arrays of the 9 kb rDNA units. These occurred both within a given rDNA region and between rDNA regions on nonhomologous chromosomes. The levels of change in the rDNA regions provided good precedent for expecting extensive nucleotide sequence changes associated with differentiation of Triticum genomes and these processes are argued to be the principal cause of genome differentiation as revealed by chromosome pairing studies.
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  • 100
    ISSN: 1615-6102
    Keywords: Cereals ; Immature embryo ; Inflorescence ; Plant regeneration ; Somatic embryogenesis ; Triticwn aestivum L. ; Wheat
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary Tissue cultures ofTriticum aestivum L. (wheat) initiated from young inflorescences and immature embryos possessed the potential for regeneration of whole plants. Both a friable and a compact type of callus were produced on Murashige and Skoog's medium with 2 mg/l 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid. The friable callus contained meristematic centers in which the peripheral cells ceased dividing, elongated, and could be easily separated. Roots were frequently formed in this type of callus. The compact, yellowish, and nodular callus arose from the epithelial and sub-epithelial cells of the embryo scutellum, and the rachis and glumes of the young inflorescence. Such callus had a smooth surface and characteristic chlorophyllous areas. Plants were regenerated only from the compact callus. The first sign of differentiation in the compact callus was the formation of a cleft or notch on the smooth surface, followed by the appearance of trichomes and the direct development of leafy structures which were not associated initially with any shoot meristems. Multiple shoots subsequently arose at the bases of the leafy structures, which are considered modifications of the scutellum, a definitive part of the cereal embryo. Accordingly, we suggest that while typical bipolar embryos are generally not formed, plant regeneration nevertheless takes place through embryogenesis and the precocious germination of the embryoids. Plants regenerated from immature embryo and inflorescence cultures were grown to maturity in soil, and were shown to have the normal chromosome number of 2n=6x=42.
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