ALBERT — All Library Books, journals and Electronic Records Telegrafenberg

1

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Climate warming during Antarctic ice sheet expansion at the Middle Miocene transition (2014)

Knorr, Gregor ; Lohmann, Gerrit

Nature Publishing Group

In: EPIC3Nature Geoscience, Nature Publishing Group, 7(5), pp. 376-381, ISSN: 1752-0894

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Publikationsdatum: 2014-07-14

Beschreibung: During the Middle Miocene climate transition about 14 million years ago, the Antarctic ice sheet expanded to near-modern volume. Surprisingly, this ice sheet growth was accompanied by a warming in the surface waters of the Southern Ocean, whereas a slight deep-water temperature increase was delayed by more than 200 thousand years. Here we use a coupled atmosphere–ocean model to assess the relative effects of changes in atmospheric CO2 concentration and ice sheet growth on regional and global temperatures. In the simulations, changes in the wind field associated with the growth of the ice sheet induce changes in ocean circulation, deep-water formation and sea-ice cover that result in sea surface warming and deep-water cooling in large swaths of the Atlantic and Indian ocean sectors of the Southern Ocean. We interpret these changes as the dominant ocean surface response to a 100-thousand-year phase of massive ice growth in Antarctica. A rise in global annual mean temperatures is also seen in response to increased Antarctic ice surface elevation. In contrast, the longer-term surface and deep-water temperature trends are dominated by changes in atmospheric CO2 concentration. We therefore conclude that the climatic and oceanographic impacts of the Miocene expansion of the Antarctic ice sheet are governed by a complex interplay between wind field, ocean circulation and the sea-ice system.

Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut

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2

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A shift of thermokarst lakes from carbon sources to sinks during the Holocene epoch (2014)

Walter Anthony, K. M. ; Zimov, S. A. ; Grosse, Guido ; [weitere]

Nature Publishing Group

In: EPIC3Nature, Nature Publishing Group, ISSN: 0028-0836

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Publikationsdatum: 2014-07-17

Beschreibung: Thermokarst lakes formed across vast regions of Siberia and Alaska during the last deglaciation and are thought to be a net source of atmospheric methane and carbon dioxide during the Holocene epoch1, 2, 3, 4. However, the same thermokarst lakes can also sequester carbon5, and it remains uncertain whether carbon uptake by thermokarst lakes can offset their greenhouse gas emissions. Here we use field observations of Siberian permafrost exposures, radiocarbon dating and spatial analyses to quantify Holocene carbon stocks and fluxes in lake sediments overlying thawed Pleistocene-aged permafrost. We find that carbon accumulation in deep thermokarst-lake sediments since the last deglaciation is about 1.6 times larger than the mass of Pleistocene-aged permafrost carbon released as greenhouse gases when the lakes first formed. Although methane and carbon dioxide emissions following thaw lead to immediate radiative warming, carbon uptake in peat-rich sediments occurs over millennial timescales. We assess thermokarst-lake carbon feedbacks to climate with an atmospheric perturbation model and find that thermokarst basins switched from a net radiative warming to a net cooling climate effect about 5,000 years ago. High rates of Holocene carbon accumulation in 20 lake sediments (47 ± 10 grams of carbon per square metre per year; mean ± standard error) were driven by thermokarst erosion and deposition of terrestrial organic matter, by nutrient release from thawing permafrost that stimulated lake productivity and by slow decomposition in cold, anoxic lake bottoms. When lakes eventually drained, permafrost formation rapidly sequestered sediment carbon. Our estimate of about 160 petagrams of Holocene organic carbon in deep lake basins of Siberia and Alaska increases the circumpolar peat carbon pool estimate for permafrost regions by over 50 per cent (ref. 6). The carbon in perennially frozen drained lake sediments may become vulnerable to mineralization as permafrost disappears7, 8, 9, potentially negating the climate stabilization provided by thermokarst lakes during the late Holocene.

Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut

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3

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Marine viruses: the beneficial side of a threat (2014)

Sánchez-Paz, Arturo ; Muhlia-Almazan, Adriana ; Saborowski, Reinhard ; [weitere]

Springer

In: EPIC3Applied Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Springer, ISSN: 0273-2289

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Publikationsdatum: 2014-09-30

Beschreibung: Marine viruses are ubiquitous, extremely diverse, and outnumber any form of life in the sea. Despite their ecological importance, viruses in marine environments have been largely ignored by the academic community, and only those that have caused substantial economic losses have received more attention. Fortunately, our current understanding on marine viruses has advanced considerably during the last decades. These advances have opened new and exciting research opportunities as several unique structural and genetic characteristics of marine viruses have shown to possess an immense potential for various biotechnological applications. Here, a condensed overview of the possibilities of using the enormous potential offered by marine viruses to develop innovative products in industries as pharmaceuticals, environmental remediation, cosmetics, material sciences, and several others, is presented. The importance of marine viruses to biotechnology should not be underestimated.

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4

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Ocean Acidification and Oceanic Carbon Cycling (2014)

Wolf-Gladrow, Dieter A. ; Rost, Björn

Springer

In: EPIC3Global Environmental Change, (Handbook of Global Environmental Pollution ;1), Dordrecht ; London, Springer, 973 p., pp. 103-110, ISBN: 978-94-007-5783-7

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Publikationsdatum: 2014-10-08

Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut

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5

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Abrupt glacial climate shifts controlled by ice sheet changes (2014)

Zhang, Xu ; Lohmann, Gerrit ; Knorr, Gregor ; [weitere]

Nature Publishing Group

In: EPIC3Nature, Nature Publishing Group, 512(7514), pp. 290-294, ISSN: 0028-0836

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Publikationsdatum: 2014-09-04

Beschreibung: During glacial periods of the Late Pleistocene, an abundance of proxy data demonstrates the existence of large and repeated millennial-scale warming episodes, known as Dansgaard–Oeschger (DO) events1. This ubiquitous feature of rapid glacial climate change can be extended back as far as 800,000 years before present (BP) in the ice core record2, and has drawn broad attention within the science and policy-making communities alike3. Many studies have been dedicated to investigating the underlying causes of these changes, but no coherent mechanism has yet been identified3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15. Here we show, by using a comprehensive fully coupled model16, that gradual changes in the height of the Northern Hemisphere ice sheets (NHISs) can alter the coupled atmosphere–ocean system and cause rapid glacial climate shifts closely resembling DO events. The simulated global climate responses—including abrupt warming in the North Atlantic, a northward shift of the tropical rainbelts, and Southern Hemisphere cooling related to the bipolar seesaw—are generally consistent with empirical evidence1, 3, 17. As a result of the coexistence of two glacial ocean circulation states at intermediate heights of the ice sheets, minor changes in the height of the NHISs and the amount of atmospheric CO2 can trigger the rapid climate transitions via a local positive atmosphere–ocean–sea-ice feedback in the North Atlantic. Our results, although based on a single model, thus provide a coherent concept for understanding the recorded millennial-scale variability and abrupt climate changes in the coupled atmosphere–ocean system, as well as their linkages to the volume of the intermediate ice sheets during glacials.

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6

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The Holocene temperature conundrum (2014)

Liu, Zhengyu ; Zhu, Jiang ; Rosenthal, Yair ; [weitere]

National Academy of Sciences

In: EPIC3PNAS, National Academy of Sciences, 111(34), pp. E3501-E3505, ISSN: 0027-8424

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Publikationsdatum: 2016-12-09

Beschreibung: A recent temperature reconstruction of global annual temperature shows Early Holocene warmth followed by a cooling trend through the Middle to Late Holocene [Marcott SA, et al., 2013, Science 339(6124):1198–1201]. This global cooling is puzzling because it is opposite from the expected and simulated global warming trend due to the retreating ice sheets and rising atmospheric greenhouse gases. Our critical reexamination of this contradiction between the reconstructed cooling and the simulated warming points to potentially significant biases in both the seasonality of the proxy reconstruction and the climate sensitivity of current climate models.

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7

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The fate of microplastics in the marine isopod Idotea emarginata (2014)

Hämer, Julia ; Gutow, Lars ; Köhler, Angela ; [weitere]

American Chemical Society

In: EPIC3Environmental Science and Technology, American Chemical Society, 48, pp. 13451-13458, ISSN: 0013-936X

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Publikationsdatum: 2014-11-21

Beschreibung: Plastic pollution is an emerging global threat for marine wildlife. Many species of birds, reptiles and fishes are directly impaired by plastics as they can get entangled in ropes and drown or they can ingest plastic fragments which, in turn, may clog their stomachs and guts. Microplastics of less than 1 mm can be ingested by small invertebrates but their fate in the digestive organs and their effects on the animals are yet not well understood. We embedded fluorescent microplastics in artificial agarose-based food and offered the food to marine isopods, Idotea emarginata. The isopods did not distinguish between food with and food without microplastics. Upon ingestion, the microplastics were present in the stomach and in the gut but not in the tubules of the midgut gland which is the principal organ of enzyme-secretion and nutrient resorption. The feces contained the same concentration of micro-plastics as the food which indicates that no accumulation of microplastics happens during the gut passage. Long-term bioassays of six weeks showed no distinct effects of continu¬ous micro-plastic consumption on mortality, growth, and intermolt duration. I. emarginata are able to prevent intrusion of particles even smaller than 1 µm into the midgut gland which is facilitated by the complex structure of the stomach including a fine filter system. It separates the midgut gland tubules from the stomach and allows only the passage of fluids and chyme. Our results indicate that micro¬plastics, as administered in the experi¬ments, do not clog the digestive organs of isopods and do not have adverse effects on their life history parameters.

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8

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Monitoring glacier changes on the Antarctic Peninsula (2014)

Arigony-Neto, J ; Skvarca, P. ; Marinsek, S. ; [weitere]

Springer

In: EPIC3Global Land Ice Measurements from Space, Berlin Heidelberg, Springer, pp. 717-741, ISBN: 978-3-540-79817-0

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Publikationsdatum: 2016-11-15

Beschreibung: The Antarctic Peninsula has exhibited some of the most spectacular changes observed in glacial systems in recent decades. The events include disintegration of ice shelves, acceleration and thinning of glaciers, variations in the limits between glacier facies, and retreat of glacier fronts. However, due to the lack of both consistent systematic observations of the glacial systems and information on their boundary conditions, it is difficult to accurately predict the contribution of Antarctic Peninsula glaciers to sea level rise and further responses of these ice masses to climatic and oceanographic changes. In this context, the activities of the GLIMS Regional Center for the Antarctic Peninsula and its network of international collaborators are based on the use of various types of Earth observation imagery, mainly optical and radar data. Although a complete glacier inventory is still lacking, we present the results of changes in glacier frontal positions and boundaries of glacier facies as well as links to dynamical adjustments for various locations in the Antarctic Peninsula’s ice masses. Evaluation of Advanced Spaceborne Thermal Emission and reflection Radiometer (ASTER) digital elevation models generated for the Antarctic Peninsula is also discussed.

Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut

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9

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Subfossil cladoceran from sediment in thermokarst lakes in northeastern Siberia, Russia and their relationship to limnological and climatic variables (2014)

Frolova, Larissa ; Nazarova, Larisa ; Pestryakova, L.uidmila A. ; [weitere]

Springer

In: EPIC3Journal of Paleolimnology, Springer, 52(1), pp. 107-119

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Publikationsdatum: 2016-10-22

Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut

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10

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Ocean surface temperature variability: Large model-data differences at decadal and longer periods (2014)

Laepple, Thomas ; Huybers, Peters

National Academy of Sciences

In: EPIC3Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, National Academy of Sciences, ISSN: 0027-8424

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Publikationsdatum: 2017-02-08

Beschreibung: The variability of sea surface temperatures (SSTs) at multidecadal and longer timescales is poorly constrained, primarily because instrumental records are short and proxy records are noisy. Through applying a new noise filtering technique to a global network of late Holocene SST proxies, we estimate SST variability between annual and millennial timescales. Filtered estimates of SST variability obtained from coral, foraminifer, and alkenone records are shown to be consistent with one another and with instrumental records in the frequency bands at which they overlap. General circulation models, however, simulate SST variability that is systematically smaller than instrumental and proxy-based estimates. Discrepancies in variability are largest at low latitudes and increase with timescale, reaching two orders of magnitude for tropical variability at millennial timescales. This result implies major deficiencies in observational estimates or model simulations, or both, and has implications for the attribution of past variations and prediction of future change.

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11

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Escape performance of temperate king scallop, Pecten maximus under ocean warming and acidification (2014)

Schalkhausser, Burgel ; Bock, Christian ; Pörtner, Hans-O. ; [weitere]

Springer

In: EPIC3Marine Biology, Springer, 161(12), pp. 2819-2829, ISSN: 0025-3162

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Publikationsdatum: 2015-01-16

Beschreibung: Among bivalves, scallops are exceptional due to their capacity to escape from predators by swimming which is provided by rapid and strong claps that are produced by the phasic muscle interspersed with tonic muscle contractions. Based on the concept of oxygen and capacity-limited thermal tolerance, the following hypothesis was tested: ocean warming and acidification (OWA) would induce disturbances in aerobic metabolic scope and extracellular acid-case status and impair swimming performance in temperate scallops. Following longterm incubation under near-future OWA scenarios [20 vs. 10 °C (control) and 0.112 kPa CO2 (hypercapnia) vs. 0.040 kPa CO2 (normocapnic control)], the clapping performance and metabolic rates (MR) were measured in resting (RMR) and fatigued (maximum MR) king scallops, Pecten maximus, from Roscoff, France. Exposure to OA, either alone or combined with warming, left MR and swimming parameters such as the total number of claps and clapping forces virtually unchanged. Only the duration of the escape response was affected by OA which caused earlier exhaustion in hyper- than in normocapnic scallops at 10 °C. While maximum MR was unaffected, warm exposure increased RMR in both normocapnic and hypercapnic P. maximus resulting in similar Q10 values of ~2.2. The increased costs of maintenance and the observation of strongly reduced haemolymph PO2 levels indicate that at 20 °C scallops have reached the upper thermal pejus range with unbalanced capacities for aerobic energy metabolism. As a consequence, warming to 20 °C decreased mean phasic force during escape performance until fatigue. The observed prolonged recovery time in warm incubated scallops might be a consequence of elevated metabolic costs at reduced oxygen availability in the warmth.

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12

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Ocean-Bottom Seismometer (2014)

Schmidt-Aursch, Mechita C. ; Crawford, Wayne C.

Springer

In: EPIC3Encyclopedia of Earthquake Engineering, Encyclopedia of Earthquake Engineering, Berlin, Heidelberg, Springer, pp. 1-16, ISBN: 978-3-642-36197-5

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Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-16

Repository-Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut

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13

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Analysis of Lava Flow Effusion Rate Using High Spatial Resolution Infrared Data (2014)

Lombardo, V. ; Buongiorno, M. F.

Springer

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Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04

Beschreibung: Remote sensing thermal data of active lava flows allow for the evaluation of instantaneous effusion rates. This is made possible by simple formulae relating the lava effusion rate to the power energy radiated per unit time from the surface to the flow. Such formulae are based on a specific flow model and, consequently, their validity is subject to the model assumptions. The most questionable assumption is probably the constancy of the surface temperature. Herein, we use high spatial resolution infrared data to demonstrate the existence of an underlying relationship between the surface temperature and the lava flow thickness, using the 2001 Mt. Etna flow as a case study. According to this relationship, observed changes in surface temperature does not represent a weakness of the model but is the expected consequence of actual variations in the topographic down flow profile.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 391-408

Beschreibung: 3V. Dinamiche e scenari eruttivi

Beschreibung: restricted

Schlagwort(e): Remote sensing, effusion rate, heat flux, Etna, MIVIS ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring

Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)

Materialart: book chapter

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14

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Long-time variation of soil CO2 fluxes at the summit crater of Vulcano (Italy) (2014)

Inguaggiato, S. ; Calderone, L. ; Inguaggiato, C. ; [weitere]

Springer

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Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04

Beschreibung: Here, we report the first continuous data of geochemical parameters acquired directly from the active summit crater of Vulcano. This approach provides a means to better investigate deep geochemical processes associated with the degassing system of Vulcano Island. In particular, we report on soil CO2 fluxes from the upper part of Vulcano, a closed-conduit volcano, from September 2007 to October 2010. Large variations in the soil CO2 and plume SO2 fluxes (order of magnitude), coinciding with other discontinuous geochemical parameters (CO2 concentrations in fumarole gas) and physical parameters (increase of shallow seismic activity and fumarole temperatures) have been recorded. The results from this work suggest new prospects for strengthening geochemical monitoring of volcanic activity and for improving the constraints in the construction of a “geochemical model”, this being a necessary condition to better understand the functioning of volcanic systems.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 1859-1863

Beschreibung: 2V. Dinamiche di unrest e scenari pre-eruttivi

Beschreibung: 4V. Vulcani e ambiente

Beschreibung: 5V. Sorveglianza vulcanica ed emergenze

Beschreibung: 1R. Reti di monitoraggio e Osservazioni

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: restricted

Schlagwort(e): Vulcano Island ; Geochemical monitoring ; CO2 flux ; CO2 fumaroles ; SO2 flux ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.07. Volcanic effects ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.01. Geochemical data

Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)

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15

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Ups and downs in western Crete (Hellenic subduction zone) (2014)

Tiberti, M. M. ; Basili, R. ; Vannoli, P.

Nature Publishing Group

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Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04

Beschreibung: Studies of past sea-level markers are commonly used to unveil the tectonic history and seismic behavior of subduction zones. We present new evidence on vertical motions of the Hellenic subduction zone as resulting from a suite of Late Pleistocene - Holocene shorelines in western Crete (Greece). Shoreline ages obtained by AMS radiocarbon dating of seashells, together with the reappraisal of shoreline ages from previous works, testify a long-term uplift rate of 2.5-2.7 mm/y. This average value, however, includes periods in which the vertical motions vary significantly: 2.6-3.2 mm/y subsidence rate from 42 ka to 23 ka, followed by ~7.7 mm/y sustained uplift rate from 23 ka to present. The last ~5 ky shows a relatively slower uplift rate of 3.0-3.3 mm/y, yet slightly higher than the long-term average. A preliminary tectonic model attempts at explaining these up and down motions by across-strike partitioning of fault activity in the subduction zone.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 5677

Beschreibung: 2T. Tettonica attiva

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: restricted

Schlagwort(e): coastal geomorphology ; tectonic rates ; paleoshorelines ; subduction ; Crete ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.03. Geomorphology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics

Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)

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16

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Effects of Flow Volume and Grain Size on Mobility of Granular Flows of Angular Rock Fragments (2014)

Cagnoli, B. ; Romano, G. P.

Springer

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Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04

Beschreibung: Laboratory experiments have shown that the finer the grain size of granular flows of angular rock fragments (all the other features the same), the more mobile their centre of mass. This is due to the fact that the finer the grain size, the larger the number of particles in the flow so that their agitation due to the interaction with the subsurface asperities has a smaller penetration within the flow. The smaller the agitation of the particles per unit of flow mass, the smaller the energy dissipated per unit of travel distance. Also, the larger the flow volume, the smaller the mobility of its centre of mass. This is due to the fact that a deposit accretes backward during its deposition on a slope change. However, the frontal end of a larger-volume deposit is more distal than that of a smaller-volume deposit because the larger the volume, the larger its longitudinal spreading.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 1621-1624

Beschreibung: 3V. Dinamiche e scenari eruttivi

Beschreibung: restricted

Schlagwort(e): Pyroclastic Flows ; Mobility ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.02. Experimental volcanism

Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)

Materialart: book chapter

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17

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Lava flow hazards at Mount Etna: constraints imposed by eruptive history and numerical simulations (2014)

Del Negro, C. ; Cappello, A. ; Neri, M. ; [weitere]

Nature Publishing Group

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Publikationsdatum: 2017-04-04

Beschreibung: Improving lava flow hazard assessment is one of the most important and challenging fields of volcanology, and has an immediate and practical impact on society. Here, we present a methodology for the quantitative assessment of lava flow hazards based on a combination of field data, numerical simulations and probability analyses. With the extensive data available on historic eruptions of Mt. Etna, going back over 2000 years, it has been possible to construct two hazard maps, one for flank and the other for summit eruptions, allowing a quantitative analysis of the most likely future courses of lava flows. The effective use of hazard maps of Etna may help in minimizing the damage from volcanic eruptions through correct land use in densely urbanized area with a population of almost one million people. Although this study was conducted on Mt. Etna, the approach used is designed to be applicable to other volcanic areas.

Beschreibung: This work was developed within the framework of TecnoLab, the Laboratory for Technological Advance in Volcano Geophysics organized by INGV-CT, DIEES-UNICT, and DMI-UNICT.

Beschreibung: Published

Beschreibung: 3493

Beschreibung: 1V. Storia e struttura dei sistemi vulcanici

Beschreibung: 2V. Dinamiche di unrest e scenari pre-eruttivi

Beschreibung: 3V. Dinamiche e scenari eruttivi

Beschreibung: 4V. Vulcani e ambiente

Beschreibung: 6A. Monitoraggio ambientale, sicurezza e territorio

Beschreibung: 3IT. Calcolo scientifico e sistemi informatici

Beschreibung: JCR Journal

Beschreibung: restricted

Schlagwort(e): Lava flow hazard ; Etna ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.99. General or miscellaneous ; 05. General::05.08. Risk::05.08.99. General or miscellaneous

Repository-Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)

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18

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Simulation and evaluation of 2-m temperature over Antarctica in polar regional climate model (2014)

Xin, YuFei ; Bian, LinGen ; Rinke, Annette ; [weitere]

Springer

In: EPIC3Science China Earth Sciences, Springer, 57(4), pp. 703-709, ISSN: 1674-7313

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Publikationsdatum: 2015-01-14

Beschreibung: The European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts Reanalysis ERA40, National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) 20th-century reanalysis, and three station observations along an Antarctic traverse from Zhongshan to Dome-A stations are used to assess 2-m temperature simulation skill of a regional climate model. This model (HIRHAM) is from the Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research in Germany. Results show: (1) The simulated multiyear averaged 2-m temperature field pattern is close to that of ERA40 and NCEP; (2) the cold bias relative to ERA40 over all of Antarctic regions is 1.8°C, and that to NCEP reaches 5.1°C; (3) bias of HIRHAM relative to ERA40 has seasonal variation, with a cold bias mainly in the summer, as much as 3.4°C. There is a small inland warm bias in autumn of 0.3°C. Further analysis reveals that the reason for the cold bias of 2-m temperature is that physical conditions of the near-surface boundary layer simulated by HIRHAM are different from observations: (1) During the summer, observations show that near-surface atmospheric stability conditions have both inversions and non-inversions, which is due to the existence of both positive and negative sensible heat fluxes, but HIRHAM almost always simulates a situation of inversion and negative sensible heat flux; (2) during autumn and winter, observed near-surface stability is almost always that of inversions, consistent with HIRHAM simulations. This partially explains the small bias during autumn and winter.

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Abrupt Climate Change Modeling (2014)

Lohmann, Gerrit

Springer

In: EPIC3Encyclopedia of Complexity and Systems Science, Encyclopedia of Complexity and Systems Science, Springer, pp. 1-30

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Publikationsdatum: 2015-03-10

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The seaward limit of wave effects on coastal macrobenthos (2014)

Armonies, Werner ; Buschbaum, Christian ; Hellwig-Armonies, Monika

Springer

In: EPIC3Helgoland Marine Research, Springer, 68(1), pp. 1-16, ISSN: 1438-387X

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Publikationsdatum: 2016-07-19

Beschreibung: Exposed sandy coasts are predominantly physically controlled environments where benthic communities are structured by the independent response of species to the physical environment, with minimal biological interactions (swash exclusion hypothesis). This prevalence of physical control may be regarded as a typical property of exposed coastal areas. In an offshore direction, the importance of wave effects on the benthos will diminish until a depth is reached where they are no longer significant [wave exclusion hypothesis (WEH)]. This loss of a coastal property may be used to define an offshore depth limit of the coastal zone. We used a large set of benthos data from the SE North Sea to test whether an offshore limit of the coast can be clearly recognised despite strong small-scale variability and how this limit would vary seasonally and from year to year. In accordance with WEH, both species density and total abundance of macrobenthos were low in the surf zone, strongly increased with depth, and averaged over all sampling dates became relatively constant below 30 m depth. Seasonally, these gradients were weaker during summer recruitment than during autumn. Species richness, by contrast, showed no significant difference with depth. In single years, the depth of the turning point from increasing abundances to constant abundances varied between 20 and 31 m (equivalent to 40–80 km off the coastline) depending on wave height. We conclude that this zone can be derived from benthic community gradients.

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Cephalopods in neuroscience: regulations, research and the 3Rs (2014)

Fiorito, Graziano ; Affuso, Andrea ; Anderson, David B. ; [weitere]

Springer

In: EPIC3Invertebrate Neuroscience, Springer, ISSN: 1354-2516

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Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-17

Beschreibung: Cephalopods have been utilised in neurosci- ence research for more than 100 years particularly because of their phenotypic plasticity, complex and centralised nervous system, tractability for studies of learning and cellular mechanisms of memory (e.g. long-term potentia- tion) and anatomical features facilitating physiological studies (e.g. squid giant axon and synapse). On 1 January 2013, research using any of the about 700 extant species of ‘‘live cephalopods’’ became regulated within the European Union by Directive 2010/63/EU on the ‘‘Protection of Animals used for Scientific Purposes’’, giving cephalopods the same EU legal protection as previously afforded only to vertebrates. The Directive has a number of implications, particularly for neuroscience research. These include: (1) projects will need justification, authorisation from local competent authorities, and be subject to review including a harm-benefit assessment and adherence to the 3Rs princi- ples (Replacement, Refinement and Reduction). (2) To support project evaluation and compliance with the new EU law, guidelines specific to cephalopods will need to be developed, covering capture, transport, handling, housing, care, maintenance, health monitoring, humane anaesthesia, analgesia and euthanasia. (3) Objective criteria need to be developed to identify signs of pain, suffering, distress and lasting harm particularly in the context of their induction by an experimental procedure. Despite diversity of views existing on some of these topics, this paper reviews the above topics and describes the approaches being taken by the cephalopod research community (represented by the authorship) to produce ‘‘guidelines’’ and the potential contribution of neuroscience research to cephalopod welfare.

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The influence of intrinsic and extrinsic factors on developmental parameters and their relationships in the marine isopod Idotea linearis (Crustacea) (2014)

Franke, Heinz-Dieter ; Beermann, Jan

Springer

In: EPIC3Hydrobiologia, Springer, 732, pp. 197-212, ISSN: 0018-8158

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Publikationsdatum: 2014-05-06

Beschreibung: Developmental and reproductive parameters and their relationships were studied in the marine isopod Idotea linearis. We hypothesized that (1) the temporal patterns of molting and growth undergo complex and sex-specific changes with age as well as with the onset of sexual maturation, and that (2) sexual maturation (and dependent parameters) is controlled by the photoperiod. Both males and females were singly cultured in the laboratory at two alternative photoperiods (constant long and short days, respectively) from hatching until death. Males molted and grew throughout their life, showing a steady increase in stage duration and body size with each molt. Females, in contrast, showed much more complex modifications in molt chronology due to reproductive demands. There was some variability in the stage number, when females reached maturity. Reaching maturity early in the succession of molts was associated with smaller body size at maturity, smaller size of broods, but higher average number of broods per lifetime. Post-puberty molts in females occurred without further growth, and successive broods did not differ in size. The photoperiod strongly affected sexual maturation (and thus in turn molting and growth patterns) in females, while males remained completely unaffected by the photo regime.

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Mass, Volume and Velocity of the Antarctic Ice Sheet: Present-Day Changes and Error Effects (2014)

Groh, A. ; Ewert, H. ; Rosenau, R. ; [weitere]

Springer

In: EPIC3Surveys in Geophysics, Springer, pp. 1-25, ISSN: 0169-3298

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Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-17

Beschreibung: This study examines present-day changes of the Antarctic ice sheet (AIS) by means of different data sets. We make use of monthly gravity field solutions acquired by the Gravity Recovery and Climate Experiment (GRACE) to study mass changes of the AIS for a 10-year period. In addition to "standard" solutions of release 05, solutions based on radial base functions were used. Both solutions reveal an increased mass loss in recent years. For a 6-year period surface-height changes were inferred from laser altimetry data provided by the Ice, Cloud, and land Elevation Satellite (ICESat). The basin-scale volume trends were converted into mass changes and were compared with the GRACE estimates for the same period. Focussing on the Thwaites Glacier, Landsat optical imagery was utilised to determine ice-flow velocities for a period of more than two decades. This data set was extended by means of high-resolution synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data from the TerraSAR-X mission, revealing an accelerated ice flow of all parts of the glacier. ICESat data over the Thwaites Glacier were complemented by digital elevation models inferred from TanDEM-X data. This extended data set exhibits an increased surface lowering in recent times. Passive microwave remote sensing data prove the long-term stability of the accumulation rates in a low accumulation zone in East Antarctica over several decades. Finally, we discuss the main error sources of present-day mass-balance estimates: the glacial isostatic adjustment effect for GRACE as well as the biases between laser operational periods and the volume-mass conversion for ICESat.

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The scientific challenge of bridging the gap from the local to the earth system level: lessons from the study of mangroves and people in North Brazil (2014)

Krause, Gesche

Springer

In: EPIC3Regional Environmental Change, Springer, ISSN: 1436-3798

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Publikationsdatum: 2016-10-07

Beschreibung: This article aims to address the challenges of sustainable earth system governance from a multi-scale level perspective. The local to regional system level reviews findings from a social-ecological system (SES) approach of a mangrove ecosystem in North Brazil. Seven challenges (Glaser et al. 2010) that could provide relevant knowledge to society were identified. Their respective justification and recommendations are presented here. Further, these “challenges from the field” are linked and discussed with those challenges on earth system level elaborated by the International Council for Science in 2010. There it was stressed that sustainability problems are increasingly caused by drivers from multiple spatial and institutional levels in a single global human-nature system. The comparison between the global and local to regional challenges shows that most of these are reappearing disregarding the level of analysis, indicating that there is a universal core of global change problems. However, there are gaps are visible which hamper the effective connections across the different spatial levels. These gaps pertain to i.e. the subjects of knowledge generation and stakeholder inclusion. The final section elaborates on these recognized gaps and their science-policy dimensions. The article closes with the identification of a number of factors which currently impede global sustainability efforts: shortcomings in inter- and transdisciplinary research practice, lack of consistent structures for earth system governance and shortcomings in dealing with up-scaling challenges whilst remaining locally relevant. A blueprint for a globally focused but regionally informed social-ecological analysis framework remains to be worked out.

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Isolation, characterization and cross amplification of eleven novel microsatellite loci for the hydrozoan coral Millepora (2014)

Heckenhauer, Jacqueline ; Schweinsberg, Maximilian ; Elbrecht, Vasco ; [weitere]

Springer

In: EPIC3Conservation Genetics Resources, Springer, ISSN: 1877-7252

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Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-16

Beschreibung: Milleporidae are of high ecological and economic importance, as, together with the scleractinian corals, they belong to the main reef builders of tropical coral reefs. Coral reefs face severe threats mainly due to anthropogenic disturbance. Understanding their population structure and dynamics is crucial for any conservation effort. Here we report the first microsatellite loci for the Milleporidae. Eleven polymorphic markers were developed for the hydrozoan corals Millepora dichotoma from the Great Barrier Reef (Australia) and tested for amplification in M. dichotoma from the Red Sea (Egypt), as well as for Millepora platyphylla from the Pacific Ocean (Moorea, French Polynesia). All loci were variable with 4–15 alleles per locus. Nine loci were transferable between geographic regions and species. These are the first microsatellites for hydrozoan corals. They will provide valuable tools for characterizing the population structure and genetic diversity of the group thereby benefitting coral reef conservation.

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Uptake of Fluorescent Iron Oxide Nanoparticles by Oligodendroglial OLN-93 Cells (2014)

Petters, Charlotte ; Bulcke, Felix ; Thiel, Karsten ; [weitere]

Springer

In: EPIC3Neurochemical Research, Springer, 39(2), pp. 372-383, ISSN: 0364-3190

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Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-17

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Biosignatures in chimney structures and sediment from the Loki’s Castle low-temperature hydrothermal vent field at the Arctic Mid-Ocean Ridge (2014)

Jaeschke, Andrea ; Eickmann, Benjamin ; Lang, Susan Q ; [weitere]

Springer

In: EPIC3Extremophiles, Springer, 18(3), pp. 545-560, ISSN: 1431-0651

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Publikationsdatum: 2014-05-12

Beschreibung: We investigated microbial life preserved in a hydrothermally inactive silica–barite chimney in comparison with an active barite chimney and sediment from the Loki’s Castle low-temperature venting area at the Arctic Mid-Ocean Ridge (AMOR) using lipid biomarkers. Carbon and sulfur isotopes were used to constrain possible metabolic pathways. Multiple sulfur (δ34S, ∆33S) isotopes on barite over a cross section of the extinct chimney range between 21.1 and 22.5 ‰ in δ34S, and between 0.020 and 0.034 ‰ in Δ33S, indicating direct precipitation from seawater. Biomarker distributions within two discrete zones of this silica–barite chimney indicate a considerable difference in abundance and diversity of microorganisms from the chimney exterior to the interior. Lipids in the active and inactive chimney barite and sediment were dominated by a range of 13C-depleted unsaturated and branched fatty acids with δ13C values between −39.7 and −26.7 ‰, indicating the presence of sulfur-oxidizing and sulfate-reducing bacteria. The majority of lipids (99.5 %) in the extinct chimney interior that experienced high temperatures were of archaeal origin. Unusual glycerol monoalkyl glycerol tetraethers (GMGT) with 0–4 rings were the dominant compounds suggesting the presence of mainly (hyper-) thermophilic archaea. Isoprenoid hydrocarbons with δ13C values as low as −46 ‰ also indicated the presence of methanogens and possibly methanotrophs.

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Minimal change in Antarctic Circumpolar Current flow speed between the last glacial and Holocene (2014)

McCave, I. N. ; Crowhurst, S. J. ; Kuhn, G. ; [weitere]

Nature Publishing Group

In: EPIC3Nature Geoscience, Nature Publishing Group, 7(2), pp. 113-116, ISSN: 1752-0894

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Publikationsdatum: 2018-08-10

Beschreibung: The Antarctic Circumpolar Current is key to the mixing and ventilation of the world’s oceans1, 2, 3, 4, 5. This current flows from west to east between about 45° and 70° S (refs 1, 2, 3) connecting the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans, and is driven by westerly winds and buoyancy forcing. High levels of productivity in the current regulate atmospheric CO2 concentrations6. Reconstructions of the current during the last glacial period suggest that flow speeds were faster7 or similar8 to present, and it is uncertain whether the strength and position of the westerly winds changed9, 10, 11. Here we reconstruct Antarctic Circumpolar Current bottom speeds through the constricting Drake Passage and Scotia Sea during the Last Glacial Maximum and Holocene based on the mean grain size of sortable silt from a suite of sediment cores. We find essentially no change in bottom flow speeds through the region, and, given that the momentum imparted by winds, and modulated by sea-ice cover, is balanced by the interaction of these flows with the seabed, this argues against substantial changes in wind stress. However, glacial flow speeds in the sea-ice zone12 south of 56° S were significantly slower than present, whereas flow in the north was faster, but not significantly so. We suggest that slower flow over the rough topography south of 56° S may have reduced diapycnal mixing in this region during the last glacial period, possibly reducing the diapycnal contribution to the Southern Ocean overturning circulation.

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Isolation and characterization of 11 microsatellite markers from the squat lobster Munida gregaria (Decapoda: Galatheidae) around the Falkland Islands/Islas Malvinas (2014)

Wang, Chen ; Held, Christoph

Springer

In: EPIC3Conservation Genetics Resources, Springer, ISSN: 1877-7252

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Publikationsdatum: 2014-09-04

Beschreibung: Understanding phylogenetic relationship and patterns of contemporary population genetic structure is a prerequisite for conservation and management of potential fishery resources. In this study we report the isolation and characterization of 11 polymorphic microsatellite loci for the squat lobster Munida gregaria from around the Falkland Islands/Islas Malvinas. The number of alleles ranged from 3 to 31, observed heterozygosity varied from 0.130 to 0.870. Cross-amplification was 100 % successfully in the species/morph M. subrugosa and 36.4 % in another congeneric species M. gracilis. This set of microsatellites is useful for studies focused on taxonomy, genetic diversity and genetic connectivity further may provide stock assessment information for monitoring this important fishery resource.

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Distribution and characteristics of marine habitats in a subpolar bay based on hydroacoustics and bed shear stress estimates - Potter Cove, King George Island, Antarctica (2014)

Wölfl, Anne-Cathrin ; Lim, Chai Heng ; Hass, H. Christian ; [weitere]

Springer

In: EPIC3Geo-Marine Letters, Springer, 34(5), pp. 435-446, ISSN: 0276-0460

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Publikationsdatum: 2018-08-10

Beschreibung: Marine habitats worldwide are increasingly pressurized by climate change, especially along the Antarctic Peninsula. Well-studied areas in front of rapidly retreating tidewater glaciers like Potter Cove are representative for similar coastal environments and, therefore, shed light on habitat formation and development on not only a local but also regional scale. The objective of this study was to provide insights into habitat distribution in Potter Cove, King George Island, Antarctica, and to evaluate the associated environmental processes. Furthermore, an assessment concerning the future development of the habitats is provided. To describe the seafloor habitats in Potter Cove, an acoustic seabed discrimination system (RoxAnn) was used in combination with underwater video images and sediment samples. Due to the absence of wave and current measurements in the study area, bed shear stress estimates served to delineate zones prone to sediment erosion. On the basis of the investigations, two habitat classes were identified in Potter Cove, namely soft-sediment and stone habitats that, besides influences from sediment supply and coastal morphology, are controlled by sediment erosion. A future expansion of the stone habitat is predicted if recent environmental change trends continue. Possible implications for the Potter Cove environment, and other coastal ecosystems under similar pressure, include changes in biomass and species composition.

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Characterization of Ice-Binding Proteins from Sea Ice Algae (2014)

Bayer-Giraldi, Maddalena ; Jin, EonSeon ; Wilson, Peter W.

Springer

In: EPIC3Plant Cold Acclimation: Methods and Protocols, (Methods in Molecular Biology ; 1166), New York, Springer, 282 p., pp. 241-253, ISBN: 978-1-4939-0843-1

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Publikationsdatum: 2014-09-24

Beschreibung: ICE BINDING PROTEINS FROM SEA ICE ALGAE Sea ice is mainly a two-phase system, and its porous structure is largely determinant for biological activity within ice. During ice formation, solutes in the seawater are excluded from the ice matrix and segregate into brine droplets or brine channels, generally defined as brine inclusions inside sea ice. Outflow of high salinity brine and inflow of seawater of lower salinity, as well as further cooling, cause brine inclusions to narrow and eventually separate into individual pockets divided by ice bridges. Despite the harsh conditions that govern within sea ice, where temperatures range from about -1.8°C on the bottom to -20°C or less on the top, and brine salinities can be as high as 200 on the Practical Salinity Scale, brine inclusions offer a habitat for a variety of microalgae. These algae play a crucial role for the ecology of the Polar Oceans, since they represent a concentrated food source in the low-productivity ice-covered sea, and in the months of melting they initiate blooms by seeding the water column. Algae have been found distributed within brine inclusions throughout the entire thickness of the ice column. The strategies adopted by ice microorganisms to cope with conditions in sea ice remain to be unraveled. Recent studies showed that several organisms that populate sea ice, spreading from bacteria to diatoms and a crustacean species, have ice binding proteins (IBPs). These proteins are common in polar species, but lack in temperate organisms, suggesting that IBPs play a key role in adaptation to subzero conditions. The nomenclature of these proteins varies, depending on authors, from ice binding to antifreeze or ice structuring. In the generally accepted adsorption–inhibition model describing the mechanism of action of IBPs, proteins bind to the ice lattice and locally inhibit ice growth by the Gibbs-Thomson effect. Recent publications showed that some IBPs organize water molecules into an ice-like structure that matches defined planes of the ice crystal and is then gradually frozen to the ice lattice. One of the most prominent and best described effects of IBPs is thermal hysteresis, which describes the lowering of the freezing point of a solution below the melting point. Another effect which defines IBPs is inhibition of recrystallization, which is the grain boundary migration resulting in a growth of larger crystals at the expenses of small grains. The biological role of IBPs from sea ice microalgae remains an open question. The importance of some IBP families, as observed in fishes or insects, lies in lowering the freezing point below environmental temperature, in order to avoid ice formation in cells or organs. Other IBPs have the function to inhibit recrystallization, as it has been suggested for plant IBPs. In the context of sea ice, it seems unlikely that the biological role of IBPs may be thermal hysteresis (measured in the order of 1°C) or recrystallization inhibition. Most of the IBPs from sea ice algae are active extracellularly. It has been suggested that they are trapped and accumulate within a layer of extracellular polysaccharide substances (EPS) secreted by several sea ice organisms. Microalgal IBPs produced recombinantly or collected from spent growth medium affect the structure of ice surface, causing pitting and characteristic microstructural features. This suggests that the proteins shape their frozen environment in order to increase their habitable space within sea ice. However, the characterization of IBPs is of relevance not only to understand their functional role in sea ice, but also in the frame of possible applications of IBPs in the medical field, in the food industry and in other fields related to a control of ice crystals. In the following we present some standard techniques to determine the protein activity in terms of thermal hysteresis (TH) and recrystallization inhibition (RI), which define the proteins as ice binding. Also, we present further methods (ice pitting assay, determination of the nucleating temperature) to characterize the activity of IBPs.

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Cyclones and their possible changes in the Arctic by the end of the twenty first century from regional climate model Simulations (2014)

Akperov, Mirseid ; Mokhov, Igor ; Rinke, Annette ; [weitere]

Springer

In: EPIC3Theoretical and Applied Climatology, Springer, ISSN: 0177-798X

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Publikationsdatum: 2019-10-23

Beschreibung: Characteristics of cyclones (frequency, intensity and size) and their changes in the Arctic region in a warmer climate have been analyzed with the use of the HIRHAM regional climate model simulations with SRES-A1B anthropogenic scenario for the twenty first century. The focus was on cyclones for the warm (April–September) and cold (October–March) seasons. The present-day cyclonic characteristics from HIRHAM simulations are in general agreement with those from ERA–40 reanalysis data. Differences noted for the frequency of cyclones are related with different spatial resolution in the model simulations and reanalysis data. Potential future changes in cyclone characteristics at the end of the twenty first century have been analyzed. According to the model simulations, the frequency of cyclones is increasing in warm seasons and decreasing in cold seasons for a warmer climate in the twenty first century, but these changes are statistically insignificant. Noticeable changes were detected for the intensity and size of cyclones for the both seasons. Significant increase was found for the frequency of weak cyclones during cold season. Further, a general increase in the frequency of small cyclones was calculated in cold seasons, while its frequency decreases in warm seasons.

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Predation of calanoid copepods on their own and other copepods’ offspring (2014)

Boersma, Maarten ; Wesche, Anne ; Hirche, Hans-Jürgen

Springer

In: EPIC3Marine Biology, Springer, ISSN: 0025-3162

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Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-17

Beschreibung: Predation of eggs and nauplii by adult copepods is often used to explain unexpected death rates in population dynamics studies, but the phenomenon has been rarely investigated or quantified. Therefore, we studied the predatory feeding of adult females (Acartia clausi, Centropages hamatus, Centropages typicus, and Temora longicornis) on their own and other species’ eggs and young nauplii with different densities of single animal-prey, mixtures of animal-prey and in the presence of diatoms. All species preyed on eggs and nauplii of their own and all other species. Maximal egg predation varied between 7 and 64 eggs fem−1 day−1. Ingestion of Centropages spp. eggs was lowest, potentially due to the spiny egg surface. Maximal feeding rates on nauplii ranged from 5 to 45 nauplii fem−1 day−1. T. longicornis preferred eggs, when eggs and nauplii were offered together at the same densities, and the other predators selected for nauplii. At a diatom concentration of 60 μg C l−1 predation on eggs by C. typicus was higher than without algae, whereas A. clausi and T. longicornis did not change their uptake of eggs. Feeding on nauplii in the presence of diatoms was again enhanced in C. typicus, and unaffected in A. clausi and C. hamatus. T. longicornis reduced its feeding on nauplii in the presence of diatoms. Calculated predation rates, using field abundances of predators and prey, suggest that predation of copepods on their own young stages may account for ca. 30 % of total mortality of young stages in North Sea copepod populations.

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The reaction of European lobster larvae (Homarus gammarus) to different quality food: effects of ontogenetic shifts and pre-feeding history (2014)

Schoo, Katherina L. ; Aberle-Malzahn, Nicole ; Malzahn, Arne M. ; [weitere]

Springer

In: EPIC3Oecologia, Springer, 174(2), pp. 581-594, ISSN: 0029-8549

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Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-17

Beschreibung: Young larval stages of many organisms represent bottlenecks in the life-history of many species. The high mortality commonly observed in, for example, decapod larvae has often been linked to poor nutrition, with most studies focussing on food quantity. Here, we focus instead on the effects of quality and have investigated its effects on the nutritional condition of lobster larvae. We established a tri-trophic food chain consisting of the cryptophyte Rhodomonas salina, the calanoid copepod Acartia tonsa and larvae of the European lobster Homarus gammarus. In a set of experiments, we manipulated the C:N:P stoichiometry of the primary producers, and accordingly those of the primary consumer. In a first experiment, R. salina was grown under N- and P-limitation and the nutrient content of the algae was manipulated by addition of the limiting nutrient to create a food quality gradient. In a second experiment, the effect on lobster larvae of long- and short-term exposure to food of varying quality during ontogenetic development was investigated. The condition of the lobster larvae was negatively affected even by subtle N- and P-nutrient limitations of the algae. Furthermore, younger lobster larvae were more vulnerable to nutrient limitation than older ones, suggesting an ontogenetic shift in the capacity of lobster larvae to cope with low quality food. The results presented here might have substantial consequences for the survival of lobster larvae in the field, as, in the light of future climate change and re-oligotrophication of the North Sea, lobster larvae might face marked changes in temperature and nutrient conditions, thus significantly altering their condition and growth.

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Digestive enzymes of two brachyuran and two anomuran land crabs from Christmas Island, Indian Ocean (2014)

Linton, Stuart M. ; Saborowski, Reinhard ; Shirley, Alicia J. ; [weitere]

Springer

In: EPIC3Journal of Comparative Physiology B-Biochemical Systemic and Environmentalphysiol, Springer, ISSN: 0174-1578

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Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-16

Beschreibung: The digestive ability of four sympatric land crabs species (the gecarcinids, Gecarcoidea natalis and Discoplax celeste and the anomurans, Birgus latro and Coenobita perlatus) was examined by determining the activity of their digestive enzymes. The gecarcinids are detritivores that consume mainly leaf litter; the robber crab, B. latro, is an omnivore that preferentially consumes items high in lipid, carbohydrate and/or protein; C. perlatus is also an omnivore/detritivore. All species possess protease, lipase and amylase activity for hydrolysing ubiquitous protein, lipid and storage polysaccharides (glycogen and starch). Similarly all species possess enzymes such as N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase, the cellulases, endo-β-1,4-glucanase and β-glucohydrolase and hemicellulases, lichenase and laminarinase for the respective hydrolysis of structural substrates chitin, cellulose and hemicelluloses, lichenan and laminarin. Except for the enzyme activities of C. perlatus, enzyme activity could not be correlated to dietary preference. Perhaps others factors such as olfactory and locomotor ability and metabolic status may determine the observed dietary preferences. The digestive fluid of C. perlatus possessed higher endo-β-1,4-glucanase, lichenase and laminarinase activities compared to that of the other species. Thus, C. perlatus may be efficient at digestion of cellulose and hemicellulose within plant material. Zymography indicated that the majority of protease, lipase, phosphatase, amylase, endo-β-1,4-glucanase, β-glucohydrolase and N-acetyl-β-d-glucosaminidase isozymes were common to all species, and hence were inherited from a common aquatic ancestor. Differences were observed for the phosphatase, lipase and endo-β-1,4-glucanase isozymes. These differences are discussed in relation to phylogeny and possible evolution to cope with the adoption of a terrestrial diet.

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Animating the Carbon Cycle (2014)

Schmitz, Oswald J ; Raymond, Peter A ; Estes, James A. ; [weitere]

Springer

In: EPIC3Ecosystems, Springer, 17(2), pp. 344-359, ISSN: 1432-9840

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Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-17

Beschreibung: Understanding the biogeochemical processes reg- ulating carbon cycling is central to mitigating atmospheric CO2 emissions. The role of living organisms has been accounted for, but the focus has traditionally been on contributions of plants and microbes. We develop the case that fully ‘‘animating’’ the carbon cycle requires broader consideration of the functional role of animals in mediating biogeochemical processes and quanti- fication of their effects on carbon storage and exchange among terrestrial and aquatic reservoirs and the atmosphere. To encourage more hypothesis-driven experimental research that quantifies animal effects we discuss the mecha- nisms by which animals may affect carbon ex- changes and storage within and among ecosystems and the atmosphere. We illustrate how those mechanisms lead to multiplier effects whose magnitudes may rival those of more tra- ditional carbon storage and exchange rate esti- mates currently used in the carbon budget. Many animal species are already directly managed. Thus improved quantitative understanding of their influence on carbon budgets may create oppor- tunity for management and policy to identify and implement new options for mitigating CO2 re- lease at regional scales.

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Chapter 5: Perspectives and Integration in SOLAS Science. (2014)

Garcon, Véronique C. ; Bell, Thomas G. ; Wallace, Dourglas ; [weitere]

Springer

In: EPIC3Ocean-Atmosphere Interactions of Gases and Particles, Springer Earth System Sciences., Heidelberg, Springer, 147 p., pp. 247-306, ISBN: 978-3-642-25642-4

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Publikationsdatum: 2014-04-15

Beschreibung: Why a chapter on Perspectives and Integration in SOLAS Science in this book? SOLAS science by its nature deals with interactions that occur: across a wide spectrum of time and space scales, involve gases and particles, between the ocean and the atmosphere, across many disciplines including chemistry, biology, optics, physics, mathematics, computing, socio-economics and consequently interactions between many different scientists and across scientific generations. This chapter provides a guide through the remarkable diversity of cross-cutting approaches and tools in the gigantic puzzle of the SOLAS realm. Here we overview the existing prime components of atmospheric and oceanic observing systems, with the acquisition of ocean–atmosphere observables either from in situ or from satellites, the rich hierarchy of models to test our knowledge of Earth System functioning, and the tremendous efforts accomplished over the last decade within the COST Action 735 and SOLAS Integration project frameworks to understand, as best we can, the current physical and biogeochemical state of the atmosphere and ocean commons. A few SOLAS integrative studies illustrate the full meaning of interactions, paving the way for even tighter connections between thematic fields. Ultimately, SOLAS research will also develop with an enhanced consideration of societal demand while preserving fundamental research coherency. The exchange of energy, gases and particles across the air-sea interface is controlled by a variety of biological, chemical and physical processes that operate across broad spatial and temporal scales. These processes influence the composition, biogeochemical and chemical properties of both the oceanic and atmospheric boundary layers and ultimately shape the Earth system response to climate and environmental change, as detailed in the previous four chapters. In this cross-cutting chapter we present some of the SOLAS achievements over the last decade in terms of integration, upscaling observational information from process-oriented studies and expeditionary research with key tools such as remote sensing and modelling. Here we do not pretend to encompass the entire legacy of SOLAS efforts but rather offer a selective view of some of the major integrative SOLAS studies that combined available pieces of the immense jigsaw puzzle. These include, for instance, COST efforts to build up global climatologies of SOLAS relevant parameters such as dimethyl sulphide, interconnection between volcanic ash and ecosystem response in the eastern subarctic North Pacific, optimal strategy to derive basin-scale CO2 uptake with good precision, or significant reduction of the uncertainties in sea-salt aerosol source functions. Predicting the future trajectory of Earth’s climate and habitability is the main task ahead. Some possible routes for the SOLAS scientific community to reach this overarching goal conclude the chapter.

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Networks from Flows - From Dynamics to Topology (2014)

Molkenthin, Nora ; Rehfeld, Kira ; Marwan, Norbert ; [weitere]

Nature Publishing Group

In: EPIC3Scientific Reports, Nature Publishing Group, 4(4119), ISSN: 2045-2322

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Publikationsdatum: 2019-07-17

Beschreibung: Complex network approaches have recently been applied to continuous spatial dynamical systems, like climate, successfully uncovering the system's interaction structure. However the relationship between the underlying atmospheric or oceanic flow's dynamics and the estimated network measures have remained largely unclear. We bridge this crucial gap in a bottom-up approach and define a continuous analytical analogue of Pearson correlation networks for advection-diffusion dynamics on a background flow. Analysing complex networks of prototypical flows and from time series data of the equatorial Pacific, we find that our analytical model reproduces the most salient features of these networks and thus provides a general foundation of climate networks. The relationships we obtain between velocity field and network measures show that line-like structures of high betweenness mark transition zones in the flow rather than, as previously thought, the propagation of dynamical information.

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Advances in Predicting the Impacts of Global Warming on the Mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis in the Mediterranean Sea (2014)

Michaelidis, Basile ; Pörtner, Hans-O. ; Sokolova, Inna ; [weitere]

Springer

In: EPIC3The Mediterranean Sea: Its history and present challenges, The Mediterranean Sea: Its history and present challenges, Springer, pp. 319-339, ISBN: 978-94-007-6704-1

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Publikationsdatum: 2014-04-15

Beschreibung: Mussels Mytilus galloprovincialis have been used as model bivalves to study the impacts of global warming on their physiological performance in Themaikos Gulf, North Greece. The studies have been conducted under laboratory and field conditions for more than 6 years and focused on the biochemical, metabolic, physiological and energetic responses of M. galloprovincialis to increases in the ambient temperature. Here we summarize the findings concerning the responses of mussels to environmental temperature, present an integrated model of their physiological performance during thermal stress and discuss these findings in the light of the predicted temperature changes in the Thermaikos Gulf from the regional climate trends and the mean global temperature projections for the period 1990–2100 based on IS92 emission scenarios of the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC). Our findings indicate that mussels in Themaikos Gulf currently face the temperatures close to their upper thermal limits, especially during the summer, and thus are likely vulnerably to any further increase in the temperature such as expected during the global warming

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New insights into the genetic diversity of zooxanthellae in Mediterranean anthozoans (2014)

Casado-Amezúa, Pilar ; Machordom, Annie ; Bernardo, João ; [weitere]

Springer

In: EPIC3Symbiosis, Springer, 63(1), pp. 41-46, ISSN: 0334-5114

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Publikationsdatum: 2015-01-05

Beschreibung: Symbiotic dinoflagellates of the genus Symbiodinium, also called zooxanthellae, are found in association with a wide diversity of shallow-water anthozoans. The Symbiodinium genus includes numerous lineages, also referred to as clades or phylotypes, as well as a wide diversity of genetic sub-clades and sub-phylotypes. There are few studies characterizing the genetic diversity of zooxanthellae in Mediterranean anthozoans. In this study, we included anthozoans from the Western Mediterranean Sea and by means of internal transcriber (ITS) and large sub-unit (LSU) rRNA markers we corroborate what has been previously identified, demonstrating that phylotype “Temperate A” is very common among host Cnidaria in this basin. Our finding of fixed differences in ITS and LSU markers that correspond to different host taxa, indicate that this clade may comprise several closely-related species. Previous studies have reported the occurrence of Symbiodinium psygmophilum (formerly subclade B2) associated with Oculina patagonica and Cladocora caespitosa in the Eastern Mediterranean. Here, we identify this association in O. patagonica from the Western Mediterranean but not in C. caespitosa, suggesting some differences in symbiotic combinations between the Western and Eastern Mediterranean Basins.

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The challenge to detect and attribute effects of climate change on human and natural systems (2014)

Stone, Daithi ; Auffhammer, Maximilian ; Carey, Mark ; [weitere]

Springer

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Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-25

Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2013. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Climatic Change 121 (2013): 381-395, doi:10.1007/s10584-013-0873-6.

Beschreibung: Anthropogenic climate change has triggered impacts on natural and human systems world-wide, yet the formal scientific method of detection and attribution has been only insufficiently described. Detection and attribution of impacts of climate change is a fundamentally cross-disciplinary issue, involving concepts, terms, and standards spanning the varied requirements of the various disciplines. Key problems for current assessments include the limited availability of long-term observations, the limited knowledge on processes and mechanisms involved in changing environmental systems, and the widely different concepts applied in the scientific literature. In order to facilitate current and future assessments, this paper describes the current conceptual framework of the field and outlines a number of conceptual challenges. Based on this, it proposes workable cross-disciplinary definitions, concepts, and standards. The paper is specifically intended to serve as a baseline for continued development of a consistent cross-disciplinary framework that will facilitate integrated assessment of the detection and attribution of climate change impacts.

Beschreibung: Modeling Program of the Office of Biological and Environmental Research in the Department of Energy Office of Science under contract number DE-AC02-05CH11231. GH was supported by a grant from the German Ministry for Education and Research.

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Identification of photosynthetic plankton communities using sedimentary ancient DNA and their response to late-Holocene climate change on the Tibetan Plateau (2014)

Hou, Weiguo ; Dong, Hailiang ; Li, Gaoyuan ; [weitere]

Nature Publishing Group

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Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-25

Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2014]. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Scientific Reports 4 (2014): 6648, doi:10.1038/srep06648.

Beschreibung: Sediments from Tibetan lakes in NW China are potentially sensitive recorders of climate change and its impact on ecosystem function. However, the important plankton members in many Tibetan Lakes do not make and leave microscopically diagnostic features in the sedimentary record. Here we established a taxon-specific molecular approach to specifically identify and quantify sedimentary ancient DNA (sedaDNA) of non-fossilized planktonic organisms preserved in a 5-m sediment core from Kusai Lake spanning the last 3100 years. The reliability of the approach was validated with multiple independent genetic markers. Parallel analyses of the geochemistry of the core and paleo-climate proxies revealed that Monsoon strength-driven changes in nutrient availability, temperature, and salinity as well as orbitally-driven changes in light intensity were all responsible for the observed temporal changes in the abundance of two dominant phytoplankton groups in the lake, Synechococcus (cyanobacteria) and Isochrysis (haptophyte algae). Collectively our data show that global and regional climatic events exhibited a strong influence on the paleoecology of phototrophic plankton in Kusai Lake.

Beschreibung: This research was supported by grants from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant Nos. 41030211 and 41302022), the National Basic Research Program of China (Grant No. 2011CB808800), and State Key Laboratory of Biogeology and Environmental Geology, China University of Geosciences (Nos GBL11410 and GBL11201).

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Permafrost thawing as a possible source of abrupt carbon release at the onset of the Bølling/Allerød (2014)

Köhler, Peter ; Knorr, Gregor ; Bard, Edouard

Nature Publishing Group

In: EPIC3Nature Communications, Nature Publishing Group, 5, pp. 5520, ISSN: 2041-1723

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Publikationsdatum: 2016-06-13

Beschreibung: One of the most abrupt and yet unexplained past rises in atmospheric CO2 (〉10 p.p.m.v. in two centuries) occurred in quasi-synchrony with abrupt northern hemispheric warming into the Bølling/Allerød, ~14,600 years ago. Here we use a U/Th-dated record of atmospheric Δ14C from Tahiti corals to provide an independent and precise age control for this CO2 rise. We also use model simulations to show that the release of old (nearly 14C-free) carbon can explain these changes in CO2 and Δ14C. The Δ14C record provides an independent constraint on the amount of carbon released (~125 Pg C). We suggest, in line with observations of atmospheric CH4 and terrigenous biomarkers, that thawing permafrost in high northern latitudes could have been the source of carbon, possibly with contribution from flooding of the Siberian continental shelf during meltwater pulse 1A. Our findings highlight the potential of the permafrost carbon reservoir to modulate abrupt climate changes via greenhouse-gas feedbacks.

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Antarctic-wide array of high-resolution ice core records reveals pervasive lead pollution began in 1889 and persists today (2014)

McConnell, J. R. ; Maselli, O. J. ; Sigl, M. ; [weitere]

Nature Publishing Group

In: EPIC3Scientific Reports, Nature Publishing Group, 4, pp. 5848, ISSN: 2045-2322

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Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-17

Beschreibung: Interior Antarctica is among the most remote places on Earth and was thought to be beyond the reach of human impacts when Amundsen and Scott raced to the South Pole in 1911. Here we show detailed measurements from an extensive array of 16 ice cores quantifying substantial toxic heavy metal lead pollution at South Pole and throughout Antarctica by 1889 – beating polar explorers by more than 22 years. Unlike the Arctic where lead pollution peaked in the 1970s, lead pollution in Antarctica was as high in the early 20th century as at any time since industrialization. The similar timing and magnitude of changes in lead deposition across Antarctica, as well as the characteristic isotopic signature of Broken Hill lead found throughout the continent, suggest that this single emission source in southern Australia was responsible for the introduction of lead pollution into Antarctica at the end of the 19th century and remains a significant source today. An estimated 660 t of industrial lead have been deposited over Antarctica during the past 130 years as a result of mid-latitude industrial emissions, with regional-to-global scale circulation likely modulating aerosol concentrations. Despite abatement efforts, significant lead pollution in Antarctica persists into the 21st century.

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Climate Sensitivity During and Between Interglacials (2014)

Mudelsee, Manfred ; Lohmann, Gerrit

Springer

In: EPIC3Integrated Analysis of Interglacial Climate Dynamics (INTERDYNAMIC), Integrated Analysis of Interglacial Climate Dynamics (INTERDYNAMIC), Heidelberg, Springer, pp. 19-23, ISBN: 978-3-319-00693-2, ISSN: 2191-589X

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Publikationsdatum: 2015-06-05

Beschreibung: Studying the climate dynamics of past interglacials (IGs) may help to better assess the anthropogenically influenced dynamics of the current IG, the Holocene. We select IG sections from the longest ice core archive, EPICA Dome C (EDC), which covers the past 800 thousand years, and study as well several long, high-resolution marine sediment records. We analyze records of Antarctic temperature, radiative forcing (greenhouse gases and other factors), and sea-surface temperature (SST). Change-point regressions inform about longer-term climate changes and trends within IGs. Comparing trends in temperature with trends in forcing allows inference of longer-term IG climate sensitivities. Results from many records indicate deviations from a “Holocene climate optimum”. IG sensitivities are found to be comparable to estimates for the instrumental period; warming or cooling phases during Marine Isotope Stage (MIS) 5 or 11 do not show significant differences in climate sensitivity.

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Virtual finger boosts three-dimensional imaging and microsurgery as well as terabyte volume image visualization and analysis (2014)

Peng, Hanchuan ; Tang, Jianyong ; Xiao, Hang ; [weitere]

Nature Publishing Group

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Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-26

Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2014. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Nature Communications 5 (2014): 4342, doi:10.1038/ncomms5342.

Beschreibung: Three-dimensional (3D) bioimaging, visualization and data analysis are in strong need of powerful 3D exploration techniques. We develop virtual finger (VF) to generate 3D curves, points and regions-of-interest in the 3D space of a volumetric image with a single finger operation, such as a computer mouse stroke, or click or zoom from the 2D-projection plane of an image as visualized with a computer. VF provides efficient methods for acquisition, visualization and analysis of 3D images for roundworm, fruitfly, dragonfly, mouse, rat and human. Specifically, VF enables instant 3D optical zoom-in imaging, 3D free-form optical microsurgery, and 3D visualization and annotation of terabytes of whole-brain image volumes. VF also leads to orders of magnitude better efficiency of automated 3D reconstruction of neurons and similar biostructures over our previous systems. We use VF to generate from images of 1,107 Drosophila GAL4 lines a projectome of a Drosophila brain.

Beschreibung: This work was mainly supported by Howard Hughes Medical Institute. H.P. is currently supported by the Allen Institute for Brain Science. R.W.T. and A.M. were supported by a grant MH071739 (MERIT).

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Distribution of surface plastic debris in the eastern Pacific Ocean from an 11-Year data set (2014)

Lavender Law, Kara L. ; Moret-Ferguson, Skye E. ; Goodwin, Deborah S. ; [weitere]

American Chemical Society

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Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-26

Beschreibung: Author Posting. © American Chemical Society, 2014. This article is posted here by permission of American Chemical Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Environmental Science and Technology 38 (2014): 4732–4738, doi:10.1021/es4053076.

Beschreibung: We present an extensive survey of floating plastic debris in the eastern North and South Pacific Oceans from more than 2500 plankton net tows conducted between 2001 and 2012. From these data we defined an accumulation zone (25 to 41°N, 130 to 180°W) in the North Pacific subtropical gyre that closely corresponds to centers of accumulation resulting from the convergence of ocean surface currents predicted by several oceanographic numerical models. Maximum plastic concentrations from individual surface net tows exceeded 106 pieces km–2, with concentrations decreasing with increasing distance from the predicted center of accumulation. Outside the North Pacific subtropical gyre the median plastic concentration was 0 pieces km–2. We were unable to detect a robust temporal trend in the data set, perhaps because of confounded spatial and temporal variability. Large spatiotemporal variability in plastic concentration causes order of magnitude differences in summary statistics calculated over short time periods or in limited geographic areas. Utilizing all available plankton net data collected in the eastern Pacific Ocean (17.4°S to 61.0°N; 85.0 to 180.0°W) since 1999, we estimated a minimum of 21 290 t of floating microplastic.

Beschreibung: This work was supported by Sea Education Association, NFWF-NOAA Marine Debris Program (Nos. 2009-0062-002, NA10OAR4320148, Amend. 71), and NSF (Nos. OCE-0087528, OCE-1155379, OCE-1260403, OCE-1352422).

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Eruption of a deep-sea mud volcano triggers rapid sediment movement (2014)

Feseker, Tomas ; Boetius, Antje ; Wenzhofer, Frank ; [weitere]

Nature Publishing Group

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Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-26

Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2014. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Nature Communications 5 (2014): 5385, doi:10.1038/ncomms6385.

Beschreibung: Submarine mud volcanoes are important sources of methane to the water column. However, the temporal variability of their mud and methane emissions is unknown. Methane emissions were previously proposed to result from a dynamic equilibrium between upward migration and consumption at the seabed by methane-consuming microbes. Here we show non-steady-state situations of vigorous mud movement that are revealed through variations in fluid flow, seabed temperature and seafloor bathymetry. Time series data for pressure, temperature, pH and seafloor photography were collected over 431 days using a benthic observatory at the active Håkon Mosby Mud Volcano. We documented 25 pulses of hot subsurface fluids, accompanied by eruptions that changed the landscape of the mud volcano. Four major events triggered rapid sediment uplift of more than a metre in height, substantial lateral flow of muds at average velocities of 0.4 m per day, and significant emissions of methane and CO2 from the seafloor.

Beschreibung: Participation of the Sentry AUV and TETHYS team from WHOI was funded by the Arctic Research Initiative of WHOI’s Ocean and Climate Change Institute and the NASA ASTEP grant NNX09AB76G. Additional funds were made available by the AWI, the Max Planck Society and the DFG METEOR/MERIAN programme, as well as the Leibniz programme to A.B.

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Intensification of the meridional temperature gradient in the Great Barrier Reef following the Last Glacial Maximum (2014)

Felis, Thomas ; McGregor, Helen V. ; Linsley, Braddock K. ; [weitere]

Nature Publishing Group

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Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-26

Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2014. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Nature Communications 5 (2014): 4102, doi:10.1038/ncomms5102.

Beschreibung: Tropical south-western Pacific temperatures are of vital importance to the Great Barrier Reef (GBR), but the role of sea surface temperatures (SSTs) in the growth of the GBR since the Last Glacial Maximum remains largely unknown. Here we present records of Sr/Ca and δ18O for Last Glacial Maximum and deglacial corals that show a considerably steeper meridional SST gradient than the present day in the central GBR. We find a 1–2 °C larger temperature decrease between 17° and 20°S about 20,000 to 13,000 years ago. The result is best explained by the northward expansion of cooler subtropical waters due to a weakening of the South Pacific gyre and East Australian Current. Our findings indicate that the GBR experienced substantial meridional temperature change during the last deglaciation, and serve to explain anomalous deglacial drying of northeastern Australia. Overall, the GBR developed through significant SST change and may be more resilient than previously thought.

Beschreibung: Funding was provided by Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft (FE 615/4-1), Australian Research Council (Discovery grant DP1094001), Australia and New Zealand IODP Consortium, Australian Institute of Nuclear Science and Engineering, Natural Environmental Research Council (NE/H014136/1, NE/H014268/1), the Cooperative Research Program of the Center for Advanced Marine Core Research (10B039, 11A013, 11B041), Ministry of Earth Sciences, Govt. of India (with partial support from DST & ISRO-GBP) and Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (JSPS NEXT-GR031).

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Counting whales in a challenging, changing environment (2014)

Williams, R. ; Kelly, N. ; Boebel, Olaf ; [weitere]

Nature Publishing Group

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Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-26

Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2014. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Scientific Reports 4 (2014): 4170, doi:10.1038/srep04170.

Beschreibung: Estimating abundance of Antarctic minke whales is central to the International Whaling Commission's conservation and management work and understanding impacts of climate change on polar marine ecosystems. Detecting abundance trends is problematic, in part because minke whales are frequently sighted within Antarctic sea ice where navigational safety concerns prevent ships from surveying. Using icebreaker-supported helicopters, we conducted aerial surveys across a gradient of ice conditions to estimate minke whale density in the Weddell Sea. The surveys revealed substantial numbers of whales inside the sea ice. The Antarctic summer sea ice is undergoing rapid regional change in annual extent, distribution, and length of ice-covered season. These trends, along with substantial interannual variability in ice conditions, affect the proportion of whales available to be counted by traditional shipboard surveys. The strong association between whales and the dynamic, changing sea ice requires reexamination of the power to detect trends in whale abundance or predict ecosystem responses to climate change.

Beschreibung: This work received funding from the following institutions: Alfred Wegener Institute for Polar and Marine Research (AWI); Dutch Ministry of Agriculture, Nature and Food Quality (EL & I); German Federal Ministry of Food, Agriculture and Consumer Protection (BMELV); German Federal Ministry for the Environment, Nature Conservation and Nuclear Safety (BMU); the Institute for Marine Resources and Ecosystem Studies (Wageningen IMARES); Johann Heinrich von Thu¨nen Institute (Federal Research Institute for Rural Areas, Forestry and Fisheries); the Netherlands Polar Programme (NPP) of the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NOW); Research and Technology Centre Westcoast (FTZ) of the University Kiel. RW was funded by a Marie Curie International Incoming Fellowship within the 7th European Community Framework Programme (proposal Nu 253407 (call reference: FP7- PEOPLE-2009-IIF).

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Validated age and growth estimates for Carcharhinus obscurus in the northwestern Atlantic Ocean, with pre- and post management growth comparisons (2014)

Natanson, Lisa J. ; Gervelis, Brian J. ; Winton, Megan V. ; [weitere]

Springer

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Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-26

Beschreibung: This paper is not subject to U.S. copyright. The definitive version was published in Environmental Biology of Fishes 97 (2014): 881-896, doi:10.1007/s10641-013-0189-4.

Beschreibung: Age and growth estimates for the dusky shark, Carcharhinus obscurus, were derived from vertebral centra collected in the northwestern Atlantic Ocean. Sample collection spanned the years prior to and following the implementation of management measures (1963–2010). Growth was compared pre- and post- population depletion and pre- and post- management to investigate the possibility of density-mediated shifts in age and growth parameters over time. There was no evidence of difference between periods for either sex. Additionally, bomb radiocarbon dating was used to determine the periodicity of band pair formation. Results support the traditional interpretation of annual band pairs up to approximately 11 years of age. After this time, vertebral counts considerably underestimate true age. Maximum validated ages were estimated to be between 38 and 42 years of age (an increase of 15 to 19 years over the band count estimates), confirming longevity to at least 42 years of age. Growth curves estimated using only validated data were compared to those generated using band pair counts. Logistic growth parameters derived from validated vertebral length-at-age data were L ∞ = 261.5 cm FL, L o = 85.5 cm, t o = 4.89 year and g = 0.15 year−1 for the sexes combined. Revised estimates of age at maturity were 17.4 years for males and 17.6 years for females.

Schlagwort(e): Dusky shark ; Age and growth ; Elasmobranch ; Vertebrae ; Bomb radiocarbon ; Validation

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MIxS-BE : a MIxS extension defining a minimum information standard for sequence data from the built environment (2014)

Glass, Elizabeth M. ; Dribinsky, Yekaterina ; Yilmaz, Pelin ; [weitere]

Nature Publishing Group

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Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-26

Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2013. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in ISME Journal 8 (2014): 1-3, doi:10.1038/ismej.2013.176.

Beschreibung: The need for metadata standards for microbe sampling in the built environment.

Beschreibung: We would like to thank the Alfred P Sloan Foundation grant FP047325-01-PR for support for this project.

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A reversal of fortunes : climate change ‘winners’ and ‘losers’ in Antarctic Peninsula penguins (2014)

Clucas, Gemma V. ; Dunn, Michael J. ; Dyke, Gareth ; [weitere]

Nature Publishing Group

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Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-26

Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2014. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Scientific Reports 4 (2014): 5024, doi:10.1038/srep05024.

Beschreibung: Climate change is a major threat to global biodiversity. Antarctic ecosystems are no exception. Investigating past species responses to climatic events can distinguish natural from anthropogenic impacts. Climate change produces ‘winners’, species that benefit from these events and ‘losers’, species that decline or become extinct. Using molecular techniques, we assess the demographic history and population structure of Pygoscelis penguins in the Scotia Arc related to climate warming after the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM). All three pygoscelid penguins responded positively to post-LGM warming by expanding from glacial refugia, with those breeding at higher latitudes expanding most. Northern (Pygoscelis papua papua) and Southern (Pygoscelis papua ellsworthii) gentoo sub-species likely diverged during the LGM. Comparing historical responses with the literature on current trends, we see Southern gentoo penguins are responding to current warming as they did during post-LGM warming, expanding their range southwards. Conversely, Adélie and chinstrap penguins are experiencing a ‘reversal of fortunes’ as they are now declining in the Antarctic Peninsula, the opposite of their response to post-LGM warming. This suggests current climate warming has decoupled historic population responses in the Antarctic Peninsula, favoring generalist gentoo penguins as climate change ‘winners’, while Adélie and chinstrap penguins have become climate change ‘losers’.

Beschreibung: We thank the Zoological Society of London, Quark Expeditions, Exodus Travels ltd., Oceanites, the Holly Hill Charitable Trust, the Charities Advisory Trust and an U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF) Office of Polar Programs grant (ANT-0739575) for funding.

Schlagwort(e): Climate-change ecology ; Molecular ecology ; Molecular evolution ; Population genetics

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Horizontal eddy energy flux in the world oceans diagnosed from altimetry data (2014)

Xu, Chi ; Shang, Xiao-Dong ; Huang, Rui Xin

Nature Publishing Group

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Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-26

Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2014. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Scientific Reports 4 (2014): 5316, doi:10.1038/srep05316.

Beschreibung: During the propagation of coherent mesoscale eddies, they directly or indirectly induce many effects and interactions at different scales, implying eddies are actually serving as a kind of energy carrier or energy source for these eddy-related dynamic processes. To quantify this dynamically significant energy flow, the multi-year averaged horizontal eddy energy fluxes (EEFs) were estimated by using satellite altimetry data and a two-layer model based on hydrographic climatology. There is a strong net westward transport of eddy energy estimated at the mean value of ~13.3 GW north of 5°N and ~14.6 GW at the band 5°S ~ 44°S in the Southern Hemisphere. However, poleward of 44°S east-propagating eddies carry their energy eastward with an averaged net flux of ~3.2 GW. If confirmed, it would signify that geostrophic eddies not only contain the most of oceanic kinetic energy (KE), but also carry and spread a significant amount of energy with them.

Beschreibung: This study is supported by Grants XDA11010202, 2011CB403505, 2013CB430303; Projects 41306016, U1033002, 40976021 of NNSFC and LTOZZ1304.

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Oceanography : oxygen and climate dynamics (2014)

Doney, Scott C. ; Karnauskas, Kristopher B.

Nature Publishing Group

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Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-26

Beschreibung: Author Posting. © The Author(s), 2014. This is the author's version of the work. It is posted here by permission of Nature Publishing Group for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Nature Climate Change 4 (2014): 862-863, doi:10.1038/nclimate2386.

Beschreibung: Low oxygen levels in tropical oceans shape marine ecosystems and biogeochemistry with climate change expected to expand these regions. Now, a study indicates that regional dynamics control tropical oxygen trends, bucking projected global reductions in ocean oxygen.

Beschreibung: 2015-03-25

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Inner-shelf circulation and sediment dynamics on a series of shoreface-connected ridges offshore of Fire Island, NY (2014)

Warner, John C. ; List, Jeffrey H. ; Schwab, William C. ; [weitere]

Springer

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Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-26

Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2014. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Ocean Dynamics 64 (2014): 1767-1781, doi:10.1007/s10236-014-0781-y.

Beschreibung: Locations along the inner-continental shelf offshore of Fire Island, NY, are characterized by a series of shoreface-connected ridges (SFCRs). These sand ridges have approximate dimensions of 10 km in length, 3 km spacing, and up to ∼8 m ridge to trough relief and are oriented obliquely at approximately 30° clockwise from the coastline. Stability analysis from previous studies explains how sand ridges such as these could be formed and maintained by storm-driven flows directed alongshore with a key maintenance mechanism of offshore deflected flows over ridge crests and onshore in the troughs. We examine these processes both with a limited set of idealized numerical simulations and analysis of observational data. Model results confirm that alongshore flows over the SFCRs exhibit offshore veering of currents over the ridge crests and onshore-directed flows in the troughs, and demonstrate the opposite circulation pattern for a reverse wind. To further investigate these maintenance processes, oceanographic instruments were deployed at seven sites on the SFCRs offshore of Fire Island to measure water levels, ocean currents, waves, suspended sediment concentrations, and bottom stresses from January to April 2012. Data analysis reveals that during storms with winds from the northeast, the processes of offshore deflection of currents over ridge crests and onshore in the troughs were observed, and during storm events with winds from the southwest, a reverse flow pattern over the ridges occurred. Computations of suspended sediment fluxes identify periods that are consistent with SFCR maintenance mechanisms. Alongshore winds from the northeast drove fluxes offshore on the ridge crest and onshore in the trough that would tend to promote ridge maintenance. However, alongshore winds from the southwest drove opposite circulations. The wind fields are related to different storm types that occur in the region (low-pressure systems, cold fronts, and warm fronts). From the limited data set, we identify that low-pressure systems drive sediment fluxes that tend to promote stability and maintain the SFCRs while cold front type storms appear to drive circulations that are in the opposite sense and may not be a supporting mechanism for ridge maintenance.

Beschreibung: This research was funded by the U.S. Geological Survey, Coastal and Marine Geology Program, and conducted by the Coastal Change Processes Project.

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Extreme diving behaviour in devil rays links surface waters and the deep ocean (2014)

Thorrold, Simon R. ; Afonso, Pedro ; Fontes, Jorge ; [weitere]

Nature Publishing Group

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Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-26

Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2014. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Nature Communications 5 (2014): 4274, doi:10.1038/ncomms5274.

Beschreibung: Ecological connections between surface waters and the deep ocean remain poorly studied despite the high biomass of fishes and squids residing at depths beyond the euphotic zone. These animals likely support pelagic food webs containing a suite of predators that include commercially important fishes and marine mammals. Here we deploy pop-up satellite archival transmitting tags on 15 Chilean devil rays (Mobula tarapacana) in the central North Atlantic Ocean, which provide movement patterns of individuals for up to 9 months. Devil rays were considered surface dwellers but our data reveal individuals descending at speeds up to 6.0 m s−1 to depths of almost 2,000 m and water temperatures 〈4 °C. The shape of the dive profiles suggests that the rays are foraging at these depths in deep scattering layers. Our results provide evidence of an important link between predators in the surface ocean and forage species occupying pelagic habitats below the euphotic zone in ocean ecosystems.

Beschreibung: This research was partially supported by the Portuguese Foundation for Science and Technology/Ministry of Education and Science (FCT/MCTES-MEC) through individual support to P.A. (Cieˆncia 2008/POPH/QREN) and J.F. (SFRH/BPD/66532/2009) and the LARSyS Strategic Project (PEst/OE/EEI/LA00009/2011). This study was support by the US National Science Foundation (OCE 0825148 to S.R.T. and G.B.S.), The Harrison Foundation, Rodney and Elizabeth Berens, the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (baseline research funds to M.L.B.) and the Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution.

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Antarctic-wide array of high-resolution ice core records reveals pervasive lead pollution began in 1889 and persists today (2014)

McConnell, Joseph R. ; Maselli, Olivia J. ; Sigl, Michael ; [weitere]

Nature Publishing Group

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Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-26

Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2014. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Scientific Reports 4 (2014): 5848, doi:10.1038/srep05848.

Beschreibung: Interior Antarctica is among the most remote places on Earth and was thought to be beyond the reach of human impacts when Amundsen and Scott raced to the South Pole in 1911. Here we show detailed measurements from an extensive array of 16 ice cores quantifying substantial toxic heavy metal lead pollution at South Pole and throughout Antarctica by 1889 – beating polar explorers by more than 22 years. Unlike the Arctic where lead pollution peaked in the 1970s, lead pollution in Antarctica was as high in the early 20th century as at any time since industrialization. The similar timing and magnitude of changes in lead deposition across Antarctica, as well as the characteristic isotopic signature of Broken Hill lead found throughout the continent, suggest that this single emission source in southern Australia was responsible for the introduction of lead pollution into Antarctica at the end of the 19th century and remains a significant source today. An estimated 660 t of industrial lead have been deposited over Antarctica during the past 130 years as a result of mid-latitude industrial emissions, with regional-to-global scale circulation likely modulating aerosol concentrations. Despite abatement efforts, significant lead pollution in Antarctica persists into the 21st century.

Beschreibung: This work primarily was supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation Division of Polar Programs (research grants 9903744, 0538427, 0538416, 0968391, 1142166, 0632031; instrument grants 0216552, 0421412).

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A framework for the probabilistic analysis of meteotsunamis (2014)

Geist, Eric L. ; ten Brink, Uri S. ; Gove, Matthew

Springer

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Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-26

Beschreibung: This paper is not subject to U.S. copyright. The definitive version was published in Natural Hazards 74 (2014): 123-142, doi:10.1007/s11069-014-1294-1.

Beschreibung: A probabilistic technique is developed to assess the hazard from meteotsunamis. Meteotsunamis are unusual sea-level events, generated when the speed of an atmospheric pressure or wind disturbance is comparable to the phase speed of long waves in the ocean. A general aggregation equation is proposed for the probabilistic analysis, based on previous frameworks established for both tsunamis and storm surges, incorporating different sources and source parameters of meteotsunamis. Parameterization of atmospheric disturbances and numerical modeling is performed for the computation of maximum meteotsunami wave amplitudes near the coast. A historical record of pressure disturbances is used to establish a continuous analytic distribution of each parameter as well as the overall Poisson rate of occurrence. A demonstration study is presented for the northeast U.S. in which only isolated atmospheric pressure disturbances from squall lines and derechos are considered. For this study, Automated Surface Observing System stations are used to determine the historical parameters of squall lines from 2000 to 2013. The probabilistic equations are implemented using a Monte Carlo scheme, where a synthetic catalog of squall lines is compiled by sampling the parameter distributions. For each entry in the catalog, ocean wave amplitudes are computed using a numerical hydrodynamic model. Aggregation of the results from the Monte Carlo scheme results in a meteotsunami hazard curve that plots the annualized rate of exceedance with respect to maximum event amplitude for a particular location along the coast. Results from using multiple synthetic catalogs, resampled from the parent parameter distributions, yield mean and quantile hazard curves. Further refinements and improvements for probabilistic analysis of meteotsunamis are discussed.

Schlagwort(e): Meteotsunami ; Probabilistic analysis ; Squall line ; Derecho ; Shallow-water wave ; Linear long wave

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Volatile (F and Cl) concentrations in Iwate olivine-hosted melt inclusions indicating low-temperature subduction (2014)

Rose-Koga, Estelle F. ; Koga, Kenneth T. ; Hamada, Morihisa ; [weitere]

Springer

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Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-26

Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2014. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Earth, Planets and Space 66 (2014): 81, doi:10.1186/1880-5981-66-81.

Beschreibung: Investigation of olivine-hosted melt inclusions provides information about the abundance of volatile elements that are often lost during subaerial eruptions of lavas. We have measured the abundances of H2O, CO2, F, Cl, and S as well as Pb isotopes in 29 melt inclusions in the scoria of the 1686 eruption of the Iwate volcano, a frontal-arc volcano in the northeast Japan arc. Pb Isotope compositions identify that Iwate magma is derived from a mixture of depleted mantle, subducted basalt, and sediment. Systematics of F in comparison to MORB and other arc magma indicates that (1) the slab surface temperature must be among the lowest on Earth and (2) hydrous minerals, such as amphibole, humites, and/or mica, must be present as residual phases during the dehydration of the slab.

Beschreibung: The authors acknowledge financial support from the French Agence Nationale de la Recherche (projects: SlabFlux grant no. ANR 2009 Blanc 0338 and DegazMag, grant no. ANR 2011 Blanc SIMI 5-6 003). This research was financed by the French Government Laboratory of Excellence initiative no. ANR-10-LABX-0006, the Région Auvergne, and the European Regional Development Fund.

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How unique was Hurricane Sandy? Sedimentary reconstructions of extreme flooding from New York Harbor (2014)

Brandon, Christine M. ; Woodruff, Jonathan D. ; Donnelly, Jeffrey P. ; [weitere]

Nature Publishing Group

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Publikationsdatum: 2022-05-26

Beschreibung: © The Author(s), 2014. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Scientific Reports 4 (2014): 7366, doi:10.1038/srep07366.

Beschreibung: The magnitude of flooding in New York City by Hurricane Sandy is commonly believed to be extremely rare, with estimated return periods near or greater than 1000 years. However, the brevity of tide gauge records result in significant uncertainties when estimating the uniqueness of such an event. Here we compare resultant deposition by Hurricane Sandy to earlier storm-induced flood layers in order to extend records of flooding to the city beyond the instrumental dataset. Inversely modeled storm conditions from grain size trends show that a more compact yet more intense hurricane in 1821 CE probably resulted in a similar storm tide and a significantly larger storm surge. Our results indicate the occurrence of additional flood events like Hurricane Sandy in recent centuries, and highlight the inadequacies of the instrumental record in estimating current flood risk by such extreme events.

Beschreibung: Funding for this work was provided by the Hudson River Foundation Expedited Grant #004/12E, the Hudson River Foundation Graduate Fellowship 02–13, the National Science Foundation (RAPID grant #1313859 and instrument and facility support via grant IF-0949313), and the Dalio Explore Fund.

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Activity-dependent PI(3,5)P2synthesis controls AMPA receptor trafficking during synaptic depression (2014)

McCartney, Amber J. ; Zolov, Sergey N. ; Kauffman, Emily J. ; [weitere]

National Academy of Sciences

In: PNAS - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2014; 111(45): E4896-E4905. Published 2014 Oct 29. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1411117111.

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Publikationsdatum: 2014-10-29

Print ISSN: 0027-8424

Digitale ISSN: 1091-6490

Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft

Publiziert von National Academy of Sciences

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Neuronal mechanism for acute mechanosensitivity in tactile-foraging waterfowl (2014)

Schneider, E. R. ; Mastrotto, M. ; Laursen, W. J. ; [weitere]

National Academy of Sciences

In: PNAS - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2014; 111(41): 14941-14946. Published 2014 Sep 22. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1413656111.

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Publikationsdatum: 2014-09-22

Print ISSN: 0027-8424

Digitale ISSN: 1091-6490

Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft

Publiziert von National Academy of Sciences

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11 -HSD1 is the major regulator of the tissue-specific effects of circulating glucocorticoid excess (2014)

Morgan, S. A. ; McCabe, E. L. ; Gathercole, L. L. ; [weitere]

National Academy of Sciences

In: PNAS - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2014; 111(24): E2482-E2491. Published 2014 Jun 02. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1323681111.

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Publikationsdatum: 2014-06-02

Print ISSN: 0027-8424

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Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft

Publiziert von National Academy of Sciences

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Expanding the detectable HLA peptide repertoire using electron-transfer/higher-energy collision dissociation (EThcD) (2014)

Mommen, G. P. M. ; Frese, C. K. ; Meiring, H. D. ; [weitere]

National Academy of Sciences

In: PNAS - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2014; 111(12): 4507-4512. Published 2014 Mar 10. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1321458111.

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Publikationsdatum: 2014-03-10

Print ISSN: 0027-8424

Digitale ISSN: 1091-6490

Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft

Publiziert von National Academy of Sciences

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Differential impairment of aspirin-dependent platelet cyclooxygenase acetylation by nonsteroidal antiinflammatory drugs (2014)

Li, Xuanwen ; Fries, Susanne ; Li, Ruizhi ; [weitere]

National Academy of Sciences

In: PNAS - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2014; 111(47): 16830-16835. Published 2014 Nov 10. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1406997111.

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Publikationsdatum: 2014-11-10

Print ISSN: 0027-8424

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Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft

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Agonists of growth hormone-releasing hormone stimulate self-renewal of cardiac stem cells and promote their survival (2014)

Florea, Victoria ; Majid, Sonia S. ; Kanashiro-Takeuchi, Rosemeire M. ; [weitere]

National Academy of Sciences

In: PNAS - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2014; 111(48): 17260-17265. Published 2014 Nov 17. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1420375111.

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Publikationsdatum: 2014-11-17

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Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft

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Sexually dimorphic expression ofMafbregulates masculinization of the embryonic urethral formation (2014)

Suzuki, Kentaro ; Numata, Tomokazu ; Suzuki, Hiroko ; [weitere]

National Academy of Sciences

In: PNAS - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2014; 111(46): 16407-16412. Published 2014 Oct 31. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1413273111.

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Publikationsdatum: 2014-10-31

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Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft

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Human infrared vision is triggered by two-photon chromophore isomerization (2014)

Palczewska, Grazyna ; Vinberg, Frans ; Stremplewski, Patrycjusz ; [weitere]

National Academy of Sciences

In: PNAS - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2014; 111(50): E5445-E5454. Published 2014 Dec 01. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1410162111.

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Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-01

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Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft

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Sex disparity in colonic adenomagenesis involves promotion by male hormones, not protection by female hormones (2014)

Amos-Landgraf, James M. ; Heijmans, Jarom ; Wielenga, Mattheus C. B. ; [weitere]

National Academy of Sciences

In: PNAS - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2014; 111(46): 16514-16519. Published 2014 Nov 03. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1323064111.

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Publikationsdatum: 2014-11-03

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Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft

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Multifunctionality does not imply that all functions are positively correlated (2014)

Byrnes, Jarrett ; Lefcheck, Jonathan S. ; Gamfeldt, Lars ; [weitere]

National Academy of Sciences

In: PNAS - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2014; 111(51): E5490-E5490. Published 2014 Dec 05. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1419515112.

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Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-05

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Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft

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Atg16L1 T300A variant decreases selective autophagy resulting in altered cytokine signaling and decreased antibacterial defense (2014)

Lassen, K. G. ; Kuballa, P. ; Conway, K. L. ; [weitere]

National Academy of Sciences

In: PNAS - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2014; 111(21): 7741-7746. Published 2014 May 12. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1407001111.

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Publikationsdatum: 2014-05-12

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Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft

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Arabidopsis ABCG14 is essential for the root-to-shoot translocation of cytokinin (2014)

Ko, D. ; Kang, J. ; Kiba, T. ; [weitere]

National Academy of Sciences

In: PNAS - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2014; 111(19): 7150-7155. Published 2014 Apr 28. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1321519111.

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Publikationsdatum: 2014-04-28

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Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft

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Macrophage arginase-1 controls bacterial growth and pathology in hypoxic tuberculosis granulomas (2014)

Duque-Correa, M. A. ; Kuhl, A. A. ; Rodriguez, P. C. ; [weitere]

National Academy of Sciences

In: PNAS - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2014; 111(38): E4024-E4032. Published 2014 Sep 08. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1408839111.

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Publikationsdatum: 2014-09-08

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Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft

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Peptide and small molecule inhibitors of HECT-type ubiquitin ligases (2014)

Mund, Thomas ; Lewis, Michael J. ; Maslen, Sarah ; [weitere]

National Academy of Sciences

In: PNAS - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2014; 111(47): 16736-16741. Published 2014 Nov 10. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1412152111.

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Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft

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Specific collagen XVIII isoforms promote adipose tissue accrual via mechanisms determining adipocyte number and affect fat deposition (2014)

Aikio, M. ; Elamaa, H. ; Vicente, D. ; [weitere]

National Academy of Sciences

In: PNAS - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2014; 111(30): E3043-E3052. Published 2014 Jul 14. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1405879111.

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Publikationsdatum: 2014-07-14

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Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft

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Pulque production from fermented agave sap as a dietary supplement in Prehispanic Mesoamerica (2014)

Correa-Ascencio, Marisol ; Robertson, Ian G. ; Cabrera-Cortés, Oralia ; [weitere]

National Academy of Sciences

In: PNAS - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2014; 111(39): 14223-14228. Published 2014 Sep 15. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1408339111.

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Publikationsdatum: 2014-09-15

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Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft

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C3 opsonization regulates endocytic handling of apoptotic cells resulting in enhanced T-cell responses to cargo-derived antigens (2014)

Baudino, L. ; Sardini, A. ; Ruseva, M. M. ; [weitere]

National Academy of Sciences

In: PNAS - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2014; 111(4): 1503-1508. Published 2014 Jan 13. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1316877111.

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Publikationsdatum: 2014-01-13

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Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft

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Network measures predict neuropsychological outcome after brain injury (2014)

Warren, David E. ; Power, Jonathan D. ; Bruss, Joel ; [weitere]

National Academy of Sciences

In: PNAS - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2014; 111(39): 14247-14252. Published 2014 Sep 15. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1322173111.

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Publikationsdatum: 2014-09-15

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Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft

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Intestinal myofibroblast-specific Tpl2-Cox-2-PGE2 pathway links innate sensing to epithelial homeostasis (2014)

Roulis, M. ; Nikolaou, C. ; Kotsaki, E. ; [weitere]

National Academy of Sciences

In: PNAS - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2014; 111(43): E4658-E4667. Published 2014 Oct 14. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1415762111.

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Publikationsdatum: 2014-10-14

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Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft

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A seismologically consistent compositional model of Earth's core (2014)

Badro, J. ; Cote, A. S. ; Brodholt, J. P.

National Academy of Sciences

In: PNAS - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2014; 111(21): 7542-7545. Published 2014 May 12. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1316708111.

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Publikationsdatum: 2014-05-12

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Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft

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82

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Nucleation of shear bands in amorphous alloys (2014)

Perepezko, J. H. ; Imhoff, S. D. ; Chen, M.-W. ; [weitere]

National Academy of Sciences

In: PNAS - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2014; 111(11): 3938-3942. Published 2014 Mar 04. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1321518111.

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Publikationsdatum: 2014-03-04

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Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft

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TLR8 on dendritic cells and TLR9 on B cells restrain TLR7-mediated spontaneous autoimmunity in C57BL/6 mice (2014)

Desnues, B. ; Macedo, A. B. ; Roussel-Queval, A. ; [weitere]

National Academy of Sciences

In: PNAS - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2014; 111(4): 1497-1502. Published 2014 Jan 13. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1314121111.

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Stoichiometry and geometry of the CXC chemokine receptor 4 complex with CXC ligand 12: Molecular modeling and experimental validation (2014)

Kufareva, Irina ; Stephens, Bryan S. ; Holden, Lauren G. ; [weitere]

National Academy of Sciences

In: PNAS - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2014; 111(50): E5363-E5372. Published 2014 Dec 02. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1417037111.

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Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-02

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Zinc transporter SLC39A10/ZIP10 controls humoral immunity by modulating B-cell receptor signal strength (2014)

Hojyo, S. ; Miyai, T. ; Fujishiro, H. ; [weitere]

National Academy of Sciences

In: PNAS - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2014; 111(32): 11786-11791. Published 2014 Jul 29. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1323557111.

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Publikationsdatum: 2014-07-29

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86

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Asymmetric hindwing foldings in rove beetles (2014)

Saito, Kazuya ; Yamamoto, Shuhei ; Maruyama, Munetoshi ; [weitere]

National Academy of Sciences

In: PNAS - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2014; 111(46): 16349-16352. Published 2014 Nov 03. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1409468111.

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Publikationsdatum: 2014-11-03

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Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft

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Neuromolecular responses to social challenge: Common mechanisms across mouse, stickleback fish, and honey bee (2014)

Rittschof, Clare C. ; Bukhari, Syed Abbas ; Sloofman, Laura G. ; [weitere]

National Academy of Sciences

In: PNAS - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2014; 111(50): 17929-17934. Published 2014 Dec 01. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1420369111.

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Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-01

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Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft

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Hominoid-specific enzyme GLUD2 promotes growth ofIDH1R132Hglioma (2014)

Chen, Ruihuan ; Nishimura, Merry C. ; Kharbanda, Samir ; [weitere]

National Academy of Sciences

In: PNAS - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2014; 111(39): 14217-14222. Published 2014 Sep 15. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1409653111.

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Publikationsdatum: 2014-09-15

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Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft

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Cyclin D2 is a GATA4 cofactor in cardiogenesis (2014)

Yamak, A. ; Latinkic, B. V. ; Dali, R. ; [weitere]

National Academy of Sciences

In: PNAS - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2014; 111(4): 1415-1420. Published 2014 Jan 13. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1312993111.

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Publikationsdatum: 2014-01-13

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Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft

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90

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Overactive cannabinoid 1 receptor in podocytes drives type 2 diabetic nephropathy (2014)

Jourdan, Tony ; Szanda, Gergő ; Rosenberg, Avi Z. ; [weitere]

National Academy of Sciences

In: PNAS - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2014; 111(50): E5420-E5428. Published 2014 Nov 24. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1419901111.

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Publikationsdatum: 2014-11-24

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Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft

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91

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The Toll/NF-κB signaling pathway is required for epidermal wound repair inDrosophila (2014)

Carvalho, Lara ; Jacinto, António ; Matova, Nina

National Academy of Sciences

In: PNAS - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2014; 111(50): E5373-E5382. Published 2014 Nov 26. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1408224111.

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No evidence for intracellular magnetite in putative vertebrate magnetoreceptors identified by magnetic screening (2014)

Edelman, Nathaniel B. ; Fritz, Tanja ; Nimpf, Simon ; [weitere]

National Academy of Sciences

In: PNAS - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2014; 112(1): 262-267. Published 2014 Dec 22. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1407915112.

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Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-22

Beschreibung: The cellular basis of the magnetic sense remains an unsolved scientific mystery. One theory that aims to explain how animals detect the magnetic field is the magnetite hypothesis. It argues that intracellular crystals of the iron oxide magnetite (Fe3O4) are coupled to mechanosensitive channels that elicit neuronal activity in specialized sensory cells. Attempts to find these primary sensors have largely relied on the Prussian Blue stain that labels cells rich in ferric iron. This method has proved problematic as it has led investigators to conflate iron-rich macrophages with magnetoreceptors. An alternative approach developed by Eder et al. [Eder SH, et al. (2012) Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 109(30):12022–12027] is to identify candidate magnetoreceptive cells based on their magnetic moment. Here, we explore the utility of this method by undertaking a screen for magnetic cells in the pigeon. We report the identification of a small number of cells (1 in 476,000) with large magnetic moments (8–106 fAm2) from various tissues. The development of single-cell correlative light and electron microscopy (CLEM) coupled with electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS) and energy-filtered transmission electron microscopy (EFTEM) permitted subcellular analysis of magnetic cells. This revealed the presence of extracellular structures composed of iron, titanium, and chromium accounting for the magnetic properties of these cells. Application of single-cell CLEM to magnetic cells from the trout failed to identify any intracellular structures consistent with biogenically derived magnetite. Our work illustrates the need for new methods to test the magnetite hypothesis of magnetosensation.

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A dual role for planar cell polarity genes in ciliated cells (2014)

Boutin, C. ; Labedan, P. ; Dimidschstein, J. ; [weitere]

National Academy of Sciences

In: PNAS - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2014; 111(30): E3129-E3138. Published 2014 Jul 14. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1404988111.

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Publikationsdatum: 2014-07-14

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Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft

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RNA-guided endonuclease provides a therapeutic strategy to cure latent herpesviridae infection (2014)

Wang, J. ; Quake, S. R.

National Academy of Sciences

In: PNAS - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2014; 111(36): 13157-13162. Published 2014 Aug 25. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1410785111.

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Publikationsdatum: 2014-08-25

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Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft

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Mechanism by which a recently discovered allosteric inhibitor blocks glutamine metabolism in transformed cells (2014)

Stalnecker, Clint A. ; Ulrich, Scott M. ; Li, Yunxing ; [weitere]

National Academy of Sciences

In: PNAS - Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America. 2014; 112(2): 394-399. Published 2014 Dec 29. doi: 10.1073/pnas.1414056112.

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Publikationsdatum: 2014-12-29

Beschreibung: The mitochondrial enzyme glutaminase C (GAC) catalyzes the hydrolysis of glutamine to glutamate plus ammonia, a key step in the metabolism of glutamine by cancer cells. Recently, we discovered a class of allosteric inhibitors of GAC that inhibit cancer cell growth without affecting their normal cellular counterparts, with the lead compound being the bromo-benzophenanthridinone 968. Here, we take advantage of mouse embryonic fibroblasts transformed by oncogenic Dbl, which hyperactivates Rho GTPases, together with 13C-labeled glutamine and stable-isotope tracing methods, to establish that 968 selectively blocks the enhancement in glutaminolysis necessary for satisfying the glutamine addiction of cancer cells. We then determine how 968 inhibits the catalytic activity of GAC. First, we developed a FRET assay to examine the effects of 968 on the ability of GAC to undergo the dimer-to-tetramer transition necessary for enzyme activation. We next demonstrate how the fluorescence of a reporter group attached to GAC provides a direct read-out of the binding of 968 and related compounds to the enzyme. By combining these fluorescence assays with newly developed GAC mutants trapped in either the monomeric or dimeric state, we show that 968 has the highest affinity for monomeric GAC and that the dose-dependent binding of 968 to GAC monomers directly matches its dose-dependent inhibition of enzyme activity and cellular transformation. Together, these findings highlight the requirement of tetramer formation as the mechanism of GAC activation and shed new light on how a distinct class of allosteric GAC inhibitors impacts the metabolic program of transformed cells.

Print ISSN: 0027-8424

Digitale ISSN: 1091-6490

Thema: Biologie , Medizin , Allgemeine Naturwissenschaft

Publiziert von National Academy of Sciences

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