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  • 1
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    Submarine geomorphology (2018)
    Cham : Springer
    Details
    Call number: 9783319578521 (e-book)
    Description / Table of Contents: This book on the current state of knowledge of submarine geomorphology aims to achieve the goalsof the Submarine Geomorphology working group, set up in 2013, byestablishing submarine geomorphology as a field of research, disseminating its concepts and techniques among earth scientists and professionals, and encouraging students to develop their skills and knowledge in this field.Editors have invited 30 experts from around the world to contribute chapters to this book, which is divided into 4 sections - (i) Introduction history, (ii) Data methods, (ii) Submarine landforms processes and (iv) Conclusions future directions. Each chapter provides a review of a topic, establishes the state-of-the-art, identifies the key research questions that need to be addressed, and delineates a strategy on how to achieve this.Submarine geomorphology is a priority for many research institutions, government authorities and industries globally.The book is useful for undergraduate and graduate students, and professionals with limited training in this field.
    Type of Medium: 12
    Pages: 1 Online-Ressource (xxiii, 556 Seiten) , Illustrationen
    Edition: corrected publication 2018
    ISBN: 9783319578521 , 978-3-319-57852-1
    ISSN: 2197-9545 , 2197-9553
    Series Statement: Springer geology
    URL: Ebook (access only within the AWI network)
    DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-57852-1
    Language: English
    Note: Contents Introduction / Aaron Micallef, Sebastian Krastel and Alessandra Savini Part I Data and Methods in Submarine Geomorphology Sidescan Sonar / Ingo Klaucke Multibeam Echosounders / John E. Hughes Clarke Reflection and Refraction Seismic Methods / Gareth J. Crutchley and Heidrun Kopp Quantitative Analyses of Morphological Data / Philippe Blondel Seafloor Sediment and Rock Sampling / Aggeliki Georgiopoulou ROVs and AUVs / Veerle A.I. Huvenne, Katleen Robert, Leigh Marsh, Claudio Lo Iacono, Tim Le Bas and Russell B. Wynn Part II Submarine Landforms and Processes Origin and Geomorphic Characteristics of Ocean Basins / Peter T. Harris and Miles Macmillan-Lawler Drivers of Seafloor Geomorphic Change / Angelo Camerlenghi Shallow Coastal Landforms / Fantina Madricardo and Federica Rizzetto Continental Shelf Landforms / Ruth Durán and Jorge Guillén Submarine Glacial Landforms / Christine L. Batchelor, Julian A. Dowdeswell and Dag Ottesen Submarine Landslides / Joshu Mountjoy and Aaron Micallef Submarine Canyons and Gullies / David Amblas, Silvia Ceramicola, Thomas P. Gerber, Miquel Canals, Francesco L. Chiocci, Julian A. Dowdeswell, Peter T. Harris, Veerle A.I. Huvenne, Steven Y.J. Lai, Galderic Lastras, Claudio Lo Iacono, Aaron Micallef, Joshu J. Mountjoy, Charles K. Paull, Pere Puig and Anna Sanchez-Vidal Submarine Fans and Their Channels, Levees, and Lobes / Mark E. Deptuck and Zoltán Sylvester Contourite Drifts and Associated Bedforms / Ibimina Esentia, Dorrik Stow and Zeinab Smillie Volcanic Islands and Seamounts / Daniele Casalbore Mid-ocean Ridges / Neil C. Mitchell Cold Seep Systems / Silvia Ceramicola, Stéphanie Dupré, Luis Somoza and John Woodside Abyssal Hills and Abyssal Plains / Marie-Helene Cormier and Heather Sloan Oceanic Trenches / Jacob Geersen, David Voelker and Jan H. Behrmann Cold-Water Carbonate Bioconstructions / Claudio Lo Iacono, Alessandra Savini and Daniela Basso Part III Applied Submarine Geomorphology Applied Geomorphology and Geohazard Assessment for Deepwater Development / Roger Moore, Geoff Davis and Oliver Dabson Seabed Mining / Anne Peukert, Sven Petersen, Jens Greinert and François Charlot Fishing Activities / Ferdinand K.J. Oberle, Pere Puig and Jacobo Martín National Programmes: Geomorphological Mapping at Multiple Scales for Multiple Purposes / Terje Thorsnes, Lilja R. Bjarnadóttir, Alexandra Jarna, Nicole Baeten, Gill Scott, Janine Guinan, Xavier Monteys, Dayton Dove, Sophie Green, Joana Gafeira and Alan Stevenson Part IV Conclusion Conclusion / Aaron Micallef, Sebastian Krastel and Alessandra Savini Erratum to: Submarine Geomorphology / Aaron Micallef, Sebastian Krastel and Alessandra Savini
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  • 2
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    Offshore Freshened Groundwater in Continental Margins (2021)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2021-07-04
    Description: First reported in the 1960s, offshore freshened groundwater (OFG) has now been documented in most continental margins around the world. In this review we compile a database documenting OFG occurrences and analyze it to establish the general characteristics and controlling factors. We also assess methods used to map and characterize OFG, identify major knowledge gaps, and propose strategies to address them. OFG has a global volume of 1 × 106 km3; it predominantly occurs within 55 km of the coast and down to a water depth of 100 m. OFG is mainly hosted within siliciclastic aquifers on passive margins and recharged by meteoric water during Pleistocene sea level lowstands. Key factors influencing OFG distribution are topography‐driven flow, salinization via haline convection, permeability contrasts, and the continuity/connectivity of permeable and confining strata. Geochemical and stable isotope measurements of pore waters from boreholes have provided insights into OFG emplacement mechanisms, while recent advances in seismic reflection profiling, electromagnetic surveying, and numerical models have improved our understanding of OFG geometry and controls. Key knowledge gaps, such as the extent and function of OFG, and the timing of their emplacement, can be addressed by the application of isotopic age tracers, joint inversion of electromagnetic and seismic reflection data, and development of three‐dimensional hydrological models. We show that such advances, combined with site‐specific modeling, are necessary to assess the potential use of OFG as an unconventional source of water and its role in sub‐seafloor geomicrobiology.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: This review paper considers offshore freshened groundwater (OFG), which is water hosted in sediments and rocks below the seafloor, with a total dissolved solid concentration lower than seawater. We have compiled 〉300 records to demonstrate that freshened groundwater occurs offshore on most continents around the world and has a global volume of 1 × 106 km3. The majority of OFG was deposited when sea level was lower than today and is hosted in sandy sub‐seafloor layers that are located within 55 km of coasts in water depths less than 100 m. We present a range of geochemical, geophysical, and modeling approaches that have successfully been used to investigate OFG systems. We also propose approaches to address key scientific questions related to OFG, including whether it may be used as an unconventional source of potable water in coastal areas.
    Description: Key Points: Most known OFG is located at water depths of 〈100 m within 55 km of the coast, hosted in siliciclastic aquifers in passive margins. Key gaps in knowledge include the extent and function of OFG systems, as well as the mechanism and timing of emplacement. Isotopic tracers, jointly inverted geophysical data and 3‐D hydrological models can help address these knowledge gaps.
    Description: EC | H2020 | H2020 Priority Excellent Science | H2020 European Research Council (ERC) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100010663
    Description: National Science Foundation (NSF) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000001
    Keywords: 551 ; offshore freshened groundwater ; continental margin ; marine hydrogeology ; geochemistry ; geophysics ; modeling
    Type: article
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  • 3
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    Active degassing across the Maltese Islands (Mediterranean Sea) and implications for its neotectonics (2020)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-04-22
    Description: The Maltese Islands, located in the central Mediterranean Sea, are intersected by two normal fault systems associated with continental rifting to the south. Due to a lack of evidence for offshore displacement and insignificant historical seismicity, the systems are thought to be inactive and the rift-related deformation is believed to have ceased. In this study we integrate aerial, marine and onshore geological, geophysical and geochemical data from the Maltese Islands to demonstrate that the majority of faults offshore the archipelago underwent extensional to transtensional deformation during the last 20 ka. We also document an active fluid flow system responsible for degassing of CH4 and CO2. The gases migrate through carbonate bedrock and overlying sedimentary layers via focused pathways, such as faults and pipe structures, and possibly via diffuse pathways, such as fractures. Where the gases seep offshore, they form pockmarks and rise through the water column into the atmosphere. Gas migration and seepage implies that the onshore and offshore faults systems are permeable and that they were active recently and simultaneously. The latter can be explained by a transtensional system involving two right-stepping, right-lateral NW-SE trending faults, either binding a pull-apart basin between the islands of Malta and Gozo or associated with minor connecting antitethic structures. Such a configuration may be responsible for the generation or reactivation of faults onshore and offshore the Maltese Islands, and fits into the modern divergent strain-stress regime inferred from geodetic data.
    Description: Published
    Description: 361-374
    Description: 6A. Geochimica per l'ambiente e geologia medica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 4
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    Multiple drivers and controls of pockmark formation across the Canterbury Margin, New Zealand (2022)
    Wiley
    In:  EPIC3Basin Research, Wiley, ISSN: 0950-091X
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-03
    Description: Shallow seabed depressions attributed to focused fluid seepage, known as pock- marks, have been documented in all continental margins. In this study, we dem- onstrate how pockmark formation can be the result of a combination of multiple factors— fluid type, overpressures, seafloor sediment type, stratigraphy and bot- tom currents. We integrate multibeam echosounder and seismic reflection data, sediment cores and pore water samples, with numerical models of groundwa- ter and gas hydrates, from the Canterbury Margin (off New Zealand). More than 6800 surface pockmarks, reaching densities of 100 per km2, and an undefined number of buried pockmarks, are identified in the middle to outer shelf and lower continental slope. Fluid conduits across the shelf and slope include shal- low to deep chimneys/pipes. Methane with a biogenic and/or thermogenic origin is the main fluid forming flow and escape features, although saline and fresh- ened groundwaters may also be seeping across the slope. The main drivers of fluid flow and seepage are overpressure across the slope generated by sediment loading and thin sediment overburden above the overpressured interval in the outer shelf. Other processes (e.g. methane generation and flow, a reduction in hydrostatic pressure due to sea- level lowering) may also account for fluid flow and seepage features, particularly across the shelf. Pockmark occurrence coin- cides with muddy sediments at the seafloor, whereas their planform is elongated by bottom currents.
    Repository Name: EPIC Alfred Wegener Institut
    Type: Article , peerRev
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  • 5
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    The Role of Fluid Seepage in the Erosion of Mesozoic Carbonate Escarpments (2021)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-03-29
    Description: Mesozoic submarine carbonate escarpments are erosional features that host box canyons, the formation of which had been attributed to seepage erosion in view of their similarity to subaerial box canyons. The latter had been cited as diagnostic of groundwater activity, although the efficacy of fluid seepage as an erosive agent in bedrock remains controversial. Here we use multibeam echosounder data from the Blake, Campeche, Malta and Florida Escarpments to demonstrate that box canyon formation is, in general, a significant process eroding carbonate escarpments. Numerical modeling based on parameters from the Florida Escarpment shows that box canyons can initiate and retrogressively evolve by fluid seeping via joints, which causes a reduction in rock strength due to fluid pressure and dissolution, resulting in periodic block failure at the canyon head. Box canyon elongation is promoted by an exponential distribution of joint density, an increase in joint density, joints oriented perpendicular and parallel to the escarpment, or an increase in the thickness of the flowing groundwater zone and slope gradient of the escarpment. The angularity of the canyon head decreases with a decrease in joint density and when joint density is uniform, whereas the canyon width is regulated by the extent of the joint set zone. Since the key factors contributing to box canyon formation along the Florida Escarpment appear to characterize the Blake, Campeche and Malta Escarpments, the groundwater model for box canyon formation should be applicable to these escarpments as well.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: Submarine carbonate escarpments are cliffs of limestone and dolomite that form anomalously steep topography on the Earth's surface. Box canyons—wide canyons with steep walls and semi‐circular heads—are a common feature in carbonate escarpments and they have been associated with groundwater seepage. In this study, we use seafloor depth information from four carbonate escarpments to show that box canyon erosion is a key process driving their evolution. Numerical modeling, on the other hand, suggests that fluid seeping in conditions similar to those of the Florida Escarpment can result in box canyon formation via periodic failure of the canyon head. Since these conditions at the Florida Escarpment can also be found in other escarpments such as the Blake, Campeche and Malta Escarpments, box canyon formation by groundwater seepage is likely a widespread geological process. The location of box canyons may suggest where fluid is seeping along escarpments and where specialized biological communities may be located. Box canyon formation is unlikely to pose a risk to coastal communities and offshore infrastructure.
    Description: Key Points: Box canyon formation is a significant erosive process across carbonate escarpments. Fluid seeping through joints can drive initiation and retrogressive evolution of box canyons via periodic block failure at the canyon head.
    Description: EC, H2020, H2020 Priority Excellent Science, H2020 European Research Council (ERC) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100010663
    Description: EC, H2020, H2020 Priority Excellent Science, Marie Skłodowska‐Curie Actions
    Description: EC, FP7, FP7 Marie Curie Actions (MCA)
    Description: Fulbright Association (FULBRIGHT) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100010629
    Description: David and Lucile Packard Foundation (PF) http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000008
    Keywords: ddc:551.3
    Language: English
    Type: doc-type:article
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  • 6
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    Offshore freshened groundwater in continental margins (2021)
    American Geophysical Union
    Details
    Publication Date: 2022-05-27
    Description: © The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Micallef, A., Person, M., Berndt, C., Bertoni, C., Cohen, D., Dugan, B., Evans, R., Haroon, A., Hensen, C., Jegen, M., Key, K., Kooi, H., Liebetrau, V., Lofi, J., Mailloux, B. J., Martin-Nagle, R., Michael, H. A., Mueller, T., Schmidt, M., Schwalenberg, K., Trembath-Reichert, E., Weymer, B., Zhang, Y., & Thomas, A. T. Offshore freshened groundwater in continental margins. Reviews of Geophysics, 59(1), (2021): e2020RG000706, https://doi.org/10.1029/2020RG000706.
    Description: First reported in the 1960s, offshore freshened groundwater (OFG) has now been documented in most continental margins around the world. In this review we compile a database documenting OFG occurrences and analyze it to establish the general characteristics and controlling factors. We also assess methods used to map and characterize OFG, identify major knowledge gaps, and propose strategies to address them. OFG has a global volume of 1 × 106 km3; it predominantly occurs within 55 km of the coast and down to a water depth of 100 m. OFG is mainly hosted within siliciclastic aquifers on passive margins and recharged by meteoric water during Pleistocene sea level lowstands. Key factors influencing OFG distribution are topography-driven flow, salinization via haline convection, permeability contrasts, and the continuity/connectivity of permeable and confining strata. Geochemical and stable isotope measurements of pore waters from boreholes have provided insights into OFG emplacement mechanisms, while recent advances in seismic reflection profiling, electromagnetic surveying, and numerical models have improved our understanding of OFG geometry and controls. Key knowledge gaps, such as the extent and function of OFG, and the timing of their emplacement, can be addressed by the application of isotopic age tracers, joint inversion of electromagnetic and seismic reflection data, and development of three-dimensional hydrological models. We show that such advances, combined with site-specific modeling, are necessary to assess the potential use of OFG as an unconventional source of water and its role in sub-seafloor geomicrobiology.
    Description: This study has received funding from the European Research Council (ERC), under the European Union's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant agreement No. 677898 (MARCAN) to A. M.) and the U.S. National Science Foundation (NSF FRES 1925974 to M. P.; NSF OCE 0824368 to B. D.; and NSF EAR 1151733 to H. A. M.). T. M., B. W. and Y. Z. were funded by the SMART project through the Helmholtz European Partnering Initiative (Project ID Number PIE-0004) involving GEOMAR and the University of Malta.
    Repository Name: Woods Hole Open Access Server
    Type: Article
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  • 7
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    Can Offshore Meteoric Groundwater Generate Mechanical Instabilities in Passive Continental Margins? (2023)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2023-11-23
    Description: Offshore meteoric groundwater (OMG) has long been hypothesized to be a driver of seafloor geomorphic processes in continental margins worldwide. Testing this hypothesis has been challenging because of our limited understanding of the distribution and rate of OMG flow and seepage, and their efficacy as erosive/destabilizing agents. Here we carry out numerical simulations of groundwater flow and slope stability using conceptual models and evolving stratigraphy—for passive siliciclastic and carbonate margin cases—to assess whether OMG and its evolution during a late Quaternary glacial cycle can generate the pore pressures required to trigger mechanical instabilities on the seafloor. Conceptual model results show that mechanical instabilities using OMG flow are most likely to occur in the outer shelf to upper slope, at or shortly before the Last Glacial Maximum sea‐level lowstand. Models with evolving stratigraphy show that OMG flow is a key driver of pore pressure development and instability in the carbonate margin case. In the siliciclastic margin case, OMG flow plays a secondary role in preconditioning the slope to failure. The higher degree of spatial/stratigraphic heterogeneity of carbonate margins, lower shear strengths of their sediments, and limited generation of overpressures by sediment loading may explain the higher susceptibility of carbonate margins, in comparison to siliciclastic margins, to mechanical instability by OMG flow. OMG likely played a more significant role in carbonate margin geomorphology (e.g., Bahamas, Maldives) than currently thought.
    Description: Plain Language Summary: The flow of fresh to brackish groundwater has been proposed as an important process shaping the seafloor. However, we still have a poor understanding of how groundwater behaves in the sub‐seafloor and whether it can erode seafloor sediments. In this study, we test this hypothesis by using conceptual and realistic numerical models of two common types of seafloor margins—siliciclastic and carbonate—to assess the role of groundwater in making the seafloor susceptible to erosion. We show that the flow of groundwater offshore could have driven seafloor erosion close to the shelf break during the Last Ice Age, when sea level was lower than at present. Carbonate margins are more susceptible to this type of failure than siliciclastic margins. This may be explained by the higher variability in sediment properties across carbonate margins as well as the lower strength of their sediments. Groundwater has likely played an important role in shaping the seafloor in carbonate margins, and it may be responsible for landforms such as canyons, scars, and depressions in the Bahamas and the Maldives.
    Description: Key Points: Offshore meteoric groundwater (OMG) flow can drive mechanical instabilities in the outer shelf to upper slope. Such instabilities occur at, or shortly after, the Last Glacial Maximum sea‐level lowstand. Carbonate margins are more susceptible to mechanical instability by OMG than siliciclastic margins.
    Description: European Research Council http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/501100000781
    Description: National Science Foundation http://dx.doi.org/10.13039/100000001
    Description: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.7094202
    Description: https://www.rocscience.com/software/slide2
    Description: https://figshare.com/s/5336d42d19ef771d4ad8
    Description: https://figshare.com/s/5027cd5ca22a7e96b3d1
    Keywords: ddc:551.3 ; offshore groundwater ; mechanical instability ; continental margins ; seafloor geomorphology ; siliciclastic ; carbonate
    Language: English
    Type: doc-type:article
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  • 8
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    The Erasmus+ BridgET project: A European partnership to renew teaching in marine geosciences (2024)
    EGU
    Details
    Publication Date: 2024-01-29
    Description: Recent advances in underwater and airborne robotic systems and ocean technologies have opened new perspectives in marine geology and its applications in the context of coastal and marine economic activities, whose sustainable development is increasingly acknowledged as a pillar for the new blue economy. BridgET (Bridging the gap between the land and the sea in a virtual Environment for innovative Teaching and community involvement in the science of climate change-induced marine and coastal geohazard) is an EU ERASMUS+ project designed to develop innovative and inclusive teaching methods to address a growing demand for strategic skills and scientific expertise in the field of 3D geological mapping of coastal environments. Seamless integration of the wide variety of multisource and multiscale onshore, nearshore and offshore geospatial data is indeed one of the main areas for improvement in the implementation of efficient management practices in coastal regions, where climate change, rising sea level, and geohazards are considerable environmental issues. BridgET involves a partnership consisting of six European universities with outstanding expertise in the study of geological hazards, and climate impacts in marine and coastal areas (i.e., University of Milano-Bicocca, Italy, Arctic University of Tromsø/CAGE - Norway, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens - Greece, Kiel University, Germany, University of Liege – Belgium, and the University of Malta), two Italian research institutes (INGV and INAF) and a German company (Orthodrone GmvH) specialized in UAS-based LiDAR and photogrammetry data acquisition services and analyses. Project implementation relies on delivering learning and teaching activities through dedicated summer schools for MSc students by efficiently combining the partner’s expertise. Schools focus on giving students a hands-on experience with the variety of methods and procedures adopted in geospatial data acquisition and processing, including the use of drones (Uncrewed Aerial System – UAS), acoustic remote sensing techniques and underwater robotic systems, together with the progress made by computer visions and digital image analysis by using Artificial Intelligence (AI). Students are also introduced to the opportunity to easily examine multiple viewing angles of the seabed and coastal 3D surfaces by using immersive and nonimmersive Virtual Reality (VR), to bring them closer to a more straightforward observation of geomorphological data and geological phenomena. The first Summer School was held in Santorini between the 3rd and 14th of October, 2022. It was attended by 26 students coming from 13 different countries. Teaching and learning activities included several classrooms, fieldwork, laboratory sessions, and seven seminars and cultural visits dealing with transversal topics, allowing students to approach an integrated understanding of human interaction with physical processes from social and economic perspectives. In this presentation, we give examples of course content used to allow students to develop a deeper understanding of theoretical and practical knowledge of climate-induced coastal and marine geohazards. Participants' opinions on the quality of the offered learning/training activities of the Erasmus+ BridgET Santorini Summer School (collected through a dedicated questionnaire) will also be presented. Erasmus+ BridgET Team: Varvara Antoniou, Fabio Luca Bonali, Clara Drummer, Theynushya Esalingam, Luca Fallati, Susanna Falsaperla, Felix Gross, Hans-Balder havenith, Juri Klusak, Sebastian Krastel, Iver Martens, Aaron Micallef, Paraskevi Nomikou, Giuliana Panieri, Danilo Reitano, Julian Teege, Alessandro Tibaldi, Andrea Giulia Varzi, Fabio Vitello, Othonas Vlasopoulos
    Description: Published
    Description: Vienna (Austria)
    Description: OSA4: Ambiente marino, fascia costiera ed Oceanografia operativa
    Keywords: marine geosciences ; education ; Europe ; 04.02. Exploration geophysics ; 05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues ; 05.04. Instrumentation and techniques of general interest
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: Conference paper
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  • 9
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    Rapid, Selective, and Reversible Nitroxide Radical Coupling (NRC) Reactions at Ambient Temperature (2009)
    American Chemical Society
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-11-10
    Print ISSN: 0024-9297
    Electronic ISSN: 1520-5835
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Physics
    Published by American Chemical Society
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  • 10
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    A topographic signature of a hydrodynamic origin for submarine gullies (2011)
    Geological Society of America (GSA)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-02-01
    Description: Submarine gullies--small-scale, straight, shallow channels formed in relatively high seafloor-slope settings--are ubiquitous features that play an important role in the general evolution of continental margin morphology. The mechanisms associated with the origin and evolution of submarine gullies are, however, still poorly defined. In this paper, we present evidence of a topographic signature of gully erosion in the Cook Strait sector of the Hikurangi subduction margin, New Zealand. This signature indicates that submarine gully initiation is a threshold process driven by unconfined, directionally stable fluid or sediment gravity flows accelerating downslope. We propose cascading dense water, a type of current that is driven by seawater density contrast, as the source of these flows. The sensitivity of such ephemeral hydrodynamic events to climate change raises questions regarding implications for future variation of the distribution and magnitude of a significant seafloor erosion process.
    Print ISSN: 0091-7613
    Electronic ISSN: 1943-2682
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society of America (GSA)
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