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  • General Chemistry  (15,097)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology  (4,335)
  • EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING  (3,802)
  • STRUCTURAL MECHANICS  (2,714)
  • 1980-1984  (11,775)
  • 1970-1974  (7,735)
  • 1955-1959  (3,072)
  • 1905-1909
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  • 101
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    High resolution observations of low contrast phenomena from an Advanced Geosynchronous Platform (AGP) (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Present technology allows radiometric monitoring of the Earth, ocean and atmosphere from a geosynchronous platform with good spatial, spectral and temporal resolution. The proposed system could provide a capability for multispectral remote sensing with a 50 m nadir spatial resolution in the visible bands, 250 m in the 4 micron band and 1 km in the 11 micron thermal infrared band. The diffraction limited telescope has a 1 m aperture, a 10 m focal length (with a shorter focal length in the infrared) and linear and area arrays of detectors. The diffraction limited resolution applies to scenes of any brightness but for a dark low contrast scenes, the good signal to noise ratio of the system contribute to the observation capability. The capabilities of the AGP system are assessed for quantitative observations of ocean scenes. Instrument and ground system configuration are presented and projected sensor capabilities are analyzed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Frontiers of Remote Sensing of the Oceans and Troposphere from Air and Space Platforms; p 29-40
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  • 102
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    ESA activities in the use of microwaves for the remote sensing of the Earth (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The program of activities under way in the European Space Agency (ESA) directed towards Remote Sensing of the oceans and troposphere is discussed. The initial project is the launch of a satellite named ERS-1 with a primary payload of microwave values in theee C- and Ku-bands. This payload is discussed in depth. The secondary payload includes precision location experiments and an instrument to measure sea surface temperature, which are described. The important topic of calibration is extensively discussed, and a review of activities directed towards improvements to the instruments for future satellites is presented. Some discussion of the impact of the instrument payload on the spacecraft design follows and the commitment of ESA to the provision of a service of value to the ultimate user is emphasized.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Frontiers of Remote Sensing of the Oceans and Troposphere from Air and Space Platforms; p 11-17
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  • 103
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    Characterization of LANDSAT-4 TM and MSS Image Quality for Interpretation of Agricultural and Forest Resources (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-27
    Description: Systematic analysis of both image and numeric data shows that the overall spectral, spatial, and radiometric quality of the TM data are excellent. Spectral variations in fallow fields are due to the vaiability in soil moisture and surface roughness resulting from the various stages of field preparation for small grains production. Spectrally, the addition of the first TM short wave infrared band (Band 5) significantly enhanced ability to discriminate different crop types. Bands 1, 5, and 6 contain saturated pixels due to high albedo effects, low moisture conditions, and high radiant temperatures of granite and dry, bare soil on south facing slopes, respectively. Spatially, the two fold decrease in interpixel distance and four fold decrease in area per pixel between the TM and MSS allow for improved discrimination of small fields, boundary conditions, road and stream networks in rough terrain, and small forest clearings resulting from various forest management practices.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center LANDSAT-4 Sci. Invest. Summ., Including Dec. 1983 Workshop Results, Vol. 2; p 98-102
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  • 104
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    Assessment of Thematic Mapper Band-to-band Registration by the Block Correlation Method (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-27
    Description: The design of the Thematic Mapper (TM) multispectral radiometer makes it susceptible to band-to-band misregistration. To estimate band-to-band misregistration a block correlation method is employed. This method is chosen over other possible techniques (band differencing and flickering) because quantitative results are produced. The method correlates rectangular blocks of pixels from one band against blocks centered on identical pixels from a second band. The block pairs are shifted in pixel increments both vertically and horizontally with respect to each other and the correlation coefficient for each shift position is computed. The displacement corresponding to the maximum correlation is taken as the best estimate of registration error for each block pair. Subpixel shifts are estimated by a bi-quadratic interpolation of the correlation values surrounding the maximum correlation. To obtain statistical summaries for each band combination post processing of the block correlation results performed. The method results in estimates of registration error that are consistent with expectations.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center LANDSAT-4 Sci. Invest. Summ., Including Dec. 1983 Workshop Results, Vol. 2; p 55-58
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  • 105
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    Discrete Random Media Techniques for Microwave Modeling of Vegetated Terrain (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-27
    Description: Microwave remote sensing of agricultural crops and forested regions is studied. Long term goals of the research involve modeling vegetation so that radar signatures can be used to infer the parameters which characterize the vegetation and underlying ground. Vegetation is modeled by discrete scatterers viz, leaves, stems, branches and trunks. These are replaced by glossy dielectric discs and cylinders. Rough surfaces are represented by their mean and spectral characteristics. Average scattered power is then calculated by employing discrete random media methodology such as the distorted Born approximation or transport theory. Both coherent and incoherent multiple scattering techniques are explored. Once direct methods are developed, inversion techniques can be investigated.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Fundamental Remote Sensing Sci. Res. Program, Part 1; p 39
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  • 106
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    Measuring and Modeling of the Dielectric Properties and Attenuation of Vegetation (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-27
    Description: The dielectric properties of vegetation material--primarily agricultural plants--as a function of moisture content and microwave frequency was measured and used to develop dielectric mixing models for the vegetation-water mixture. A model for the loss factor of a vegetation canopy was also developed. During the first phase of this investigation, three waveguide transmission systems covering from 1 to 2-GHz, from 3.5 to 6.5-GHz, and from 7.5 to 8.5-GHz bands were constructed and calibrated. By measuring the magnitude and phase of the field transmission coefficient of a given sample, it was possible to calculate the real and imaginary parts of the complex dielectric constant of the sample. Measurements were made for numerous samples of leaves and stalks of wheat and corn, and for wheat heads. Also, dielectric measurements were made of the liquid included in the vegetation material after extraction by mechanical means. The propagation loss is more than an order of magnitude greater than had previously been assumed. Various types of dielectric mixing models were investigated in terms of the available data, and a propagation model was developed and evaluated against direct canopy attenuation measurements. The canopy measurements were made by transmitting a signal from a radar antenna mounted atop a truck-mounted boom, and using a small antenna mounted on a rail beneath the canopy to receive it.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Fundamental Remote Sensing Sci. Res. Program, Part 1; p 40
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  • 107
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    Comprehensive Understanding for Vegetated Scene Radiance Relationships (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-27
    Description: Directional reflectance distributions spanning the entire existent hemisphere were measured in two field studies; one using a Mark III 3-band radiometer and one using the rapid scanning bidirectional field instrument called PARABOLA. Surfaces measured included corn, soybeans, bare soils, grass lawn, orchard grass, alfalfa, cotton row crops, plowed field, annual grassland, stipa grass, hard wheat, salt plain shrubland, and irrigated wheat. Analysis of field data showed unique reflectance distributions ranging from bare soil to complete vegetation canopies. Physical mechanisms causing these trends were proposed. A 3-D model was developed and is unique in that it predicts: (1) the directional spectral reflectance factors as a function of the sensor's azimuth and zenith angles and the sensor's position above the canopy; (2) the spectral absorption as a function of location within the scene; and (3) the directional spectral radiance as a function of the sensor's location within the scene. Initial verification of the model as applied to a soybean row crop showed that the simulated directional data corresponded relatively well in gross trends to the measured data. The model was expanded to include the anisotropic scattering properties of leaves as a function of the leaf orientation distribution in both the zenith and azimuth angle modes.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Fundamental Remote Sensing Sci. Res. Program, Part 1; p 32
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  • 108
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    MTF Analysis of LANDSAT-4 Thematic Mapper (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-27
    Description: A research program to measure the LANDSAT 4 Thematic Mapper (TM) modulation transfer function (MTF) is described. Measurement of a satellite sensor's MTF requires the use of a calibrated ground target, i.e., the spatial radiance distribution of the target must be known to a resolution at least four to five times greater than that of the system under test. A small reflective mirror or a dark light linear pattern such as line or edge, and relatively high resolution underflight imagery are used to calibrate the target. A technique that utilizes an analytical model for the scene spatial frequency power spectrum will be investigated as an alternative to calibration of the scene. The test sites and analysis techniques are also described.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center LANDSAT-4 Sci. Invest. Summ., Including Dec. 1983 Workshop Results, Vol. 2; p 32
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  • 109
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    Reflectance Modeling (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-27
    Description: The main thrust of the work conducted is in the modeling of spectral responses of discontinuous conifer forest canopies, considered as collections of conical forms that are illuminated at an angle and cast shadows on contracting background. The three first-year objectives are: (1) modification of the variance-driven model to incorporate overlapping of shadows and crowns; (2) collection and analysis of photographic data to calibrate tree-spacing functions; and (3) collection of field data to determine height, spacing, and shape of conifers in open and closed stands in the Goosenest (California) test area. Modification of the invertible model uses a linear approximation to correct for the reduction in shadow and canopy area that occurs when shadows fall on crowns or tree crowns intersect. Comparison of the results of the approximation with a series of Monte Carlo simulations shows that the mean area covered by crowns or shadows is approximated quite accurately, but the variance calculated departs significantly from simulated values. The analysis of tree spacing patterns using air photos showed that spacing tended to be somewhat regular at a scale approximately equal to the average distance between trees, but at larger distance scales counts of trees in cells could be approximated acceptably by a Poisson (random) function.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Fundamental Remote Sensing Sci. Res. Program, Part 1; p 34
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  • 110
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    Bidirectional Reflectance Modeling of Non-homogeneous Plant Canopies (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-27
    Description: Efforts to develop a three dimensional model to predict canopy, bidirectional reflectance for heterogenous plant stands using incident radiation and canopy structural descriptions as inputs are described. Utility programs were developed to cope with the complex output from the 3 dimensional model. In addition an attempt was made to define leaf and soil properties, which are appropriate to the mode, by measuring leaf and soil bidirectional reflectance distribution functions; since almost no data exist on these distributions. In the process it was realized that most models probably are using the wrong leaf spectral properties, and that off-nadir reflectance measurements are difficult to make because of non-Lambertian properties of reference surfaces. Also, in the visible wavebands, rough soil may not be distinguishable from canopies when viewed from above.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Fundamental Remote Sensing Sci. Res. Program, Part 1; p 31
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  • 111
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    Measurement and Modeling of the Optical Scattering Properties of Crop Canopies (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-27
    Description: Efforts in measuring, analyzing, and mathematically modeling the specular, polarized, and diffuse light scattering properties of several plant canopies and their component parts (leaves, stems, fruit, soil) as a function of view angle and illumination angle are reported. Specific objectives were: (1) to demonstrate a technique for determining the specular and diffuse components of the reflectance factor of plant canopies; (2) to acquire the measurements and begin assembling a data set for developing and testing canopy reflectance models; (3) to design and build a new optical instrument to measure the light scattering properties of individual leaves; and (4) to use this instrument to survey and investigate the information in the light scattering properties of individual leaves of crops, forests, weeds, and horticulture.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Fundamental Remote Sensing Sci. Res. Program, Part 1; p 33
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  • 112
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    Reflectance Modeling (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-26
    Description: A classical description of the one dimensional radiative transfer treatment of vegetation canopies was completed and the results were tested against measured prairie (blue grama) and agricultural canopies (soybean). Phase functions are calculated in terms of directly measurable biophysical characteristics of the canopy medium. While the phase functions tend to exhibit backscattering anisotropy, their exact behavior is somewhat more complex and wavelength dependent. A Monte Carlo model was developed that treats soil surfaces with large periodic variations in three dimensions. A photon-ray tracing technology is used. Currently, the rough soil surface is described by analytic functions and appropriate geometric calculations performed. A bidirectional reflectance distribution function is calculated and, hence, available for other atmospheric or canopy reflectance models as a lower boundary condition. This technique is used together with an adding model to calculate several cases where Lambertian leaves possessing anisotropic leaf angle distributions yield non-Lambertian reflectance; similar behavior is exhibited for simulated soil surfaces.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Fundamental Remote Sensing Sci. Res. Program, Part 1; p 30
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  • 113
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    Thermal Band Characterization of LANDSAT-4 Thematic Mapper (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-17
    Description: A quick look monitor in the spacecraft control center was used to measure the TM Band 6 shutter background and the 34.7 C internal blackbody signal on over 50 dates. Comparison of relative internal gains between the four channels to prelaunch values showed changes over 9 months of up to 5%, while 512 x 512 subsections of the original 10 daytime scenes showed scene counts that ranged from 135 down to 62. A night scene of the Buffalo area was used to determine channel gain relative to the mean and to discern a systematic along scan pattern in a difference between forward and reverse scan counts of up to 0.5. A corrected digital image was produced and individual gains and offsets were calculated for the four channels. At satellite radiance was determine and noise equivalent temperature difference was calculated. The calibration data and the Buffalo scene, with the corrections and estimates of the atmospheric transmission and radiance, were used to make a temperature estimate for an area of Lake Erie of 21 C to 27 C. Local records of the temperature showed 21 C.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: LANDSAT-4 Sci. Invest. Summ., Including Dec. 1983 Workshop Results, Vol. 1; p 186-188
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  • 114
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    Initial Sailplane Project: The RP-1 (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-16
    Description: The annual static loading tests were made on the assembled wing/fuselage structure of the RP-1 sailplane. Simple wing bending and wing bending/torsion tests up to about four G's were made, using sand bag loading on the inverted aircraft. Bending a torsion deflections were measured and compared to those obtained in previous years' tests. It appears that the structure is retaining its original strength and stiffness very well. This aircraft has been disassembled and stored on the Jonsson Engineering Center under ambient, indoor conditions of temperature and humidity.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: Composite Struct. Mater.; p 147
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  • 115
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    Second Sailplane Project: The RP-2 (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-16
    Description: Progress has been made on the design fabrication and installation of a tension carry-through linkage between the aft parts of the port and starboard wings to resist forward bending deflection on the RP-2 sailplane. In addition, towhook/release mechanisms, landing gear and wheel brake assembly, compound curved sandwich composite fuselage shells and an enclosed trailer to house and transport the complete disassembled aircraft, have all undergone various stages of design, fabrication, installation and testing.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: Composite Struct. Mater.; p 149-154
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  • 116
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    A Study of the Relation Between Crop Growth and Spectra Reflectance Parameters (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-10
    Description: The relationship between crop growth and spectra reflectance parameters was studied. The dynamic behavior of canopy reflectance versus time and the relationship of trajectories to canopy dynamics, ontogeny and morphology was investigated. The determination of which transformations of spectral data best suited for observing key canopy characteristics, such as leaf area index and vegetation identification are understood. A physical basis to understand how various spectral transform trajectories depend on vegetation type and models that describe the time delayed interaction of reflectance in the chlorophyll and water absorption bands to monitor stress were formulated. The general process of physical understanding of canopy reflectance is evaluated and existing canopy models are improved.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Fundamental Remote Sensing Sci. Res. Program, Part 1; p 96-105
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  • 117
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    Scattering Models in the Microwave Regime (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-10
    Description: Scattering from an inhomogeneous layer with irregular boundaries was calculated to model natural terrain such as a layer of vegetation or sea ice. The inhomogeneities were modeled by spherical or disc-shaped discrete scatterers which were small compared with the incident wavelength and were in the far field of one another. It was found that the cross-polarized scattering was dominated by multiple scattering effects and was sensitive to the orientations and distributions of the scatterers. This model has been applied to interpret measurements from vegetation, snow and sea ice. The scattering model was extended to handle disc-shaped scatterers which are comparable to the incident wavelength. The model was used to investigate the relative merits between active versus passive sensing of soil moisture over vegetated terrain. Results indicate that scattering mesurements are more sensitive to soil moisture changes than emission measurements. This is because while both types of measurements lose sensitivity to soil moisture because of the vegetation layer, the loss is greater for passive than active measurements.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Fundamental Remote Sensing Sci. Res. Program, Part 1; p 37
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  • 118
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    Measurement and Modeling of the Optical Scattering Properties of Crop Canopies (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-10
    Description: Progress and results in the measurement and scattering properties of crop canopies was examined. The following accomplishments are reported: (1) analysis of inhouse polarization, Sun/view angle data set of wheat was completed; (2) polarization photometer instrument system was completed; (3) light polarization properties (measured with polarization photometer) of individual plant leaves initiated, and twenty two species/varieties were measured before frost; (4) light polarizing properties of both moisture-stressed corn leaves and diseased wheat leaves were measured; (5) Sun/view angle data and ancillary data were acquired on two wheat canopies on two dates and on one sorghum canopy on two adjacent days.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Fundamental Remote Sensing Sci. Res. Program, Part 1; p 87-91
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  • 119
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    NASA Fundamental Remote Sensing Science Research Program (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-10
    Description: The NASA Fundamental Remote Sensing Research Program is described. The program provides a dynamic scientific base which is continually broadened and from which future applied research and development can draw support. In particular, the overall objectives and current studies of the scene radiation and atmospheric effect characterization (SRAEC) project are reviewed. The SRAEC research can be generically structured into four types of activities including observation of phenomena, empirical characterization, analytical modeling, and scene radiation analysis and synthesis. The first three activities are the means by which the goal of scene radiation analysis and synthesis is achieved, and thus are considered priority activities during the early phases of the current project. Scene radiation analysis refers to the extraction of information describing the biogeophysical attributes of the scene from the spectral, spatial, and temporal radiance characteristics of the scene including the atmosphere. Scene radiation synthesis is the generation of realistic spectral, spatial, and temporal radiance values for a scene with a given set of biogeophysical attributes and atmospheric conditions.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Fundamental Remote Sensing Sci. Res. Program, Part 1; p 2-29
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  • 120
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    Remote Sensing of Earth Terrain (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-10
    Description: Theoretical models that are useful and practical in relating remote sensing data to the important physical parameters characterizing Earth terrain are developed. The development of models that are useful in data analysis and interpretation, scene simulation, and developing new remote sensing approaches and techniques is discussed. Numerous theoretical models that are applicable to the active and passive remote sensing of plowed fields, atmospheric precipitation, vegetation, and snow fields were developed. The radiative transfer theory is used to interpret the active and passive data as a function of rain rate. Both the random medium model and the discrete scatterer model is used to study the remote sensing of vegetation fields. Due to the non-spherical geometry of the scatterers there is strong azimuthal dependence in the observed data. Thus, the anisotropic random medium model and the discrete scatterer model with nonspherical particles was developed. In order to relate the remote sensing data to the actual physical parameters, the scattering of electromagnetic waves from randomly distributed dielectric scatterers was studied. Both the rigorous random discrete scatterer theory and the strong fluctuation theory are used to derive the backscattering cross section in terms of the actual physical parameters and the results agree well with the data obtained from the snow fields.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA Goddard Space Flight Center Fundamental Remote Sensing Sci. Res. Program, Part 1; p 38
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  • 121
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    On the use of marker loads and replicas for measuring growth rates for small cracks (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2012-05-17
    Description: The initiation and growth of small cracks (5-500 microns m) from edge notches in 2024-T3 aluminum alloy sheets were studied under constant amplitude loading. Two methods were used to measure crack shape and size. In the first method, striation marker bands were periodically formed along the crack front by interrupting the constant amplitude loading by either an elevated R-ratio load sequence, or by an overload sequence. In the second method, the surface crack length was monitored by taking surface replicas at regular intervals. The marker band techniques did not provide reliable crack length and crack shape information for cracks smaller than 2 mm. The replica technique provided accurate information for surface crack length at all crack lengths, and fracture tests on specimens with small cracks provided crack-shape information. Crack growth rates were plotted against the stress intensity factor ranges. The results exhibited the small crack effect, in that the small cracks grew faster than large cracks at the same stress-intensity factor range. A crack closure model was also used to analyze the growth of small cracks from small (inclusion) defects at the notch surface.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: AGARD Fatigue Crack Topography; 17 p
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  • 122
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    A comparison of Landsat point and rectangular field training sets for land-use classification (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Rectangular training fields of homogeneous spectroreflectance are commonly used in supervised pattern recognition efforts. Trial image classification with manually selected training sets gives irregular and misleading results due to statistical bias. A self-verifying, grid-sampled training point approach is proposed as a more statistically valid feature extraction technique. A systematic pixel sampling network of every ninth row and ninth column efficiently replaced the full image scene with smaller statistical vectors which preserved the necessary characteristics for classification. The composite second- and third-order average classification accuracy of 50.1 percent for 331,776 pixels in the full image substantially agreed with the 51 percent value predicted by the grid-sampled, 4,100-point training set.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 123
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    Data system considerations for remote sensing (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The availability of data obtained with the aid of Landsat and other remote sensing satellites provides potentially the possibility to study problems on a global scale. Difficulties arise, however, in connection with the diversity of data formats, archival conditions, and the need for data registration. Systems are being planned to test the ability to reduce some of these difficulties. Details regarding the given situation are examined, taking into account global problems which are being considered. These problems are related to the global carbon dioxide cycle, and the biogeochemical cycle. Attention is given to pilot data systems, considerations for spatial data, data format considerations, data quality considerations, aspects of data base design, and system aids.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 124
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    Remote sensing of vegetation at regional scales (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Relations between spectroscopy and the concept of inferring surface cover type and condition from measurements of reflected or emitted radiation are examined, taking into account the observation of 'spectral signatures'. It has now become evident that the paradigm which had provided the basis for the spectroscopic identification of materials, is incomplete when applied to the inference of type and condition of materials in a natural environment. It was found that one could not collect a remote sensing signature from an unknown ground cover class at a particular time and place and match that signature with an a priori catalog value to infer the properties of the unknown cover class. The spectroscopy paradigm was, therefore, largely abandoned in favor of decision theoretic approaches. Attention is given to the temporal greenness profile feature space, the crop stage of development estimation using a temporal greenness profile, the temporal greenness profile for crop yield, and applications to regional scales.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 125
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    High spectral resolution remote sensing of the land (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Spectral remote sensing has been practiced on a large scale since the launch of Landsat 1 in 1972. The limited information contained in this spectrally undersampled data set has led to the development of sophisticated statistical-inferential methods for data analysis. The results are usually limited by the availability of ground truth information. Recent technological developments have made it feasible to create narrow-band, contiguous, spectral image data sets that make possible the identification of surface cover materials based on the complete reflectance spectrum for each picture element. This capability will revolutionize the use of remote sensing data and require new deterministic image processing techniques to extract the full information content from the data. Sensors, based on the concept of imaging spectrometry and the new technology of area array infrared detectors, have been constructed and are candidates for Shuttle and space platform flights.
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    Bonded joint strength - Static versus fatigue (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Adhesives are commonly characterized only by their static strength even though they are used in structural joints that are subjected to fatigue loads. This paper reviews the relationship between static and fatigue strength for four different specimen types: single-lap-shear, edge-delamination, double cantilever beam, and cracked-lap-shear. It was found that the ratio of static strength to fatigue strength varied from 2.3 to 4.7, depending on the adhesive and specimen configuration.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
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  • 127
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    Spatial analysis in recreation resource management for the Berlin Lake Reservoir Project (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Spatial analysis of geographic information systems and the acquisition and use of remotely-sensed data within the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers is an emerging Technology Work units have been developed under te Remote Sensing Research and Development Program, which are most relevant to the productive needs of the Corps in both the military and civil works missions. Corps participation in the SPOT simulation champaign is one such example of this research. This paper describes the application of spatial analysis and remote sensing in recreation resource managmaster planning at the Berlin Lake Reservoir Project within the Pittsburgh District. SPOT simulator data was acquired over Berlin Lake, Site No. 10, on July 8, 1983. The first part of this paper describes the background of the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers and the Berlin Lake project, the geographic information system being developed, and the planned use of SPOT and similar data. The remainder of the paper describes the results on an analysis of the simulated SPOT data conducted at the NASA Goddard Institut for Space Studies.
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  • 128
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    An interactive technique to generate digital elevation data using a vidicon camera (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A technique is proposed for the semi-automatic digitization of topographic maps using a vidicon camera interfaced with a mini-computer system. The required input is a black and white map that shows only contour lines and corresponding elevation values such as the advance prints of 7.5 minute USGS topographic sheets. A set of image processing algorithms is implemented on an image of the contour map acquired by a vidicon camera. The system developed performs extraction of contour lines, tagging elevation values and subsequent interpolation of elevations to produce, in 5 sec. x 5 sec. intervals of latitude and longitude, digital elevation matrices. The interpolation of elevations for non-contour points is achieved using a steepest descent algorithm. A communications capability allows the final data to be transferred over telephone lines to an off-site unit such as the floppy disk or a micro-computer.
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  • 129
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    A device-independent interface for interactive image display (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: NASA's Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC) has developed a Transportable Applications Executive (TAE) for use in implementing portable applications software that can be shared by different research projects. Since many of the supported disciplines require the interactive display and manipulation of remotely sensed images, a device independent Display Management Subsystem (DMS) was written as a TAE extension. The DMS attempts to abstract and standardize the device dependent functions that are used in the display and manipulation of image data on image analysis terminals. This paper explores the concept of DMS and the interface routines that are available to the applications programmer for use in developing a set of portable image display utility programs.
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  • 130
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    Artificial intelligence applications concepts for the remote sensing and earth science community (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The following potential applications of AI to the study of earth science are described: (1) intelligent data management systems; (2) intelligent processing and understanding of spatial data; and (3) automated systems which perform tasks that currently require large amounts of time by scientists and engineers to complete. An example is provided of how an intelligent information system might operate to support an earth science project.
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  • 131
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    Pilot land data system (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: During the fall of 1983, the Information Systems Office of NASA's Office of Space Science and Applications assembled a Working Group to develop initial plans for a Pilot Land Data System (PLDS). Workshops coordinated planning and concept development activities between land-related and computer science disciplines, and examined land research requirements, information science technology requirements, PLDS architecture, and methodologies for system evaluation. The PLDS will be a limited-scale distributed information system to explore scientific, technical and management approaches to satisfy land science research needs. PLDS will pave the way for a Land Data System to improve data access, processing, transfer and analysis, fostering an environment in which land science information synthesis can occur on a scale not previously possible owing to limits to data assembly and access and efficiency of processing.
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  • 132
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    Topological grid structure - A data structure for earth science modeling (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The automated analysis of land surface features is increasingly important to earth scientists. User-friendly algorithms for studying these features can be integrated into geographic information systems through the use of topological grid structure, which maintains the simplicity and transportability of standard grid structure while providing the essential capability to treat groups of contiguous, identically-classified pixels (corresponding to lakes, forests, fields, etc.) as distinct spatial entities.
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  • 133
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    Spatial information technologies for remote sensing today and tomorrow; Proceedings of the Ninth Pecora Symposium, Sioux Falls, SD, October 2-4, 1984 (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Topics discussed at the symposium include hardware, geographic information system (GIS) implementation, processing remotely sensed data, spatial data structures, and NASA programs in remote sensing information systems. Attention is also given GIS applications, advanced techniques, artificial intelligence, graphics, spatial navigation, and classification. Papers are included on the design of computer software for geographic image processing, concepts for a global resource information system, algorithm development for spatial operators, and an application of expert systems technology to remotely sensed image analysis.
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  • 134
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    Investigation of SPOT spectral characteristics for discriminating land use and land cover in Prince George's County, Maryland (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 135
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    Microwave remote sensing of soil moisture (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Because of the large contrast between the dielectric constant of liquid water and that of dry soil at microwave wavelength, there is a strong dependence of the thermal emission and radar backscatter from the soil on its moisture content. This dependence provides a means for the remote sensing of the moisture content in a surface layer approximately 5 cm thick. The feasibility of these techniques is demonstrated from field, aircraft and spacecraft platforms. The soil texture, surface roughness, and vegetative cover affect the sensitivity of the microwave response to moisture variations with vegetation being the most important. It serves as an attenuating layer which can totally obscure the surface. Research indicates that it is possible to obtain five or more levels of moisture discrimination and that a mature corn crop is the limiting vegetation situation.
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  • 136
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    Atmospheric effects on remote sensing of surface reflectance (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: This paper reviews the atmospheric effects on remote sensing of surface reflectance. The scattering and absorption of sunlight by atmospheric molecules and aerosols affects the quality of images of the surface remotely sensed from satellites and aircrafts. The concentration and characteristics of the atmospheric aerosols vary from place to place and vary with time. The effect of atmospheric aerosols on the upward radiance depends on their optical thickness, scattering phase function and absorption. These parameters result from the aerosol concentration, composition, and the relative humidity. For high resolution images the aerosol scale height is also of importance. The radiative transfer theory that predicts the atmospheric radiances for a given surface and atmosphere is a well established theory for the case of uniform surfaces (or low resolution data). Some radiative transfer models exist for nonuniform surfaces and others are being developed. Recent field experiment and laboratory simulation data confirm the need for these models and can be used for their testing. It is shown that the atmospheric effect reduces the apparent resolution of satellite imagery and causes errors in the classification of surface fields. Suggestions for correction procedures are given. Such corrections can be based on ground observations, on satellite radiances above dark areas, or on climatologic information, depending on the accuracy of the corrections needed. The chosen correction algorithm depends also on the image resolution and the specific remote sensing application.
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  • 137
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    A comparative evaluation of simulated SPOT, Thematic Mapper, and simulated Thematic Mapper data in a western ecozone (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Spectral information content was quantitatively measured for simulated SPOT, Thematic Mapper, and simulated Thematic Mapper data acquired over Santa Cruz County, California. Two techniques were employed: spectral separability summarized through optimal wave band evaluation, and histogram cluster analysis. Using data from the three sources it is shown that three spectral bands can provide separability nearly as high as six bands provide, if the three bands are optimally chosen for the cover type. Analysis of the Santa Cruz scene emphasizes the importance of TM bands 1 and 5 in particular. The three bands of the SPOT scanner are shown to provide sufficient separability for cover types within the study area. The higher spatial resolution data (20 meters) provided by SPOT contain more distinct distributions than data from the other sources studied. Techniques should be developed to exploit this additional information.
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  • 138
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    An application of expert systems technology to remotely sensed image analysis (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: In October of 1983, a project was initiated at NASA/Ames Research Center to design a prototype expert system capable of producing a preliminary land cover classification from an unsupervised classification of Landsat Multispectral Scanner (MSS) imagery and associated collateral data. This paper outlines the problem of determining land cover classes from an unsupervised classification, presents a brief overview of expert systems, and continues with a description of the design and current state of implementation of NASA/Ames' prototype Landsat MSS image analysis expert system.
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  • 139
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    Spatial variation analyses of Thematic Mapper data for the identification of linear features in agricultural landscapes (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A need exists for digitized information pertaining to linear features such as roads, streams, water bodies and agricultural field boundaries as component parts of a data base. For many areas where this data may not yet exist or is in need of updating, these features may be extracted from remotely sensed digital data. This paper examines two approaches for identifying linear features, one utilizing raw data and the other classified data. Each approach uses a series of data enhancement procedures including derivation of standard deviation values, principal component analysis and filtering procedures using a high-pass window matrix. Just as certain bands better classify different land covers, so too do these bands exhibit high spectral contrast by which boundaries between land covers can be delineated. A few applications for this kind of data are briefly discussed, including its potential in a Universal Soil Loss Equation Model.
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  • 140
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    Parametric analysis of synthetic aperture radar data acquired over truck garden vegetation (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An airborne X-band SAR acquired multipolarization and multiflight pass SAR images over a truck garden vegetation area. Based on a variety of land cover and row crop direction variations, the vertical (VV) polarization data contain the highest contrast, while cross polarization contains the least. When the radar flight path is parallel to the row direction, both horizontal (HH) and VV polarization data contain very high return which masks out the specific land cover that forms the row structure. Cross polarization data are not that sensitive to row orientation. The inclusion of like and cross polarization data help delineate special surface features (e.g., row crop against non-row-oriented land cover, very-rough-surface against highly row-oriented surface).
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ESA IGARSS 84. Remote Sensing: From Res. Towards Operational Use, Vol. 1; p 131-135
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  • 141
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    Spectral characterization of biophysical characteristics in a boreal forest: Relationship between Thematic Mapper band reflectance and leaf area index for Aspen (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Results from analysis of a data set of simultaneous measurements of Thematic Mapper band reflectance and leaf area index are presented. The measurements were made over pure stands of Aspen in the Superior National Forest of northern Minnesota. The analysis indicates that the reflectance may be sensitive to the leaf area index of the Aspen early in the season. The sensitivity disappears as the season progresses. Based on the results of model calculations, an explanation for the observed relationship is developed. The model calculations indicate that the sensitivity of the reflectance to the Aspen overstory depends on the amount of understory present.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ESA IGARSS 84. Remote Sensing: From Res. Towards Operational Use, Vol. 1; p 111-115
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  • 142
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    A note on the temporal behavior of bucket hydrologies (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The use of a "canopy' bucket to more accurately represent evapotranspiration over land surfaces is explained. The temporal behavior of the traditional bucket model is compared with one that mimics the effects of interception loss. Results are presented in terms of the spectral response of the parameterization to a hypothetical white noise forcing.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Res. Rev., 1983; p 275-284
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  • 143
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    A Lagrangian method for a two layer shallow water model (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: One of the biggest drawbacks of Eulerian methods is the presence of the nonlinear convective terms which leads to inaccurate representations of advection and fronts. An alternative and conceptually simpler approach is the Lagrangian approach in which the fluid particles themselves are tracked and equations are derived based on local spatial interaction. In this formulation the nonlinear convective terms do not appear. The main drawback with the Lagrangian formulation, however, is that the local spatial interactions are time dependent. That is, at each time level, one must know the current neighbors of a given particle to accurately compute the forces acting on the particle. The Voroni Mesh which is continuously deforming and always linking nearest neighbors is needed. The effectiveness of a simple Lagrangian method for simulating the onset of a Kelvin-Helmholtz instability in a 2 layer fluid is demonstrated.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Res. Rev., 1983; p 90-94
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  • 144
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    Geodyn systems development (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The purpose of the GEODYN Orbit Determination and Parameter Estimation, the SOLVE and ERODYN Programs is to recover geodetic and geophysical parameters from satellite and other data in a state-of-the-art manner. Continued solutions for gravity field, pole positions, Earth rotation, GM, and baselines were made as part of the Crustal Dynamics Project. Some tidal parameters were recovered as well. The eight digit station identification number was incorporated in the software and new techniques for constraining monthly station parameters to each other are being developed. This is allowing the analysts even more flexibility in the shaping of solutions from monthly sets of normal equations and right-hand sides.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Res. Activities of the Geodyn. Branch; 4 p
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  • 145
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    Sensitivity of SLR baselines to errors in Earth orientation (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The sensitivity of inter station distances derived from Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) to errors in Earth orientation is discussed. An analysis experiment is performed which imposes a known polar motion error on all of the arcs used over this interval. The effect of the averaging of the errors over the tracking periods of individual sites is assessed. Baselines between stations that are supported by a global network of tracking stations are only marginally affected by errors in Earth orientation. The global network of stations retains its integrity even in the presence of systematic changes in the coordinate frame. The effect of these coordinate frame changes on the relative locations of the stations is minimal.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Res. Activities of the Geodyn. Branch; 4 p
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  • 146
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    Revised radiometric calibration technique for LANDSAT-4 Thematic Mapper data by the Canada Centre for Remote Sensing (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Observations of raw image data, raw radiometric calibration data, and background measurements extracted from the raw data streams on high density tape reveal major shortcomings in a technique proposed by the Canadian Center for Remote Sensing in 1982 for the radiometric correction of TM data. Results are presented which correlate measurements of the DC background with variations in both image data background and calibration samples. The effect on both raw data and data corrected using the earlier proposed technique is explained and the correction required for these factors as a function of individual scan line number for each detector is described. How the revised technique can be incorporated into an operational environment is demonstrated.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Proposal for Evaluating LANDSAT-4 MSS and TM Data; 4 p
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  • 147
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    LANDSAT-MSS multitemporal registration (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The multitemporal registration of LANDSAT-4 MSS products was tested for two different geocoded subscenes acquired in 1982 and 1983. The scenes were then compared with LANDSAT-2 MSS geocoded data from 1981. Statistical comparison between line-pixel locations of uniformly distributed ground control points in the three geocoded products permitted quantitative measure of the offset over the sub-scene. Values of line and pixel misregistration obtained using the manual ground control points and digital correlation are tabulated and discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Proposal for Evaluating LANDSAT-4 MSS and TM Data; 2 p
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  • 148
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    LANDSAT-4 MSS interband registration (1984)
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    Description: Interband registration on raw LANDSAT-4 MSS data was measured in the four MSS bands of the Mistassini, Quebec scene (path-row 16-24, June 21, 1983). Statistical comparison between line-pixel locations of uniformly distributed ground control points in the four different bands permitted quantitative measures of the offset over the entire scene. The statistical distribution of the offset measures permitted evaluation of the standard error on the mean values, giving confidence on their precision. Results obtained using a manual ground control point done on a digital image correction system and those obtained using digital band-to-band correlation adapted from a digital stereographic correlation algorithm are tabulated. The pixel misrepresentation values obtained are compared with published NASA figures.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Proposal for Evaluating LANDSAT-4 MSS and TM Data; 2 p
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  • 149
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    Revised radiometric calibration technique for LANDSAT-4 Thematic Mapper data (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Depending on detector number, there are random fluctuations in the background level for spectral band 1 of magnitudes ranging from 2 to 3.5 digital numbers (DN). Similar variability is observed in all the other reflective bands, but with smaller magnitude in the range 0.5 to 2.5 DN. Observations of background reference levels show that line dependent variations in raw TM image data and in the associated calibration data can be measured and corrected within an operational environment by applying simple offset corrections on a line-by-line basis. The radiometric calibration procedure defined by the Canadian Center for Remote Sensing was revised accordingly in order to prevent striping in the output product.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Proposal for Evaluating LANDSAT-4 MSS and TM Data; 22 p
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  • 150
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    Use of multi-frequency, multi-polarization, multi-angle airborne radars for class discrimination in a southern temperature forest (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The utility of radar scatterometers for discrimination and characterization of natural vegetation was investigated. Backscatter measurements were acquired with airborne multi-frequency, multi-polarization, multi-angle radar scatterometers over a test site in a southern temperate forest. Separability between ground cover classes was studied using a two-class separability measure. Very good separability is achieved between most classes. Longer wavelength is useful in separating trees from non-tree classes, while shorter wavelength and cross polarization are helpful for discrimination among tree classes. Using the maximum likelihood classifier, 50% overall classification accuracy is achieved using a single, short-wavelength scatterometer channel. Addition of multiple incidence angles and another radar band improves classification accuracy by 20% and 50%, respectively, over the single channel accuracy. Incorporation of a third radar band seems redundant for vegetation classification. Vertical transmit polarization is critically important for all classes.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ESA IGARSS 84. Remote Sensing: From Res. towards Operational Use, Vol. 1; p 149-154
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  • 151
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    The effect of spatial, spectral and radiometric factors on classification accuracy using Thematic Mapper data (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An experiment of a factorial design was conducted to test the effects on classification accuracy of land cover types due to the improved spatial, spectral and radiometric characteristics of the LANDSAT Thematic Mapper (TM) in comparison to the Multispectral Scanner (MSS). High altitude aircraft scanner data from the Airborne Thematic Mapper instrument was used to simulate TM data as well as all combinations of the three characteristics for eight data sets in all. Results for the training sites (field-center pixels) show better classification accuracies for MSS spatial resolution, TM spectral bands and TM radiometry in order of importance.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ESA IGARSS 84. Remote Sensing: From Res. Towards Operational Use, Vol. 1; p 93-100
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  • 152
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    A three-dimensional nonlinear analysis of cross-ply rectangular composite plates (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The results of a three-dimensional, geometrically nonlinear, finite-element analysis of the bending of cross-ply laminated anisotropic composite plates are presented. Individual laminae are assumed to be homogeneous, orthotropic and linearly elastic. A fully three-dimensional isoparametric finite element with eight nodes (i.e. linear element) and 24 degrees of freedom (three displacement components per node) is used to model the laminated plate. The finite element results of the linear analysis are found to agree very well with the exact solutions of cross-ply laminated rectangular plates under sinusoidal loading. The finite element results of the three-dimensional, geometrically nonlinear analysis are compared with those obtained by using a shear deformable, geometrically nonlinear, plate theory. It is found that the deflections predicted by the shear deformable plate theory are in fair agreement with those predicted by three-dimensional elasticity theory; however stresses were found to be not in good agreement.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: Computers and Structures (ISSN 0045-7949); 18; 2, 19; 1984
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  • 153
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    Remote sensing of soil moisture (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Four major objectives are proposed: (1) to study the sensitivity of active and passive microwave remote sensing approaches to soil moisture variations; (2) to investigate the effect of vegetation cover on microwave backscatter and emission; (3) to test theoretical models of microwave backscatter and emission from a natural terrain against the observations obtained from SIR-B and aircraft radiometer flights; and (4) to estimate vegetation biomass with airborne visible and infrared sensors.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: JPL The SIR-B Sci. Invest. Plan; 4 p
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  • 154
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    Microwave and optical remote sensing of forest vegetation (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The objectives and anticipated results of a study to define the strengths and limitations of microwave (SIR-B) and optical (thematic Mapper) data, singly and in combination, for the purpose of characterizing forest cover types and condition classes are described. Other specific objectives include: (1) the assessment of the effectiveness of a contextual classification algorithm (SECHO); (2) evaluation of the utility of different look angles of SAR data in determining differences in stand density of commercial forests; and (3) the determination of the effectiveness of the L-band HH polarized SIR-B data in differentiating forest-stand densities.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: JPL The SIR-B Sci. Invest. Plan; 3 p
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  • 155
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    Scattering from randomly oriented scatterers of arbitrary shape in the low-frequency limit with application to vegetation (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A general theory of intensity scattering from small particles of arbitrary shape was developed based on the radiative transfer theory. Upon permitting the particles to orient in accordance with any prescribed distribution, scattering models can be derived. By making an appropriate choice of the particle size, the scattering model may be used to estimate scattering from media such as snow, vegetation and sea ice. For the purpose of illustration only comparisons with measurements from a vegetated medium are shown. The difference in scattering between elliptic and circular shaped leaves is demonstrated. In the low frequency limit, the major factors on backscattering from vegetation are found to be the depth of the vegetation layer and the orientation distribution of the leaves. The shape of the leaf is of secondary importance.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Scattering Models in the Microwave Regime; 8 p
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  • 156
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    Nondestructive evaluation of residual stress in low-carbon steel, introduction (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The degree of insensitivity of the temperature dependence method to variations in preferred orientations in A508 low carbon steel specimens was determined. A pulsed phase locked loop was used to measure ultrasonic velocity in these specimens in the temperature range of 50 C below and above room temperature. Results are given in tables and indicate that the temperature dependence of ultrasonic longitudinal velocity in four specimens cut at different angles remains unchanged as a function of orientation within + or -2%. The variation of temperature dependence of ultrasonic shear velocity in the A508 steel as a function of applied stresses was also measured. Results show that values at zero stress are equal regardless of whether the polarization direction is parallel or perpendicular to the direction in which the stress is applied.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: Nondestructive Evaluation of Residual Stress in Low-Carbon Steel; 14 p
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  • 157
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    Studies of optical and biological properties of terrestrial land cover using multispectral linear array technology (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A series of experiments to study the optical and biological properties of terrestrial land cover are planned for late 1987 using a six-channel imaging spectroradiometer based on newly developed multispectral linear array (MLA) detector technology. Data from selected portions of the Sahel and rain forests of Africa and South America will be used to delineate biomass classes and estimate spherical albedos. A spatial resolution of 15 meters in the four visible-near IR channels and 30 meters in two shortwave IR channels, including a 'new' channel centered at 1.24 micrometers when combined with a spectral width of 20 nm for all channels, will be used to investigate possible improvements in land cover classification. Technology demonstrations include a test of data compression on data quality, the first spaceborne utilization of short wave infrared Schottky barrier Pd2Si detector arrays, and the use of close-butted, multi-array modules with attached spectral filters.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 158
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    Pin-loaded holes in large orthotropic plates (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Pin-loaded holes commonly occur in engineering structures. However, accurate analysis of such holes presents formidable difficulties because of the load-dependent contact of the pin with the plate. Significant progress has recently been achieved in the analysis of holes in isotropic plates. This paper develops a simple and accurate method for the partial contact analysis of pin-loaded holes in composites. The method is based on an inverse formulation that seeks to determine loads in a given contact-separation configuration. A unified approach for all types of fit was used. Continuum solutions were obtained for infinitely large plates of various typical orthotropic properties with holes loaded by smooth rigid pins. These solutions were then compared with those for isotropic plates. The effects of orthotropy and the type of fit were studied through load-contact relationships, distribution of stresses and displacements, and their variation with load. The results are of direct relevance to the analysis and design of pin joints in composite plates.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 22; 1478-148
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  • 159
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    Inversion of vegetation canopy reflectance models for estimating agronomic variables. V - Estimation of leaf area index and average leaf angle using measured canopy reflectances (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment (ISSN 0034-4257); 16; 69-85
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  • 160
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    Effects of corn stalk orientation and water content on passive microwave sensing of soil moisture (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A field experiment was conducted utilizing artificial arrangements of plant components during the summer of 1982 to examine the effects of corn canopy structure and plant water content on microwave emission. Truck-mounted microwave radiometers at C (5 GHz) and L (1.4 GHz) band sensed vertically and horizontally polarized radiation concurrent with ground observations of soil moisture and vegetation parameters. Results indicate that the orientation of cut stalks and the distribution of their dielectric properties through the canopy layer can influence the microwave emission measured from a vegetation/soil scene. The magnitude of this effect varies with polarization and frequency and with the amount of water in the plant, disappearing at low levels of vegetation water content. Although many of the canopy structures and orientations studied in this experiment are somewhat artificial, they serve to improve understanding of microwave energy interactions within a vegetation canopy and to aid in the development of appropriate physically based vegetation models.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment (ISSN 0034-4257); 16; 55-67
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  • 161
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    Geologic mapping using thermal images (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Thermal radiance data from the Heat Capacity Mapping Mission (HCMM) satellite has been used to measure surface reflectance data and to provide additional material composition information through remote sensing. The primary goal was to investigate the utility of HCMM data for geologic applications. Three techniques were used for displaying and combining thermal and visible near infrared (VNIR) data for two desert areas in southern California (Trona and Pisgah): color additive composites (CAC) for day and night IR and day VNIR, principal components, and calculation of thermal inertia images. The HCMM thermal data were more effective than Landsat data in producing separation of compositionally different areas including volcanic and intrusive rocks. The satellite CAC data produced an image for a 1 x 2 degree area, and the color picture was enlarged to a scale of 1:250,000. Playa composition, moisture content, presence of standing water, and vegetation cover were displayed in a variety of colors according to physical characteristics. Areas such as sand dunes were not distinguishable because of the coarse 500-mm HCMM resolution. HCMM thermal data have shown a new dimension to geologic remote sensing, and future satellite missions should allow the continued development of the thermal infrared data for geology.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment (ISSN 0034-4257); 16; 13-33
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  • 162
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    Improvements in forest classification and inventory using remotely sensed data (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A Forest Classification and Inventory System (Focis) has been developed for large area forest inventories on the basis of Landsat and digital terrain data. It is a potential advantage of Focis that it can provide timely inventories at a reduced cost which are easily updated. The Klamath National Forest in Northern California was employed as test area for the initial development of Focis. Focis is constantly being changed and improved. Two recent additions to the inventory system include a spatial filtering algorithm which improves the spatial coherence in the final classified image, and a modification to the classification procedure designed to reduce the adverse effects of local topography on classification accuracy. Attention is given to a Focis overview, spatial filtering, the interface with the forest service geographic information system, and efforts to reduce the influence of topography.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 163
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    Research in satellite-aided crop forecasting (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Evaluations of remote sensing procedures developed specifically to estimate non-U.S. spring small grains area show accuracies of less than 10 percent relative difference to reference statistics for North Dakota in 1978 and good comparison with 9000 square miles of observations over four states and Saskatchewan, Canada during the years 1976-79. Processing a 5 x 6-nautical-mile sample site requires a few minutes manual time and a few minutes central processing unit time on an AS-3000 computer. Evaluations of summer crop, corn, and soybeans area estimates show unbiased summer crops estimates in the U.S. central corn belt but significant bias in one of two years for area estimates of corn and soybeans. Based on results to date, a highly automated corn/sorghum/soybean area estimation procedure should be achieved that is applicable to Argentina.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 164
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    Geobotanical discrimination of ultramafic parent materials An evaluation of remote sensing techniques (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Color and color infrared aerial photography and imagery acquired from a Daedalus DEI-1260 multispectral airborne scanner were employed in an investigation to discriminate ultramafic rock types in a test site in southwest Oregon. An analysis of the relationships between vegetation characteristics and parent materials was performed using a vegetation classification and map developed for the project, lithologic information derived from published geologic maps of the region, and terrain information gathered in the field. Several analytical methods, including visual image analysis, band ratioing, principal components analysis, and contrast enhancement and subsequent color composite generation were used in the investigation. There was a close correspondence between vegetation types and major rock types. These were readily discriminated by the remote sensing techniques. It was found that ultramafic rock types were separable from non-ultramafic rock types and serpentine was distinguishable from non-serpentinized peridotite. Further investigations involving spectroradiometric and digital classification techniques are being performed to further identify rock types and to discriminate chromium and nickel-bearing rock types.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 165
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    Determining soil moisture from geosynchronous satellite infrared data - A feasibility study (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Numerical modelling results are reported from a pilot study investigating the feasibility of developing a technique for daily soil moisture measurement throughout the world, based on GOES infrared data. A detailed one-dimensional boundary layer-surface-soil model was used in order to determine which physical parameters observable from GOES are most sensitive to soil moisture, and which are most effected by seasonal changes, atmospheric effects and vegetation cover. The results of the sensitivity test show that the mid-morning differential of surface temperature with respect to absorbed solar radiation is optimally sensitive to soil moisture. A case study comparing model results with GOES infrared data confirms the sensitivity of this parameter to soil moisture and also confirms the applicability of the model to predicting area-averaged surface temperature changes. Model measurements of soil moisture are expected to be most accurate for dry or marginal agricultural areas where drought is common. Sources of error, including the advection of clouds, are examined and methods of minimizing error are discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology (ISSN 0733-3021); 23; 375-391
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  • 166
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    Natural vibrations of laminated anisotropic plates (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: This paper contains a description of the three-dimensional elasticity equations and the associated finite element model for natural vibrations of laminated rectangular plates. The numerical results for natural frequencies are compared with those obtained by a shear deformable plate theory. A number of cross-ply and angle-ply rectangular plates are analyzed for natural frequencies. For relatively thick plates, the plate element predicts frequencies higher than those predicted by the 3-D element.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: Journal of Sound and Vibration (ISSN 0022-460X); 94; 63-69
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  • 167
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    Airborne laser topographic mapping results (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The results of terrain mapping experiments utilizing the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Airborne Oceanographic Lidar (AOL) over forested areas are presented. The flight tests were conducted as part of a joint NASA/U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (CE) investigation aimed at evaluating the potential of an airborne laser ranging system to provide cross-sectional topographic data on flood plains that are difficult and expensive to survey using conventional techniques. The data described in this paper were obtained in the Wolf River Basin located near Memphis, TN. Results from surveys conducted under winter 'leaves off' and summer 'leaves on' conditions, aspects of day and night operation, and data obtained from decidous and coniferous tree types are compared. Data processing techniques are reviewed. Conclusions relative to accuracy and present limitations of the AOL, and airborne lidar systems in general, to terrain mapping over forested areas are discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0099-1112); 50; 685-694
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  • 168
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    On constitutive relations at finite strain - Hypo-elasticity and elasto-plasticity with isotropic or kinematic hardening (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Nagtegaal and de Jong (1982) have studied stresses generated by simple finite shear in the case of elastic-plastic and rigid-plastic materials which exhibit anisotropic hardening. They reported that the shear stress is oscillatory in time. It was found that the occurrence of such an 'anomaly' is not restricted to anisotropic plasticity. Similar behavior in finite shear may result even in the case of hypoelasticity and classical isotropic hardening plasticity theory. The present investigation is concerned with the central problem of 'generalizing' with respect to the finite strain case, taking into account the constitutive relations of infinitesimal strain theories of classical plasticity with isotropic or kinematic hardening. The problem of hypoelasticity is also considered. It is shown that current controversies surrounding the choice of stress rate in the finite-strain generalizations of the constitutive relations and the anomalies surrounding kinematic hardening plasticity theory are easily resolvable.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering (ISSN 0045-7825); 43; 137-171
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  • 169
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    Intensive forest clearing in Rondonia, Brazil, as detected by satellite remote sensing (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Imagery from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration satellite's Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer sensor has been used to identify an area about 100 x 400 km in Rondonia (Brazil) where massive forest clearing or deforestation is occurring. A field study verified the area of the clearing, which is associated with a large colonization program.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment (ISSN 0034-4257); 15; 255-261
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  • 170
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    Inversion of vegetation canopy reflectance models for estimating agronomic variables. III - Estimation using only canopy reflectance data as illustrated by the suits model. IV - Total inversion of the SAIL model (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The possibility of estimating agronomic and spectral parameters for a vegetation canopy from the canopy reflectance (CR) data in the infrared region is investigated for a set of solar/view directions. It is shown that such an estimation is possible, in principle, for the Suits (1972) model for a homogeneous canopy. The technique is then applied to a more complex model, the SAIL (scattering by arbitrarily inclined leaves) model which explicitly includes the leaf angle distribution in the computation of the canopy reflectance. It is concluded that, given the expected accuracy of CR measurements and the accuracy of the SAIL model in representing CR in the infrared region, the agronomic parameters, leaf area index, and leaf angle distribution can be estimated fairly accurately using ancillary data on spectral parameters.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment (ISSN 0034-4257); 15; 223-253
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  • 171
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    Determining forest canopy characteristics using airborne laser data (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A study is reported in which a profiling laser system flown at relatively low altitudes over a forested area was used to measure various forest canopy attributes, including tree heights. An analysis of the data obtained indicates that canopy closure is most strongly related to the penetration capability of the laser pulse, with the pulses attenuated more quickly in a dense canopy. Laser estimates of the average tree heights differ by less than 1 m from the photogrammetrically acquired values. It is concluded that the laser system is suitable for remotely sensing the vertical forest canopy profile. Elements of this profile are linearly related to crown closure and can be used to assess tree height.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment (ISSN 0034-4257); 15; 201-212
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  • 172
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    Classifying northern forests using Thematic Mapper Simulator data (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Thematic Mapper Simulator data were collected over a 23,200 hectare forested area near Baxter State Park in north-central Maine. Photointerpreted ground reference information was used to drive a stratified random sampling procedure for waveband discriminant analyses and to generate training statistics and test pixel accuracies. Stepwise discriminant analyses indicated that the following bands best differentiated the thirteen level II - III cover types (in order of entry): near infrared (0.77 to 0.90 micron), blue (0.46 0.52 micron), first middle infrared (1.53 to 1.73 microns), second middle infrared (2.06 to 2.33 microsn), red (0.63 to 0.69 micron), thermal (10.32 to 12.33 microns). Classification accuracies peaked at 58 percent for thirteen level II-III land-cover classes and at 65 percent for ten level II classes.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0099-1112); 50; 607-617
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  • 173
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    Albedo of a forest modeled as a plane with dense protrusions (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An analytical model for the absorption of solar radiation by surfaces such as a pine forest or a wheat field is presented. Objectives include understanding the parameters affecting the absorption of the solar irradiance in a complex structure, and determining the influence of the direction of illumination on light trapping. The surface is treated as a Lambertian reflectivity soil-plane; thin, vertical cylinders are regarded as Lambertian reflectors. Using a dimensionless protrusion parameter based on the height and diameter of the vertical plant elements, optical characteristics (e.g., the dependence of the albedo on the solar zenith angle) of a complex structure are well quantified.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology (ISSN 0733-3021); 23; 297-307
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  • 174
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    Dugdale plastic zone size and CTOD equations for the compact specimen (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: With the aim of applying the Dugdale model to the compact specimen, the equations for stress intensity factor and crack surface displacement are obtained for a pair of pin loads and a uniform stress acting on a segment of the crack surface. The plastic zone size is calculated from the 'finiteness' condition of Dugdale, and the results agree well with collocation results from Terada (1983). The load that causes incipient yielding at the compression point of the compact specimen is calculated from a finite element strip yield analysis for an elastic-perfectly plastic material. The crack tip opening displacement for the compact specimen is calculated by adding the displacement at the tip of the physical crack length due to the pin load and due to the uniform stress. The results are within 1.5 percent of current collocation results.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: International Journal of Fracture (ISSN 0376-9429); 24; R59-R63
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  • 175
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    Rapid discrimination of granitic rock compositions by low-resolution near-infrared reflectance (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The slopes of near-infrared spectra between approximately 1 and 2 microns from quartz-bearing plutonic rocks are strongly correlated with rock chemistry determined by X-ray spectrometry. The empirically derived predictive equations provide compositional data of adequate precision and resolution to discern patterns of regional geochemical variation in granitic batholithic rocks of southern California. As an analytical method, infrared spectrometry is rapid and inexpensive, and the method has potential in applications to direct field measurements and to data from aircraft and spacecraft scanner systems of relatively low spectral and spatial resolution, provided vegetative cover and surface alteration are not prohibitively masking.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 89; 2491-249
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  • 176
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    Directional reflectance factor distributions of a cotton row crop (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The directional reflectance factor distribution spanning the entire exitance hemisphere was measured for a cotton row crop (Gossypium barbadense L.) with 39 percent ground cover. Spectral directional radiances were taken in NOAA satellite 7 AVHRR bands 1 and 2 using a three-band radiometer with restricted 12 deg full angle field of view at half peak power points. Polar co-ordinate system plots of directional reflectance factor distributions and three-dimensional computer graphic plots of scattered flux were used to study the dynamics of the directional reflectance factor distribution as a function of spectral band, geometric structure of the scene, solar zenith and azimuth angles, and optical properties of the leaves and soil. The factor distribution of the incomplete row crops was highly polymodal relative to that for complete vegetation canopies. Besides the enhanced reflectance for the antisolar point, a reflectance minimum was observed towards the forwardscatter direction in the principle plane of the sun. Knowledge of the mechanics of the observed dynamics of the data may be used to provide rigorous validation for two- or three-dimensional radiative transfer models, and is important in interpreting aircraft and satellite data where the solar angle varies widely.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161); 5; 263-277
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  • 177
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    An automated land-use mapping comparison of the Bayesian maximum likelihood and linear discriminant analysis algorithms (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The Bayesian maximum likelihood parametric classifier has been tested against the data-based formulation designated 'linear discrimination analysis', using the 'GLIKE' decision and "CLASSIFY' classification algorithms in the Landsat Mapping System. Identical supervised training sets, USGS land use/land cover classes, and various combinations of Landsat image and ancilliary geodata variables, were used to compare the algorithms' thematic mapping accuracy on a single-date summer subscene, with a cellularized USGS land use map of the same time frame furnishing the ground truth reference. CLASSIFY, which accepts a priori class probabilities, is found to be more accurate than GLIKE, which assumes equal class occurrences, for all three mapping variable sets and both levels of detail. These results may be generalized to direct accuracy, time, cost, and flexibility advantages of linear discriminant analysis over Bayesian methods.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0099-1112); 50; 193-207
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  • 178
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    A laboratory investigation of a physical mechanism for the extended infrared absorption ('red shift') in wheat (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Laboratory spectral measurements, on the components of both greenhouse and field grown winter wheat, were performed to identify the component and its appropriate response which gave rise to the extended infrared absorption or 'red shift' reported by Collins. Results of this study indicated that inherent intraplant adaxial (upper) leaf reflectances were of sufficient variability to suggest that an admixture of mechanisms may have utility on identifying the booting and head emergence stages in the life cycle of wheat. The physical mechanism for the shift was found to be relatively independent of the inherent variability in leaf spectra, and to be dependent upon the difference in the mode of deposition of cuticle upon the abaxial (lower) surface relative to that of the adaxial (upper) surface, the position of the flag leaf, and thus the surface exposed to the incident light during heading and after emergence of the head.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161); 5; 95-102
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  • 179
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    Prediction of vibroacoustic loads for the modular attitude control system (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: JPL, Proceedings of the Shuttle Payload Dynamic Environments and Loads Prediction Workshop, Volume 2; p 735-751
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  • 180
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    Landsat Thematic Mapper studies of land cover spatial variability related to hydrology (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Past accomplishments involving remote sensing based land-cover analysis for hydrologic applications are reviewed. Ongoing research in exploiting the increased spatial, radiometric, and spectral capabilities afforded by the TM on Landsats 4 and 5 is considered. Specific studies to compare MSS and TM for urbanizing watersheds, wetlands, and floodplain mapping situations show that only a modest improvement in classification accuracy is achieved via statistical per pixel multispectral classifiers. The limitations of current approaches to multispectral classification are illustrated. The objectives, background, and progress in the development of an alternative analysis approach for defining inputs to urban hydrologic models using TM are discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 4; 11, 1
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  • 181
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    Vibrations of twisted cantilevered plates - Summary of previous and current studies (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: This work summarizes a comprehensive study made of the free vibrations of twisted, cantilevered plates of rectangular planform. Numerous theoretical and experimental investigations previously made by others have resulted in frequency results which disagree considerably. To clarify the problem a joint industry/government/university research effort was initiated to obtain comprehensive theoretical and experimental results for models having useful ranges of aspect ratios, thickness ratios and twist angles. Theoretical data came from 19 independent computer analyses, including finite element, shell theory and beam theory idealizations. Two independent sets of experimental data were also obtained. The theoretical and experimental results are summarized and compared.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: Journal of Sound and Vibration (ISSN 0022-460X); 96; 159-173
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  • 182
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    Measuring spectra of arid lands (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The principles, instrumentation and data acquisition and interpretation techniques employed in multispectral remote sensing for geological applications are surveyed. Sensing is based on exact measurements of electromagnetic radiation interacting with atoms and molecules in the sensed scene. Absorbed radiation can be used to identify elements in the near-IR bands and emitted or reflected energy can be sensed in the mid- and far-IR. Sunlight normally serves as the exciting source. Wavelength absorptance and emittance characteristics are distinct for the various elements and molecules such as transition metal ions, water, carbonates, etc. The bands for identifying different materials are determined in the laboratory, followed by ground truth field tests. Several hand-held radiometers and spectrometers have been developed for the field trials. Each instrument usually has a limited detection range and serves for developing a data base for subtle distinctions among contiguous minerals with similar radiometric signatures. The data serve for calibrating first airborne and then satellite sensors, e.g., the Landsat MSS and Thematic Mapper. Instruments are also being tested using the Orbiter as the test platform.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 183
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    Optimal directional view angles for remote-sensing missions (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The present investigation is concerned with the directional, off-nadir viewing of terrestrial scenes using remote-sensing systems from aircraft and satellite platforms, taking into account advantages of such an approach over strictly nadir viewing systems. Directional reflectance data collected for bare soil and several different vegetation canopies in NOAA-7 AVHRR bands 1 and 2 were analyzed. Optimum view angles were recommended for two strategies. The first strategy views the utility of off-nadir measurements as extending spatial and temporal coverage of the target area. The second strategy views the utility of off-nadir measurements as providing additional information about the physical characteristics of the target. Conclusions regarding the two strategies are discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161); 5; 887-908
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  • 184
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    Analysis of synthetic aperture radar data acquired over a variety of land cover (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The results of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) measurements over Kershaw County, South Carolina, using HH, HV, and VV polarization and two-incidence angle X-band airborne SAR system and over Baldwin County, Alabama, using HH polarization L-band Shuttle Imaging Radar (SIR-A) are presented. The X-band data indicate higher HH than VV radar return for cypress forest with standing water. Multipolarization (HH, HV, and VV) data help delineate several land-cover types that are difficult to delineate by the single polarization (HH) data. The L-band data indicate that radar return signal strength is highly correlated with tree height or age for three types of pine forest. It is found that delineation of urban/residential from deciduous forest is significantly improved by the inclusion of Landsat multispectral scanner data.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892); GE-22; 550-557
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  • 185
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    Atmospheric effect on spatial resolution of surface imagery (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The combined sensor-atmosphere characteristics, defined by the modulation transfer function, are calculated and used to evaluate the apparent resolution of remotely sensed imagery as determined by those characteristics. The atmospheric effect on the upward radiance is described, and the reduction of the apparent spatial resolution due to the atmospheric effect is discussed. The atmospheric effect on remote sensing is compared to the effect of the sensor's pixel size, and results are presented for the maximum resolution that can be achieved in the presence of atmospheric blurring effects.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Applied Optics (ISSN 0003-6935); 23; 3400-340
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  • 186
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    Concepts and effects of damping in isolators (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A series of innovative designs and inventions which led to the solution of many aerospace vibration and shock problems through damping techniques is presented. The design of damped airborne structures has presented a need for such creative innovation. The primary concern was to discover what concepts were necessary for good structural damping. Once these concepts are determined and converted into basic principles, the design of hardware follows. The following hardware and techniques were developed in support of aerospace program requirements: shipping containers, alignment cables for precision mechanisms, isolation of small components such as relays and flight instruments, isolation for heavy flight equipment, coupling devices, universal joints, use of wire mesh to replace cable, isolation of 16-dB, 5000 lb horn, and compound damping devices to get better isolation from shock and vibration in a high steady environment.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: AFWAL Vibration Damping 1984 Workshop Proceedings; 14 p
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  • 187
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    A geological interpretation of Seasat-SAR imagery of Jamaica (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Spaceborne radar imagery obtained from Seasat allows an unobscured large-scale view of Jamaica that can be used for geological interpretation. Lineaments and textures visible in these images were mapped and compared with the known geology of the Tertiary karst limestones covering the central and western parts of the island. Some of these radar textures correlate with lithological units, while others follow tectonically-controlled zones or structural blocks. Mapping of radar lineaments has led to the recognition of three new aspects of Jamaican faults: (1) a major through-going NE-SW fault system, termed here the Vere-Annotto lineament; (2) a series of curving scissor faults in the central part of the island; and (3) the related observation that the dominant NNW-SSE tectonic fabric of the central part of the island takes the form of an elongate sigmoid in plan view. During most of the Neogene Jamaica has been part of an active zone of left-lateral transform motion between the Caribbean and North American plates and is a region of anomalous uplift. The radar imagery is a sensitive recorder of the deformation undergone by the karst limestones in this tectonic regime. Some of the observations are explained with models for a complex, evolving shear zone.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Geology (ISSN 0022-1376); 92; 561-581
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  • 188
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    Monopole excitation of vibrations in an infinite cylindrical elastic shell filled with fluid (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The vibrations of a cylindrical elastic shell filled with fluid and excited by a monopole acoustic source are studied. The modal mobilities of the shell wall at the source plane are examined for different radial locations of the source. The distribution of vibrational energy between the shell and the fluid field is calculated at various axial locations along the shell and for different radial source locations. An interchange of energy of vibration between the shell and the fluid as the wave field propagates along the shell-fluid system is observed.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: Journal of Sound and Vibration (ISSN 0022-460X); 96; 101-110
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  • 189
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    Registration of a synthetic aperture radar image to Thematic Mapper imagery for remote sensing applications (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Multiple Thematic Mapper multitemporal acquisitions from Landsat and one synthetic-aperture radar acquisition from Seasat have been precisely registered using Johnson Space Center registration processors. The registered images have been output in the Universal Transverse Mercator projection. The procedure to accomplish such disparate data processing tasks and the registration accuracy evaluation are discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892); GE-22; 557-563
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  • 190
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    Results of an irrigated lands assessment for water management in California (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Periodic assessment of existing and future demands for water within California is one responsibility of the California Department of Water Resources (CDWR). The California Irrigated Lands Assessment for Water Management Project represented a 5-year joint research effort between the NASA and the CDWR with technical support from the University of California (UC) at Berkeley and at Santa Barbara. The objectives were: (1) to develop and demonstrate procedures for providing highly precise, timely, estimates of irrigated area on a statewide basis using Landsat sensor data, and (2) to develop, through research with small demonstration sites, a procedure for the inventory and mapping of crop groups on a regional basis. Both manual and computer-assisted analyses were investigated. This paper highlights the statewide irrigated lands inventory where a procedure for statewide estimation of irrigated land using full frame Landsat MSS imagery and sampled ground data was successfully demonstrated. The statewide estimate of 3 990 112 hectares was within + or - 1.32 percent relative standard error at the 95-percent Confidence Interval, well within the design goal. This procedure represents a new capability for obtaining near-real time data on changes in agricultural water use throughout the state.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892); GE-22; 536-540
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  • 191
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    A preliminary report on the assessment of wetland productive capacity from a remote-sensing-based model - A NASA/NMFS joint research project (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892); GE-22; 502-511
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  • 192
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    Classification of corn and soybeans using multitemporal Thematic Mapper data (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The multitemporal classification approach based on the greenness profile derived from Landsat Multispectral Scanner (MSS) spectral bands has proved successful in effectively separating and identifying corn, soybean, and other ground cover classes. Features derived from these profiles have been shown to carry virtually all the information contained in the original data and, in addition, have been shown to be stable over a large geographic area of the United States. The objective of this investigation was to determine if the same features derived from multitemporal Thematic Mapper (TM) data would also prove effective in separating these two crop types, and, in fact, if algorithms developed for MSS could be directly applied to TM. It is shown that this is indeed the case. In addition, because of greater spatial and spectral resolution, the accuracy of TM classifications is better than in MSS.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment (ISSN 0034-4257); 16; 175-181
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  • 193
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    Potentials for change detection using Seasat synthetic aperture radar data (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The use of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images for detecting change on the earth's surface is highly dependent on target orientation, azimuth angle, and sensor depression angle. SAR data can be used for change detection when consistency is maintained in radar wavelength, polarization, azimuth directions, and off-nadir depression angle. The interaction of these parameters and the imaged surface for change detection are shown in examples drawn from (1) Los Angeles, CA, (2) southern Florida, (3) Imperial Valley, CA, (4) a desert region west of Tucson, AZ, and (5) western Kansas. SAR imagery is used to emphasize the geometric form, and roughness, of the earth's surface. As changes in the roughness of the surface occur over time, temporal SAR images will indicate those differences. Several guidelines for change detection studies using imaging radar are derived from the examples.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment (ISSN 0034-4257); 16; 107-124
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  • 194
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    Dynamic descriptors for contextual classification of remotely sensed hyperspectral image data analysis (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The extended CIE transformation procedure of Chiou (1984) is applied to five sets of remotely sensed 0.4-2.5-micron spectrometric data on field crops including winter and spring wheat, corn, and soybeans) obtained at the Purdue University Laboratory for Applications of - Remote Sensing during 1977-1980 using the techniques described by Hinzman (1981). The results are presented in tables and chromaticity diagrams and it is found that each crop has an identifiable time-variant spectral characteristic permitting determination of seasonal growth patterns. The applicability of the method to data from airborne and spaceborne imaging spectrometers is indicated.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Applied Optics (ISSN 0003-6935); 23; 3889-389
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  • 195
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    A finite element for vibration analysis of twisted blades based on beam theory (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 22; 1646-165
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  • 196
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    Flutter of turbofan rotors with mistuned blades (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 22; 1618-162
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  • 197
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    Analysis of SIR-B radar illumination of geometry for depth of penetration and surface feature and vegetation detection, Nevada and California (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The measurement capability provided by the Shuttle Imaging Radar (SIR-B) was used to determine: (1) the relationships between radar illumination geometry and depth of penetration in different climatic and physiographic environments in Nevada; and, (2) the relationships between radar illumination geometry and detection and analysis of structural features in different climatic and physiographic environments in Nevada.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: JPL The SIR-B Sci. Invest. Plan; 3 p
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  • 198
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    The extension of an invertible coniferous forest canopy reflectance model using SIR-B and LANDSAT data (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Using a 23-cm radar system, an invertible coniferous canopy reflectance model is extended. The extension involves the joint use of shuttle imaging radar (SIR-B) multilook angle data, the multispectral scanner (MSS), and the thematic mapper (TM) on LANDSAT.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: JPL The SIR-B Invest. Plan; 4 p
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  • 199
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    Application and calibration of the subsurface mapping capability of SIR-B in desert regions (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The penetration capability of the shuttle imaging radar (SIR-B) sensor in desert regions is investigated. Refined models to explain this penetration capability in terms of radar physics and regional geologic conditions are devised. The sand-buried radar-rivers discovered in the Western Desert in Egypt and Sudan are defined. Results and procedures developed during previous SIR-A investigation of the same area are extrapolated.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: The SIR-B Sci. Invest. Plan; 5 p
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  • 200
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    Investigation of SIR-B images for lithologic mapping (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: It is immediately apparent from the examination of almost any synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data that the radar return is primarily a function of the topographic relief. Yet radar reflectance is dependent on both surface roughness and the dielectric constant of the surface material. These two parameters can in many cases be related to lithologic units. Thus, if the first-order terrain effects due to topographic relief could (in essence) be removed from the radar image, the SAR data might well be used for lithologic discrimination. Such an approach is evaluated. Landsat Thematic Mapper data along with ground truth are used to define training cells that characterize the various lithologic units in the area. By aggregating the radar data for these cells, curves of radar reflectance versus local incidence are estimated. The curves are then used to classify the test area. The results are compared with lithologic classification based upon multi-spectral (visible and infrared) data.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: JPL The SIR-B Sci. Invest. Plan; 2 p
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