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  • Other Sources  (111)
  • Elsevier  (64)
  • Springer  (38)
  • American Geophysical Union
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
  • Cambridge University Press
  • 2020-2023  (61)
  • 1975-1979  (49)
  • 1935-1939  (1)
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  • 1
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    The forcings of the Mediterranean Sea and the physical properties of its water masses (2023)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-12-22
    Description: This chapter aims at introducing the reader to general concepts about the main forcings of the Mediterranean Sea, in terms of exchanges through the Strait of Gibraltar, and air-sea exchanges of heat, freshwater, and momentum. These forcings are also responsible for the peculiar characteristics of Mediterranean water masses. Therefore, the chapter continues with giving a general explanation on water mass analysis, and then it describes the properties and vertical and horizontal distributions of the main Mediterranean water masses. To conclude, the reader is introduced to the use of other (biogeochemical, and chemical) tracers of water masses, with a focus on the Mediterranean Sea.
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  • 2
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    Gas Hydrate Accumulations in the Black Sea (2022)
    Springer
    In:  In: World Atlas of Submarine Gas Hydrates in Continental Margins. , ed. by Mienert, J., Berndt, C. 〈https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5055-0180〉, Tréhu, A. M., Camerlenghi, A. and Liu, C. S. Springer, Cham, pp. 451-461.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-06
    Description: The Black Sea has undergone several limnic and marine stages due to fluctuations in the global sea level. The exchange of saline water from the Mediterranean Sea to the Black Sea through the Bosporus Strait was interrupted when the sea level dropped below the Bosporus sill. This induced limnic conditions, while marine conditions were established after the reconnection to saline Mediterranean seawater. Extended river fan systems developed during sea level low-stands, providing large amounts of organic material being buried by rapid sedimentation on the slopes of the Black Sea margins. The biogenic degradation of this material produces most of the methane gas expelled into the anoxic water column today. This largely happens by ubiquitous cold vents at ~700 m water depth (i.e. at the stability boundary of methane hydrates) and by mud volcanoes in ~2000 m water depth. A significant amount of gas is expected to accumulate in the sediment within the methane hydrate stability zone. However, bottom-simulating reflectors, the seismic indicator for gas hydrates, are not found everywhere along the margin. Recent analyses of the Danube and Dniepr fans have revealed a discontinuous gas hydrate formation in an area with no active seeps, while areas of active seepage located in the vicinity of BSR reflections held no gas hydrates. In addition, the ongoing diffusion of salt into the uppermost Black Sea sediment pore space since the last glacial maximum further reduces the volume of the gas hydrate stability zone. Estimates of the total amount of gas stored in gas hydrates therefore require a detailed structural analysis prior to regional- or basin-scale modelling attempts.
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  • 3
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    Electromagnetic Applications in Methane Hydrate Reservoirs (2022)
    Springer
    In:  In: World Atlas of Submarine Gas Hydrates in Continental Margins. , ed. by Mienert, J., Berndt, C. 〈https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5055-0180〉, Tréhu, A. M., Camerlenghi, A. and Liu, C. S. Springer, Cham, pp. 73-85.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-20
    Description: Marine electromagnetic methods provide useful and independent measures for the identification and quantification of submarine gas hydrates. The resistivity of seafloor sediments, drawn from area-wide electromagnetic data, mainly depends on the sediment porosity and the nature of the pore fluid. Gas hydrates and free gas are both electrically resistive. The replacement of saline water, thus conductive pore water with resistive gas hydrate or free gas, increases the sediment resistivity and can be used to provide accurate saturation estimates if the background lithology is known. While seismic methods are predominantly used to study the distribution of submarine gas hydrates, a growing number of global field studies have demonstrated that the joint interpretation of marine seismic and electromagnetic methods improves the evaluation of submarine gas hydrate targets. This article discusses the relationship between resistivity and free gas/gas hydrate saturation levels, how the resistivity of the sediment may be measured and summarizes the status and results of current and past field studies.
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  • 4
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    Effects of wildfire ash from native and alien plants on phytoplankton biomass (2022)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-04-25
    Description: Wildfires are natural or anthropogenic phenomena increasing at alarming rates globally due to land-use alterations, droughts, climatic warming, hunting and biological invasions. Whereas wildfire effects on terrestrial ecosystems are marked and relatively well-studied, ash depositions into aquatic ecosystems have often remained overlooked but have the potential to significantly impact bottom-up processes. This study assessed ash-water-phytoplankton biomass dynamics using six plant species [i.e., three natives (apple leaf Philenoptera violacea, Transvaal milk plum Englerophytum magalismontanum, quinine tree Rauvolfia caffra) and three aliens (lantana Lantana camara, gum Eucalyptus camaldulensis, guava Psidium guajava)] based on a six-week mesocosm experiment with different ash concentrations (1 and 2 g L-1). We assessed concentrations of chemical elements, i.e., N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Na, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn and B from ash collected, and we have observed significant differences among the species. High concentrations of P, K, Mn, Fe, Cu, Zn and B were recorded from Transvaal milk plum ash and low concentrations of P, K, Ca, Mg, Cu and Zn were recorded from apple leaf. An increase in phytoplankton biomass (using chlorophyll-a concentration as a proxy) for all treatments i.e., 1 and 2 g L-1 for all plant species ash was observed a week after, followed by decreases in the following weeks, with the exception of 2 g L-1 for lantana, gum and control. Silicate concentrations (i.e., used as a proxy for diatom abundance) showed increasing patterns among all ash treatments, with exception of controls. However, no clear patterns were observed between native and alien plant ash on both chl-a and silicate concentrations. We found that ash has notable effects on water chemistry, particularly nitrate, which increased throughout the weeks, whereas, pH and conductivity were high at low ash concentrations. The impacts of ash on water chemistry, chl-a and silicate concentrations vary with individual species and the amount of ash deposited into the system.
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  • 5
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    Dynamics of Transport, Accumulation, and Export of Plastics at Oceanic Fronts (2022)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-04-29
    Description: Every year, vast quantities of plastic debris arrive at the ocean surface. Nevertheless, our understanding of plastic movements is largely incomplete and many of the processes involved with the horizontal and vertical displacement of plastics in the ocean are still basically unknown. In this chapter we review the dynamics associated with the transport of plastics and other pollutants at oceanic fronts. Fronts had been historically defined as simple barriers to exchange, but here we show that the role of these structures in influencing the transport of plastics is more complex. The tools used to investigate the occurrence of frontal structures at various spatial scales are reviewed in detail, with a particular focus on their potential applications to the study of plastic pollution. Three selected case studies are presented to better describe the role of fronts in favoring or preventing plastic exchanges: the large-scale Antarctic Circumpolar Current, a Mediterranean mesoscale front, and the submesoscale fronts in the Gulf of Mexico. Lastly, some aspects related to the vertical subduction of plastic particles at oceanic fronts are discussed as one of the most promising frontiers for future research. The accumulation of floating debris at the sea surface is mainly affected by the horizontal components of frontal dynamics. At the same time, vertical components can be relevant for the export of neutrally buoyant particles from the surface into the deep sea. Based on these evidences, we propose that submesoscale processes can provide a fast and efficient route of plastic transport within the mixed layer, while mesoscale instabilities and associated vertical velocities might be the dominant mechanism to penetrate the deeper ocean on slower but broader scales. We conclude that given the ubiquitous presence of fronts in the world’s ocean, their contribution to the global plastic cycle is probably not negligible and the role of these processes in vertically displacing neutrally buoyant microplastics should be investigated in more detail.
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  • 6
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    Occurrence and Distribution of Bottom Simulating Reflections in the Barents Sea (2022)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-20
    Description: The Barents Sea, located close to the Arctic Ocean, is a petroleum province featuring an extensive occurrence of gas hydrates and shallow gas in compacted sediments. Glacial erosion and uplift have contributed to the migration of gas originating from deeper rocks to the shallow sediments of this region, resulting in hydrates with higher-order hydrocarbons in addition to methane. This article documents reported gas hydrate indications and major controls on hydrate stability in the Barents Sea.
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  • 7
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    Robust Human-Identifiable Markers for Absolute Relocalization of Underwater Robots in Marine Data Science Applications (2022)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-25
    Description: Since global navigation satellite systems (GNSS) for determining the absolute geolocation do not reach into the ocean, underwater robots typically obtain a GNSS position at the water surface and then use a combination of different sensors for estimating their pose while diving, including inertial navigation, acoustic doppler velocity logs, ultra short baseline localization systems and pressure sensors. When re-navigating to the same seafloor location after several days, months or years, e.g. for coastal monitoring, the absolute uncertainty of such systems can be in the range of meters for shallow water, and tens of meters for deeper waters in practice. To enable absolute relocalization in marine data science applications that require absolute seafloor positions in the range of centimeter precision, in this contribution we suggest to equip the monitoring area with visual markers that can be detected reliably even in case they are partially overgrown or partially buried by sediment, which can happen quickly in coastal waters. Inspired by patterns successful in camera calibration, we create robust markers that exhibit features at different scales, in order to allow detection, identification and pose estimation from different cameras and various altitudes as visibility (and therefore the maximum possible survey altitude) in coastal waters can vary significantly across seasons, tides and weather. The low frequency content of the marker resembles a human-readable digit, in order to allow easy identification by scientists. We present early results including promising initial tests in coastal waters.
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  • 8
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    Offshore Freshened Groundwater in Continental Shelf Environments (2022)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-06-02
    Description: While offshore groundwater has been utilized by coastal communities as far back as 1000 BC, only in the past 10 years has the global volume of fresh-to-brackish water hosted in offshore aquifers been truly appreciated. There are vast quantities (~300–500 × 103 km3) of offshore freshened groundwater sequestered in continental shelf sediments under water depths of less than 60 m within 110 km of the coastline. New marine geophysical methods now make it possible to map and quantify low salinity offshore groundwater bodies. To date, these offshore resources have not been developed. Offshore freshened groundwater could be produced if wells are located close to the shoreline and coastal desalination plants.
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  • 9
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    Towards Cross Domain Transfer Learning for Underwater Correspondence Search (2022)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-07-11
    Description: Underwater images are challenging for correspondence search algorithms, which are traditionally designed based on images captured in air and under uniform illumination. In water however, medium interactions have a much higher impact on the light propagation. Absorption and scattering cause wavelength- and distance-dependent color distortion, blurring and contrast reductions. For deeper or turbid waters, artificial illumination is required that usually moves rigidly with the camera and thus increases the appearance differences of the same seafloor spot in different images. Correspondence search, e.g. using image features, is however a core task in underwater visual navigation employed in seafloor surveys and is also required for 3D reconstruction, image retrieval and object detection. For underwater images, it has to be robust against the challenging imaging conditions to avoid decreased accuracy or even failure of computer vision algorithms. However, explicitly taking underwater nuisances into account during the feature extraction and matching process is challenging. On the other hand, learned feature extraction models achieved high performance in many in-air problems in recent years. Hence we investigate, how such a learned robust feature model, D2Net, can be applied to the underwater environment and particularly look into the issue of cross domain transfer learning as a strategy to deal with the lack of annotated underwater training data.
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  • 10
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    Phytoplankton Growth and Nutrients (2022)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2022-07-22
    Description: Phytoplankton form the base of the pelagic food web in inland waters. Unlike rooted plants with access to nutrients in the sediment, phytoplankton depend on the open water as their sole direct source of minerals. Phytoplankton comprise cyanobacteria and phylogenetically diverse eukaryotic algae that convert light energy and mineral nutrients into organic matter. Many species also exploit the elements and energy within dissolved organic compounds and particles produced in the catchment or within the water. Here, we describe the nutrient requirements of phytoplankton, their different modes of nutrition, the mechanisms they employ to acquire nutrients and the ecological consequences of their varying ability to exploit an often scarce and spatially and temporally variable resource. When nutrients are abundant, often as a result of human disruption of nutrient cycles, phytoplankton productivity, and often biomass, increases to the point that it causes a range of ecological consequences that reduce the value of the water resource for mankind.
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  • 11
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    Bacterial Fish Diseases and Treatment (2022)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2022-08-08
    Description: Fish food is an inevitable item in human consumption with healthy sourceof good quality proteins and fat. Aqua industry can help to improve food security,livelihoods for the poorest and to meet the world’s food demands. But producingmore seafood that is at affordable cost with rich nutrition is challenging for aquaindustry. Many factors affect the productivity of aqua industry; one such an impor-tant constraint is bacterial diseases. Hence, Aqua industry, a booming businesssector, immensely requires continued research with scientific and technical devel-opments, and innovations. Study of bacterialfish disease is one such thrust areawhich requires intense research to understand the causes and control bacterialdiseases infish. The appearance and development of afish disease is the result ofthe interaction among pathogen, host and environment. An insight into bacterialfishdiseases, clinical symptoms and treatment may help to manage the bacterial diseasesand so can make aqua industry a more profitablefield. This chapter deals withdifferent aspects of the most threatening bacterial diseases, occurring in farmedfishes and also in wildfishes, which are results infish loss and economic lossworldwide. A wide range of gram positive and gram-negative bacteria causingbacterial diseases, clinical symptoms, diagnosis, treatment, vaccines and the natureof water habitat are also discussed in this chapter.
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  • 12
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    Lessons Learned in the Digital Earth Project (2022)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2022-08-12
    Description: The Digital Earth project aimed for the integration of data science and Earth science. Here, we reflect on the main lessons learned that include the need for interdisciplinary collaboration, thinking out of the box, the concept of ‘thinking in workflows’ and models for the sustainable implementation of scientific software, data infrastructure and policies.
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  • 13
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    The Digital Earth Project: Focus and Agenda (2022)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2022-08-12
    Description: Digital Earth is a project funded by the German Helmholtz Association with all centers of the research field Earth and Environment involved. The main goal of the Digital Earth project is to develop and bundle data science methods in extendable and maintainable scientific workflows that enable natural scientists in collaboration with data scientists to achieve a deeper understanding of the Earth system. This has been achieved by developing solutions for data analysis and exploration with visual and computational approaches with data obtained in a SMART monitoring approach and modeling studies, accompanied by a continuous evaluation of the collaboration processes. In this chapter, the history, setup, and focus of the Digital Earth project are described.
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  • 14
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    Evaluating the Success of the Digital Earth Project (2022)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2022-08-17
    Description: The Digital Earth project aims at a strong interrelation between Data and Earth Science and a step-change in implementing data science methods within Earth science research. During the project, the progress of interdisciplinary collaboration and adoption of data science methods has been measured and assessed with the goal to trace the success of the project. This chapter provides the set-up of this evaluation and the results from two online questionnaires that were held after the start and before the end of the project.
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  • 15
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    Marine Protists: A Hitchhiker’s Guide to their Role in the Marine Microbiome (2022)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2022-08-17
    Description: Diversity within marine microbiomes spans the three domains of life: microbial eukaryotes (i.e., protists), bacteria, and archaea. Although protists were the first microbes observed by microscopy, it took the advent of molecular techniques to begin to resolve their complex and reticulate evolutionary history. Symbioses between microbial entities have been key in this journey, and such interactions continue to shape the ecology of marine microbiomes. Nowadays, photosynthetic marine protists are appreciated for their activities as primary producers, rivalling land plant contributions in the global carbon cycle. Predatory protists are known for consuming prokaryotes and other protists, with some combining metabolisms into a mixotrophic lifestyle. Still, much must be learned about specific interactions and lifestyles, especially for uncultured groups recognized just by environmental sequences. With respect to the fate of protists in food webs, there are many paths to consider. Despite being in early stages of identifying interactions, whether mutualistic or death-inducing infections by parasites and viruses, knowledge is advancing rapidly via methods for interrogation in nature without culturing. Here, we review marine protists, their evolutionary histories, diversity, ecological roles, and lifestyles in all layers of the ocean, with reference to how views have shifted over time through extensive investigation.
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  • 16
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    An Improved Method for Measuring Phthalates in Seawater With Blank Contamination Using GC-MS (2022)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2022-10-05
    Description: Quantification of phthalates or phthalic acid esters (PAEs) might be problematic due to matrix overlap, auto-self absorbance and background scattering noise by the plastic lab materials although plastics have been reported in the release of PAEs. These materials (ambient air, reagents bottles, sampling devices, and various analytical instruments), are ubiquitous in the laboratory environment, thereby making it more difficult to reliably analyze of trace concentration of PAEs. Thus, in the current study, a straight forward and reliable protocol has been established for the analysis of PAEs including control of blank contamination, and the experimental conditions such as extraction time and temperature were optimized. The mass of PAEs in blank tests of selected materials ranged from 3±0.7 to 35±6 ng for liquid-liquid extraction (LLE) and from 5±1.8 to 63±15 ng for solid-phase extraction (SPE). For both extraction methods, higher blank values were measured for dibutyl phthalate (DBP) (35±6 ng, 12±3 ng), and DEHP (63±12 ng, 23±5 ng) in LLE and SPE, respectively. Average recoveries of PAEs in LLE were 90-97% and obtained with successive aliquots of 2 mL, 1 mL, and 1 mL dichloromethane (DCM). For SPE, recoveries up to 86-90% were achieved with successive aliquots of 5, 3, and 2 mL DCM at a sample flow rate of 5 mL min -1 . Under the optimized conditions, the method quantification limits (MQL) for PAEs was 10-20 ng L -1 for LLE and 10-35 ng L -1 for SPE. Moreover, the dissolved concentrations of PAEs from LDPE measured by the LLE method ranged 〈 1.5 to 5.83 ng cm -2, and those measured by SPE ranged from 1.0to256ngL -1 , in seawater samples of Sharm Obhur. The method has lower MQL values for LLE and SPE than average reported values of 10-100 ng L -1 and 30-100 ng L -1 , respectively.
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  • 17
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    A community under a pulse perturbation experiment: editorial (2022)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2022-11-01
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  • 18
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    Monitoring CO2 Storage Sites Onshore and Offshore using InSAR Data and Strain Sensing Fibre Optics Cables (2022)
    Elsevier
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    Publication Date: 2022-12-02
    Description: A key requirement for geological CO2 storage is site integrity management and monitoring during operation through to the post decommissioning period. This paper focuses on monitoring deformation of the ground surface and seabed as a proxy for overall deformation in the reservoir and surrounding layers. The objective is to inform, based on deformation data, on how the reservoir is responding to CO2 injection and to ensure any issues with regard to storage integrity are rapidly detected. The magnitude and pattern of deformation at the surface reveals geomechanical/hydromechanical processes that occur in reservoir due to CO2 injection. We acquired deformation data from the In Salah CO2 injection site and from four additional study cases during the course of this study; one in the onshore UK, the other a combined campaign onshore Norway and offshore Germany, and the third in onshore Japan. Significant developments in measurement techniques, processing tools and interpretation algorithms were developed through this project. Models were then developed to simulate the observed data and to couple surface deformation to displacement in the subsurface. The results show millimeter-scale deformations in the subsurface have a signature at the surface that can be captured by the tools and workflows developed in this project. These deformations, particularly the patterns, are important factors to consider when monitoring a CO2 storage site.
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  • 19
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    Data Science and Earth System Science (2022)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2022-12-09
    Description: Data-driven science has turned into a fourth fundamental paradigm of performing research. Earth System Science, following a holistic approach in unraveling the complex network of processes and interactions shaping system Earth, particularly profits from embracing data-driven approaches next to observation and modeling. At the end, increasing digitalization of Earth sciences will lead to cultural transformation towards a Digital Earth Culture.
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  • 20
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    Data Analysis and Exploration with Visual Approaches (2022)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2022-12-19
    Description: A comprehensive study of the Earth system and its related processes requires a holistic examination and understanding of multidimensional data acquired with a large number of different sensors or produced by various models. To this end, the Digital Earth project developed a set of software solutions to study environmental data sets using visual approaches. In the following chapter, we present three data visualization products developed to deal with the challenges of the analysis and exploration of environmental data.
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  • 21
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    The Digital Earth Smart Monitoring Concept and Tools (2022)
    Springer
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    Publication Date: 2022-12-19
    Description: Reliable data are the base of all scientific analyses, interpretations and conclusions. Evaluating data in a smart way speeds up the process of interpretation and conclusion and highlights where, when and how additionally acquired data in the field will support knowledge gain. An extended SMART monitoring concept is introduced which includes SMART sensors, DataFlows, MetaData and Sampling approaches and tools. In the course of the Digital Earth project, the meaning of SMART monitoring has significantly evolved. It stands for a combination of hard- and software tools enhancing the traditional monitoring approach where a SMART monitoring DataFlow is processed and analyzed sequentially on the way from the sensor to a repository into an integrated analysis approach. The measured values itself, its metadata, and the status of the sensor, and additional auxiliary data can be made available in real time and analyzed to enhance the sensor output concerning accuracy and precision. Although several parts of the four tools are known, technically feasible and sometimes applied in Earth science studies, there is a large discrepancy between knowledge and our derived ambitions and what is feasible and commonly done in the reality and in the field.
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  • 22
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    Opportunities for an African greenhouse gas observation system (2021)
    Springer
    In:  Regional Environmental Change, 21 (4). Art.Nr. 104.
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    Publication Date: 2022-01-19
    Description: Global population projections foresee the biggest increase to occur in Africa with most of the available uncultivated land to ensure food security remaining on the continent. Simultaneously, greenhouse gas emissions are expected to rise due to ongoing land use change, industrialisation, and transport amongst other reasons with Africa becoming a major emitter of greenhouse gases globally. However, distinct knowledge on greenhouse gas emissions sources and sinks as well as their variability remains largely unknown caused by its vast size and diversity and an according lack of observations across the continent. Thus, an environmental research infrastructure—as being setup in other regions—is more needed than ever. Here, we present the results of a design study that developed a blueprint for establishing such an environmental research infrastructure in Africa. The blueprint comprises an inventory of already existing observations, the spatial disaggregation of locations that will enable to reduce the uncertainty in climate forcing’s in Africa and globally as well as an overall estimated cost for such an endeavour of about 550 M€ over the next 30 years. We further highlight the importance of the development of an e-infrastructure, the necessity for capacity development and the inclusion of all stakeholders to ensure African ownership.
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  • 23
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    Ocean current changes (2021)
    Elsevier
    In:  In: Climate Change. Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, pp. 219-249. 3.ed. ISBN 978-0-12-821575-3
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    Publication Date: 2022-01-06
    Description: The oceans' role in climate and climate change is manifold. The Ocean circulation transports large amounts of heat and freshwater on hemispheric space scales which have significant impacts on regional climate in the ocean itself but also noticeable consequences via atmospheric teleconnections on land. Due to the high heat capacity of seawater and the relatively slow ocean circulation, the oceans provide a significant “memory” for the climate system. Bodies of water that descend from the sea surface may reside in the ocean interior for decades and centuries, while preserving their temperature and salinity signature, before they surface again to interact with the overlying atmosphere. The residence time of water in the atmosphere is about ten days and the persistence of dynamical states of the atmospheric circulation may last up to a few weeks. Thus, on long time scales ocean dynamics becomes important for climate, which implies that climate variations and climate change can only partially be understood without consideration of ocean dynamics and the intricate ocean-atmosphere interaction. Since 1960 the heat uptake of the oceans has been 20 times larger than that of the atmosphere. Thus the oceans have been able to reduce the otherwise much more pronounced temperature rise in the atmospheric climate. Also, over the last 200 years the oceans have absorbed about half of the CO2 release into the atmosphere by human activities (fossil fuel combustion, de-forestation, cement production), thereby reducing the direct effect of greenhouse gases on atmospheric temperatures.This chapter aims to describe and explain fundamental principles of the ocean dynamics and gathers information about past, present and future states the world’s ocean and its role in climate change.
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  • 24
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    Carbon dioxide conversion to C1 - C2 compounds in a microbial electrosynthesis cell with in situ electrodeposition of nickel and iron (2021)
    Elsevier
    In:  Electrochimica Acta, 383 . Art.Nr. 138349.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-07
    Description: Highlights • Continuous CH4 bioelectrosynthesis from CO2 demonstrated with 80% or higher Coulombic Efficiency • At pH values below 8 CH4 cathodic off-gas contains up to 85% CH4 • At pH above 8.5, production of acetate and then ethanol (up to 8 g L−1) was obtained • Coulombic efficiency remained above 80% • 16S sequencing showed proliferation of Clostridium, Methanosaeta, Methanobrevibacter and Methanobacterium spp at the cathode This study demonstrates the continuous conversion of CO2 to methane, acetate, and ethanol in a Microbial Electrosynthesis Cell (MESC) with a carbon felt biocathode. The MESC was inoculated with a mixed anaerobic microbial consortium and operated at a mesophilic temperature of 30 °C. In situ deposition of Ni and Fe was achieved by introducing 0.2 g L−1 of NiSO4 or FeSO4, respectively, into the cathode compartment influent stream. In response, a considerable improvement in MESC performance was observed with a current density of 6.4 mA cm−2 (per separator area) and a CH4 production of 0.83 L (LR d)−1 (R = cathode volume). Once Ni and Fe were removed from the influent solution, the performance remained unchanged. Electron dispersive spectroscopy confirmed Ni and Fe electrodeposition. A shift from CH4 to acetate and ethanol production with concentrations reaching 5 and 8 g L−1, respectively, was observed upon increasing the cathode compartment pH to 8.5–9.0. 16S rRNA gene sequencing showed significant changes in the bacterial population at the cathode with Clostridia representing almost two-thirds of the population. Methanosaeta, Methanobrevibacter, and Methanobacterium species dominated the archaeal community.
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    Dispersal and transport of microplastics in river sediments (2021)
    Elsevier
    In:  Environmental Pollution, 279 . Art.-Nr.: 116884.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-07
    Description: Rivers are viewed as major pathways of microplastic transport from terrestrial areas to marine ecosystems. However, there is paucity of knowledge on the dispersal pattern and transport of microplastics in river sediments. In this study, a three dimensional hydrodynamic and particle transport modelling framework was created to investigate the dispersal and transport processes of microplastic particles commonly present in the environment, namely, polyethylene (PE), polypropylene (PP), polyamide (PA), and polyethylene terephthalate (PET) in river sediments. The study outcomes confirmed that sedimental microplastics with lower density would have higher mobility. PE and PP are likely to be transported for a relatively longer distance, while PA and PET would likely accumulate close to source points. High water flow would transport more microplastics from source points, and high flow velocity in bottom water layer are suggested to facilitate the transport of sedimental microplastics. Considering the limited dispersal and transport, the study outcomes indicated that river sediments would act as a sink for microplastic pollutants instead of being a transport pathway. The patchiness associated with the hotspots of different plastic types is expected to provide valuable information for microplastic source tracking.
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    Microbial corrosion of metals: The corrosion microbiome (2021)
    Elsevier
    In:  Advances in Microbial Physiology, 78 . pp. 317-390.
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    Publication Date: 2022-01-07
    Description: Microbially catalyzed corrosion of metals is a substantial economic concern. Aerobic microbes primarily enhance Fe0 oxidation through indirect mechanisms and their impact appears to be limited compared to anaerobic microbes. Several anaerobic mechanisms are known to accelerate Fe0 oxidation. Microbes can consume H2 abiotically generated from the oxidation of Fe0. Microbial H2 removal makes continued Fe0 oxidation more thermodynamically favorable. Extracellular hydrogenases further accelerate Fe0 oxidation. Organic electron shuttles such as flavins, phenazines, and possibly humic substances may replace H2 as the electron carrier between Fe0 and cells. Direct Fe0-to-microbe electron transfer is also possible. Which of these anaerobic mechanisms predominates in model pure culture isolates is typically poorly documented because of a lack of functional genetic studies. Microbial mechanisms for Fe0 oxidation may also apply to some other metals. An ultimate goal of microbial metal corrosion research is to develop molecular tools to diagnose the occurrence, mechanisms, and rates of metal corrosion to guide the implementation of the most effective mitigation strategies. A systems biology approach that includes innovative isolation and characterization methods, as well as functional genomic investigations, will be required in order to identify the diagnostic features to be gleaned from meta-omic analysis of corroding materials. A better understanding of microbial metal corrosion mechanisms is expected to lead to new corrosion mitigation strategies. The understanding of the corrosion microbiome is clearly in its infancy, but interdisciplinary electrochemical, microbiological, and molecular tools are available to make rapid progress in this field.
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  • 27
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    Transcriptional response of key metabolic and stress response genes of a nuculanid bivalve, Lembulus bicuspidatus from an oxygen minimum zone exposed to hypoxia-reoxygenation (2021)
    Elsevier
    In:  Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part B: Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, 256 . Art.Nr. 110617.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-07
    Description: Highlights: • Transcriptional response to hypoxia-reoxygenation was studied in an OMZ bivalve. • Anaerobic glycolysis and protein quality control pathways were transcriptionally upregulated in hypoxia. • Hypoxia elevated mRNA levels of UCP2 but had no effect on thiol-dependent antioxidants. • No impact of hypoxia-reoxygenation was found on aerobic marker enzymes. • Responses of an OMZ bivalve show parallels to other hypoxia-tolerant bivalves. Abstract: Benthic animals inhabiting the edges of marine oxygen minimum zones (OMZ) are exposed to unpredictable large fluctuations of oxygen levels. Sessile organisms including bivalves must depend on physiological adaptations to withstand these conditions. However, as habitats are rather inaccessible, physiological adaptations of the OMZ margin inhabitants to oxygen fluctuations are not well understood. We therefore investigated the transcriptional responses of selected key genes involved in energy metabolism and stress protection in a dominant benthic species of the northern edge of the Namibian OMZ, the nuculanid clam Lembulus bicuspidatus,. We exposed clams to normoxia (~5.8 ml O2 l−1), severe hypoxia (36 h at ~0.01 ml O2 l−1) and post-hypoxic recovery (24 h of normoxia following 36 h of severe hypoxia). Using newly identified gene sequences, we determined the transcriptional responses to hypoxia and reoxygenation of the mitochondrial aerobic energy metabolism (pyruvate dehydrogenase E1 complex, cytochrome c oxidase, citrate synthase, and adenine nucleotide translocator), anaerobic glycolysis (hexokinase (HK), phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase (PEPCK), phosphofructokinase, and aldolase), mitochondrial antioxidants (glutaredoxin, peroxiredoxin, and uncoupling protein UCP2) and stress protection mechanisms (a molecular chaperone HSP70 and a mitochondrial quality control protein MIEAP) in the gills and the labial palps of L. bicuspidatus. Exposure to severe hypoxia transcriptionally stimulated anaerobic glycolysis (including HK and PEPCK), antioxidant protection (UCP2), and quality control mechanisms (HSP70 and MIEAP) in the gills of L. bicuspidatus. Unlike UCP2, mRNA levels of the thiol-dependent mitochondrial antioxidants were not affected by hypoxia-reoxygenation stress. Transcript levels of marker genes for aerobic energy metabolism were not responsive to oxygen fluctuations in L. bicuspidatus. Our findings highlight the probable importance of anaerobic succinate production (via PEPCK) and mitochondrial and proteome quality control mechanisms in responses to oxygen fluctuations of the OMZ bivalve L. bicuspidatus. The reaction of L. bicuspidatus to oxygen fluctuations implies parallels to that of other hypoxia-tolerant bivalves, such as intertidal species.
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    Trophic ecology of a tropical scyphozoan community in coastal waters: Insights from stomach content and stable isotope analyses (2021)
    Elsevier
    In:  Continental Shelf Research, 225 . p. 104481.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-07
    Description: Despite the growing concern of scyphozoan jellyfish blooms and their associated threats, there is an acute lack of baseline knowledge regarding the trophic ecology of scyphozoans in tropical waters where blooms of several species sometimes occur at once or successively. Therefore, this study was conducted from June 2010 to December 2011 in the Klang Strait (Malaysia) to elucidate the trophic ecology of eight sympatric species of scyphozoan that occurred in a conjoint mangrove-mudflat habitat. The species diet, trophic position and the relative contribution of primary producers to their nutrition were determined by integrating stomach content examination with stable isotope analysis. Scyphozoans in the Klang Strait are principally carnivores and can be grouped into three major trophic guilds: specialized copepod feeder, copepod and macrozooplankton feeder, and mixed plankton feeder. Bayesian mixing model of δ13C isotope values indicates that the scyphozoans mainly derived their basal carbon source from microphytobenthos and phytoplankton. Analysis of δ15N isotope values reveals that all species are positioned at the third trophic level after mixed zooplankton groups (second) and primary producers (first) in the food web. Scyphozoans thus represent an important trophic link coupling benthic and pelagic primary production to higher-level predators and humans, and are important carbon exporters from nearshore to neritic and offshore waters.
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    Large-scale genome sequencing reveals the driving forces of viruses in microalgal evolution (2021)
    Elsevier
    In:  Cell Host & Microbe .
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-07
    Description: Being integral primary producers in diverse ecosystems, microalgal genomes could be mined for ecological insights, but representative genome sequences are lacking for many phyla. We cultured and sequenced 107 microalgae species from 11 different phyla indigenous to varied geographies and climates. This collection was used to resolve genomic differences between saltwater and freshwater microalgae. Freshwater species showed domain-centric ontology enrichment for nuclear and nuclear membrane functions, while saltwater species were enriched in organellar and cellular membrane functions. Further, marine species contained significantly more viral families in their genomes (p = 8e–4). Sequences from Chlorovirus, Coccolithovirus, Pandoravirus, Marseillevirus, Tupanvirus, and other viruses were found integrated into the genomes of algal from marine environments. These viral-origin sequences were found to be expressed and code for a wide variety of functions. Together, this study comprehensively defines the expanse of protein-coding and viral elements in microalgal genomes and posits a unified adaptive strategy for algal halotolerance.
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    Assessment of restoration success in a transplanted seagrass bed based on isotopic niche metrics (2021)
    Elsevier
    In:  Ecological Engineering, 166 . Art.-Nr.: 106239.
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    Publication Date: 2022-01-07
    Description: A major highlight of restoration efforts is to improve the ecological structure and function of the natural ecosystem in the restored habitat. Assessment of restoration success is a crucial component of an optimal ecological management strategy. In studies to determine the restoration success of a transplanted seagrass habitat by assessing trophic recovery, we examined carbon and nitrogen stable isotope ratios of organic matter sources and macrobenthic assemblages in a transplanted eelgrass Zostera marina bed. The eelgrass bed was restored about 2 years after transplantation in a southern coastal bay of Korea, and consequently, the food web structure in the bed was compared with that in a natural reference site. Our results revealed no significant differences in isotopic values of both macrobenthic consumers and their putative food sources between the transplanted and natural seagrass beds. These isotopic similarities in florae and faunae in the two beds suggest a uniformity in food web structure formed by the diversity and availability of resources, and thereby suggest similarities in the resource–consumer relationship. Isotopic niche indices and high dietary overlaps of feeding guilds in the transplanted and natural beds further suggest the transplanted habitat provides similar ecological functions and ecosystem services to its natural counterpart. Collectively, our results suggest the eelgrass transplantation led to successful restoration of a common seagrass bed, with recovery of the functional properties of the food web structure. Finally, our findings support the idea that stable isotope measures can provide a better understanding of the functioning of restored ecosystems, and improve post-transplantation monitoring efforts for the future planning and managing of successful habitat restoration.
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    Isotope ratio mass spectrometry and spectroscopic techniques for microplastics characterization (2021)
    Elsevier
    In:  Talanta, 224 . Art.-Nr.: 121743.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-07
    Description: Micro- and nano-scale plastic particles in the environment result from their direct release and degradation of larger plastic debris. Relative to macro-sized plastics, these small particles are of special concern due to their potential impact on marine, freshwater, and terrestrial systems. While microplastic (MP) pollution has been widely studied in geographic regions globally, many questions remain about its origins. It is assumed that urban environments are the main contributors but systematic studies are lacking. The absence of standard methods to characterize and quantify MPs and smaller particles in environmental and biological matrices has hindered progress in understanding their geographic origins and sources, distribution, and impact. Hence, the development and standardization of methods is needed to establish the potential environmental and human health risks. In this study, we investigated stable carbon isotope ratio mass spectrometry (IRMS), attenuated total reflectance - Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR) spectroscopy, and micro-Raman spectroscopy (μ-Raman) as complementary techniques for characterization of common plastics. Plastic items selected for comparative analysis included food packaging, containers, straws, and polymer pellets. The ability of IRMS to distinguish weathered samples was also investigated using the simulated weathering conditions of ultraviolet (UV) light and heat. Our IRMS results show a difference between the δ13C values for plant-derived and petroleum-based polymers. We also found differences between plastic items composed of the same polymer but from different countries, and between some recycled and nonrecycled plastics. Furthermore, increasing δ13C values were observed after exposure to UV light. The results of the three techniques, and their advantages and limitations, are discussed.
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    Analysis of microplastics in consumer products by single particle-inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry using the carbon-13 isotope (2021)
    Elsevier
    In:  Talanta, 221 . Art.-Nr.: 121486.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-07
    Description: Single particle inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (SP-ICP-MS) has become a well-established technique for the detection, size characterization and quantification of inorganic nanoparticles but its use for the analysis of micro- and nanoparticles composed of carbon has been scarce. Here, the analysis of a microplastic suspensions by ICP-MS operated in single particle mode using microsecond dwell times is comprehensively discussed. The detection of polystyrene microparticles down to 1.2 μm was achieved by monitoring the 13C isotope. Plastic microparticles of up to 5 μm were completely volatized and their components atomized, which allowed the detection of microplastics, their quantification using aqueous dissolved carbon standards, and the measurement of the size-distribution of the detected particles. Limits of detection of 100 particles per milliliter were achieved for an acquisition time of 5 min. The method developed was applied to the screening of microplastics in personal care products and released from food packagings. The chemical identity of the detected microplastics was confirmed by attenuated total reflectance Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy.
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    Microbes trading electricity in consortia of environmental and biotechnological significance (2021)
    Elsevier
    In:  Current Opinion in Biotechnology, 67 . pp. 119-129.
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    Publication Date: 2022-01-07
    Description: Favorable interspecies associations prevail in natural microbial assemblages. Some of these favorable associations are co-metabolic dependent partnerships in which extracellular electrons are exchanged between species. For such electron exchange to occur, the cells must exhibit electroactive interfaces and get involved in direct cell-to-cell contact (Direct Interspecies Electron Transfer/DIET) or use available conductive mineral grains from their environment (Conductive-particle-mediated Interspecies Electron Transfer/CIET). This review will highlight recent discoveries and knowledge gaps regarding DIET and CIET interspecies associations in artificial co-cultures and consortia from natural and man-made environments and emphasize approaches to validate DIET and CIET. Additionally, we acknowledge the initiation of a movement towards applying electric syntrophies in biotechnology, bioremediation and geoengineering for natural attenuation of toxic compounds. Next, we have highlighted the urgent research needs that must be met to develop such technologies.
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    Seismicity along the Santorini-Amorgos zone and its relationship with active tectonics and fluid distribution (2021)
    Elsevier
    In:  Physics of the Earth and Planetary Interiors, 312 . Art.Nr. 106660.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-07
    Description: Highlights • A total of 1455 crustal events in Santorini-Amorgos zone have been relocated. • The seismogenic layer along the zone is found to be 12.5 km thick. • Expected moment magnitude of future earthquakes is in the range of 6.3 to 7.2. • High Vp/Vs ratios in northern part of Santorini caldera indicate the presence of melt. • Upward migrating fluids exist at areas with vertical earthquake clusters. The Santorini-Amorgos zone is located in the central part of the Hellenic volcanic arc and is hosting eight large faults as well as Kolumbo and Santorini volcanic centers. The largest earthquake (Mw ~ 7.1) in the southern Aegean during the 20th century also occurred in this area on 9 July 1956. A total of 1868 crustal events were recorded by temporary networks during September 2002 to July 2004 and October 2005 to March 2007, and also by the permanent network from 2011 to 2019. We relocated 1455 of these events by using HypoDD and revealed clusters of earthquakes beneath Kolumbo, Anydros graben, and Santorini-Amorgos ridge. Only the faults in the SW of Anydros, SE of Ios, and along the south coast of Amorgos were delineated by the relocated events. Nearly vertical clusters were observed beneath the island of Anydros, south of Amorgos, and in NE end of Amorgos fault, indicating possible pathways of upward migrating fluids. The seismogenic layer thickness calculated based on the depth distribution of the relocated events was 12.5 km. We combined this thickness with geometrical properties of the faults to calculate the expected moment magnitude of future earthquakes, resulting in a range of 6.3–7.2. In an effort to map the distribution of fluids, the Vp/Vs ratio distribution was estimated by utilizing the event-station travel time data along with crack density, fluid saturation, and Poisson's ratio. The petrophysical parameters observed in the northern part of the Santorini caldera suggest the existence of melt, while those observed in Anydros and in the NE of Amorgos fault support the suggestion of upward migrating fluids in these areas.
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    Moment tensor inversion of microearthquakes along the Santorini-Amorgos zone: Tensile faulting and emerging volcanism in an extensional setting (2021)
    Elsevier
    In:  Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 420 . Art.Nr. 107394.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-07
    Description: The Santorini-Amorgos zone is an area rich in microseismicity at the center of the Hellenic volcanic arc. The microseismicity of the zone is distributed along the Santorini-Amorgos ridge and Kolumbo submarine volcano. In this study, we utilized crustal events that were recorded by temporary networks during September 2002 to July 2004 and October 2005 to March 2007, and also by the permanent network from 2011 to 2020. These events were inverted for their moment tensors by using P-wave polarities as well as SV/P and SH/P amplitude ratios, yielding 74 well-constrained moment tensor solutions. Most of these moment tensors have significant CLVD and isotropic components that are positively correlated to each other (R2 = 0.68). Tensile faulting due to high pore pressure is considered as the most likely cause of the observed non-DC components. The positive and negative non-DC components observed in Kolumbo may be generated by the opening and closing of cracks beneath the shallow (6–7 km) magma chamber due to a steady migration of magmatic fluids from the deep reservoir into the chamber. In Anydros, most of the microearthquakes have positive non-DC components associated with the opening of cracks. It is possible that the extensional deformation and high pore fluid pressure in the area opens subvertical cracks that become pathways for upward migrating fluids. The upward migration of magmatic fluids in an extensional regime such as the Santorini-Amorgos zone can also be viewed as an indication of emerging volcanic activity in this area.
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    Chronic pesticide exposure elicits a subtle carry-over effect on the metabolome of Aurelia coerulea ephyrae (2021)
    Elsevier
    In:  Environmental Pollution, 275 . Art.-Nr.: 116641.
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    Publication Date: 2022-01-07
    Description: Chemical pollutants, such as pesticides, often leach into aquatic environments and impact non-target organisms. Marine invertebrates have complex life cycles with multiple life-history stages. Exposure to pesticides during one life-history stage potentially influences subsequent stages; a process known as a carry-over effect. Here, we investigated carry-over effects on the jellyfish Aurelia coerulea. We exposed polyps to individual and combined concentrations of atrazine (2.5 μg/L) and chlorpyrifos (0.04 μg/L) for four weeks, after which they were induced to strobilate. The resultant ephyrae were then redistributed and exposed to either the same conditions as their parent-polyps or to filtered seawater to track potential carry-over effects. The percentage of deformities, ephyrae size, pulsation and respiration rates, as well as the metabolic profile of the ephyrae, were measured. We detected a subtle carry-over effect in two metabolites, acetoacetate and glycerophosphocholine, which are precursors of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine, important for energy metabolism and osmoregulation of the ephyrae. Although these carry-over effects were not reflected in the other response variables in the short-term, a persistent reduction of these two metabolites could have negative physiological consequences on A. coerulea jellyfish in the long-term. Our results highlight the importance of considering more than one life-history stage in ecotoxicology, and measuring a range of variables with different sensitivities to detect sub-lethal effects caused by anthropogenic stressors. Furthermore, since we identified few effects when using pesticides concentrations corresponding to Australian water quality guidelines, we suggest that future studies consider concentrations detected in the environment, which are higher than the water quality guidelines, to obtain a more realistic scenario by possible risk from pesticide exposure.
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    Individual-based model of population dynamics in a sea urchin of the Kerguelen Plateau (Southern Ocean), Abatus cordatus, under changing environmental conditions (2021)
    Elsevier
    In:  Ecological Modelling, 440 . Art.Nr.: 109352.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-07
    Description: The Kerguelen Islands are part of the French Southern Territories, located at the limit of the Indian and Southern oceans. They are highly impacted by climate change, and coastal marine areas are particularly at risk. Assessing the responses of species and populations to environmental change is challenging in such areas for which ecological modelling can constitute a helpful approach. In the present work, a DEB-IBM model (Dynamic Energy Budget – Individual-Based Model) was generated to simulate and predict population dynamics in an endemic and common benthic species of shallow marine habitats of the Kerguelen Islands, the sea urchin Abatus cordatus. The model relies on a dynamic energy budget model (DEB) developed at the individual level. Upscaled to an individual-based population model (IBM), it then enables to model population dynamics through time as a result of individual physiological responses to environmental variations. The model was successfully built for a reference site to simulate the response of populations to variations in food resources and temperature. Then, it was implemented to model population dynamics at other sites and for the different IPCC climate change scenarios RCP 2.6 and 8.5. Under present-day conditions, models predict a more determinant effect of food resources on population densities, and on juvenile densities in particular, relative to temperature. In contrast, simulations predict a sharp decline in population densities under conditions of IPCC scenarios RCP 2.6 and RCP 8.5 with a determinant effect of water warming leading to the extinction of most vulnerable populations after a 30-year simulation time due to high mortality levels associated with peaks of high temperatures. Such a dynamic model is here applied for the first time to a Southern Ocean benthic and brooding species and offers interesting prospects for Antarctic and sub-Antarctic biodiversity research. It could constitute a useful tool to support conservation studies in these remote regions where access and bio-monitoring represent challenging issues.
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    Environmental methane emissions from seagrass wrack and evaluation of salinity effect on microbial community composition (2021)
    Elsevier
    In:  Journal of Cleaner Production, 285 . Art.-Nr.: 125426.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-07
    Description: Methane generation from seagrass contributes to green-house gases emissions but can also be a potential controlled biogas source. Understanding the natural fluctuations of emissions and the biotic and abiotic factors underlying such variations is essential. In this work, CH4 emission from beach-cast seagrass from the High-Adriatic coast was analysed. Biochemical methane potential (BMP) tests were used to evaluate CH4 generation at different temperatures (30 °C and 35 °C) and salinity levels (from 0‰ to 35‰), consistent with the typical observed environmental conditions. The changes in the microorganism community composition were investigated by means of amplicon metagenomics sequencing. The results underlined a specific CH4 emission in the range of 0.90–1.37 NmL CH4/g Volatile Solids (VS) d at 35 °C and 0.36–0.50 NmL CH4/g VS d at 30 °C. The most intense methane generation was observed at intermediate salinity levels of 18‰ at 35 °C and 9‰ at 30 °C. The total seasonal emission from the investigated beach-cast seagrass was estimated as 0.1399 mmol CH4/m2g. The microbial community analysis highlighted that Rhodobacteraceae was the most abundant family, coherently with its abundance in the marine environment. Low salinity (0–9‰) samples showed a prevalence of carbohydrate–degrading Ruminococcaceae, while the carbohydrate-fermenting Petrotogaceae were more abundant in high salinity (18–35‰) samples. The total lack of an important functional class was not noticed in any salinity level, except for sulphate-reducing bacteria, which were virtually absent when salinity was 0‰. The present study allows a better understanding of the environmental conditions resulting in a higher methanogenic potential and an enhanced comprehension of the bacterial communities associated to this process. The obtained information can be of help for designing efficient systems for producing methane from seagrass wrack, as well as for selecting the most appropriate managing route among the currently available technologies (such as on-site environmental preservation, composting, anaerobic digestion).
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    Science with society: evidence-based guidance for best practices in environmental transdisciplinary work (2021)
    Elsevier
    In:  Global Environmental Change, 68 . Art.-Nr.: 102240.
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    Publication Date: 2022-01-07
    Description: Transdisciplinary research is a promising approach to address sustainability challenges arising from global environmental change, as it is characterized by an iterative process that brings together actors from multiple academic fields and diverse sectors of society to engage in mutual learning with the intent to co-produce new knowledge. We present a conceptual model to guide the implementation of environmental transdisciplinary work, which we consider a “science with society” (SWS) approach, providing suggested activities to conduct throughout a seven-step process. We used a survey with 168 respondents involved in environmental transdisciplinary work worldwide to evaluate the relative importance of these activities and the skills and characteristics required to implement them successfully, with attention to how responses differed according to the gender, geographic location, and positionality of the respondents. Flexibility and collaborative spirit were the most frequently valued skills in SWS, though non-researchers tended to prioritize attributes like humility, trust, and patience over flexibility. We also explored the relative significance of barriers to successful SWS, finding insufficient time and unequal power dynamics were the two most significant barriers to successful SWS. Together with case studies of respondents’ most successful SWS projects, we create a toolbox of 20 best practices that can be used to overcome barriers and increase the societal and scientific impacts of SWS projects. Project success was perceived to be significantly higher where there was medium to high policy impact, and projects initiated by practitioners/other stakeholders had a larger proportion of high policy impact compared to projects initiated by researchers only. Communicating project results to academic audiences occurred more frequently than communicating results to practitioners or the public, despite this being ranked less important overall. We discuss how these results point to three recommendations for future SWS: 1) balancing diverse perspectives through careful partnership formation and design; 2) promoting communication, learning, and reflexivity (i.e., questioning assumptions, beliefs, and practices) to overcome conflict and power asymmetries; and 3) increasing policy impact for joint science and society benefits. Our study highlights the benefits of diversity in SWS - both in the types of people and knowledge included as well as the methods used - and the potential benefits of this approach for addressing the increasingly complex challenges arising from global environmental change.
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    The inner shelf geology of Atlantic Canada compared with the North Sea and Atlantic United States: Insights for Atlantic Canadian offshore wind energy (2021)
    Elsevier
    In:  Continental Shelf Research, 213 . Art.Nr. 104297.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-07
    Description: The Quaternary history of the Atlantic Canadian inner shelf shares some similarities with the North Sea and northern United States of America (US) Atlantic coast, with the influence of large-scale glaciation and subsequent sea level transgression being the main drivers of seafloor morphology, sedimentology, and uppermost stratigraphy. The geology of the inner shelf, generally confined to 100 m water depth for this study, is an important constraint on the development of offshore renewables, in particular wind energy. Offshore wind has seen rapid growth, particularly in Europe and Asia, where the industry has now experienced decades of production. In the US, one small-scale production farm and many hundreds of MW are in the production pipeline. In contrast, offshore wind in Canada, despite onshore installed wind capacity that ranks highly globally, lacks any operating turbines and there are no plans for development in the wind resource-rich Atlantic Canadian region. In this study, the geological constraints on offshore wind in Atlantic Canada are explored. Generally, the available offshore wind resource is high, and thus the main geophysical constraint on the development of offshore wind energy converters is the inner shelf geology. Several sites with available high-resolution geophysical data are selected for in-depth analysis and comparison with production and planned offshore wind farm sites found elsewhere. In general, a lack of sufficiently thick Quaternary sedimentation—necessary for the most common bottom-fixed foundations for wind turbines—will make developing offshore wind in Atlantic Canada challenging when compared with North Sea and US Atlantic Coast locations. A few locations may be suitable geologically, such as Sable Island Bank in Nova Scotia (thick package of sands), Northumberland Strait between Prince Edward Island and Nova Scotia (shallow firm seabed and sandbanks), Baie des Chaleurs in New Brunswick/Québec (thick, low relief fine sediments), and St. George's Bay, Newfoundland (shallow, postglacially modified moraine). Highlights • Glaciated shelves in Atlantic Canada present distinct challenges for offshore wind foundations. • Few analogies exist between Atlantic Canadian shelf sites and offshore wind sites elsewhere. • Piles—typical offshore wind foundations—require thick sediments, rare in Atlantic Canada. • Thin sand/cobble blankets over bedrock are ubiquitous but thick sand banks/mud basins exist. • The inner shelf seabed geology is variable and historically data collection has focused elsewhere.
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  • 41
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    Salivary biomarkers and neuropsychological outcomes: A non-invasive approach to investigate pollutants-associated neurotoxicity and its effects on cognition in vulnerable populations (2021)
    Elsevier
    In:  Environmental Research, 200 . Art.Nr. 111432.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-07
    Description: The occurrence of neurotoxicity caused by xenobiotics such as pesticides (dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, organophosphates, pyrethroids, etc.) or metals (mercury, lead, aluminum, arsenic, etc.) is a growing concern around the world, particularly in vulnerable populations with difficulties on both detection and symptoms treatment, due to low economic status, remote access, poor infrastructure, and low educational level, among others features. Despite the numerous molecular markers and questionnaires/clinical evaluations, studying neurotoxicity and its effects on cognition in these populations faces problems with samples collection and processing, and information accuracy. Assessing cognitive changes caused by neurotoxicity, especially those that are subtle in the initial stages, is fundamentally challenging. Finding accurate, non-invasive, and low-cost strategies to detect the first signals of brain injury has the potential to support an accelerated development of the research with these populations. Saliva emerges as an ideal pool of biomarkers (with interleukins and neural damage-related proteins, among others) and potential alternative diagnostic fluid to molecularly investigate neurotoxicity. As a source of numerous neurological biomarkers, saliva has several advantages compared to blood, such as easier storage, requires less manipulation, and the procedure is cheaper, safer and well accepted by patients compared with drawing blood. Regarding cognitive dysfunction, neuropsychological batteries represent, with their friendly interface, a feasible and accurate method to evaluate the eventual cognitive deficits associated with neurotoxicity in people from diverse cultural and educational backgrounds. The association of these two tools, saliva and neuropsychological batteries, to cover the molecular and cognitive aspects of neurotoxicity in vulnerable populations, could potentially increase the prevalence of early intervention and successful treatment.
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  • 42
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    Changes in reaction surface during the methane hydrate dissociation and its implications for hydrate production (2021)
    Elsevier
    In:  Energy, 230 . Art.Nr. 120848.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-07
    Description: The reaction surface area of hydrate (RSAH) inherently controls the reaction rate of hydrate dissociation in the pore spaces, which further affects the gas production behaviour of the hydrate-bearing sediments. The objective of this work is to measure and describe the RSAH evolution during MH dissociation and analyse its implications for gas production. The CT images obtained from different dissociation stages showed the RSAH decreased slowly in the early stage of dissociation and rapidly in the later stage. By considering the pore structure features of sediment, a fractal method was proposed to predict the relationship between RSAH and hydrate saturation, which showed better agreement with the CT experimental results than that of Yousif's model. Further hydrate production numerical simulations embedded with different RSAH predictions indicated that the hydrate production process was significantly influenced by the variations in RSAH. The simulated gas production rate based on the fractal model was lower than that of Yousif's model, the far-field pressure drop in the fractal model was slower, and the advance of the dissociation front and the transfer of the pressure field in Yousif's model was faster than that of the fractal model. Highlights • The changes in hydrate reaction surface area during hydrate dissociation are experimentally measured and analysed. • A fractal model considering the pore structure characteristics of porous media is proposed and experimentally validated. • A comparison of the hydrate dissociation rate predicted by the proposed fractal model and by Yousif’s model is made. • Implications of reaction surface evolution during the hydrate dissociation for hydrate productions are modeled.
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  • 43
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    Marine boundary layer tracking using an AUV with UKF based extremum seeking (2021)
    Elsevier
    In:  IFAC-PapersOnLine, 54 (16). pp. 320-326.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-10
    Description: Adaptive sampling and situational awareness for autonomous underwater vehicles (AUVs) is a major improvement in ocean research. By only sampling the feature of interest in a feature-relevant domain instead of a covering a whole area expensive ship time can be saved and at the same time a more comprehensive data set can be obtained. A classical marine example where adaptive sampling is useful is sampling of boundary layers such as the thermocline because the boundary layer thickness is very small compared to the depth of the water column. These boundary layers play an important role in many ocean related disciplines such as marine biology, physical oceanography and underwater acoustics. In this paper an unscented Kalman filter (UKF) based extremum seeking control (ESC) approach is presented to detect and track such boundary layers. Simulation results for different use cases are presented to show its effectiveness.
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  • 44
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    Sustainable Land Management in a European Context (2021)
    Springer
    In:  Human-Environment Interactions
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-21
    Type: info:eu-repo/semantics/book
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  • 45
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    Eduard Suess: the first honorary president of the Geologische Vereinigung, is 190 years old (2021)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-09-26
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  • 46
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    Temperature coefficient (Q10) and its applications in biological systems: beyond the Arrhenius theory (2020)
    Elsevier
    In:  Ecological Modelling, 431 . Art.-Nr.: 109127.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-07
    Description: The Q10 temperature coefficient, which is widely used in scientific literature, is a measure of the temperature sensitivity of chemical reaction rates or biological processes. However, the conclusions drawn from applying this coefficient to experimental data obtained from biological processes are not universal. In many biological processes, Q10 values are often discordant with the results predicted by the Arrhenius law. The hypothesis tested in the present study is that this problem arises mainly from the fact that the Q10 coefficient is defined by the ratio between rates described by exponential laws instead of power laws. Considering this hypothesis and the need to review the mathematical laws and models currently used to describe rates and Q10 coefficients, we propose a model beyond the usual Arrhenius theory or exponential decay law herein. The proposed mathematical model is based on the theory of deformed exponential functions, with the ordinary Q10 model representing the conventional exponential function. Therefore, all results following the standard model remain valid. Moreover, we include a Q10 free open-source code, written in Python, and compatible with Windows, Linux and macOS platforms. The validation of the proposed model and confirmation of the given hypothesis were performed based on the following temperature-dependent biological processes: soil organic carbon (SOC) decomposition (which is essential to forecast the impact of climate change on terrestrial ecosystems); the metabolism of Arctic zooplankton; physiological processes of the respiratory and cardiovascular systems; rate of oxygen consumption in mitochondria of the eurythermal killifish Fundulus heteroclitus, and leaf respiration.
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  • 47
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    New insights into SMOS sea surface salinity retrievals in the Arctic Ocean (2020)
    Elsevier
    In:  Remote Sensing of Environment, 249 . Art.Nr. 112027.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-07
    Description: Since 2010, the Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) satellite mission monitors the earth emission at L-Band. It provides the longest time series of Sea Surface Salinity (SSS) from space over the global ocean. However, the SSS retrieval at high latitudes is a challenge because of the low sensitivity L-Band radiometric measurements to SSS in cold waters and to the contamination of SMOS measurements by the vicinity of continents, of sea ice and of Radio Frequency Interferences. In this paper, we assess the quality of weekly SSS fields derived from swath-ordered instantaneous SMOS SSS (so called Level 2) distributed by the European Space Agency. These products are filtered according to new criteria. We use the pseudo-dielectric constant retrieved from SMOS brightness temperatures to filter SSS pixels polluted by sea ice. We identify that the dielectric constant model and the sea surface temperature auxiliary parameter used as prior information in the SMOS SSS retrieval induce significant systematic errors at low temperatures. We propose a novel empirical correction to mitigate those sources of errors at high latitudes. Comparisons with in-situ measurements ranging from 1 to 11 m depths spotlight huge vertical stratification in fresh regions. This emphasizes the need to consider in-situ salinity as close as possible to the sea surface when validating L-band radiometric SSS which are representative of the first top centimeter. SSS Standard deviation of differences (STDD) between weekly SMOS SSS and in-situ near surface salinity significantly decrease after applying the SSS correction, from 1.46 pss to 1.28 pss. The correlation between new SMOS SSS and in-situ near surface salinity reaches 0.94. SMOS estimates better capture SSS variability in the Arctic Ocean in comparison to TOPAZ reanalysis (STDD between TOPAZ and in-situ SSS = 1.86 pss), particularly in river plumes with very large SSS spatial gradients.
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  • 48
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    A software tool to plot frequency and cumulative frequency curves automatically for grain size analysis of sediments (2020)
    Springer
    In:  Earth Science Informatics, 13 (2). pp. 565-571.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-07
    Description: It is a good method to utilize the grain size distribution curves and cumulative frequency curves of marine or river sediments to estimate the hydrodynamic conditions, transportation processes and sedimentary environment. However, researchers can only rely on Excel or Grapher to plot the curves one by one at the present day. The manual plotting procedures are complicated, and calculating the truncation points is time-consuming. To solve the aforementioned problems, we have developed a software tool to plot cumulative frequency curves and calculate the values of truncation points automatically. The software has the ability to plot curves of hundreds of samples accurately and rapidly, promoting researchers to analyze transport mechanisms and hydrodynamic environments. And it is convenient to apply the software to compare the processes of transportation and deposition between different samples.
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  • 49
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    Deformation and structural evolution of mantle peridotites during exhumation on transform faults: a forced transition from ductile to brittle regime (2020)
    Elsevier
    In:  Journal of Structural Geology, 133 . Art.Nr.: 103981.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-07
    Description: The exhumation of peridotite rocks in oceanic transform zones passes by the rheological transition between the ductile and brittle deformation until the complete emplacement in the oceanic lithosphere. The São Pedro and São Paulo Archipelago (SPSPA), in the Equatorial Atlantic, records the deformational products of ductile, brittle and the rocks/fluid interaction generating specific structures in each domain. The deformational stages are related to the transpressional and transtensional geodynamics of São Paulo Transform Fault. Firstly, during transpression, exhumation occurs associated with the ductile domain causing intense mylonitization in temperatures between ~700° and 800 °C, defined by olivine and orthopyroxene recrystallization. The interaction with fluids initially originated from the mantle generates amphibole and oxide-rich layers marking the passage to a semi-brittle deformation. The continuation of peridotite exhumation, associated with an NW-SE shortening and transpressional led to a higher availability of hydrothermal fluids. As a consequence, four serpentinization episodes are recorded, which are associated with semi-brittle to brittle transition under temperatures between 300° and 400 °C. Finally, the complete exhumation and establishment of brittle mechanisms led to carbonatation phase near the surface, with temperatures ranging from 300° to 150 °C. The active NW-SE tectonic stress generated E-W strike-slip faults that were filled by carbonates recording the final exhumation stage.
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  • 50
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    Integrated approaches in microbial degradation of plastics (2020)
    Elsevier
    In:  Environmental Technology & Innovation, 17 . Art.-Nr.: 100567.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-07
    Description: The present state of constantly increasing plastic pollution is the major concern of scientific researchers. The conventional techniques applied (i.e., burning and landfilling) to get plastic degraded from the environment are inadequate due to harmful byproducts and limited to its recycling. In this review, we have recapitulated recent biotechnological approaches, including synthetic microbial consortia, systems biology tools, and genetic engineering techniques which can pave the path towards the plastic bioremediation and degradation. Moreover, potential plastic degrader microbes and their degradation pathways are also summarized. Lastly, this review focuses on enhancing the understanding of the degradation ability of microorganisms using contemporary biotechnological tools.
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    Assessment of leaching protocols to determine the solubility of trace metals in aerosols (2020)
    Elsevier
    In:  Talanta, 208 . Art.-Nr.: 120377.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-07
    Description: Atmospheric deposition of aerosols to the ocean provides an important pathway for the supply of vital micronutrients, including trace metals. These trace metals are essential for phytoplankton growth, and therefore their delivery to marine ecosystems can strongly influence the ocean carbon cycle. The solubility of trace metals in aerosols is a key parameter to better constrain their potential impact on phytoplankton growth. To date, a wide range of experimental approaches and nomenclature have been used to define aerosol trace metal solubility, making data comparison between studies difficult. Here we investigate and discuss several laboratory leaching protocols to determine the solubility of key trace metals in aerosol samples, namely iron, cobalt, manganese, copper, lead, vanadium, titanium and aluminium. Commonly used techniques and tools are also considered such as enrichment factor calculations and air mass back-trajectory projections and recommendations are given for aerosol field sampling, laboratory processing (including leaching and digestion) and analytical measurements. Finally, a simple 3-step leaching protocol combining commonly used protocols is proposed to operationally define trace metal solubility in aerosols. The need for standard guidelines and protocols to study the biogeochemical impact of atmospheric trace metal deposition to the ocean has been increasingly emphasised by both the atmospheric and oceanographic communities. This lack of standardisation currently limits our understanding and ability to predict ocean and climate interactions under changing environmental conditions.
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  • 52
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    Regional iron distribution and soluble ferroprotein profiles in the healthy human brain (2020)
    Elsevier
    In:  Progress in Neurobiology, 186 . Art.Nr. 101744.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-07
    Description: Highlights • Regional brain iron concentrations are heterogenous. • Regional distribution of iron is most consistent with ferritin mRNA expression. • SEC-ICP-MS reveals the protein masses that cytosolic iron is associated with. • More than 50 % of cytosolic iron is associated with ferritin. Iron is essential for brain development and health where its redox properties are used for a number of neurological processes. However, iron is also a major driver of oxidative stress if not properly controlled. Brain iron distribution is highly compartmentalised and regulated by a number of proteins and small biomolecules. Here, we examine heterogeneity in regional iron levels in 10 anatomical structures from seven post-mortem human brains with no apparent neuropathology. Putamen contained the highest levels, and most case-to-case variability, of iron compared with the other regions examined. Partitioning of iron between cytosolic and membrane-bound iron was generally consistent in each region, with a slightly higher proportion (55 %) in the ‘insoluble’ phase. We expand on this using the Allen Human Brain Atlas to examine patterns between iron levels and transcriptomic expression of iron regulatory proteins and using quantitative size exclusion chromatography-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry to assess regional differences in the molecular masses to which cytosolic iron predominantly binds. Approximately 60 % was associated with ferritin, equating to approximately 25 % of total tissue iron essentially in storage. This study is the first of its kind in human brain tissue, providing a valuable resource and new insight for iron biologists and neuroscientists, alike.
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  • 53
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    Thermodynamic analysis of direct interspecies electron transfer in syntrophic methanogenesis based on the optimized energy distribution (2020)
    Elsevier
    In:  Bioresource Technology, 297 . Art.Nr. 122345.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-07
    Description: The aim of this study was to investigate the syntrophic methanogenesis from the perspective of energy transfer and competition. Effects of redox materials and redox potential on direct interspecies electron transfer (DIET) were examined through thermodynamic analysis based on the energy distribution principle. Types of redox materials could affect the efficiency of DIET via changing the total energy supply of the syntrophic methanogenesis. Decreasing system redox potential could facilitate DIET through increasing the total available energy. The competition between hydrogenotrophic methanogens and DIET methanogens might be the reason for the low proportion of the DIET pathway in the syntrophic methanogenesis. A facilitation mechanism of DIET was proposed based on the energy distribution. Providing sufficient electrons, inhibiting hydrogenotrophic methanogens and adding more competitive redox couples to avoid hydrogen generation might be beneficial for the facilitation of DIET.
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  • 54
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    Choice of mobile phase: Implications for size exclusion chromatography-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry analyses of copper, zinc and iron metalloproteins (2020)
    Elsevier
    In:  Journal of Chromatography A, 1616 . Art.Nr. 460806.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-07
    Description: Highlights • NH4NO3, Tris-HCl, and NH4CH3COO are optimal buffers for use in SEC-ICP-MS metalloprotein analyses. • Optimal range of buffer concentration is 50–200 mM in SEC-ICP-MS. • 100 mM concentration reduces both protein column interactions and ICP-MS maintenance. • Dextran-based columns are best suited for the analysis of apo-copper proteins. The correct identification of the metalloproteins present in human tissues and fluids is essential to our understanding of the cellular mechanisms underpinning a host of health disorders. Separation and analysis of biological samples are typically done via size exclusion chromatography hyphenated with inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (SEC-ICP-MS). Although this technique can be extremely effective in identification of potential metalloproteins, the choice of mobile phase may have a marked effect on results, results by adversely affecting metal-protein bonds of the metalloproteins of interest. To assess the choice of mobile phase on SEC-ICP-MS resolution and the resulting metalloproteome pattern, we analysed several different sample types (brain homogenate; Cu/Zn-superoxide dismutase (SOD1); a molecular weight standard mix containing ferritin (Ft), ceruloplasmin (Cp), cytochrome c (CytC), vitamin B12 (B12) and thyroglobulin (Tg) using six different mobile phase conditions (200 mM, pH 7.5 solutions of ammonium salts nitrate, acetate, and sulfate; HEPES, MOPS and Tris-HCl). Our findings suggest that ammonium nitrate, ammonium acetate and Tris-HCl are optimal choices for the mobile phase, with the specific choice being dependent on both the number of samples and method of detection that is hyphenated with separation. Furthermore, we found that MOPS, HEPES and ammonium sulfate mobile phases all caused significant changes to peak resolution, retention time and overall profile shape. MOPS and HEPES, in particular, produced additional Fe peaks that were not detected with any of the other mobile phases that were investigated. As well as this, MOPS and HEPES both caused significant concentration dependent matrix suppression of the internal standard.
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  • 55
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    Investigating the roles of transforming growth factor-beta in immune response of Orbicella faveolata, a scleractinian coral (2020)
    Elsevier
    In:  Developmental and Comparative Immunology, 107 . Art.-Nr.: 103639.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-07
    Description: Symbiotic relationships range from parasitic to mutualistic, yet all endosymbionts face similar challenges, including evasion of host immunity. Many symbiotic organisms have evolved similar mechanisms to face these challenges, including manipulation of the host's transforming growth factor-beta (TGFβ) pathway. Here we investigate the TGFβ pathway in scelaractinian corals which are dependent on symbioses with dinoflagellates from the family Symbiodiniaceae. Using the Caribbean coral, Orbicella faveolata, we explore the effects of enhancement and inhibition of the TGFβ pathway on host gene expression. Following transcriptomic analyses, we demonstrated limited effects of pathway manipulation in absence of immune stimulation. However, manipulation of the TGFβ pathway significantly affects the subsequent ability of host corals to mount an immune response. Enhancement of the TGFβ pathway eliminates transcriptomic signatures of host coral immune response, while inhibition of the pathway maintains the response. This is, to our knowledge, the first evidence of an immunomodulatory role for TGFβ in a scelaractinian coral. These findings suggest variation in TGFβ signaling may have implications in the face of increasing disease prevelance. Our results suggest that the TGFβ pathway can modulate tradeoffs between symbiosis and immunity. Further study of links between symbiosis, TGFβ, and immunity is needed to better understand the ecological implications of these findings.
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    Microplastics as an emerging anthropogenic vector of trace metals in freshwater: Significance of biofilms and comparison with natural substrates (2020)
    Elsevier
    In:  Water Research, 184 . Art.Nr. 116205.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-07
    Description: Highlights • Microplastics act as anthropogenic vectors of trace metals in freshwaters. • Adsorption capacity of microplastics is enhanced by biofilms but is not strong as natural substrates. • Biofilms alter the adsorption kinetics and mechanisms of trace metals onto microplastics. • Microplastics enhance exchange rates of trace metals between water and solid materials. • Anthropogenic substrate is necessary in evaluation of migration and fate of trace metals. Microplastics (MPs) are ubiquitous in freshwater environments, and represent an emerging anthropogenic vector for contaminants, such as trace metals. In this study, virgin expanded polystyrene (PS) particles were placed in a eutrophic urban lake and a reservoir serving as the resource of domestic water for 4 weeks, to develop biofilms on the surface. For comparison, natural adsorbents in the form of suspended particles and surficial sediment were also sampled from these waterbodies. The trace metal adsorption properties of anthropogenic (virgin and biofilm covered microplastics) and natural substrates were investigated and compared via batch adsorption experiments. The adsorption isotherms fitted the Langmuir model, revealed that biofilms could enhance the trace metal adsorption capacity of MPs. However, natural substrates still had a greater adsorption capacity. Biofilms also alter the adsorption kinetics of trace metals onto MPs. The process of adsorption onto virgin MPs was dominated by intraparticle diffusion, whereas film diffusion governed adsorption onto biofilm covered microplastics and natural substrates. The trace metal adsorption of all the substrates was significantly dependent on pH and ionic strength. The adsorption mechanisms were further analyzed by SEM-EDS and FT-IR. The enhancement of adsorption was mainly attributed to complexation with functional groups contained in the biofilms, including carboxyl, amino, and phenyl-OH. Collectively, biofilm development intensifies the role of MPs in the migration and fate of trace metals in freshwater, since it does not give MPs an edge over natural substrates in adsorption.
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  • 57
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    Molecular scale modeling approach to evaluate stability and dissociation of methane and carbon dioxide hydrates (2020)
    Elsevier
    In:  Journal of Molecular Liquids, 297 . Art.Nr. 111503.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-07
    Description: Highlights • New insights of CH4 and CO2 hydrates are explored using MD strategy. • The bubble evolution appears to be important over dissociation process. • RDF, MSD, AOP, and diffusion coefficient can be used to examine hydrate stability. • The most stable structure of CH4 and CO2 molecules in the gas hydrate is found. • A promising match is noticed between the MD and literature findings. A comprehensive knowledge and precise estimation of the dynamic, structural, and thermodynamic characteristics of hydrates are needed to assess the stability of gas hydrates. Thermodynamic model and experimental studies can be utilized to compute the physical and dynamic properties of hydrate structures. The use of molecular dynamic (MD) simulation is a well-established approach in gas hydrate studies at the atomic level where the properties of interest are obtained from the numerical solution of Newtonian equations. The present work uses MD simulations by employing the constant temperature-constant pressure (NPT), constant temperature-constant volume (NVT) conditions, and the consistent valence force field (CVFF) to monitor the stability and decomposition of methane and carbon dioxide gas hydrates with different compositions. The effects of temperature and composition on the hydrate stability are investigated. In this study, we also compute the radial distribution function, mean square displacement, diffusion coefficient, lattice parameter, potential energy, dissociation enthalpy as well as the density of methane and carbon dioxide under various thermodynamic and process conditions. The formation of methane and carbon dioxide bubbles is studied to investigate bubble evolution during hydrate dissociation. The sizes of methane and carbon dioxide bubbles are not the same due to different solubility conditions of methane and carbon dioxide in liquid water. In addition, the influences of pressure and temperature on the lattice parameter and density of clathrate hydrates are discussed. The obtained results are consistent with previous theoretical and experimental findings, implying that the methodology followed in this work is reliable. The most stable arrangement of methane and carbon dioxide molecules in the gas hydrate is found. The insights/findings of this study might be useful to further understand detailed transport phenomena (e.g., molecular interactions, gas production rate, carbon dioxide replacement, and carbon dioxide capture) involved in the process of carbon dioxide injection into gas hydrate reservoirs.
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  • 58
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    Islands as eddy transformation and generation hotspots: Cabo Verde case study (2020)
    Elsevier
    In:  Progress in Oceanography, 184 . Art.-Nr.: 102271.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-07
    Description: Deep-ocean islands have long been associated with the generation of oceanic eddies in their wakes. However, their interaction with incoming eddies has seldom been considered. This study focuses on the characterization of background and locally generated mesoscale eddies in the Cabo Verde archipelago between 2003 and 2014. Special attention is given to the interaction of incoming eddies with the bathymetry of the islands, along with their impacts on the local generation of eddies. Island-induced wind-shear effects are also considered. In addition, some examples of the biological response to background and locally generated eddies are discussed. This is achieved by combining remote-sensing satellite observations for wind, sea surface height, and chlorophyll-a (Chla) surface concentrations. The results show that the interaction between incoming background eddies and the archipelago is a recurrent phenomenon, which results in eddy deflection, splitting, merging, intensification, and termination (sorted by highest to lowest number of occurrences). Local island-induced disturbances are also significant, mainly due to atmospheric effects. Such processes result in the generation of island-induced eddies and in wind-mediated eddy intensification and confinement, more often observed in the leeward group. Nonetheless, it is strongly suggested that many of the locally generated eddies are a direct product or by-product of the interaction of background eddies with the islands. With respect to the biological realm, a locally generated cyclonic eddy is observed to originate a pronounced phytoplankton bloom in the vicinity of the tallest island. Nonetheless, background eddies generated off the African coast are often associated with enhanced Chla concentrations when they intersect the archipelago. Such observations challenge the idea that local biological productivity in deep oceanic islands is exclusively driven by island-induced mechanisms.
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    Microbe-mediated sustainable bio-recovery of gold from low-grade precious solid waste: A microbiological overview (2020)
    Elsevier
    In:  Journal of Environmental Sciences, 89 . pp. 47-64.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-01-07
    Description: In an era of electronics, recovering the precious metal such as gold from ever increasing piles of electronic-wastes and metal-ion infested soil has become one of the prime concerns for researchers worldwide. Biological mining is an attractive, economical and non-hazardous to recover gold from the low-grade auriferous ore containing waste or soil. This review represents the recent major biological gold retrieval methods used to bio-mine gold. The biomining methods discussed in this review include, bioleaching, bio-oxidation, bio-precipitation, bio-flotation, bio-flocculation, bio-sorption, bio-reduction, bio-electrometallurgical technologies and bioaccumulation. The mechanism of gold biorecovery by microbes is explained in detail to explore its intracellular mechanistic, which help it withstand high concentrations of gold without causing any fatal consequences. Major challenges and future opportunities associated with each method and how they will dictate the fate of gold bio-metallurgy from metal wastes or metal infested soil bioremediation in the coming future are also discussed. With the help of concurrent advancements in high-throughput technologies, the gold bio-exploratory methods will speed up our ways to ensure maximum gold retrieval out of such low-grade ores containing sources, while keeping the gold mining clean and more sustainable.
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    Unraveling the effects of environmental drivers and spatial structure on benthic species distribution patterns in Eurasian-Arctic seas (Barents, Kara and Laptev Seas) (2020)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-04-07
    Description: In times of accelerating climate change, species are challenged to respond to rapidly shifting environmental settings. Yet, faunal distribution and composition are still scarcely known for remote and little explored seas, where observations are limited in number and mostly refer to local scales. Here, we present the first comprehensive study on Eurasian-Arctic macrobenthos that aims to unravel the relative influence of distinct spatial scales and environmental factors in determining their large-scale distribution and composition patterns. To consider the spatial structure of benthic distribution patterns in response to environmental forcing, we applied Moran’s eigenvector mapping (MEM) on a large dataset of 341 samples from the Barents, Kara and Laptev Seas taken between 1991 and 2014, with a total of 403 macrobenthic taxa (species or genera) that were present in ≥ 10 samples. MEM analysis revealed three spatial scales describing patterns within or beyond single seas (broad: ≥ 400 km, meso: 100–400 km, and small: ≤ 100 km). Each scale is associated with a characteristic benthic fauna and environmental drivers (broad: apparent oxygen utilization and phosphate, meso: distance-to-shoreline and temperature, small: organic carbon flux and distance-to-shoreline). Our results suggest that different environmental factors determine the variation of Eurasian-Arctic benthic community composition within the spatial scales considered and highlight the importance of considering the diverse spatial structure of species communities in marine ecosystems. This multiple-scale approach facilitates an enhanced understanding of the impact of climate-driven environmental changes that is necessary for developing appropriate management strategies for the conservation and sustainable utilization of Arctic marine systems.
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  • 61
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    CO2 capture by bacteria and their enzymes (2020)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-31
    Description: One of the best-known greenhouse gases, CO2, has been increasing in the last decade of about 1.7%. To overcome the well-known global problems related to this gas, researchers of all over the world are working very hard in order to develop any strategies to seriously solve this issue. In this chapter, the authors focus their attention on one of the possible solutions to the problem: bacteria that are CO2 capture cells which have carried out this task since ancient times. In our work we make an excursus on all the biochemical processes of CO2 capture carried out by bacteria, ending with a detailed comparison of the most studied enzymes. One of the alternatives will be to genetically modify the organisms known to date to speed up their conversion process.
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  • 62
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    Elastic Waves in the Earth (1979)
    Elsevier
    In:  Amsterdam, 490 pp., Elsevier, vol. 11, no. Publ. No. 12, pp. 127, (3-540-43395-3)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1979
    Keywords: Seismology ; Textbook of geophysics
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 63
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    Deconvolution of Geophysical Time Series in the Exploration for Oil and Natural Gas (1979)
    Elsevier
    In:  New York, Elsevier, vol. 5, no. Publ. No. 12, pp. 127, (ISBN 0 465 07009 4)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1979
    Keywords: Inversion
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  • 64
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    The hellenic arc and trench system: A key to the neotectonic evolution of the eastern mediterranean area (1979)
    Elsevier
    In:  Tectonophysics, 60 (1-2). pp. 1-42.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-04-05
    Description: Using the fault plane mechanisms of the shallow earthquakes occurring along the Hellenic arc and the extent of the intermediate seismic belt, we make a quantitative estimate of the relative motion occurring between the Hellenic arc and the adjacent sea floor. This estimate is then used to evaluate the deformation in the Aegean area and to reconstruct the pattern of motion over the Eastern Mediterranean region for the last 13 m.y. It is shown that this pattern is compatible with the neotectonic and seismicity studies in Aegea. We then discuss the dynamics of the area and propose that, since Serravallian-Tortonian time, Aegea has been spreading gravitationally in front of the southwestward advancing Turkey. The reasons for this gravitational spreading are discussed.
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  • 65
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    Seafloor spreading history of the Agulhas Basin (1979)
    Elsevier
    In:  Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 45 (2). pp. 411-428.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-02-08
    Description: Data gathered by recent “Islas Orcadas” cruises reveal the seafloor spreading pattern for a region south of the Agulhas/Falkland fracture zone system. The presence of a magnetic anomaly bight about the Agulhas Plateau indicates that the Agulhas Plateau may have developed at the site of a tectonic plate triple junction during the Late Cretaceous. A westward jump in the seafloor spreading center during the Late Maestrichtian (anomaly 34−31) reduced the offset across the Falkland/Agulhas fracture zone system and resulted in the formation of two conjugate aseismic ridges here described as the Meteor and Islas Orcadas Rises. The magnetic lineation pattern in the Agulhas Basin suggests that a tectonic plate (Malvinas Plate) existed during Campanian to Maestrichtian times. Relative rates of motion are calculated for Antarctica, South America, and Africa for the Late Cretaceous.
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  • 66
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    Chapter 2.5 Carbon Turnover, Calcification and Growth in Coral Reefs (1979)
    Elsevier
    In:  In: Biogeochemical Cycling of Mineral-Forming Elements. Studies in Environmental Science, 3 . Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 131-162. ISBN 0-444-41745-1
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-02-09
    Description: This chapter discusses the carbon turnover, calcification, and growth in coral reefs. Carbon turnover within a total reef community is a function of two distinct, biochemically interacting cycles. The first is the metabolic cycle consisting of the photosynthetic fixation of CO2 and the release of CO2 by respiration and decomposition processes. Superimposed on this are the direct incorporation of organic compounds (dissolved or particulate; living or non-living) originating outside the reef systems (in the adjacent ocean waters), and the loss of organic compounds from the reef system into the out-flowing water. The second is the inorganic carbonate cycle involving the biological and non-biological precipitation and dissolution of carbonates. Superimposed on this is the loss of particulate carbonates in suspension in the out-flowing water. The main chemical component of a coral-reef system is calcium carbonate, which occurs either as high-Mg calcite, aragonite, or low-Mg calcite. The mean calcification values in various environments at One Tree Reef are presented in the chapter. These data may be converted to an implied vertical growth rate potential assuming that accrual is dominantly aragonite (density = 2.89 g cm–3) and that there is 50% porosity after normal compaction.
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  • 67
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    On the use of ammonium for buoyancy in squids (1979)
    Cambridge University Press
    In:  Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 59 (02). p. 259.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-16
    Description: Squids (teuthoids) fall into two distinct groups according to their density in sea water. Squids of one group are considerably denser than sea water and must swim to stop sinking; squids in the other group are nearly neutrally buoyant. Analyses show that in almost all the neutrally buoyant squids large amounts of ammonium are present. This ammonium is not uniformly distributed throughout the body but is mostly confined to special tissues where its concentration can approach half molar. The locations of such tissues differ according to the species and developmental stage of the squid. It is clear that the ammonium-rich solution are almost isosmotic with sea water but of lower density and they are present in sufficient volume to provide the main buoyancy mechanism of these squids. A variety of evidence is given which suggests that squids in no less than 12 of the 26 families achieve near-neutral buoyancy in this way and that 14 families contain squids appreciably denser than sea water [at least one family contains both types of squid]. Some of the ammonium-rich squids are extremely abundant in the oceans.
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  • 68
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    Mineral phases formed in anoxic sediments by microbial decomposition of organic matter (1979)
    Elsevier
    In:  Geochimica et Cosmochimica Acta, 43 (3). pp. 339-352.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-03-01
    Description: Microbial decomposition of organic matter in recent sediments of the Landsort Deep—an anoxic basin of the central Baltic Sea—resulted in the formation of a characteristic assemblage of authigenic mineral precipitates of carbonates, sulfides. phosphates and amorphous silica, The dominant crystalline phases are a mixed Mn-carbonate [(Mn0.85Ca0.10Mg0.05)CO3]. Mn-sulfide [MnS] and Fecarbonate [FeCO3]. Amorphous Fe-sulfide [FeS]. Mn-phosphate [Mn3(PO4)2] and a mixed Fe-Ca-phosphate [(Fe0.86Ca0.14)3(PO4)2] were identified by their chemical compositions only. The variability in composition of these solid phases and their mode of occurrence as a co-existing assemblage constrains the conditions and solution composition from which they precipitated. Estimates of activities for dissolved Fe. Mn. PO4, CO3 and S in equilibrium with such an assemblage are close to those found in recent anoxic interstitial water-sediment systems. It is important to have detailed knowledge of the composition and stability conditions of these solid precipitates in order to refine stoichiometric models of interstitial nutrient regeneration in anoxic sediments.
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  • 69
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    Sedimentary succession and tectonic history of a marginal plateau (Goban Spur, southwest of Ireland) (1979)
    Elsevier
    In:  Marine Geology, 33 (1-2). pp. 45-69.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-12
    Description: Goban Spur lies on the continental margin of northwest Europe, southwest of Ireland. It is a marginal plateau underlain by Hercynian granites and Palaeozoic sediments, which form large horsts, grabens and tilted fault blocks with a trend that is approximately parallel to the main Celtic/Armorican Shelf edge. The spur is thought to be a westward continuation of the buoyant Cornubian Ridge, and is bounded to the north and south by large fault lines which probably represent reactivation of Hercynian structural trends. The continental basement is further divided longitudinally into a low-lying outer zone (Intermediate Zone) and a high inner region (Goban Spur proper). The ocean/continent boundary is thought to lie at the outer edge of the Intermediate Zone, Sea-floor spreading anomalies immediately west of the Intermediate Zone suggest that the adjacent ocean crust was created prior to anomaly 33 (say at ca. 90 m.y. B.P.). The sedimentary sequence on Goban Spur can be subdivided into four layers which can be tentatively correlated with the stratigraphic succession on the Meriadzek Terrace (IPOD sites). Such a correlation suggests that the lowermost sediment layer (?Jurassic-Albian) represents a tectono-sedimentary rift infill, and that Layers 2–4 (Upper Cretaceous to Quaternary) were deposited during slow epeirogenic downwarping of the plateau and that the sedimentary processes involved both draping and strong current moulding. The relatively buoyant nature of Inner Goban Spur has inhibited the accumulation of a thick post-rifting sedimentary sequence (700–1000 m), and has shielded the Intermediate Zone from downslope mass movements of material. This has resulted in the accumulation of an anomalously thin post-rift stage outer margin sediment prism (ca. 1000 m) compared to most continent rises (up to 10 km).
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  • 70
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    Acoustic stratigraphy and current-generated bedforms in deep ocean basins off southeastern Africa (1979)
    Elsevier
    In:  Marine Geology, 33 (3-4). pp. 239-260.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-15
    Description: A bathymetric map of the deep-sea floor off southeastern Africa shows the Agulhas Plateau to be separated from the continental margin of southeastern Africa by a narrow (50 km) elongate depression, the Agulhas Passage, which acts as a deep-water connection between the Agulhas and Transkei basins. Three regionally developed sediment layers occur in the deep (〉 4500 m) Transkei Basin/Agulhas Passage area. With the aid of a simple ocean crust sinking/carbonate compensation level (CCL) model these layers are related to the sedimentation history of the area. The model suggests that acoustic basement (Horizon X) represents Lower Cretaceous limestones draped over oceanic basement, and that this is overlain by an acoustically transparent sequence of pelagic/terrigenous material (Horizon A) that was deposited during a lengthy period (95 m.y.) beneath the carbonate compensation level. Post-Late Miocene sedimentation (Horizons B and C) has probably taken place above the CCL. Local sedimentation has always been influenced by strong sea-floor currents, but since middle Palaeogene times these currents have operated on a regional scale and have generated numerous large ridge and billow-like bed forms.
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  • 71
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    Biological Matter as a Source for Cenozoic Deep-Sea Sediments in the Equatorial Pacific (1979)
    Springer
    In:  Ambio Special Report, 6 . pp. 11-17.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-07-13
    Description: Deep sea sediments contain more Cu, Ni, Ba, B etc., than transport of detrital terrigenous matter (TM) can explain. Longdistance transport in dissolved from is of no importance for many of these elements. Marine biological matter (BM) is enriched in Cu, Ni, Ba, B etc. Conservative mixing models, using BM and TM as inputs show that the compositional variations in pelagic sediments can be explained by these sources. Such mixing models have been used to estimate how the influx of BM and TM have varied with time, and to what extent different elements ares upplied by BM and TM. The results show that in Cenozoic Equatorial Pacific sediments CaCO₃, opaline silica, B, Ba, and Cu are predominantly biogenous. It is probable that also P and Ni belong to this group of elements, whereas almost all Al, Ti, Zr, V and Mn are delivered by TM or some volcanic processes. The accumulation rates (AR) for the biological constituents reached maxima during the L. Oligocene and the Miocene, and minima during the U. Oligocene and the Pleistocene; some AR from the Oligocene and the Miocene being 3-6 times higher than at present. The accumulation rate patterns for opaline silica, Ba and B co-vary, whereas the AR for CaCO₃ show another time dependance pattern. These AR-patterns are probably partly due to climatic variations. Plankton in Pacific Equatorial waters incorporate much more Cu, Ni, etc., than is required for the particulate transport of these elements to the ocean floor. This suggests that transport in particulate form of BM is an important source of Cu, Ba, B, etc. for the deep sea floor.
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  • 72
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    Luminescence from non-bioluminescent tissues in oceanic cephalopods (1979)
    Springer
    In:  Marine Biology, 53 (1). pp. 69-77.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-14
    Description: Several tissues (e.g. kidney, blood, digestive gland) in oceanic cephalopods which do not exhibit in vivo bioluminescence, luminesce when homogenized in the presence of air or when simply exposed to air in a vial (blood). The source of the luminescence appears to be a luciferin: treatment of kidney homogenates and blood with a photophore extract presumably containing luciferase resulted in a 20-fold increase in light production. Luminescence was also found in the renal fluid, which may be the source of luminescent clouds produced by squids. The variability in luminescence found in some tissues of cephalopods appeared to be related to feeding. Luminescence was also detected in the digestive glands of midwater octopods.
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  • 73
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    Eyes and extraocular photoreceptors in midwater cephalopods and fishes: Their roles in detecting downwelling light for counterillumination (1979)
    Springer
    In:  Marine Biology, 51 (4). pp. 371-380.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-14
    Description: The means of detecting downwelling light for counterillumination in several midwater animals has been examined. Eyes and extraocular photoreceptors (drosal photosensitive vesicles in the enoploteuthid squid Abraliopsis sp. B and pineal organs in the myctophid fish Myctophum spinosum) were alternately exposed to overhead light or covered by a small opaque shield above the animal and the bioluminescent response of the animal was monitored. Covering either the eyes or the extraocular photoreceptors resulted in a reduction in the intensity of counterillumination. Preliminary experiments examining the bioluminescent feedback mechanism for monitoring intensity of bioluminescence during counterillumination in the midwater squid Abralia trigonura indicated that the ventral photosensitive vesicles are responsible for bioluminescent feedback.
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  • 74
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    Phreatomagmatic origin of the olivine melilitite diatremes of the Swabian Alb, Germany (1979)
    American Geophysical Union
    In:  In: Kimberlites, Diatremes, and Diamonds: Their Geology, Petrology, and Geochemistry. , ed. by Boyd, F. R. American Geophysical Union, Boulder, Colorado, USA, pp. 354-363. ISBN 0-87590-212-X
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-01-28
    Description: The olivine melilitite diatemes of the Swabian Alb, frequently compared with kimberlite diatremes, are discussed in terms of hydrogeological setting, internal structure and juvenile fraction. The hydrogeological conditions of the Swabian Alb at the time of diatreme emplacement were characterized by copious amounts of groundwater within the sedimentary cover of the basement. Subsequently to the eruptions groundwater accumulated within the maars of the larger diatremes forming fresh‐water lakes as also happened nearby in the Steinheim and Ries impact craters. The diatremes reveal subsidence structures composed of large wall‐rock blocks, subaerially deposited pyroclastic beds, and well‐bedded reworked pyroclastic debris which accumulated on the floor of the fresh‐water crater lakes. The latter fact implies availability of groundwater at the time the diatremes formed. The juvenile fraction is developed in the shape of spherical to ovoid nucleated autoliths of ash to lapilli size that are macroscopically nearly devoid of vesicles. The autoliths are interpreted as the product of water vapor explosions which took place when rising olivine melilitite magma contacted groundwater and was fragmented into magma droplets. The droplets were rapidly chilled and thus preserved their shape. Because of the hydrogeological data, the diatreme structure, and the chilled nature of the autoliths a phreatomagmatic origin of the Swabian diatremes is suggested.
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  • 75
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    Infrared and Mössbauer Studies of Reduced Nontronites (1979)
    Springer
    In:  Clays and Clay Minerals, 27 . pp. 63-71.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-05-18
    Description: Infrared and Mössbauer spectroscopy show that the extent of the reduction of nontronite is dependent on the chemical composition of the nontronite and on the nature of the reducing agent. Hydrazine reversibly reduces about 10% of the iron in all of the nontronites studied irrespective of composition and it is suggested that the resulting ferrous iron occurs only in distorted octahedral sites. Similar conclusions are reached for the dithionite reduction of the nontronites containing little tetrahedral iron, but for those with more than one in eight silicons replaced by iron, changes brought about by dithionite treatment are irreversible due to dissolution of appreciable quantities of iron. Results from both spectroscopic techniques suggest that iron in tetrahedral sites is preferentially dissolved and that up to 80% of the structural iron can be reduced. Evidence is presented for the formation in these extensively reduced nontronites of a small amount of a mica-like phase resembling celadonite or glauconite, and, as dithionite is used for the pretreatment of soils, the implication of this observation is briefly discussed. The use of deuterated hydrazine as a reducing agent has enabled the nontronite absorption band near 850 cm-1 to be assigned to a Si-O (apical) stretching vibration, which is inactive in the infrared for perfect hexagonal symmetry, but which is activated by distortions in the tetrahedral layer
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  • 76
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    Elemental mass-balance of material carried by major world rivers (1979)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-05-24
    Description: An estimate of average river particulate matter (RPM) composition was bàsed on analyses of more than 40 elements in the Amazon, Congo, Ganges, Magdalena, Mekong, Parana and Orinoco rivers, to which were added literature data for 13 other major world rivers, covering the whole spectrum of morphoclimatic features. Geographic variations of major elements in RPM are mostly linked to weathering types and to the balance between weathering rate and river transport. As a result of chemical erosion, Al, Fe and Ti are enriched in RPM with respect to the average parent rock, while Na, Ca, Mg and Sr are strongly depleted. These figures are directly related to the relative importance of dissolved and particulate transport in rivers; this has been computed for each of 40 elements. In order to study weathering on a global scale, the total observed elemental fluxes (dissolved + particulate) have been computed and compared to theoretical ones. The latter were derived from the elemental content in the average parent rock and the total quantity of weathered material, computed from the Al ratio in RPM and in parent rock. Observed and theoretical fluxes are balanced for the less mobilized elements (rare earths, Co, Cr, Cs, Fe, Mn, Rb, Si, Th, Ti, U and V) for which no enrichment relative to Al is noted in RPM, and for B, Ba, Ca, K, Mg, Na, Sr which are relatively depleted in RPM due to their high dissolved transport. Additional fluxes have been found for Br, Sb, Pb, Cu, Mo, Zn and are possible also for Ni and P. This is reflected by marked enrichments in RPM relative to Al for the poorly or moderately dissolved transports (Pb, Cu, Zn). Several hypotheses involving either the natural origin (volcanic dust, marine aerosols, geochemical fractionation) or the artificial origin (worldwide pollution) are discussed to explain these discrepancies, assuming river transport and weathering either to be in a steady state on a global scale or not. However, none of them can fully account for these additional fluxes. It is most likely that these excesses have multiple origins, anthropogenic or natural or both. The comparison between RPM and deep-sea clay compositions emphasizes the prime influence of river input on oceanic sedimentation of Si, Al, Fe, Ti, lanthanides, Sc, Rb, V, etc. A few elements such as Zn, Sb, occur in excess in RPM as compared to deep-sea clays; in order to balance this excess, a remobilization of these elements out of the sediment can be considered. Finally, the enrichment of Co, Cu, Mn and Ni in deep-sea clays compared to RPM is discussed and attributed to several sources and processes.
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  • 77
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    Experimental Rock Deformation - The Brittle Field (1978)
    Springer
    In:  Berlin, 254 pp., Springer, vol. 15, no. Publ. No. 12, pp. 585, (ISBN 1-85233-708-7)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1978
    Keywords: Laboratory measurements ; Rock mechanics ; Textbook of geophysics
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    BIBLIOGRAPHY SEISMOLOGY
  • 78
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    Seismic pattern recognition (1978)
    Elsevier
    In:  Professional Paper, Computer-aided seismic analysis and discrimination, Washington, D. C., Elsevier, vol. 16, no. 16, pp. 133-146, (ISBN 1-86239-165-3, vi + 330 pp.)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1978
    Keywords: Data analysis / ~ processing ; Discrimination ; Seismics (controlled source seismology) ; Pattern recognition ; Detectors
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  • 79
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    High-resolution group velocity analysis (1978)
    Elsevier
    In:  Bull., Polar Proj. OP-O3A4, Computer-Aided Seismic Analysis and Discrimination, London, Elsevier, vol. 16, no. 4, pp. 97-109, (ISBN 0080419208)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1978
    Keywords: Earthquake ; Seismics (controlled source seismology) ; Discrimination ; Velocity analysis
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  • 80
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    Cobalt Distribution and the Pyrite-Chalcopyrite Geothermometer (1978)
    Springer
    In:  Geochemistry International . pp. 44-48.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2018-01-17
    Description: Laboratory data are presented on the distribution of cobalt between pyrite, chalcopyrite, and pyrrhotite. Pyrite-type deposits are used to show that the results enable one to estimate the temperatures of formation for copper mineralization. Recent years have seen extensive studies on element distributions between coexisting minerals in order to define mineralogical thermometers and barometers [1-3]. Detailed studies have been made of the thermodynamic basis of such distributions, as well as of the factors that influence component levels in coexisting minerals. Here we will not consider a theoretical analysis of the distribution, but we do note that trace elements appear in pyrite and chalcopyrite only below the 1 wt. % level, while the compositions of the minerals deviate only slightly from stoichiometric, with temperature the main parameter that controls the distribution.
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  • 81
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    Bathymetry and stratigraphy of the northern Natal Valley (SW Indian Ocean): A preliminary account (1978)
    Elsevier
    In:  Marine Geology, 28 (1-2). pp. 89-106.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-12
    Description: Thick sediments (maximum of at least 4900 m) infill the Natal Valley, which lies between the coast of South Africa/Mozambique and the Mozambique Ridge. Eight physiographic provinces are recognised in the valley, and their boundaries can be related to well-defined sediment thickness or facies discontinuities within the basin infill. The acoustic stratigraphy of the area is established by reference to two regionally developed reflecting horizons, which, on the basis of previously published borehole and seismic data, are tentatively identified as mid-Cretaceous (McDuff) and mid-Cainozoic (Angus) hiatuses or important facies boundaries. Sedimentation began in the Natal Valley before mid-Cretaceous times and since then sediment dispersion has been strongly influenced by the disposition of large basement (? volcanic) highs: the approximately NE—SW Almirante Leite and Naudé ridges, and the larger N—S Mozambique Ridge. There is abundant evidence that sedimentation in the vicinity of these ridges has been current-controlled since at least mid-Cainozoic (Angus) times. The two main terrigenous sediment input points have been the Tugela and Limpopo rivers, which have large sediment cones adjacent to their mouths.
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  • 82
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    Sedimentation of particulate matter during a phytoplankton spring bloom in relation to the hydrographical regime (1978)
    Springer
    In:  Marine Biology, 47 (3). pp. 211-226.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2019-09-23
    Description: Data presented and discussed here were collected continuously during April/May 1975 in the Bornholm Basin of the Baltic Sea. Sedimentation rates of particulate matter were recorded with 5 multisample sediment traps from different depths in the water column at 2 positions 170 km apart. Current meter data collected during the same period and depths indicated that the positions remained hydrographically distinct during the investigation. Particulate matter from the euphotic zone including diatom cells formed the bulk of the material collected by all traps. This flux of organic particles to the bottom was unimpeded by the strong density stratification present in the water column. The upper traps always collected less material than lower ones. This paradox has been ascribed to diminishing current speeds with depth, concomitant with an increase in sinking rates of phytoplankton and phytodetritus. Both factors influence the sampling efficiency of sediment traps, which are thought to have underestimated actual sedimentation rates here. A time lag of 2 to 3 weeks in bloom development seemed responsible for the characteristic differences between the two positions. The phase of major sedimentation at one position covered about 18 days, and a distinct sequence in the composition of the material collected by the 6 glasses of each trap indicated phases of a progressively deteriorating phytoplankton population in the water column contributing the particulate material. A total of 6.2 g C m-2 in 34 days was recorded at this station. Apart from a trap situated in an oxygen deficient layer which collected 0.44 g C m-2 of zooplankton corpses, zooplankton mortality was overestimated by the traps. Large-scale sedimencation of “fresh” organic matter produced by the spring bloom is probably a regular feature in areas with low over-wintering zooplankton populations and, as such, possibly has a direct stimulatory effect on growth and reproduction of the benthos.
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  • 83
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    The cephalopod statolithan-introduction to its form (1978)
    Cambridge University Press
    In:  Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 58 (03). p. 701.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-16
    Description: Terms, dimensions and ratios for statolith description are defined. The form of the calcareousstatoliths in the Teuthoidea, Sepiodea and Octopoda is described by reference to Loligo forbesi, Sepia officinalis and Eledone cirrosa. While statoliths change in form and size during the growth of a cephalopod, the adult form is often characteristic for a species, despite some variation. Description of statoliths is important in studies of the fossil remains of cephalopods lacking calcareous shells, and will probably become important in the taxonomy of living species, in food analysis of cephalopod predators and in the study of deep sea deposits.
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  • 84
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    Fractionation and mantle heterogeneity in basalts from the Peru-Chile Trench (1978)
    Elsevier
    In:  Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 37 (3). pp. 409-420.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-09-09
    Description: Five separate exposures of oceanic basalts were dredged in the vicinity of the Peru-Chile Trench between 9° and 27°S latitude. Each dredge is dominated by abundant pillow basalts. Approximately ten of the most unaltered, glassy and fine-grained samples were selected for detailed chemical and petrographic analyses from each dredge area. All basalts recovered in the Peru-Chile Trench are olivine and quartz-normative tholeiites that are believed to have formed at the now extinct Galapagos Rise 30–50 m.y. ago. Detailed chemical analyses of the basalts, including major and selected trace and rare earth elements, indicate that considerable compositional variability exists both within each of the dredged areas as well as between areas. Most of the inherent chemical variability observed within particular basement sections appears consistent with the concept of temporal evolution of magma bodies at a former spreading center by shallow-level fractional crystallization involving primarily plagioclase and olivine. In contrast, important chemical differences between the dredged areas suggest compositional heterogeneities in the mantle source regions. Our results indicate that although shallow-level fractionation has brought about large changes in composition of basalts in each area, compositional trends are distinct and appear to reflect original mantle-derived compositional differences.
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  • 85
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    Chemical and optical studies of glass shards in Pleistocene and Pliocene ash layers from DSDP site 192, Northwest Pacific Ocean (1978)
    Elsevier
    In:  Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, 4 (1-2). pp. 99-116.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-09-09
    Description: Thirty-four ash layers of Pleistocene and Pliocene age from DSDP Site 192, northwestern Pacific Ocean, have been subjected to detailed chemical and optical study to evaluate: (1) the chemical and optical variability in glass shards from deep-sea ash layers, and (2) secondary changes brought about by prolonged exposure to seawater. Glass shards from approximately half of the ash layers studied were found to have uniform compositions which approach the precision of the microprobe chemical analyses, whereas the remainder are compositionally diverse (e.g., SiO2, variations of 5–15% among shards from the same ash layer) and appear to be the eruptive products of compositionally zoned magma chambers. Optical studies of glass shards confirm the absence of devitrification or the formation of pervasive secondary alteration products. By contrast, chemical studies suggest that the glass shards have experienced progressive hydration with possible minor ion exchange of K, Mg, Ca and Si. The hydration occurs rapidly and leads to a rather uniform water content of 4.5–5% after several hundred thousands of years exposure to seawater. Step-wise heating dehydration experiments, optical effects, and published'oxygen isotope studies indicate that the water of hydration is incorporated uniformly within the glass. Systematic chemical differences between electron microprobe analyses of glass shard interiors and corresponding bulk chemical study by atomic absorption lead us to postulate that glass shard margins have undergone a minor chemical exchange with major cations in seawater. They have gained 0.10–0.20 wt. % K20, MgO, and CaO while losing a corresponding amount of Si2O. Although the glass shards from DSDP Site 192 are hydrated and may have experienced subtle, surficial ion exchange, we stress that they are the most chemically representative samples available of magmas that were explosively erupted from volcanic arcs.
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  • 86
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    Monitoring Underground Nuclear Explosions (1977)
    Elsevier
    In:  Amsterdam, 440 pp., Elsevier, vol. 231, no. 3, pp. 2-203, (ISBN 0-470-02298-1)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1977
    Keywords: Textbook of geophysics ; Nuclear explosion ; Seismology
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  • 87
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    The Marquardt-Levenberg algorithm: implementation and theory (1977)
    Springer
    In:  Bull., Polar Proj. OP-O3A4, Numerical Analysis, New York, Springer, vol. 3, no. Subvol. b, pp. 105-116, (ISBN 0080419208)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1977
    Keywords: Inversion
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  • 88
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    Physik (1977)
    Springer
    In:  Berlin, Springer, vol. 10, no. Subvol. b, pp. 220, (ISBN: 0-08-037951-6)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1977
    Keywords: Textbook of physics
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  • 89
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    Trace metal distribution in Baltic Sea ferromanganese concretions: inferences on accretion rates (1977)
    Elsevier
    In:  Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 35 (1). pp. 49-54.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-01-19
    Description: The usually high concentrations of Zn, Pb, Cd, and Cu in the most recently accreted portions of ferromanganese nodules from the western Baltic Sea are thought to reflect increased metal input due to anthropogenic mobilization. If so, the point of increase represents a time horizon within the structure of the nodule. Similar trace metal distributions of radiometrically dated sediments from the same area suggest that the ferromanganese nodules have grown in thickness between 0.02 and 0.16 mm yr−1. From this growth rate anthropogenic Zn flux to the nodule surface was calculated to be 80 mg m−2 yr−1.
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  • 90
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    Ectothiorhodospira halochloris sp. nov., a new extremely halophilic phototrophic bacterium containing bacteriochlorophyll b (1977)
    Springer
    In:  Archives of Microbiology, 114 (2). pp. 115-121.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2015-03-24
    Description: A new bacteriochlorophyll b containing phototrophic bacterium was isolated from extremely saline and alkaline soda lakes in Egypt. Enrichment and isolation were performed using a synthetic medium with high contents of sodium carbonate, sodium sulfate and sodium chloride. Photoautotrophic growth occurred with hydrogen sulfide as photosynthetic electron donor. During oxidation of sulfide to sulfate extracellular elemental sulfur globules appeared in the medium. Cells were also capable to grow under photoheterotrophic conditions with acetate, propionate, pyruvate, succinate, fumarate or malate as carbon sources and electron donors. Under these conditions sulfate was assimilated. Optimal growth under the applied experimental conditions occurred at a total salinity of 14–27%, a pH-range between 8.1 and 9.1 and a temperature between 47°C and 50°C. The cells were 0.5–0.6 μm wide and, depending on cultural conditions, 2.5–8.0 μm long; they were spiral shaped, multiplied by binary fission and were motile by means of bipolar flagella. Intercytoplasmic photosynthetic membranes were present as stacks. Bacteriochlorophyll b was the main photosynthetic pigment; small amounts of carotenoids were mainly present as glucosides of rhodopin and its methoxy derivative. The new organism is described as Ectothiorhodospira halochloris.
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  • 91
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    Mineralogy, chemistry and crystallization sequence of clay minerals in altered tholeiitic basalts from the Peru Trench (1977)
    Elsevier
    In:  Earth and Planetary Science Letters, 36 (3). pp. 413-422.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-09-12
    Description: Petrographic examination of amygdules and veins associated with moderately altered pillow basalts dredged from the Peru Trench has revealed that a consistent pattern of mineral crystallization has occurred. This sequence is: (1) green, weakly pleochroic clay (R.I. 〉 1.56); (2) dark yellowish brown, non-pleochroic clay (R.I. 〉 1.56); (3) light yellowish brown to colorless, fibrous, weakly pleochroic clay (R.I. 〈 1.56); and (4) calcite or celadonite. Chemical and X-ray diffraction analyses suggest that all clay mineral amygdule and vein fillings are dominated by intimate mixtures of an Fe-rich saponite and nontronite with very small admixtures of serpentine and illite. It is argued that sequential mineral fillings of fractures and vesicles may provide significant information about the chemistry of circulating interstitial fluids. For the pillow basalts studied the first-formed clays were enriched in nontronite, thereby suggesting Fe-rich fluids. These in turn were followed by saponite-rich clays and calcite. The change from Fe-and Mg-rich fluids to dominantly Ca-rich fluids is thought to correspond to a change from mafic mineral alteration to plagioclase alteration in the pillow basalts. An increase in the Fe3+/Fe2+ ratio of clays toward the centers of vesicles may indicate a change toward a more oxidizing environment of alteration.
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  • 92
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    Identity of the properties if the Cholinesterases of the optical ganglion fo the squid Ommastrephes bartrami from the South Atlantic and the great Australian Bight (1977)
    Pleiades Publishing | Springer
    In:  Oceanology, 17 (6). pp. 729-731.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-11-04
    Description: The identity of substrate-inhibitor specificity with respect to several choline esters and organophosphorus compunds was demonstrated for the cholinesterases of the optical ganglion of the squid Ommastrephes bartrami, inhabiting the South Atlantic and the Great Australian Bight. Two cholinesterases with different properties were found in optical ganglia of these squid.
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  • 93
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    Abyssal bedforms explored with a deeply towed instrument package (1977)
    Elsevier
    In:  Marine Geology, 23 (1-2). pp. 57-75.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-12-08
    Description: Several types of abyssal bedforms have been discovered during surveys with a deeply towed instrument package at water depths of 1.5–6 km in the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans. Cores and current-meter records obtained at the same sites provide data for interpreting their dynamics. Wave and current ripples are best portrayed in bottom photographs, but medium-scale bedforms, including sand waves, mud waves and erosional furrows, are described by interpreting high-resolution side-looking sonar records. The largest examples affect surface-ship echograms, though their shape and structure can seldom be resolved without near-bottom observations. Wave ripples are common on the slopes of seamounts and ridges, while current ripples and sand waves occur beneath some fast thermohaline currents whose beds are shallower than the foraminiferal compensation depth. Depositional and erosional bedforms in cohesive sediment have been found beneath the deepest thermohaline currents; they may be restricted to areas where the flow is unusually steady in direction.
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  • 94
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    Earthquake Prediction (1976)
    Elsevier
    In:  Amsterdam, 357+IX pp., Elsevier, vol. 121, no. Publ. No. 12, pp. 127, (ISBN 0-521-66034-3, ISBN 0-521-66948-0 paper)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1976
    Keywords: Earthquake precursor: prediction research ; Textbook of geophysics
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  • 95
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    Introduction to Digital Filtering in Geophysics (1976)
    Elsevier
    In:  Amsterdam, Elsevier, vol. 1, no. 22, pp. 65-70, (ISBN 3-7643-0253-4)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1976
    Keywords: Textbook of geophysics ; Filter- ; Recursive filters
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  • 96
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    Stress and Strain - Basic Concepts of Continuum Mechanics for Geologists (1976)
    Springer
    In:  New York, Springer, vol. 1, no. 1, pp. 65-66, (ISBN 0 340 76405 8)
    Details
    Publication Date: 1976
    Keywords: Stress ; Textbook of geophysics ; Textbook of geology ; Elasticity
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  • 97
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    Natural Products from Porifera (1976)
    Springer
    In:  Fortschritte der Chemie Organischer Naturstoffe, 33 (1). pp. 1-72.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-10-11
    Description: Since organic chemistry began, the chemistry of natural products from terrestrial organisms such as plants and fungi has been studied intensively; in contrast, marine species have received relatively little attention. However, in the last decade research in the field of marine products has increased sbstantially. The heightened interest in this area is attested by the appearance of the monumental treatise of Halstead on Poisonous and Venomous Marine Animals in 1965 (108), Baslow’s review on “Marine Pharmacology” in 1969 (14) and Scheuer’s recent book “Chemistry of Marine Natural Products” (160) in 1973. In addition Premuzic’s review devoted to the Chemistry of Natural Products Derived from Marine Sources, was published in volume 29 of this series in 1971 (152).
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  • 98
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    The cells that secrete the beaks in octopods and squids (Mollusca, Cephalopoda) (1976)
    Springer
    In:  Cell and Tissue Research, 167 (2). pp. 229-241.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-24
    Description: A single layer of cells secretes the hard cephalopod beaks. The beccublasts are tall columnar cells that separate the beak from the surrounding buccal muscles, and must serve to attach these muscles to the beak. Within the cell layer there are three types of cells. The first, and most frequently found contain cell-long fibrils. These fibrils may have contractile and tensile properties. Complex trabeculae extend from the beccublasts into the matrix of the beak. The fibrils are attached to these trabeculae and at the other end of the cells they are anchored near to the beccublast-muscle cell interface, closely associated with the muscles that move the beak. The second group of cells contain masses of endoplasmic reticulum the cysternae of which are arranged along the long axis of the cell. These cells also contain dense granules and are probably the major source of beak hard tissue. It is probable that each cell secretes its own column of beak hard tissue. The third group of cells contains a mixture of fibrils and secretory tissue. In the beccublast layer there are changes in the proportion of the three types of cells depending upon the region sampled. In the region where growth is most active there are mostly secretory cells, whereas near the biting and wearing tip there are mainly anchoring type cells.
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  • 99
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    Structure and preliminary biochemical characterization of the bioluminescent system of Ommastrephes pteropus (Steenstrup) (Mollusca: Cephalopoda) (1976)
    Cambridge University Press
    In:  Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom, 56 (03). pp. 707-722.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2020-07-16
    Description: The ommastrephid squids are large active animals occurring in most of the world's oceans. Luminous organs or bioluminescence have been observed only in members of the subfamily Sthenoteuthinae, containing the genera Ornithoteuthis, Symplectoteuthis (= Eucleoteuthis), Hyaloteuthis, Ommastrephes and Dosidicus. The light organs of Ommastrephes pteropus are small sub-spherical bodies randomly distributed over the ventral surface of the mantle, head, arms and tentacles (Roper, 1963) and are aggregated dorsally to form a large luminous patch (Clarke, 1965). Relatively little is known about the organs, capabilities and biochemistry of luminescence in cephalopods (Harvey, 1952; Herring, in Press), and the size of the light organ and availability of O. pteropus provide an unusual opportunity for such studies. Although among the molluscs the luminescent systems of the gastropod Latia and the bivalve Pholas have been partially characterized (Shimomura & Johnson, 1968; Henry, Isambert & Michelson, 1970, 1973) the only cephalopod system which has been investigated to date is that of the enoploteuthid Watasenia scintillans (Goto et al., 1974; Inoue et al., 1975). This investigation examines the anatomy and biochemistry of the dorsal light organ of O. pteropus, which differs markedly in these respects from the brachial organs of Watasenia.
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  • 100
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    Mineral (inorganic) resources of the oceans and ocean floors: A general review (1976)
    Elsevier
    In:  In: Handbook of strata-bound and stratiform ore deposits Pt. 1, Vol. 3: Supergene and surficial ore deposits; textures and fabrics. , ed. by Wolf, K. H. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp. 245-294. ISBN 0-444-41403-7
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-04-18
    Description: Many occurrences of mineral resources in ocean water, on the ocean floor and in its deeper parts have long been well-known. This is readily understandable, because numerous ancient mineral products which are exploited on land were originally formed in marine milieus as far back as the Precambrian , e.g., marine sedimentary iron ores, rock salt, potassium, phosphate and manganese , as well as petroleum and natural gas. This book deals with ores in sediments, and in sedimentary and volcanic rocks. According to the Concise Oxford Dictionary (Fowler and Fowler , 1964), ore is defined as "solid native mineral aggregate from which valuable constituents not necessarily metal may be usefully extracted". Therefore , in tllis chapter only mineral resources of inorganic origin in ocean water and on the ocean floor are discussed and not those of organic derivation, although the existence of petroleum, natural gas and, to some extent, of coal in the subsurface of the ocean shelves is of greater economic importance. The amount of oil and gas produced in 1969 represented more than 90% by value of all mineral resources obtained from the oceans and ocean floors. Ore deposits in bed-rock formations of the shelf region, such as those which are exploited near Cornwall (England) and Newfoundland for example, are also irrelevant, as these are merely extensions of discoveries on the nearby mainland. The purpose of this chapter is to give a general review of the (inorganic) mineral resources of the oceans and the ocean floors . In this respect, not only are the economically important products which are already in use discussed, but also those materials which, in their oceanic environment, can become of economic value in the near or more remote future. For a better understanding of the existence of such materials, some deposits have also had to be reviewed which will not become of economic value . Since some contributions in this book are specifically dedicated to Recent marine ferromanganese deposits and Recent phosphorite deposits, these mineral resources are only briefly discussed in tllis chapter. (For details on Recent marine and lacustrine manganese deposits see Chapters 7 and 8 by Glasby/Read and by Callender/Bowser, respectively, in Volume 7.) The litarature on the mineral (inorganic) resources of the oceans and ocean floors is extremely extensive, so that a choice had to be made and, therefore, the bibliography added to this chapter consists mainly of recent publications.
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