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  • EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING  (3,277)
  • 2020-2024
  • 1980-1984  (3,277)
  • 1930-1934
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Years
Year
  • 101
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    Studies of optical and biological properties of terrestrial land cover using multispectral linear array technology (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A series of experiments to study the optical and biological properties of terrestrial land cover are planned for late 1987 using a six-channel imaging spectroradiometer based on newly developed multispectral linear array (MLA) detector technology. Data from selected portions of the Sahel and rain forests of Africa and South America will be used to delineate biomass classes and estimate spherical albedos. A spatial resolution of 15 meters in the four visible-near IR channels and 30 meters in two shortwave IR channels, including a 'new' channel centered at 1.24 micrometers when combined with a spectral width of 20 nm for all channels, will be used to investigate possible improvements in land cover classification. Technology demonstrations include a test of data compression on data quality, the first spaceborne utilization of short wave infrared Schottky barrier Pd2Si detector arrays, and the use of close-butted, multi-array modules with attached spectral filters.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 102
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    Inversion of vegetation canopy reflectance models for estimating agronomic variables. V - Estimation of leaf area index and average leaf angle using measured canopy reflectances (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment (ISSN 0034-4257); 16; 69-85
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  • 103
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    Effects of corn stalk orientation and water content on passive microwave sensing of soil moisture (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A field experiment was conducted utilizing artificial arrangements of plant components during the summer of 1982 to examine the effects of corn canopy structure and plant water content on microwave emission. Truck-mounted microwave radiometers at C (5 GHz) and L (1.4 GHz) band sensed vertically and horizontally polarized radiation concurrent with ground observations of soil moisture and vegetation parameters. Results indicate that the orientation of cut stalks and the distribution of their dielectric properties through the canopy layer can influence the microwave emission measured from a vegetation/soil scene. The magnitude of this effect varies with polarization and frequency and with the amount of water in the plant, disappearing at low levels of vegetation water content. Although many of the canopy structures and orientations studied in this experiment are somewhat artificial, they serve to improve understanding of microwave energy interactions within a vegetation canopy and to aid in the development of appropriate physically based vegetation models.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment (ISSN 0034-4257); 16; 55-67
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  • 104
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    Geologic mapping using thermal images (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Thermal radiance data from the Heat Capacity Mapping Mission (HCMM) satellite has been used to measure surface reflectance data and to provide additional material composition information through remote sensing. The primary goal was to investigate the utility of HCMM data for geologic applications. Three techniques were used for displaying and combining thermal and visible near infrared (VNIR) data for two desert areas in southern California (Trona and Pisgah): color additive composites (CAC) for day and night IR and day VNIR, principal components, and calculation of thermal inertia images. The HCMM thermal data were more effective than Landsat data in producing separation of compositionally different areas including volcanic and intrusive rocks. The satellite CAC data produced an image for a 1 x 2 degree area, and the color picture was enlarged to a scale of 1:250,000. Playa composition, moisture content, presence of standing water, and vegetation cover were displayed in a variety of colors according to physical characteristics. Areas such as sand dunes were not distinguishable because of the coarse 500-mm HCMM resolution. HCMM thermal data have shown a new dimension to geologic remote sensing, and future satellite missions should allow the continued development of the thermal infrared data for geology.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment (ISSN 0034-4257); 16; 13-33
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  • 105
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    Improvements in forest classification and inventory using remotely sensed data (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A Forest Classification and Inventory System (Focis) has been developed for large area forest inventories on the basis of Landsat and digital terrain data. It is a potential advantage of Focis that it can provide timely inventories at a reduced cost which are easily updated. The Klamath National Forest in Northern California was employed as test area for the initial development of Focis. Focis is constantly being changed and improved. Two recent additions to the inventory system include a spatial filtering algorithm which improves the spatial coherence in the final classified image, and a modification to the classification procedure designed to reduce the adverse effects of local topography on classification accuracy. Attention is given to a Focis overview, spatial filtering, the interface with the forest service geographic information system, and efforts to reduce the influence of topography.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 106
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    Research in satellite-aided crop forecasting (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Evaluations of remote sensing procedures developed specifically to estimate non-U.S. spring small grains area show accuracies of less than 10 percent relative difference to reference statistics for North Dakota in 1978 and good comparison with 9000 square miles of observations over four states and Saskatchewan, Canada during the years 1976-79. Processing a 5 x 6-nautical-mile sample site requires a few minutes manual time and a few minutes central processing unit time on an AS-3000 computer. Evaluations of summer crop, corn, and soybeans area estimates show unbiased summer crops estimates in the U.S. central corn belt but significant bias in one of two years for area estimates of corn and soybeans. Based on results to date, a highly automated corn/sorghum/soybean area estimation procedure should be achieved that is applicable to Argentina.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 107
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    Geobotanical discrimination of ultramafic parent materials An evaluation of remote sensing techniques (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Color and color infrared aerial photography and imagery acquired from a Daedalus DEI-1260 multispectral airborne scanner were employed in an investigation to discriminate ultramafic rock types in a test site in southwest Oregon. An analysis of the relationships between vegetation characteristics and parent materials was performed using a vegetation classification and map developed for the project, lithologic information derived from published geologic maps of the region, and terrain information gathered in the field. Several analytical methods, including visual image analysis, band ratioing, principal components analysis, and contrast enhancement and subsequent color composite generation were used in the investigation. There was a close correspondence between vegetation types and major rock types. These were readily discriminated by the remote sensing techniques. It was found that ultramafic rock types were separable from non-ultramafic rock types and serpentine was distinguishable from non-serpentinized peridotite. Further investigations involving spectroradiometric and digital classification techniques are being performed to further identify rock types and to discriminate chromium and nickel-bearing rock types.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 108
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    Determining soil moisture from geosynchronous satellite infrared data - A feasibility study (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Numerical modelling results are reported from a pilot study investigating the feasibility of developing a technique for daily soil moisture measurement throughout the world, based on GOES infrared data. A detailed one-dimensional boundary layer-surface-soil model was used in order to determine which physical parameters observable from GOES are most sensitive to soil moisture, and which are most effected by seasonal changes, atmospheric effects and vegetation cover. The results of the sensitivity test show that the mid-morning differential of surface temperature with respect to absorbed solar radiation is optimally sensitive to soil moisture. A case study comparing model results with GOES infrared data confirms the sensitivity of this parameter to soil moisture and also confirms the applicability of the model to predicting area-averaged surface temperature changes. Model measurements of soil moisture are expected to be most accurate for dry or marginal agricultural areas where drought is common. Sources of error, including the advection of clouds, are examined and methods of minimizing error are discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology (ISSN 0733-3021); 23; 375-391
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  • 109
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    Airborne laser topographic mapping results (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The results of terrain mapping experiments utilizing the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Airborne Oceanographic Lidar (AOL) over forested areas are presented. The flight tests were conducted as part of a joint NASA/U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (CE) investigation aimed at evaluating the potential of an airborne laser ranging system to provide cross-sectional topographic data on flood plains that are difficult and expensive to survey using conventional techniques. The data described in this paper were obtained in the Wolf River Basin located near Memphis, TN. Results from surveys conducted under winter 'leaves off' and summer 'leaves on' conditions, aspects of day and night operation, and data obtained from decidous and coniferous tree types are compared. Data processing techniques are reviewed. Conclusions relative to accuracy and present limitations of the AOL, and airborne lidar systems in general, to terrain mapping over forested areas are discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0099-1112); 50; 685-694
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  • 110
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    Intensive forest clearing in Rondonia, Brazil, as detected by satellite remote sensing (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Imagery from the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration satellite's Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer sensor has been used to identify an area about 100 x 400 km in Rondonia (Brazil) where massive forest clearing or deforestation is occurring. A field study verified the area of the clearing, which is associated with a large colonization program.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment (ISSN 0034-4257); 15; 255-261
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  • 111
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    Inversion of vegetation canopy reflectance models for estimating agronomic variables. III - Estimation using only canopy reflectance data as illustrated by the suits model. IV - Total inversion of the SAIL model (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The possibility of estimating agronomic and spectral parameters for a vegetation canopy from the canopy reflectance (CR) data in the infrared region is investigated for a set of solar/view directions. It is shown that such an estimation is possible, in principle, for the Suits (1972) model for a homogeneous canopy. The technique is then applied to a more complex model, the SAIL (scattering by arbitrarily inclined leaves) model which explicitly includes the leaf angle distribution in the computation of the canopy reflectance. It is concluded that, given the expected accuracy of CR measurements and the accuracy of the SAIL model in representing CR in the infrared region, the agronomic parameters, leaf area index, and leaf angle distribution can be estimated fairly accurately using ancillary data on spectral parameters.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment (ISSN 0034-4257); 15; 223-253
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  • 112
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    Determining forest canopy characteristics using airborne laser data (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A study is reported in which a profiling laser system flown at relatively low altitudes over a forested area was used to measure various forest canopy attributes, including tree heights. An analysis of the data obtained indicates that canopy closure is most strongly related to the penetration capability of the laser pulse, with the pulses attenuated more quickly in a dense canopy. Laser estimates of the average tree heights differ by less than 1 m from the photogrammetrically acquired values. It is concluded that the laser system is suitable for remotely sensing the vertical forest canopy profile. Elements of this profile are linearly related to crown closure and can be used to assess tree height.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment (ISSN 0034-4257); 15; 201-212
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  • 113
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    Classifying northern forests using Thematic Mapper Simulator data (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Thematic Mapper Simulator data were collected over a 23,200 hectare forested area near Baxter State Park in north-central Maine. Photointerpreted ground reference information was used to drive a stratified random sampling procedure for waveband discriminant analyses and to generate training statistics and test pixel accuracies. Stepwise discriminant analyses indicated that the following bands best differentiated the thirteen level II - III cover types (in order of entry): near infrared (0.77 to 0.90 micron), blue (0.46 0.52 micron), first middle infrared (1.53 to 1.73 microns), second middle infrared (2.06 to 2.33 microsn), red (0.63 to 0.69 micron), thermal (10.32 to 12.33 microns). Classification accuracies peaked at 58 percent for thirteen level II-III land-cover classes and at 65 percent for ten level II classes.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0099-1112); 50; 607-617
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  • 114
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    Albedo of a forest modeled as a plane with dense protrusions (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An analytical model for the absorption of solar radiation by surfaces such as a pine forest or a wheat field is presented. Objectives include understanding the parameters affecting the absorption of the solar irradiance in a complex structure, and determining the influence of the direction of illumination on light trapping. The surface is treated as a Lambertian reflectivity soil-plane; thin, vertical cylinders are regarded as Lambertian reflectors. Using a dimensionless protrusion parameter based on the height and diameter of the vertical plant elements, optical characteristics (e.g., the dependence of the albedo on the solar zenith angle) of a complex structure are well quantified.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology (ISSN 0733-3021); 23; 297-307
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  • 115
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    Rapid discrimination of granitic rock compositions by low-resolution near-infrared reflectance (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The slopes of near-infrared spectra between approximately 1 and 2 microns from quartz-bearing plutonic rocks are strongly correlated with rock chemistry determined by X-ray spectrometry. The empirically derived predictive equations provide compositional data of adequate precision and resolution to discern patterns of regional geochemical variation in granitic batholithic rocks of southern California. As an analytical method, infrared spectrometry is rapid and inexpensive, and the method has potential in applications to direct field measurements and to data from aircraft and spacecraft scanner systems of relatively low spectral and spatial resolution, provided vegetative cover and surface alteration are not prohibitively masking.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 89; 2491-249
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  • 116
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    Directional reflectance factor distributions of a cotton row crop (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The directional reflectance factor distribution spanning the entire exitance hemisphere was measured for a cotton row crop (Gossypium barbadense L.) with 39 percent ground cover. Spectral directional radiances were taken in NOAA satellite 7 AVHRR bands 1 and 2 using a three-band radiometer with restricted 12 deg full angle field of view at half peak power points. Polar co-ordinate system plots of directional reflectance factor distributions and three-dimensional computer graphic plots of scattered flux were used to study the dynamics of the directional reflectance factor distribution as a function of spectral band, geometric structure of the scene, solar zenith and azimuth angles, and optical properties of the leaves and soil. The factor distribution of the incomplete row crops was highly polymodal relative to that for complete vegetation canopies. Besides the enhanced reflectance for the antisolar point, a reflectance minimum was observed towards the forwardscatter direction in the principle plane of the sun. Knowledge of the mechanics of the observed dynamics of the data may be used to provide rigorous validation for two- or three-dimensional radiative transfer models, and is important in interpreting aircraft and satellite data where the solar angle varies widely.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161); 5; 263-277
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  • 117
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    An automated land-use mapping comparison of the Bayesian maximum likelihood and linear discriminant analysis algorithms (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The Bayesian maximum likelihood parametric classifier has been tested against the data-based formulation designated 'linear discrimination analysis', using the 'GLIKE' decision and "CLASSIFY' classification algorithms in the Landsat Mapping System. Identical supervised training sets, USGS land use/land cover classes, and various combinations of Landsat image and ancilliary geodata variables, were used to compare the algorithms' thematic mapping accuracy on a single-date summer subscene, with a cellularized USGS land use map of the same time frame furnishing the ground truth reference. CLASSIFY, which accepts a priori class probabilities, is found to be more accurate than GLIKE, which assumes equal class occurrences, for all three mapping variable sets and both levels of detail. These results may be generalized to direct accuracy, time, cost, and flexibility advantages of linear discriminant analysis over Bayesian methods.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0099-1112); 50; 193-207
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  • 118
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    A laboratory investigation of a physical mechanism for the extended infrared absorption ('red shift') in wheat (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Laboratory spectral measurements, on the components of both greenhouse and field grown winter wheat, were performed to identify the component and its appropriate response which gave rise to the extended infrared absorption or 'red shift' reported by Collins. Results of this study indicated that inherent intraplant adaxial (upper) leaf reflectances were of sufficient variability to suggest that an admixture of mechanisms may have utility on identifying the booting and head emergence stages in the life cycle of wheat. The physical mechanism for the shift was found to be relatively independent of the inherent variability in leaf spectra, and to be dependent upon the difference in the mode of deposition of cuticle upon the abaxial (lower) surface relative to that of the adaxial (upper) surface, the position of the flag leaf, and thus the surface exposed to the incident light during heading and after emergence of the head.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161); 5; 95-102
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  • 119
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    Landsat Thematic Mapper studies of land cover spatial variability related to hydrology (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Past accomplishments involving remote sensing based land-cover analysis for hydrologic applications are reviewed. Ongoing research in exploiting the increased spatial, radiometric, and spectral capabilities afforded by the TM on Landsats 4 and 5 is considered. Specific studies to compare MSS and TM for urbanizing watersheds, wetlands, and floodplain mapping situations show that only a modest improvement in classification accuracy is achieved via statistical per pixel multispectral classifiers. The limitations of current approaches to multispectral classification are illustrated. The objectives, background, and progress in the development of an alternative analysis approach for defining inputs to urban hydrologic models using TM are discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 4; 11, 1
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  • 120
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    Measuring spectra of arid lands (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The principles, instrumentation and data acquisition and interpretation techniques employed in multispectral remote sensing for geological applications are surveyed. Sensing is based on exact measurements of electromagnetic radiation interacting with atoms and molecules in the sensed scene. Absorbed radiation can be used to identify elements in the near-IR bands and emitted or reflected energy can be sensed in the mid- and far-IR. Sunlight normally serves as the exciting source. Wavelength absorptance and emittance characteristics are distinct for the various elements and molecules such as transition metal ions, water, carbonates, etc. The bands for identifying different materials are determined in the laboratory, followed by ground truth field tests. Several hand-held radiometers and spectrometers have been developed for the field trials. Each instrument usually has a limited detection range and serves for developing a data base for subtle distinctions among contiguous minerals with similar radiometric signatures. The data serve for calibrating first airborne and then satellite sensors, e.g., the Landsat MSS and Thematic Mapper. Instruments are also being tested using the Orbiter as the test platform.
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  • 121
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    Optimal directional view angles for remote-sensing missions (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The present investigation is concerned with the directional, off-nadir viewing of terrestrial scenes using remote-sensing systems from aircraft and satellite platforms, taking into account advantages of such an approach over strictly nadir viewing systems. Directional reflectance data collected for bare soil and several different vegetation canopies in NOAA-7 AVHRR bands 1 and 2 were analyzed. Optimum view angles were recommended for two strategies. The first strategy views the utility of off-nadir measurements as extending spatial and temporal coverage of the target area. The second strategy views the utility of off-nadir measurements as providing additional information about the physical characteristics of the target. Conclusions regarding the two strategies are discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: International Journal of Remote Sensing (ISSN 0143-1161); 5; 887-908
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  • 122
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    Analysis of synthetic aperture radar data acquired over a variety of land cover (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The results of Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) measurements over Kershaw County, South Carolina, using HH, HV, and VV polarization and two-incidence angle X-band airborne SAR system and over Baldwin County, Alabama, using HH polarization L-band Shuttle Imaging Radar (SIR-A) are presented. The X-band data indicate higher HH than VV radar return for cypress forest with standing water. Multipolarization (HH, HV, and VV) data help delineate several land-cover types that are difficult to delineate by the single polarization (HH) data. The L-band data indicate that radar return signal strength is highly correlated with tree height or age for three types of pine forest. It is found that delineation of urban/residential from deciduous forest is significantly improved by the inclusion of Landsat multispectral scanner data.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892); GE-22; 550-557
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  • 123
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    Atmospheric effect on spatial resolution of surface imagery (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The combined sensor-atmosphere characteristics, defined by the modulation transfer function, are calculated and used to evaluate the apparent resolution of remotely sensed imagery as determined by those characteristics. The atmospheric effect on the upward radiance is described, and the reduction of the apparent spatial resolution due to the atmospheric effect is discussed. The atmospheric effect on remote sensing is compared to the effect of the sensor's pixel size, and results are presented for the maximum resolution that can be achieved in the presence of atmospheric blurring effects.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Applied Optics (ISSN 0003-6935); 23; 3400-340
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  • 124
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    A geological interpretation of Seasat-SAR imagery of Jamaica (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Spaceborne radar imagery obtained from Seasat allows an unobscured large-scale view of Jamaica that can be used for geological interpretation. Lineaments and textures visible in these images were mapped and compared with the known geology of the Tertiary karst limestones covering the central and western parts of the island. Some of these radar textures correlate with lithological units, while others follow tectonically-controlled zones or structural blocks. Mapping of radar lineaments has led to the recognition of three new aspects of Jamaican faults: (1) a major through-going NE-SW fault system, termed here the Vere-Annotto lineament; (2) a series of curving scissor faults in the central part of the island; and (3) the related observation that the dominant NNW-SSE tectonic fabric of the central part of the island takes the form of an elongate sigmoid in plan view. During most of the Neogene Jamaica has been part of an active zone of left-lateral transform motion between the Caribbean and North American plates and is a region of anomalous uplift. The radar imagery is a sensitive recorder of the deformation undergone by the karst limestones in this tectonic regime. Some of the observations are explained with models for a complex, evolving shear zone.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Journal of Geology (ISSN 0022-1376); 92; 561-581
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  • 125
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    Registration of a synthetic aperture radar image to Thematic Mapper imagery for remote sensing applications (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Multiple Thematic Mapper multitemporal acquisitions from Landsat and one synthetic-aperture radar acquisition from Seasat have been precisely registered using Johnson Space Center registration processors. The registered images have been output in the Universal Transverse Mercator projection. The procedure to accomplish such disparate data processing tasks and the registration accuracy evaluation are discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892); GE-22; 557-563
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  • 126
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    Results of an irrigated lands assessment for water management in California (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Periodic assessment of existing and future demands for water within California is one responsibility of the California Department of Water Resources (CDWR). The California Irrigated Lands Assessment for Water Management Project represented a 5-year joint research effort between the NASA and the CDWR with technical support from the University of California (UC) at Berkeley and at Santa Barbara. The objectives were: (1) to develop and demonstrate procedures for providing highly precise, timely, estimates of irrigated area on a statewide basis using Landsat sensor data, and (2) to develop, through research with small demonstration sites, a procedure for the inventory and mapping of crop groups on a regional basis. Both manual and computer-assisted analyses were investigated. This paper highlights the statewide irrigated lands inventory where a procedure for statewide estimation of irrigated land using full frame Landsat MSS imagery and sampled ground data was successfully demonstrated. The statewide estimate of 3 990 112 hectares was within + or - 1.32 percent relative standard error at the 95-percent Confidence Interval, well within the design goal. This procedure represents a new capability for obtaining near-real time data on changes in agricultural water use throughout the state.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892); GE-22; 536-540
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  • 127
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    A preliminary report on the assessment of wetland productive capacity from a remote-sensing-based model - A NASA/NMFS joint research project (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892); GE-22; 502-511
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  • 128
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    Classification of corn and soybeans using multitemporal Thematic Mapper data (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The multitemporal classification approach based on the greenness profile derived from Landsat Multispectral Scanner (MSS) spectral bands has proved successful in effectively separating and identifying corn, soybean, and other ground cover classes. Features derived from these profiles have been shown to carry virtually all the information contained in the original data and, in addition, have been shown to be stable over a large geographic area of the United States. The objective of this investigation was to determine if the same features derived from multitemporal Thematic Mapper (TM) data would also prove effective in separating these two crop types, and, in fact, if algorithms developed for MSS could be directly applied to TM. It is shown that this is indeed the case. In addition, because of greater spatial and spectral resolution, the accuracy of TM classifications is better than in MSS.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment (ISSN 0034-4257); 16; 175-181
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  • 129
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    Potentials for change detection using Seasat synthetic aperture radar data (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The use of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images for detecting change on the earth's surface is highly dependent on target orientation, azimuth angle, and sensor depression angle. SAR data can be used for change detection when consistency is maintained in radar wavelength, polarization, azimuth directions, and off-nadir depression angle. The interaction of these parameters and the imaged surface for change detection are shown in examples drawn from (1) Los Angeles, CA, (2) southern Florida, (3) Imperial Valley, CA, (4) a desert region west of Tucson, AZ, and (5) western Kansas. SAR imagery is used to emphasize the geometric form, and roughness, of the earth's surface. As changes in the roughness of the surface occur over time, temporal SAR images will indicate those differences. Several guidelines for change detection studies using imaging radar are derived from the examples.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment (ISSN 0034-4257); 16; 107-124
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  • 130
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    Dynamic descriptors for contextual classification of remotely sensed hyperspectral image data analysis (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The extended CIE transformation procedure of Chiou (1984) is applied to five sets of remotely sensed 0.4-2.5-micron spectrometric data on field crops including winter and spring wheat, corn, and soybeans) obtained at the Purdue University Laboratory for Applications of - Remote Sensing during 1977-1980 using the techniques described by Hinzman (1981). The results are presented in tables and chromaticity diagrams and it is found that each crop has an identifiable time-variant spectral characteristic permitting determination of seasonal growth patterns. The applicability of the method to data from airborne and spaceborne imaging spectrometers is indicated.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Applied Optics (ISSN 0003-6935); 23; 3889-389
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  • 131
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    Analysis of SIR-B radar illumination of geometry for depth of penetration and surface feature and vegetation detection, Nevada and California (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The measurement capability provided by the Shuttle Imaging Radar (SIR-B) was used to determine: (1) the relationships between radar illumination geometry and depth of penetration in different climatic and physiographic environments in Nevada; and, (2) the relationships between radar illumination geometry and detection and analysis of structural features in different climatic and physiographic environments in Nevada.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: JPL The SIR-B Sci. Invest. Plan; 3 p
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  • 132
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    The extension of an invertible coniferous forest canopy reflectance model using SIR-B and LANDSAT data (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Using a 23-cm radar system, an invertible coniferous canopy reflectance model is extended. The extension involves the joint use of shuttle imaging radar (SIR-B) multilook angle data, the multispectral scanner (MSS), and the thematic mapper (TM) on LANDSAT.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: JPL The SIR-B Invest. Plan; 4 p
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  • 133
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    Application and calibration of the subsurface mapping capability of SIR-B in desert regions (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The penetration capability of the shuttle imaging radar (SIR-B) sensor in desert regions is investigated. Refined models to explain this penetration capability in terms of radar physics and regional geologic conditions are devised. The sand-buried radar-rivers discovered in the Western Desert in Egypt and Sudan are defined. Results and procedures developed during previous SIR-A investigation of the same area are extrapolated.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: The SIR-B Sci. Invest. Plan; 5 p
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  • 134
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    Investigation of SIR-B images for lithologic mapping (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: It is immediately apparent from the examination of almost any synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data that the radar return is primarily a function of the topographic relief. Yet radar reflectance is dependent on both surface roughness and the dielectric constant of the surface material. These two parameters can in many cases be related to lithologic units. Thus, if the first-order terrain effects due to topographic relief could (in essence) be removed from the radar image, the SAR data might well be used for lithologic discrimination. Such an approach is evaluated. Landsat Thematic Mapper data along with ground truth are used to define training cells that characterize the various lithologic units in the area. By aggregating the radar data for these cells, curves of radar reflectance versus local incidence are estimated. The curves are then used to classify the test area. The results are compared with lithologic classification based upon multi-spectral (visible and infrared) data.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: JPL The SIR-B Sci. Invest. Plan; 2 p
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  • 135
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    Automatic terrain elevation mapping and registration (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Optimum radar illumination geometries for stereoscopic analysis of surface topography are determined. Correlation and image processing experiments on synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data for improved information extraction are conducted. Model of the geometry of the multiple SIR-B views of the Earth are developed the sensitivity of the derived terrain altitude data to the various system parameters is established. The limits of accuracy of terrain data achievable with shuttle imaging radar (SIR-B) are derived. Algorithms for matching multiple SIR-B images to generate digital terrain maps are developed. Finally, the use of such terrain maps in geometric correction and registration of SIR-B and LANDSAT Thematic Mapper data is demonstrated.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: JPL The SIR-B Sci. Invest. Plan; 3 p
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  • 136
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    Development and evaluation of techniques for using combined microwave and optical image data for vegetation studies (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Techniques for using combined image data from the Shuttle Imaging Radar (SIR-B) and the LANDSAT Thematic Mapper (TM) or Multispectral Scanner (MSS) for studies of irrigated crops, and boreal and deciduous forests are developed and evaluated. The effects of the structure and composition of crop canopies and soil surfaces on multiangle L-band HH (Horizontal polarization for transmission and reception) backscattering and on optical reflectance (in TM or MSS bands viewed at the nadir) are investigated. The relative accuracy of digital, calibrated SIR-B image data and LANDSAT TM or MSS image data is evaluated. Textural information extraction-techniques are developed for radar and optical image analysis.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: JPL The SIR-B Sci. Invest. Plan; 3 p
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  • 137
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    SIR-B cartography and stereo topographic mapping (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The SIR-B mapping experiment which will evaluate the utility of SAR images taken singularly, in pairs, and in combination with other data sets for cartographic, topographic, and thematic mapping, and determine the optimum configuration of a SAR system for future mapping mission is outlined. SIR-B is the first orbital imaging radar mission which will incorporate maintenance of geometric image fidelity along with careful calibration and documentation of internal timing and frequency parameters. This along and and the multiple incidence angle images of the same target which are necessary for stereoscopy and topographic mapping, make it the ideal opportunity for cartographic experimentation. It is emphasized that comprises a significant part of the overall experiment objectives.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: The SIR-B Sci. Invest. Plan; 3 p
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  • 138
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    Interlobate comparison of glacial-depositional style as evidenced by small-relief glacial landscape features in Illinois, Indiana, and Ohio, utilizing SIR-B (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The objectives and expected results of an investigation of the use of the Shuttle Imaging Radar-B (SIR-B) as a basic tool in the recognition and mapping of glacial landforms are discussed. The main goals are: (1) to evaluate the ability of SIR-B to delineate varying sizes, shapes, and relief of surface forms; (2) to compare and contrast SIR-B imagery with selected Seasat SAR imagery; (3) to utilize SIR-B imagery synergistically with available SEASAT SAR, LANDSAT RBV, and other imagery sources to identify and map suites of glacial landforms; and (4) eventually to interpret the suites in terms of ice dynamics and conditions of deglaciation, to relate them to the stratigraphic record, and to evaluate interactions of the major lobes and sublobes.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: JPL The SIR-B Sci. Invest. Plan; 3 p
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  • 139
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    SIR-B interferometric topography (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An interferometric method of using the shuttle imaging radar-B (SIR-B) data for high resolution elevation measurements is to be developed. It is proposed that signals from separate SIR-B passes be combined to provide the equivalent of an interferometer. Data acquisition and handling are considered along with expected results.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: The SIR-B Sci. Invest. Plan; 2 p
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  • 140
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    Remote sensing of rice fields and sea pollution by SIR-B (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Sensor calibration, rice fields, and sea pollution are to be investigated with respect to shuttle imaging radar-B (SIR-B). It is planned that the resolution characteristics of the SIR-B be evaluated, the sidelobe characteristics of the SIR-B be investigated, and the relationship between backscatter cross section and image intensity be established. The microwave-scattering characteristics of rice fields are to be studied using SIR-B data. The possibility of classifying crops from SIR-B data is to be explored. The characteristics of the radar image of oil-like surface films under several sea surface conditions are to be determined. The absolute measurement capability of the sea surface scattering cross section is to be estimated using the SIR.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: JPL The SIR-B Sci. Invest. Plan; 4 p
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  • 141
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    Use of SIR-B multiincidence-angle imagery to study iceberg detectability and offshore ocean feature extraction (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The Shuttle Imaging Radar B (SIR-B) iceberg experiment is described and expected results are outlined. The specific objectives are: (1) to study the L-band satellite SAR detectability of iceberg targets as a function of incidence angle and observed conditions; (2) to compare L-, X-, and C-band aircraft imagery, and to use this data as a basis for an appropriate simulation of satellite imagery and to compare with SIR-B images; and (3) to determine the possibility of comparive available surface or near surface currents with estimates of the range component of surface current derived from the SIR-B data (IOS experiment).
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: JPL The SIR-B Sci. Invest. Plan; 4 p
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  • 142
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    Image variance and spatial structure in remotely sensed scenes (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Digital images derived by scanning air photos and through acquiring aircraft and spcecraft scanner data were studied. Results show that spatial structure in scenes can be measured and logically related to texture and image variance. Imagery data were used of a South Dakota forest; a housing development in Canoga Park, California; an agricltural area in Mississppi, Louisiana, Kentucky, and Tennessee; the city of Washington, D.C.; and the Klamath National Forest. Local variance, measured as the average standard deviation of brightness values within a three-by-three moving window, reaches a peak at a resolution cell size about two-thirds to three-fourths the size of the objects within the scene. If objects are smaller than the resolution cell size of the image, this peak does not occur and local variance simply decreases with increasing resolution as spatial averaging occurs. Variograms can also reveal the size, shape, and density of objects in the scene.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Texas A and M Univ. Proc. of the 2nd Ann. Symp. on Math. Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis Program; p 427-465
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  • 143
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    The influence of the number of ground control points on the scene-to-map registration accuracy (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The optimum number of ground control points required to rectify a full scene or a portion of a LANDSAT MSS scene was investigated using data from southeastern Louisiana/southwestern Mississippi and eastern Kansas. The ground control points utilized were randomly distributed across the partial or full scene. This work suggest that 24 round control points are more than adequate to rectify a partial or full scene of LANDSAT MSS data. The error incurred in choosing ground control points representing artificial versus natural features was also studied.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Texas A and M Univ. Proc. of the 2nd Ann. Symp. on Math. Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis Program; p 401-426
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  • 144
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    Exploring the use of structural models to improve remote sensing agricultural estimates (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Satellite estimates of agricultural characteristics often are not sufficiently precise for reliable use in small geographical regions. The precision of estimates of agricultural characteristics such as crop proportions and leaf area indexes can be increased by modeling ground observations as a function of satellite estimates. Linear regression models using least squares estimators of the model parameters are most often advocated as an appropriate methodology; however, least squares estimation requires that the predictor variables are measured without error, an unreasonable assumption for this application. An alternative estimation methodology which assumes that both the response variables (ground observations) and the predictor variables (satellite estimates) are measured with error involves the use of linear structural models. The application of linear structural models to the estimation of agricultural characteristics using satellite spectral measurements is examined.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Texas A and M Univ. Proc. of the 2nd Ann. Symp. on Math. Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis Program; p 175-203
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  • 145
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    Nonparametric analysis of Minnesota spruce and aspen tree data and LANDSAT data (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The application of nonparametric methods in data-intensive problems faced by NASA is described. The theoretical development of efficient multivariate density estimators and the novel use of color graphics workstations are reviewed. The use of nonparametric density estimates for data representation and for Bayesian classification are described and illustrated. Progress in building a data analysis system in a workstation environment is reviewed and preliminary runs presented.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Texas A and M Univ. Proc. of the 2nd Ann. Symp. on Math. Pattern Recognition and Image Analysis Program; p 27-49
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  • 146
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    Monitoring and mapping global vegetation cover using data from meteorological satellites (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The role of coarse resolution meteorological satellite data for monitoring and mapping of vegetation for global, continental and regional scales is outlined. In the NOAA products used the effects of cloud cover are reduced by the generation of temporal composites of images of the normalized difference vegetation index. Different land cover types are shown to have characteristic spectral phenological curves. Such data have the disadvantage of effectively increasing the apparent areal extent of small areas of green vegetation.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: ESA EARSeL(ESA Symp. on Integrative Approaches in Remote Sensing; p 75-79
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  • 147
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    Landsat-4 thematic mapper and thematic mapper simulator data for a porphyry copper deposit (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Aircraft thematic mapper (TM) data were analyzed to evaluate the potential utility of the Landsat-4 thematic mapper for geologic mapping and detection of hydrothermal alteration zones in the Silver Bell porphyry copper deposit in southern Arizona. The data allow a comparison between aircraft TV simulator data and the Landsat-4 TM satellite data which possess similar spectral bands. A color rationcomposite of 30-m pixels was resampled, in order to clearly define a number of hydroxyl bearing minerals, (kaolinite, sericite, white mica), pyrite and iron oxide/hydroxide minerals. The iron oxide minerals have diagnostic absorption bands in the 0.45 and 0.85 micron regions of the spectrum, and the hydrous minerals are characterized by an absorption in the 2.2 micron region. The position of the spectral bands allow the TM to identify regions of hydrothermal alteration without resorting to a data processing algorithm. The comparison of the aircraft and Landsat-4 TM data showed considerable agreement, and confirmed the utility of TM data for identifying hydrothermal alteration zones. Samples of some color TM images are provided.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0099-1112); 50; 1171-117
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  • 148
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    Evaluation of Thematic Mapper for detecting soil properties under grassland vegetation (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Analysis of Thematic Mapper data acquired November 15, 1982, over a vegetated site located in the East Texas Timberlands and Claypan area of Texas has indicated that montmorillonitic clay textured soils can be separated from soils with different textures. The difference of TM band 4 (0.76-0.90 micron) and band 7 (2.08-2.35 microns) had an agreement of 55.8 percent with the USDA soil survey for upland clay soils. This compared to 55.9-percent agreement when all six bands (excluding the thermal) were used. The disagreement occurred at the boundary lines as defined by the USDA soil survey and the spectral data. This result is considered to be fairly good, considering the difficulty in placement of soil boundaries by the soil scientist in the field. While the exact influence on the vegetation, and thus the spectral response observed by TM, is not understood at this time, it appears that TM band 7 is responding to the type of mineralogy of the soil and that soil properties important to the plant can be detected using TM.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892); GE-22; 319-323
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  • 149
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    Evaluation of corn/soybeans separability using Thematic Mapper and Thematic Mapper Simulator data (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Multitemporal Thematic Mapper, Thematic Mapper Simulator, and detailed ground truth data were collected for a 9- by 11-km sample segment in Webster County, IA, in the summer of 1982. Three dates were acquired each with Thematic Mapper Simulator (June 7, June 23, and July 31) and Thematic Mapper (August 2, September 3, and October 21). The Thematic Mapper Simulator data were converted to equivalent TM count values using TM and TMS calibration data and model based estimates of atmospheric effects. The July 31, TMS image was compared to the August 2, TM image to verify the conversion process. A quantitative measure of proportion estimation variance (Fisher information) was used to evaluate the corn/soybeans separability for each TM band as a function of time during the growing season. The additional bands in the middle infrared allowed corn and soybeans to be separated much earlier than was possible with the visible and near-infrared bands alone. Using the TM and TMS data, temporal profiles of the TM principal components were developed. The greenness and brightness exhibited behavior similar to MSS greenness and brightness for corn and soybeans.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892); GE-22; 312-318
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  • 150
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    A statistical evaluation of the advantages of Landsat Thematic Mapper data in comparison to Multispectral Scanner data (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: On July 16, 1982, the second decade of land remote sensing from space was inaugurated with the successful launch of Landsat-4. This satellite carries the Multispectral Scanner (MSS) and a new sensor, the Thematic Mapper (TM). The TM represents the result of an effort in which all of the major improvements in remote-sensing capability were simultaneously integrated into one system. An experiment was developed and conducted to quantify the effect of each TM sensor parameter on classification accuracy. This paper discusses the experimental design and summarizes the results obtained using TM data acquired over the Washington, DC area on November 2, 1982. Attention is given to a study site/data description, the experimental design, photointerpretation and digitization, spectral simulation, radiometric simulation, and spatial simulation.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892); GE-22; 294-302
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  • 151
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    An analysis of Landsat-4 Thematic Mapper geometric properties (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: Landsat-4 Thematic Mapper data of Washington, DC, Harrisburg, PA, and Salton Sea, CA were analyzed to determine geometric integrity and conformity of the data to known earth surface geometry. Several tests were performed. Intraband correlation and interband registration were investigated. No problems were observed in the intraband analysis, and aside from indications of slight misregistration between bands of the primary versus bands of the secondary focal planes, interband registration was well within the specified tolerances. A substantial number of ground control points were found and used to check the images' conformity to the Space Oblique Mercator (SOM) projection of their respective areas. The means of the residual offsets, which included nonprocessing related measurement errors, were close to the one pixel level in the two scenes examined. The Harrisburg scene residual mean was 28.38 m (0.95 pixels) with a standard deviation of 19.82 m (0.66 pixels), while the mean and standard deviation for the Salton Sea scene were 40.46 (1.35 pixels) and 30.57 m (1.02 pixels), respectively. Overall, the data were judged to be a high geometric quality with errors close to those targeted by the TM sensor design specifications.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892); GE-22; 288-293
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  • 152
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    Thematic Mapper image quality - Registration, noise, and resolution (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The Landsat-4 satellite has two new imaging radiometers, including the redesigned Multispectral Scanner (MSS) and the Thematic Mapper (TM). The present investigation is concerned with an assessment of TM image quality on the basis of a study of band-to-band registration, periodic noise, and spatial resolution. In the TM images analyzed, the band-to-band registration accuracy of the instrument is very good. A few imperfections were found. Once a stable misregistration is removed, the TM should also meet its registration specifications between focal planes. Spatial resolution analyses in terms of MTF were performed in comparison modes. The forward and backward scans were shown to have virtually identical MTFs.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892); GE-22; 263-271
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  • 153
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    Validation of the Thematic Mapper radiometric and geometric correction algorithms (1984)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The radiometric and geometric correction algorithms for Thematic Mapper are critical to subsequent successful information extraction. Earlier Landsat scanners, known as Multispectral Scanners, produce imagery which exhibits striping due to mismatching of detector gains and biases. Thematic Mapper exhibits the same phenomenon at three levels: detector-to-detector, scan-to-scan, and multiscan striping. The cause of these variations has been traced to variations in the dark current of the detectors. An alternative formulation has been tested and shown to be very satisfactory. Unfortunately, the Thematic Mapper detectors exhibit saturation effects suffered while viewing extensive cloud areas, and is not easily correctable. The geometric correction algorithm has been shown to be remarkably reliable. Only minor and modest improvements are indicated and shown to be effective.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing (ISSN 0196-2892); GE-22; 237-242
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  • 154
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    Sensitivity of airborne fluorosensor measurements to linear vertical gradients in chlorophyll concentration (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A semianalytic Monte Carlo radiative transfer simulation model for airborne laser fluorosensors has been extended to investigate the effects of inhomogeneities in the vertical distribution of phytoplankton concentrations in clear seawater. Simulation results for linearly varying step concentrations of chlorophyll are presented. The results indicate that statistically significant differences can be seen under certain conditions in the water Raman-normalized fluorescence signals between nonhomogeneous and homogeneous cases. A statistical test has been used to establish ranges of surface concentrations and/or verticl gradients in which calibration by surface samples would by inappropriate, and the results are discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Applied Optics (ISSN 0003-6935); 23; 970-972
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    Passive microwave remote sensing of soil moisture from an aircraft platform (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A series of experiments were conducted over several years using an aircraft platform to study the relationship between passive microwave data and surface soil moisture. Sensor systems included thermal infrared and multifrequency passive microwave instruments. Aircraft measurements were obtained concurrently with ground observations of soil moisture and land cover. Test sites included areas in both humid and semiarid regions of the United States that were typical of these regions. Data analyses indicated that the basic cause and effect relationships between the sensor measurements and soil moisture can be extrapolated from theory and small scale tests to larger resolution elements observed by the aircraft. Pastures in different climatic regions showed similar responses. Vegetation canopy attenuation was verified. Based on these studies the optimal surface soil moisture sensor using passive techniques was a 21-cm wavelength radiometer.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment (ISSN 0034-4257); 14; 135-151
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    A mixture model approach for estimating crop areas from Landsat data (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Remote Sensing of Environment (ISSN 0034-4257); 14; 197-206
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  • 157
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    Industrial use of land observation satellite systems (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The principal industrial users of land observation satellite systems are the geological industries; oil/gas, mining, and engineering/environmental companies. The primary system used is LANDSAT/MSS. Currently, use is also being made of the limited amounts of SKYLAB photography, SEASAT and SIR-A radar, and the new LANDSAT/TM data available. Although considered experimental, LANDSAT data is now used operationally by several hundred exploration and engineering companies worldwide as a vastly improved geological mapping tool to help direct more expensive geophysical and drilling phases, leading to more efficient decision-making and results. Future needs include global LANDSAT/TM; higher spatial resolution; stereo and radar; improved data handling, processing distribution and archiving systems, and integrated geographical information systems (GIS). For a promising future, governments must provide overall continuity (government and/or private sector) of such systems, insure continued government R and D, and commit to operating internationally under the civil Open Skies policy.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center 2nd Symp. on Space Industrialization; p 97-101
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  • 158
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    The future of satellite remote sensing: A worldwide assessment and prediction (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A frame-work in which to assess and predict the future prospects for satellite remote sensing markets is provided. The scope of the analysis is the satellite-related market for data, equipment, and services. It encompasses both domestic and international markets and contains an examination of the various market characteristics by market segment (e.g., Federal Government, State and Local Governments, Academic Organizations, Industrial Companies, and Individuals) and primary applications areas (e.g., Geology, Forestry, Land Resource Management, Agriculture and Cartography). The forecasts are derived from an analysis of both U.S. and foreign market data. The evolution and current status of U.S. and Foreign markets to arrive at market growth rates is evaluated. Circumstances and events which are likely to affect the future market development are examined. A market growth scenario is presented that is consistent with past data sales trends and takes into account the dynamic nature of the future satellite remote sensing market. Several areas of current and future business opportunities available in this market are discussed. Specific worldwide forecasts are presented in three market sectors for the period 1980 to 1990.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center 2nd Symp. on Space Industrialization; p 96
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  • 159
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    Method to estimate drag coefficient at the air/ice interface over drifting open pack ice from remotely sensed data (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A knowledge in near real time, of the surface drag coefficient for drifting pack ice is vital for predicting its motions. And since this is not routinely available from measurements it must be replaced by estimates. Hence, a method for estimating this variable, as well as the drag coefficient at the water/ice interface and the ice thickness, for drifting open pack ice was developed. These estimates were derived from three-day sequences of LANDSAT-1 MSS images and surface weather charts and from the observed minima and maxima of these variables. The method was tested with four data sets in the southeastern Beaufort sea. Acceptable results were obtained for three data sets. Routine application of the method depends on the availability of data from an all-weather air or spaceborne remote sensing system, producing images with high geometric fidelity and high resolution.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Frontiers of Remote Sensing of the Oceans and Troposphere from Air and Space Platforms; p 515-526
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  • 160
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    Altimeter height measurement errors introduced by the presence of variable cloud and rain attenuation (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: It has recently been recognized that spatially inhomogeneous clouds and rain can substantially affect the height precision obtainable from a spaceborne radar altimeter system. Through computer simulation, it has been found that typical levels of cloud and rain intensities and associated spatial variabilities may degrade altimeter precision at 13.5 GHz and, in particular, cause severe degradation at 35 GHz. This degradation in precision is a result of radar signature distortion caused by variable attenuation over the beam limited altimeter footprint. Because attenuation effects increase with frequency, imprecision caused by them will significantly impact on the frequency selection of future altimeters. In this paper the degradation of altimeter precision introduced by idealized cloud and rain configurations as well as for a realistic rain configuration as measured with a ground based radar is examined.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Frontiers of Remote Sensing of the Oceans and Troposphere from Air and Space Platforms; p 287-296
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  • 161
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    Satellite techniques for determining the geopotential for sea-surface elevations (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Spaceborne altimetry with measurement accuracies of a few centimeters which has the potential to determine sea surface elevations necessary to compute accurate three-dimensonal geostrophic currents from traditional hydrographic observation is discussed. The limitation in this approach is the uncertainties in knowledge of the global and ocean geopotentials which produce satellite and height uncertainties about an order of magnitude larger than the goal of about 10 cm. The quantative effects of geopotential uncertainties on processing altimetry data are described. Potential near term improvements, not requiring additional spacecraft, are discussed. Even though there is substantial improvements at the longer wavelengths, the oceanographic goal will be achieved. The geopotential research mission (GRM) is described which should produce goepotential models that are capable of defining the ocean geid to 10 cm and near-Earth satellite position. The state of the art and the potential of spaceborne gravimetry is described as an alternative approach to improve our knowledge of the geopotential.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Frontiers of Remote Sensing of the Oceans and Troposphere from Air and Space Platforms; p 377-388
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  • 162
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    Remote sensing of air-sea interactions (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A number of preliminary concepts for the measurement or inference of fluxes across the air-sea interface through remote sensing are proposed. All the methods are achievable from aircraft with state-of-the-art technology. Only one is now ready for space implementation. The focus is on cold outbreaks. Sensible (latent) heat flux is inferred from the difference between initial surface air temperature (vapor mixing ratio) and the downwind SST (and corresponding saturation mixing ratio). The downwind growth rate of the PBL as measured by lidar also provides estimates of surface heating and the cross-inversion entrainment velocity. The lidar also provides a measure of the depth of the inversion and its penetration by surface-forced convection; this permits estimates of the surface heat flux. Lidar and radiometric measurements of cloud top height and temperature provide means of deducing the temperature sounding downstream so that heating is computed with the aid of a known sounding upstream.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Frontiers of Remote Sensing of the Oceans and Troposphere from Air and Space Platforms; p 41-49
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  • 163
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    Land remote sensing commercialization: A status report (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The current offer by the United States Department of Commerce to transfer the U.S. land remote sensing program to the private sector is described. A Request for Proposals (RFP) was issued, soliciting offers from U.S. firms to provide a commercial land remote sensing satellite system. Proposals must address a complete system including satellite, communications, and ground data processing systems. Offerors are encouraged to propose to take over the Government LANDSAT system which consists of LANDSAT 4 and LANDSAT D'. Also required in proposals are the market development procedures and plans to ensure that commercialization is feasible and the business will become self-supporting at the earliest possible time. As a matter of Federal Policy, the solicitation is designed to protect both national security and foreign policy considerations. In keeping with these concerns, an offeror must be a U.S. Firm. Requirements for data quality, quantity, distribution and delivery are met by current operational procedures. It is the Government's desire that the Offeror be prepared to develop and operate follow-on systems without Government subsidies. However, to facilitate rapid commercialization, an offeror may elect to include in his proposal mechanisms for short term government financial assistance.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center 2nd Symp. on Space Industrialization; p 87-95
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  • 164
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    Recent advances in multispectral sensing of ocean surface temperature from space (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Visual and infrared measurements from the five channel AVHRR on the NOAA-7 satellite are used operationally to derive sea surface temperatures. The multichannel data perform daytime and nighttime cloud detection tests, and the several atmospheric window channels in the thermal infrared correct for atmospheric attenuation. Monitoring of the sea surface temperature product with buoy data indicates stability in mean bias and rms difference with little variation by season or geographic area. Global mapping enables the derivation of monthly mean isotherms, monthly and annual changes, and anomaly patterns relative to climatology. Problems are associated with noise in the 3.7 micro m window channel, and with the injection of substantial volcanic aerosol into the stratosphere by the El Chichon eruption. Multichannel sea surface temperature charts are used to study phenomena such as equatorial long waves and the recent El Nino episode.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Frontiers of Remote Sensing of the Oceans and Troposphere from Air and Space Platforms; p 367-376
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  • 165
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    Observations of sea ice and icebergs from satellite radar altimeters (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Satellite radar altimeters can make useful contributions to the study of sea ice both by enhancing observations from other instruments and by providing a unique probe of ocean-ice interaction in the Marginal Ice Zone (MIZ). The problems, results and future potential of such observations are discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Frontiers of Remote Sensing of the Oceans and Troposphere from Air and Space Platforms; p 527-536
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  • 166
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    Satellite remote sensing over ice (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Satellite remote sensing provides unique opportunities for observing ice-covered terrain. Passive-microwave data give information on snow extent on land, sea-ice extent and type, and zones of summer melting on the polar ice sheets, with the potential for estimating snow-accumulation rates on these ice sheets. All weather, high-resolution imagery of sea ice is obtained using synthetic aperture radars, and ice-movement vectors can be deduced by comparing sequential images of the same region. Radar-altimetry data provide highly detailed information on ice-sheet topography, with the potential for deducing thickening/thinning rates from repeat surveys. The coastline of Antarctica can be mapped accurately using altimetry data, and the size and spatial distribution of icebergs can be monitored. Altimetry data also distinguish open ocean from pack ice and they give an indication of sea-ice characteristics.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Frontiers of Remote Sensing of the Oceans and Troposphere from Air and Space Platforms; p 501-512
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  • 167
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    An improved dual-frequency technique for the remote sensing of ocean currents and wave spectra (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A two frequency microwave radar technique for the remote sensing of directional ocean wave spectra and surface currents is investigated. This technique is conceptually attractive because its operational physical principle involves a spatial electromagnetic scattering resonance with a single, but selectable, long gravity wave. Multiplexing of signals having different spacing of the two transmitted frequencies allows measurements of the entire long wave ocean spectrum to be carried out. A new scatterometer is developed and experimentally tested which is capable of making measurements having much larger signal/background values than previously possible. This instrument couples the resonance technique with coherent, frequency agility radar capabilities. This scatterometer is presently configured for supporting a program of surface current measurements.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Frontiers of Remote Sensing of the Oceans and Troposphere from Air and Space Platforms; p 199-214
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  • 168
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    Scatterometer capabilities in remotely sensing geophysical parameters over the ocean: The status and the possibilities (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Extensive comparison between surface measurements and satellite Scatt signal and predicted winds show successful wind and weather analysis comparable with conventional weather service analyses. However, in regions often of the most interest, e.g., fronts and local storms, inadequacies in the latter fields leaves an inability to establish the satellite sensor capabilities. Thus, comparisons must be made between wind detecting measurements and other satellite measurements of clouds, moisture, waves or any other parameter which responds to sharp gradients in the wind. At least for the windfields and the derived surface pressure field analysis, occasional surface measurements are required to anchor and monitor the satellite analyses. Their averaging times must be made compatible with the satellite sensor measurement. Careful attention must be paid to the complex fields which contain many scales of turbulence and coherent structures affecting the averaging process. The satellite microwave system is capable of replacing the conventional point observation/numerical analysis for the ocean weather.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Frontiers of Remote Sensing of the Oceans and Troposphere from Air and Space Platforms; p 51-56
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  • 169
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    Non-Gaussian statistical models of surface wave fields for remote sensing applications (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Based on the complete Stokes wave model with the bias term and using a simple mapping approach and an iteration solution method, we established a formula for the joint probability density function of the surface slope elevation of a nonlinear random wave field. The formula requires three parameters to define the whole density function: the rms surface elevation and slope values and the significant slope. This model represents the dynamics of the wave in a more direct way than the Gram-Charlier approximation. Based on this new statistical model and laboratory experiments, formula and numerical values of EM bias and dynamics bias are derived. The results indicate that various biases should be considered seriously if accuracy of the altimeter measurement is required in centimeter range.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Frontiers of Remote Sensing of the Oceans and Troposphere from Air and Space Platforms; p 247-255
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  • 170
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    The Potential of AI Techniques for Remote Sensing (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-09
    Description: The current status of artificial intelligence AI technology is discussed along with imagery data management, database interrogation, and decision making. Techniques adapted from the field of artificial intelligence (AI) have significant, wide ranging impacts upon computer-assisted remote sensing analysis. AI based techniques offer a powerful and fundamentally different approach to many remote sensing tasks. In addition to computer assisted analysis, AI techniques can also aid onboard spacecraft data processing and analysis and database access and query.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Activities of the Remote Sensing Inform. Sci. Res. Group; 34 p
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  • 171
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    Global Resources Information System (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-09
    Description: The basic design criteria and operating characteristics of a Global Resources Information System GRIS are defined. Researchers are compiling background material and aiding JPL personnel in this project definition phase of GRIS. A bibliography of past studies and current work on large scale information systems is compiled. The material in this bibliography will be continuously updated throughout the lifetime of this grant. Project management, systems architecture, and user applications are also discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Activities of the Remote Sensing Inform. Sci. Res. Group; 30 p
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    Annotated Bibliography of Global Resources Information Systems Related Publications (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-09
    Description: An annotated bibliography of work concerning geophysical data management systems is presented. Major topics under investigation include data acquisition, data storage, long term data preservation, architecture, preprocessing, hydrology, land resources, geology, meteorology, and applications of remote sensing techniques.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Activities of the Remote Sensing Inform. Sci. Res. Group; 18 p
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  • 173
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    Knowledge Based Engineering for Spatial Database Management and Use (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-09
    Description: The use of artificial intelligence techniques that are applicable to Geographic Information Systems (GIS) are examined. Questions involving the performance and modification to the database structure, the definition of spectra in quadtree structures and their use in search heuristics, extension of the knowledge base, and learning algorithm concepts are investigated.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Activities of the Remote Sensing Inform. Sci. Res. Group; 7 p
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  • 174
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    Advanced Data Structure and Geographic Information Systems (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-09
    Description: The current state of the art in specified areas of Geographic Information Systems GIS technology is examined. Study of the question of very large, efficient, heterogeneous spatial databases is required in order to explore the potential application of remotely sensed data for studying the long term habitability of the Earth. Research includes a review of spatial data structures and storage, development of operations required by GIS, and preparation of a testbed system to compare Vaster data structure with NASA's Topological Raster Structure.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Activities of the Remote Sensing Inform. Sci. Res. Group; 3 p
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  • 175
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    NASA Pilot Land Data System (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-09
    Description: Project development and planning for a Pilot Land Data System (PLDS) are discussed. The PLDS supplies basic information, data management, and data processing capabilities to the land research community. Topics on design and implementation, user requirements, and project management are examined. The scenarios developed thusfar are also included.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Activities of the Remote Sensing Inform. Sci. Res. Group; 6 p
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    Knowledge-based Expert Systems for Crop Identification (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-09
    Description: The development of an improved understanding of the interactive man machine environment is investigated. In such an environment, as many feature inputs as practical would be automatically derived from a data base and input into an expert system decision making procedure. This procedure could then provide expert assistance to a trained image analyst to upgrade and improve the quantity and accuracy of the information extracted from the input data. A comparison of the similarities and differences between manual and automated image interpretation techniques is also examined.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Activities of the Remote Sensing Inform. Sci. Res. Group; 4 p
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    Habitability of the Earth (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-09
    Description: Test methods to measure land vegetation biomass, net biological production and leaf area index by remote sensing are applied to estimate the biomass and net biological productivity of selected biomes, including the boreal forests and north temperate grasslands. Field verification is conducted in conjunction with remote sensing of pertinent variables and the development of a data base of relevant material initiated. Measurements are made in the Superior National Forest, Minnesota with the following remote sensing instruments: (1) an airborne 8 band Barnes radiometer; (2) the thematic mapper simulator flown in a NASA C-130 aircraft; (3) MSS data from LANDSAT 3; and (4) AVHRR data from the NOAA Satellite. Vegetation data collected as field verification in the Superior National Forest is summarized.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Activities of the Remote Sensing Inform. Sci. Res. Group; 13 p
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  • 178
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    In-flight Absolute Radiometric Calibration of the Thematic Mapper (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-03-09
    Description: Ground spectral reflectance and atmospheric spectral optical depth measurements made at White Sands, New Mexico were used with an atmospheric radiative transfer program to determine the spectral radiance at the entrance pupil of the LANDSAT-4 TM. Comparison with the output digital counts of the TM, when imaging the measured ground area, provided an absolute calibration for five detectors in TM bands 2, 3, and 4. By reference to an adjacent, larger uniform area, the calibration was extended to all 16 detectors in each of three bands. Preflight calibration results agreed with these inflight measurements to 6.6%, 2.4%, and 12.9% in bands 2,3, and 4, respectively.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: Spectroradiometric Calibration of the Thematic Mapper and Multispectral Scanner System; p 15-34
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    Phase 2 development of Great Lakes algorithms for Nimbus-7 coastal zone color scanner (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A series of experiments have been conducted in the Great Lakes designed to evaluate the application of the NIMBUS-7 Coastal Zone Color Scanner (CZCS). Atmospheric and water optical models were used to relate surface and subsurface measurements to satellite measured radiances. Absorption and scattering measurements were reduced to obtain a preliminary optical model for the Great Lakes. Algorithms were developed for geometric correction, correction for Rayleigh and aerosol path radiance, and prediction of chlorophyll-a pigment and suspended mineral concentrations. The atmospheric algorithm developed compared favorably with existing algorithms and was the only algorithm found to adequately predict the radiance variations in the 670 nm band. The atmospheric correction algorithm developed was designed to extract needed algorithm parameters from the CZCS radiance values. The Gordon/NOAA ocean algorithms could not be demonstrated to work for Great Lakes waters. Predicted values of chlorophyll-a concentration compared favorably with expected and measured data for several areas of the Great Lakes.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-CR-199954 , NAS 1.26:199954 , ERIM-157900-23-F , NIPS-95-06855
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    Using spatial logic in classification of Landsat TM data (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: A strategy for spatial/spectral classification of Landsat TM data is presented. The strategy is founded upon 'spatial logic', a logic that seeks to emulate important aspects of visual image interpretation. The carefully structured classification process begins with spectral stratification of the data into water, vegetated and non-vegetated pixels. A region growing algorithm is then used to define 'fields' of similar land cover composition. Fields are characterized by cover composition, size and neighborhood characteristics. A supervised iterative contextual classification algorithm is developed to assign final land use/land cover labels. Maps are generalized using a spatial post-processing technique. Positive, though preliminary, results are presented.
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    An attribute-driven statistics generator for use in a G.I.S. environment (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: When performing research using digital geographic information it is often useful to produce quantitative characterizations of the data, usually within some constraints. In the research environment the different combinations of required data and constraints can often become quite complex. This paper describes a technique that gives the researcher a powerful and flexible way to set up many possible combinations of data and constraints without having to perform numerous intermediate steps or create temporary data bands. This method provides an efficient way to produce descriptive statistics in such situations.
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  • 182
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    Segmentation of computer-classified Landsat multispectral scanner data into spatially-connected regions of elk habitat components (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Segmentation of computer-classified Landsat multispectral data into spatially-connected regions of ground cover is described. Sorting and hash addressing, techniques commonly used for ordering and searching data records keyed by attributes, are the basis for the region identification and extraction. An example based on the use of spatial regions for evaluating elk habitat components is outlined.
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    The spatial structure of terrain - A process signal in satellite digital images (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Pattern recognition procedures applied to Landsat imagery carry an implicit assumption that the digital data are independently distributed. That assumption is incorrect over virtually any terrain. Deviations from independence occur because slopes follow a systematic pattern of variation arising from the slope-forming processes. That pattern can be identified using the stochastic process methodology of Box and Jenkins.Angles of adjacent slopes are autocorrelated and the bidirectional reflectance function transfers these systematic slope changes to the sensor. Imagery becomes autocorrelated through this transfer. Autocorrelation in the imagery can be removed through direct calculation from a digital elevation model or by use of stochastic process methodology. The latter has the advantage that the residuals are white noise; and it is applicable in any area, even where a D.E.M. is unavailable. The stochastic process signal can be used to study terrain processes.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 184
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    Microcomputer-based, statewide, digital land-surface information (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The Center for Remote Sensing at Michigan State University is developing a statewide data base of land-surface information on an ERDAS 400 microcomputer system. The raster file structure uses 1 square-kilometer grid cells and contains 633 columns and 733 rows. The initial elements of this data base include (1) augmented Level I land cover; (2) average available soil water capacity; (3) topographic information; and (4) multiple-vector, windward distance to the Great Lakes. Other elements will be added to the data base in the future in order to serve the multidisciplinary needs of the research community at Michigan State University.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 185
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    Simulation of electronic registration of multispectral remote sensing images to 0.1 pixel accuracy (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Band-to-band coregistration of multispectral remote sensing images can be achieved by electronic signal processing techniques rather than by costly and difficult mechanical alignment. This paper describes the results of a study of the end-to-end performance of electronic registration. The software simulation includes steps which model the performance of the geometric calibration process, the instrument image quality, detector performance and the effects of achieving coregistration through image resampling. The image resampling step emulates the Pipelined Resampling Processor, a real-time image resampler. The study demonstrates that the electronic alignment technique produces multispectral images which are superior to those produced by an imager whose pixel geometry is accurate to 0.1 pixel rms. The implications of this approach for future earth observation programs are discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 186
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    LANDSAT 4 band 6 data evaluation (1984)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: The objectives of this investigation are to evaluate and monitor the radiometric integrity of the LANDSAT-D Thematic Mapper (TM) thermal infrared channel (Band 6) data to develop improved radiometric preprocessing calibration techniques for removal of atmospheric effects. Efforts this period have concentrated on underflight data collection. Two successful flights were made on September 18 and October 6. The radiosonde data for these flights have been obtained.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-CR-177173 , NAS 1.26:177173 , QR-8
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  • 187
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    LANDSAT-D program. Volume 2: Ground segment (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Raw digital data, as received from the LANDSAT spacecraft, cannot generate images that meet specifications. Radiometric corrections must be made to compensate for aging and for differences in sensitivity among the instrument sensors. Geometric corrections must be made to compensate for off-nadir look angle, and to calculate spacecraft drift from its prescribed path. Corrections must also be made for look-angle jitter caused by vibrations induced by spacecraft equipment. The major components of the LANDSAT ground segment and their functions are discussed.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA-CR-177174 , NAS 1.26:177174 , SSD-84SDS4266-VOL-2
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  • 188
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    Electro-optical terrain reflectance modeling - A perspective (1984)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Electro-optical terrain reflectance modeling is one of the components required in the overall capability to simulate remote sensing measurement systems as an aid to the sensor or information processing designer. Given that sensor fields-of-view may vary from a few centimeters to several meters and that measurement devices may be placed at varying heights above the terrain surface, modeling of complex combinations of terrain classes or media with respect to both vertical and horizontal scales may be required. This paper addresses the issue of combining modeling approaches for different classes of materials in the optical regime and recommends a more formal approach to the radiative characterization of media properties as well as the calculation of the bidirectional reflectance distribution functions.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
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  • 189
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    Vegetation and soils field research data base: Experiment summaries (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-06-28
    Description: Understanding of the relationships between the optical, spectral characteristics and important biological-physical parameters of earth-surface features can best be obtained by carefully controlled studies over fields and plots where complete data describing the condition of targets are attainable and where frequent, timely spectral measurement can be obtained. Development of a vegetation and soils field research data base was initiated in 1972 at Purdue University's Laboratory for Applications of Remote Sensing and expanded in the fall of 1974 by NASA as part of LACIE. Since then, over 250,000 truck-mounted and helicopter-borne spectrometer/multiband radiometer observations have been obtained of more than 50 soil series and 20 species of crops, grasses, and trees. These data are supplemented by an extensive set of biophysical and meteorological data acquired during each mission. The field research data form one of the most complete and best-documented data sets acquired for agricultural remote sensing research. Thus, they are well-suited to serve as a data base for research to: (1) quantiatively determine the relationships of spectral and biophysical characteristics of vegetation, (2) define future sensor systems, and (3) develop advanced data analysis techniques.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: E86-10010 , NASA-CR-171894 , NAS 1.26:171894 , LARS-TR-042382
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  • 190
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    Comparison of Land Cover Information from LANDSAT Multispectral Scanner (MSS) and Airborne Thematic Mapper Simulator (TMS) Data for Hydrologic Applications (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-13
    Description: Detailed land cover classifications were performed on the Thematic Mapper Simulator (TMS) and MSS data of the Clinton River Basin (acquired on August 19, 1981, and June 28, 1980, respectively) using supervised classification techniques. Differences in interclass separability were compared to select several promising TMS band combinations, selected from the 27 covering the Clinton River Basin. The TMS data produced a more accurate and spatially contiguous classification than MSS for this study site. While the accuracy of the 4-band TM data set was as good as the 7-band, the 3-band TMS data sets were also better than the MSS. These results indicate that both the increased spectral discrimination and spatial resolution contribute to improved classification accuracy. The possibility of reducing the data analysis burden associated with large TM data volumes through effective band selection therefore appears promising. The implications of the improved classification accuracy of TMS data are important for hydrologic and economic modeling. In particular, the higher accuracies for the developed categories (residential and commercial) should improve the predictions of runoff in flood forecasting models and of flood damage for damage calculation models appreciably.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: LANDSAT-4 Sci. Invest. Summ., Including Dec. 1983 Workshop Results, Vol. 2; p 167-170
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  • 191
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    LANDSAT-4 Thematic Mapper Scene Characteristics for a Suburban and Regional Test Site (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-13
    Description: The primary objective of this effort is to study the LANDSAT Thematic Mapper land use/land cover discrimination performance from a spatial resolution, spectral region and radiometric perspective. Selected methods to improve the land use/land cover performance are also evaluated.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: LANDSAT-4 Sci. Invest. Summ., Including Dec. 1983 Workshop Results, Vol. 2; p 153-159
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  • 192
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    The Use of Thematic Mapper Data for Land Cover Discrimination: Preliminary Results from the UK Satmap Programme (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-13
    Description: In assessing the accuracy of classification techniques for Thematic Mapper data the consistency of the detector-to-detector response is critical. Preliminary studies were undertaken, therefore, to assess the significance of this factor for the TM. The overall structure of the band relationships can be examined by principal component analysis. In order to examine the utility of the Thematic Mapper data more carefully, six different land cover classes approximately Anderson level 1 were selected. These included an area of water from the sediment-laden Mississippi, woodland, agricultural land and urban land. A plume class was also selected which includes the plume of smoke emanating from the power station and drifting over the Mississippi river.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center LANDSAT-4 Sci. Invest. Summ., Including Dec. 1983 Workshop Results, Vol. 2; p 149-152
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  • 193
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    Snow Reflectance from LANDSAT-4 Thematic Mapper (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-13
    Description: In California 75% of the agricultural water supply comes from the melting Sierra Nevada snowpack. Basin-wide albedo measurements from the LANDSAT-4 Thematic Mapper could be used to better forecast the timing of the spring runoff, because these data can be combined with solar radiation calculations to estimate the net radiation budget. The TM is better-suited for this purpose than the MSS because of its large dynamic range. Saturation still occurs in bands 1-4, but is severe only in band 1. Differentiation of snow optical grain size is possible with TM band 4 through a moderately clear atmosphere. The TM band 5 can discriminate clouds from snow, and the combination of bands 2 and 5 appears best for snow mapping.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center LANDSAT-4 Sci. Invest. Summ., Including Dec. 1983 Workshop Results, Vol. 2; p 142-147
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  • 194
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    Aboveground Biomass Estimation in a Tidal Brackish Marsh Using Simulated Thematic Mapper Spectral Data (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-13
    Description: Spectral radiance data were collected from the ground and from a low altitude aircraft in an attempt to gain some insight into the potential utility of actual Thematic Mapper data for biomass estimation in wetland plant communities. No attempt was made to distinguish individual plant species within brackish marsh plant associations. Rather, it was decided to lump plant species with similar canopy morphologies and then estimate from spectral radiance data the biomass of the group. The rationale for such an approach is that plants with a similar morphology will produce a similar reflecting or absorping surface (i.e., canopy) for incoming electromagnetic radiation. Variations in observed reflectance from different plant communities with a similar canopy morphology are more likely to be a result of biomass differences than a result of differences in canopy architecture. If the hypothesis that plants with a similar morphology exhibit similar reflectance characteristics is true, then biomass can be estimated based on a model for the dominant plant morphology within a plant association and the need for species discrimination has effectively been eliminated.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center LANDSAT-4 Sci. Invest. Summ., Including Dec. 1983 Workshop Results, Vol. 2; p 121-127
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  • 195
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    Assessment of Computer-based Geologic Mapping of Rock Units in the LANDSAT-4 Scene of Northern Death Valley, California (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-13
    Description: Results from a series of geologic classifications conducted on a thematic mapper subscene of the northern Death Valley, California are reported. Measurements of accuracy are made through comparison with the 1977 edition of the Death Valley geologic sheet. This employs a simplified map version which is registered by computer to the image data base, allowing a pixel by pixel match with the classified scene. The results show accuracy ranges from 36 to 79% depending on the type of classifier used and the statistical adjustments made to the data. Accuracy values in identifying geologic units were 2 to 3 times higher for those in the relatively flat valleys than for units in the rugged mountainous terrain. Improvements in accuracy will be sought by correcting for slope/aspect variations in mountainous terrain using topographic data recorded in Defense Mapping Agency (DMA) tapes. The above classification results will also be compared with ratio and principal component image classifications made from the same scene.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: LANDSAT-4 Sci. Invest. Summ., Including Dec. 1983 Workshop Results, Vol. 2; p 114-115
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  • 196
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    Evaluation of LANDSAT-4 Thematic Mapper Data as Applied to Geologic Exploration: Summary of Results (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-13
    Description: As with any tool applied to geologic exploration, maximum value results from the innovative integration of optimally processed LANDSAT-4 data with existing pertinent information and perceptive geologic thinking. The synoptic view of the satellite images and the relatively high resolution of the data permits recognization of regional tectonic patterns and their detailed mapping. The refined spatial and spectral characteristics and digital nature surface alterations associated with hydrothermal activity and microseepage of hydrocarbons. In general, as vegetation and soil cover increase, the value of spectral components of TM data decreases with respect to the value of the spatial component of the data. This observation reinforces the experience from working with MSS data that digital processing must be optimized both for the area and for the application.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center LANDSAT-4 Sci. Invest. Summ., Including Dec. 1983 Workshop Results, Vol. 2; p 103-108
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  • 197
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    Impact of LANDSAT MSS Sensor Differences on Change Detection Analysis (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-13
    Description: Change detection techniques were used to pinpoint differences in the multispectral band scanners on LANDSAT 2, 3, and 4 satellites. The method of analysis was to co-register 512 by 512 pixel subwindows for all data pairs followed by scattergram generation and analysis. In all cases, the LANDSAT-4 data were used as the base to which other images were registered. There appear to be no major problems preventing use of LANDSAT-4 MSS with previous MSS sensors for charge detection, provided the interference noise can be removed or minimized. This noise may result in detection of spurious changes, as well as affect other uses of the data, including image classification. Analysis of dark (water and forests), rather than light features will be most impacted because the noise will form a higher percentage of the total response at low DN values. Any data normalizations for change detection should be based upon the data, rather than solely upon calibration information. While the observed relative radiometric transfer function between LANDSAT 3 and 4 was approximately as predicted, there were still significant deviations. Normalizing based upon data content also can have the advantage of allowing simultaneous normalization of the atmosphere as well as the radiometry.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center LANDSAT-4 Sci. Invest. Summ., Including Dec. 1983 Workshop Results, Vol. 2; p 87-90
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  • 198
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    Radiometric Accuracy Assessment of LANDSAT-4 Multispectral Scanner (MSS) Data (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-13
    Description: The LANDSAT-4 mission has unique characteristics relative to previous LANDSAT missions. The spacecraft is new; the orbit is lower with a more frequent repeat cycle; and the ground processing facility consists of new hardware with different algorithms being applied. How some of these changes affect the character of the radiometric data quality is explored. Banding effects; radiometric differences between LANDSAT 3 and 4; and the woodgrain pattern observed visually in the images are considered.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: LANDSAT-4 Sci. Invest. Summ., Including Dec. 1983 Workshop Results, Vol. 2; p 69-72
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  • 199
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    The Effect of Point-spread Function Interaction with Radiance from Heterogeneous Scenes on Multitemporal Signature Analysis (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-13
    Description: The point-spread function is an important factor in determining the nature of feature types on the basis of multispectral recorded radiance, particularly from heterogeneous scenes and particularly from scenes which are imaged repetitively, in order to provide thematic characterization by means of multitemporal signature. To demonstrate the effect of the interaction of scene heterogeneity with the point spread function (PSF)1, a template was constructed from the line spread function (LSF) data for the thematic mapper photoflight model. The template was in 0.25 (nominal) pixel increments in the scan line direction across three scenes of different heterogeneity. The sensor output was calculated by considering the calculated scene radiance from each scene element occurring between the contours of the PSF template, plotted on a movable mylar sheet while it was located at a given position.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center LANDSAT-4 Sci. Invest. Summ., Including Dec. 1983 Workshop Results, Vol. 2; p 64-68
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  • 200
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    An Analysis of the High Frequency Vibrations in Early Thematic Mapper Scenes (1984)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2014-09-13
    Description: The potential effects of high frequency vibrations on the final Thematic Mapper (TM) image are evaluated for 26 scenes. The angular displacements of the TM detectors from their nominal pointing directions as measured by the TM Angular Displacement Sensor (ADS) and the spacecraft Dry Rotor Inertial Reference Unit (DRIRU) give data on the along scan and cross scan high frequency vibrations present in each scan of a scene. These measurements are to find the maximum overlap and underlap between successive scans, and to analyze the spectrum of the high frequency vibrations acting on the detectors. The Fourier spectrum of the along scan and cross scan vibrations for each scene also evaluated. The spectra of the scenes examined indicate that the high frequency vibrations arise primarily from the motion of the TM and MSS mirrors, and that their amplitudes are well within expected ranges.
    Keywords: EARTH RESOURCES AND REMOTE SENSING
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center LANDSAT-4 Sci. Invest. Summ., Including Dec. 1983 Workshop Results, Vol. 2; p 54
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