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  • Mutation  (178)
  • Rats  (76)
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (244)
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
  • Oxford University Press
  • 2000-2004  (244)
  • 2001  (244)
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Keywords
Publisher
  • American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)  (244)
  • American Institute of Physics (AIP)
  • Oxford University Press
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  • 2000-2004  (244)
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  • 1
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    Parasitology. Close encounters: good, bad, and ugly (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-02-24
    Description: Microbiologists often focus on one organism and its relationship to its host at one point in time. But viewed in light of evolution, host-parasite relationships range from deadly to helpful, depending on the communication between them. At a meeting here last month of virologists, bacteriologists, parasitologists, and molecular biologists--each dealing with different microorganisms in distinct ways--researchers lamented that evolution is often considered outside the bailiwick of microbiologists, particularly those studying infectious diseases.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Nov 24;290(5496):1491-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11185502" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bacteria/genetics/*pathogenicity ; Bacterial Infections/microbiology ; *Bacterial Physiological Phenomena ; *Biological Evolution ; Escherichia coli/genetics/pathogenicity/physiology ; *Host-Parasite Interactions ; Humans ; Leishmania/pathogenicity/*physiology ; Leishmaniasis/parasitology ; Mutation ; Rhizobium/physiology ; *Symbiosis ; Virulence
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 2
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    Development. Survival is impossible without an editor (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-02-24
    Description: RNA editing is a fascinating phenomenon that is found in both animal and plant cells. By converting an adenosine base to an inosine (which behaves like guanosine) in RNA that has already been transcribed, certain RNA sequences (and hence the amino acids they encode) are altered. In a Perspective, Keegan, Gallo and O'Connell explore new results showing that activity of the editing enzyme ADAR1 is crucial for normal development of red blood cells in mouse embryos.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Keegan, L P -- Gallo, A -- O'Connell, M A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Dec 1;290(5497):1707-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉MRC Human Genetics Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK. liam.keegan@hgu.mrc.ac.uk〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11186391" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine/metabolism ; Adenosine Deaminase/chemistry/*genetics/*metabolism ; Animals ; Base Pairing ; Central Nervous System/metabolism ; Chimera ; Drosophila/genetics/metabolism ; Embryo, Mammalian/cytology ; Embryo, Nonmammalian ; *Erythropoiesis ; Gene Dosage ; Hematopoietic Stem Cells/cytology/enzymology ; Inosine/metabolism ; Liver/metabolism ; Mice ; Mutation ; Phenotype ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; *RNA Editing ; RNA Precursors/metabolism ; RNA, Double-Stranded/metabolism ; RNA-Binding Proteins ; Receptors, AMPA/genetics ; Stem Cells/cytology/enzymology ; Teratoma/genetics/pathology
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 3
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    Signal transduction. Are there close encounters between signaling pathways? (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-02-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Noselli, S -- Perrimon, N -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Oct 6;290(5489):68-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institut de Recherches, UMR 65643-CNRS, Parc Valrose 06108, Nice cedex 2 France. noselli@unice.fr〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11183153" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Drosophila/genetics/metabolism ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Humans ; Mutation ; Neoplasms/genetics/metabolism ; Phenotype ; *Receptor Cross-Talk ; *Signal Transduction
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 4
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    Translational roots for mental retardation? (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-02-24
    Description: A flurry of findings points to protein translation in the dendrites of neurons as a key feature leading to the changes at synapses that are vital to learning (see main text). And one recent discovery suggests that when this translation goes awry, it can lead to mental retardation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Barinaga, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Oct 27;290(5492):737.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11184206" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Dendrites/*metabolism ; Fragile X Mental Retardation Protein ; Fragile X Syndrome/etiology/genetics/metabolism ; Humans ; Intellectual Disability/*etiology/genetics/metabolism ; Mice ; Mutation ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/*genetics/metabolism ; *Protein Biosynthesis ; *RNA-Binding Proteins ; Synapses/*physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 5
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    Laboratory animals. Researchers fight plan to regulate mice, birds (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-02-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Malakoff, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Oct 6;290(5489):23.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11183138" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animal Testing Alternatives/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Animal Welfare/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Animals ; *Animals, Laboratory ; Birds ; Mice ; Rats ; United States ; United States Department of Agriculture/*legislation & jurisprudence
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 6
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    Unfolding pathways of individual bacteriorhodopsins (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-02-07
    Description: Atomic force microscopy and single-molecule force spectroscopy were combined to image and manipulate purple membrane patches from Halobacterium salinarum. Individual bacteriorhodopsin molecules were first localized and then extracted from the membrane; the remaining vacancies were imaged again. Anchoring forces between 100 and 200 piconewtons for the different helices were found. Upon extraction, the helices were found to unfold. The force spectra revealed the individuality of the unfolding pathways. Helices G and F as well as helices E and D always unfolded pairwise, whereas helices B and C occasionally unfolded one after the other. Experiments with cleaved loops revealed the origin of the individuality: stabilization of helix B by neighboring helices.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Oesterhelt, F -- Oesterhelt, D -- Pfeiffer, M -- Engel, A -- Gaub, H E -- Muller, D J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Apr 7;288(5463):143-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉CeNS and Lehrstuhl fur angewandte Physik, Ludwig Maximilians-Universitat Munchen, Amalienstrasse 54, 80799 Munchen, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10753119" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Bacteriorhodopsins/*chemistry/genetics ; Cysteine/chemistry ; Halobacterium salinarum/*chemistry ; Membrane Proteins/*chemistry/genetics ; *Microscopy, Atomic Force ; Models, Molecular ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Denaturation ; *Protein Folding ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Purple Membrane/*chemistry ; Serine Endopeptidases/metabolism ; Spectrum Analysis
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
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  • 7
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    Circadian rhythms. A time to rest: clock signal identified (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-12-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Barinaga, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Dec 21;294(5551):2453.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11752547" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Clocks/physiology ; Circadian Rhythm/drug effects/*physiology ; Cricetinae ; Darkness ; Hypothalamus/*metabolism ; Light ; Mice ; *Motor Activity/drug effects ; Mutation ; Neurons/*metabolism ; Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor/genetics/*metabolism ; Retinal Ganglion Cells/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Suprachiasmatic Nucleus/*metabolism ; Transforming Growth Factor alpha/*metabolism/pharmacology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 8
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    SNARE function analyzed in synaptobrevin/VAMP knockout mice (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-11-03
    Description: SNAREs (soluble NSF-attachment protein receptors) are generally acknowledged as central components of membrane fusion reactions, but their precise function has remained enigmatic. Competing hypotheses suggest roles for SNAREs in mediating the specificity of fusion, catalyzing fusion, or actually executing fusion. We generated knockout mice lacking synaptobrevin/VAMP 2, the vesicular SNARE protein responsible for synaptic vesicle fusion in forebrain synapses, to make use of the exquisite temporal resolution of electrophysiology in measuring fusion. In the absence of synaptobrevin 2, spontaneous synaptic vesicle fusion and fusion induced by hypertonic sucrose were decreased approximately 10-fold, but fast Ca2+-triggered fusion was decreased more than 100-fold. Thus, synaptobrevin 2 may function in catalyzing fusion reactions and stabilizing fusion intermediates but is not absolutely required for synaptic fusion.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Schoch, S -- Deak, F -- Konigstorfer, A -- Mozhayeva, M -- Sara, Y -- Sudhof, T C -- Kavalali, E T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Nov 2;294(5544):1117-22.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Basic Neuroscience, Department of Molecular Genetics, Howard Hughes Medical Institute, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-9111, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11691998" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Action Potentials ; Animals ; Calcium/metabolism/pharmacology ; Cells, Cultured ; Hypertonic Solutions ; *Membrane Fusion ; Membrane Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Mutation ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Potassium/pharmacology ; Presynaptic Terminals/physiology ; Prosencephalon/physiology ; R-SNARE Proteins ; SNARE Proteins ; Sucrose/pharmacology ; Synapses/*physiology ; Synaptic Transmission ; Synaptic Vesicles/*physiology ; *Vesicular Transport Proteins
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 9
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    A transcriptional switch mediated by cofactor methylation (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-11-10
    Description: We describe a molecular switch based on the controlled methylation of nucleosome and the transcriptional cofactors, the CREB-binding proteins (CBP)/p300. The CBP/p300 methylation site is localized to an arginine residue that is essential for stabilizing the structure of the KIX domain, which mediates CREB recruitment. Methylation of KIX by coactivator-associated arginine methyltransferase 1 (CARM1) blocks CREB activation by disabling the interaction between KIX and the kinase inducible domain (KID) of CREB. Thus, CARM1 functions as a corepressor in cyclic adenosine monophosphate signaling pathway via its methyltransferase activity while acting as a coactivator for nuclear hormones. These results provide strong in vivo and in vitro evidence that histone methylation plays a key role in hormone-induced gene activation and define cofactor methylation as a new regulatory mechanism in hormone signaling.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Xu, W -- Chen, H -- Du, K -- Asahara, H -- Tini, M -- Emerson, B M -- Montminy, M -- Evans, R M -- 9R01DK57978/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Dec 21;294(5551):2507-11. Epub 2001 Nov 8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Gene Expression Laboratory, Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Davis Cancer Center/Basic Science, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11701890" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetyltransferases/metabolism ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Apoptosis ; Cell Line ; Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein/metabolism ; Dimerization ; E1A-Associated p300 Protein ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; Genes, Reporter ; Histone Acetyltransferases ; Histones/metabolism ; Methylation ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Nerve Growth Factor/pharmacology ; Nuclear Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; PC12 Cells ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Protein-Arginine N-Methyltransferases/*metabolism ; Rats ; Receptors, Retinoic Acid/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Retinoid X Receptors ; *Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins ; Signal Transduction ; Somatostatin/genetics ; Trans-Activators/chemistry/*metabolism ; Transcription Factors/metabolism ; *Transcription, Genetic ; Transcriptional Activation ; Transfection ; Tretinoin/metabolism/pharmacology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 10
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    Localization of long-term memory within the Drosophila mushroom body (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-11-03
    Description: The mushroom bodies, substructures of the Drosophila brain, are involved in olfactory learning and short-term memory, but their role in long-term memory is unknown. Here we show that the alpha-lobes-absent (ala) mutant lacks either the two vertical lobes of the mushroom body or two of the three median lobes which contain branches of vertical lobe neurons. This unique phenotype allows analysis of mushroom body function. Long-term memory required the presence of the vertical lobes but not the median lobes. Short-term memory was normal in flies without either vertical lobes or the two median lobes studied.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pascual, A -- Preat, T -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Nov 2;294(5544):1115-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Developpement, Evolution, Plasticite du Systeme Nerveux, CNRS, 1 Avenue de la Terrasse, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette, France.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11691997" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Axons/physiology ; Conditioning (Psychology) ; Dendrites/physiology ; Drosophila/genetics/*physiology ; Electroshock ; Genes, Insect ; Memory/*physiology ; Memory, Short-Term/physiology ; Microscopy, Confocal ; Mushroom Bodies/anatomy & histology/*physiology ; Mutation ; Neurons, Efferent/physiology ; Odors ; Phenotype
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 11
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    Regulation of differentiation to the infective stage of the protozoan parasite Leishmania major by tetrahydrobiopterin (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-04-17
    Description: A critical step in the infectious cycle of Leishmania is the differentiation of parasites within the sand fly vector to the highly infective metacyclic promastigote stage. Here, we establish tetrahydrobiopterin (H4B) levels as an important factor controlling the extent of metacyclogenesis. H4B levels decline substantially during normal development, and genetic or nutritional manipulations showed that low H4B caused elevated metacyclogenesis. Mutants lacking pteridine reductase 1 (PTR1) had low levels of H4B, remained infectious to mice, and induced larger cutaneous lesions (hypervirulence). Thus, the control of pteridine metabolism has relevance to the mechanism of Leishmania differentiation and the limitation of virulence during evolution.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cunningham, M L -- Titus, R G -- Turco, S J -- Beverley, S M -- AI21903/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- AI31078/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Apr 13;292(5515):285-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Microbiology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11303103" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biopterin/*analogs & derivatives/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Carrier Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid ; Folic Acid/metabolism ; Genes, Protozoan ; Glycosphingolipids/analysis ; Leishmania major/genetics/*growth & development/*metabolism/pathogenicity ; Leishmaniasis, Cutaneous/*parasitology ; *Membrane Transport Proteins ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred BALB C ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Oxidoreductases/genetics/metabolism ; *Protozoan Proteins ; Signal Transduction ; Virulence
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  • 12
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    Molecular mechanisms of the biological clock in cultured fibroblasts (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-04-17
    Description: In mammals, the central circadian pacemaker resides in the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN), but circadian oscillators also exist in peripheral tissues. Here, using wild-type and cryptochrome (mCry)-deficient cell lines derived from mCry mutant mice, we show that the peripheral oscillator in cultured fibroblasts is identical to the oscillator in the SCN in (i) temporal expression profiles of all known clock genes, (ii) the phase of the various mRNA rhythms (i.e., antiphase oscillation of Bmal1 and mPer genes), (iii) the delay between maximum mRNA levels and appearance of nuclear mPER1 and mPER2 protein, (iv) the inability to produce oscillations in the absence of functional mCry genes, and (v) the control of period length by mCRY proteins.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yagita, K -- Tamanini, F -- van Der Horst, G T -- Okamura, H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Apr 13;292(5515):278-81.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Molecular Brain Science, Department of Brain Sciences, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Chuo-ku, Kobe 650-0017, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11303101" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: ARNTL Transcription Factors ; Animals ; Basic Helix-Loop-Helix Transcription Factors ; Biological Clocks/*genetics ; CLOCK Proteins ; Cell Cycle Proteins ; Cell Line ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; Circadian Rhythm/*genetics ; Cryptochromes ; *DNA-Binding Proteins ; *Drosophila Proteins ; Endothelin-1/pharmacology ; *Eye Proteins ; Fibroblasts/*physiology ; Flavoproteins/genetics/metabolism ; Gene Expression Profiling ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; Nuclear Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Period Circadian Proteins ; *Photoreceptor Cells, Invertebrate ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; Rats ; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled ; Suprachiasmatic Nucleus/metabolism ; Time Factors ; Trans-Activators/genetics/metabolism ; Transcription Factors/genetics/metabolism
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  • 13
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    Cancer. A CINtillating new job for the APC tumor suppressor (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-04-05
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pellman, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Mar 30;291(5513):2555-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pediatric Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, and Pediatric Hematology/Oncology, Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, 44 Binney Street, Boston, MA 02115, USA. david_pellman@dfci.harvard.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11286276" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenomatous Polyposis Coli Protein ; Aneuploidy ; Animals ; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic ; Cells, Cultured ; Chromosome Aberrations ; Chromosome Segregation ; Chromosomes/*physiology ; Colonic Neoplasms/*genetics/metabolism/pathology ; Cytoskeletal Proteins/chemistry/*metabolism ; *Genes, APC ; Humans ; Kinetochores/*metabolism ; Mice ; Microtubule-Associated Proteins/metabolism ; Microtubules/*metabolism ; Mitosis ; Mutation ; Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases ; Spindle Apparatus/metabolism ; Stem Cells/cytology/metabolism ; *Trans-Activators ; beta Catenin
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  • 14
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    Genomics and medicine. Dissecting human disease in the postgenomic era (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-03-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Peltonen, L -- McKusick, V A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Feb 16;291(5507):1224-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Human Genetics, University of California Los Angeles School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA 90095-7088, USA. lpeltonen@mednet.ucla.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11233446" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Computational Biology ; Delivery of Health Care ; *Disease ; Environment ; Gene Expression Profiling ; *Genetic Diseases, Inborn ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Genetic Testing ; Genetic Variation ; *Genetics, Medical ; Genome ; *Genome, Human ; *Genomics ; Human Genome Project ; Humans ; Metabolic Diseases/genetics ; Multifactorial Inheritance ; Mutation ; Phenotype ; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide ; Quantitative Trait, Heritable ; Risk Factors
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  • 15
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    Virology. HIV--breaking the rules for nuclear entry (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-11-03
    Description: How does human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) gain access to the carefully guarded nucleus of the host cell? In a Perspective, Segura-Totten and Wilson elaborate on new findings (de Noronha et al.) showing that the HIV protein Vpr is crucial for causing transient herniations in the host cell nuclear envelope. These ruptures are sufficient to enable the preintegration complexes of invading virions to enter the nucleus and to integrate with host cell DNA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Segura-Totten, M -- Wilson, K L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Nov 2;294(5544):1016-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cell Biology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11691977" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Cell Nucleus/*metabolism/*virology ; Chromatin/metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; G2 Phase ; Gene Products, vpr/genetics/*metabolism ; HIV/*physiology ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Lamins ; Membrane Proteins/metabolism ; Mutation ; Nuclear Envelope/*metabolism/ultrastructure ; Nuclear Proteins/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Thymopoietins/metabolism ; *Virus Integration ; vpr Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
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  • 16
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    Arabidopsis NPL1: a phototropin homolog controlling the chloroplast high-light avoidance response (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-03-17
    Description: Chloroplasts relocate their positions in a cell in response to the intensity of incident light, moving to the side wall of the cell to avoid strong light, but gathering at the front face under weak light to maximize light interception. Here, Arabidopsis thaliana mutants defective in the avoidance response were isolated, and the mutated gene was identified as NPL1 (NPH-like 1), a homolog of NPH1 (nonphototropic hypocotyl 1), a blue light receptor used in phototropism. Hence, NPL1 is likely a blue light receptor regulating the avoidance response under strong light.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kagawa, T -- Sakai, T -- Suetsugu, N -- Oikawa, K -- Ishiguro, S -- Kato, T -- Tabata, S -- Okada, K -- Wada, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Mar 16;291(5511):2138-41.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉"Unit Process and Combined Circuit," PRESTO, Japan Science and Technology Corporation, 1-8, Honcho 4-chome, Kawaguchi-city, Saitama 332-0012, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11251116" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Arabidopsis/genetics/*physiology/ultrastructure ; *Arabidopsis Proteins ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Chloroplasts/*physiology ; Genes, Plant ; *Light ; Movement ; Mutation ; Phosphoproteins/chemistry/physiology ; Phototropism ; Plant Leaves/metabolism ; Plant Proteins/chemistry/*genetics/*physiology ; Plant Structures/metabolism ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; RNA, Plant/genetics/metabolism
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  • 17
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    Choice behavior of Drosophila facing contradictory visual cues (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-11-17
    Description: We studied the underlying neural mechanism of a simple choice behavior between competing alternatives in Drosophila. In a flight simulator, individual flies were conditioned to choose one of two flight paths in response to color and shape cues; after the training, they were tested with contradictory cues. Wild-type flies made a discrete choice that switched from one alternative to the other as the relative salience of color and shape cues gradually changed, but this ability was greatly diminished in mutant (mbm1) flies with miniature mushroom bodies or with hydroxyurea ablation of mushroom bodies. Thus, Drosophila genetics may be useful for elucidating the neural basis of choice behavior.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tang, S -- Guo, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Nov 16;294(5546):1543-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institute of Neuroscience, Shanghai Institute of Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11711680" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Behavior, Animal ; *Choice Behavior ; Color ; Color Perception ; Conditioning (Psychology) ; *Cues ; Drosophila/genetics/*physiology ; Flight, Animal ; Form Perception ; Hot Temperature ; Hydroxyurea/pharmacology ; Learning ; Memory ; Mushroom Bodies/drug effects/*physiology ; Mutation
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  • 18
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    Formation of neurofibrillary tangles in P301l tau transgenic mice induced by Abeta 42 fibrils (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-08-25
    Description: beta-Amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles (NFTs) are the defining neuropathological hallmarks of Alzheimer's disease, but their pathophysiological relation is unclear. Injection of beta-amyloid Abeta42 fibrils into the brains of P301L mutant tau transgenic mice caused fivefold increases in the numbers of NFTs in cell bodies within the amygdala from where neurons project to the injection sites. Gallyas silver impregnation identified NFTs that contained tau phosphorylated at serine 212/threonine 214 and serine 422. NFTs were composed of twisted filaments and occurred in 6-month-old mice as early as 18 days after Abeta42 injections. Our data support the hypothesis that Abeta42 fibrils can accelerate NFT formation in vivo.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gotz, J -- Chen, F -- van Dorpe, J -- Nitsch, R M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Aug 24;293(5534):1491-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Psychiatry Research, University of Zurich, August Forel Strasse 1, 8008 Zurich, Switzerland. goetz@bli.unizh.ch〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11520988" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Alzheimer Disease/metabolism/*pathology ; Amygdala/*pathology ; Amyloid beta-Peptides/administration & dosage/*metabolism ; Animals ; Brain/*pathology ; Epitopes ; Female ; Fluorescent Antibody Technique ; Humans ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Microscopy, Immunoelectron ; Mutation ; Neurofibrillary Tangles/*metabolism/pathology ; Peptide Fragments/administration & dosage/*metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Plaque, Amyloid/*metabolism/pathology ; Protein Conformation ; Protein Isoforms ; Sex Characteristics ; tau Proteins/chemistry/genetics/immunology/*metabolism
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  • 19
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    Reversal of obesity- and diet-induced insulin resistance with salicylates or targeted disruption of Ikkbeta (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-09-05
    Description: We show that high doses of salicylates reverse hyperglycemia, hyperinsulinemia, and dyslipidemia in obese rodents by sensitizing insulin signaling. Activation or overexpression of the IkappaB kinase beta (IKKbeta) attenuated insulin signaling in cultured cells, whereas IKKbeta inhibition reversed insulin resistance. Thus, IKKbeta, rather than the cyclooxygenases, appears to be the relevant molecular target. Heterozygous deletion (Ikkbeta+/-) protected against the development of insulin resistance during high-fat feeding and in obese Lep(ob/ob) mice. These findings implicate an inflammatory process in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance in obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus and identify the IKKbeta pathway as a target for insulin sensitization.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Yuan, M -- Konstantopoulos, N -- Lee, J -- Hansen, L -- Li, Z W -- Karin, M -- Shoelson, S E -- AI43477/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- DK45493/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- DK51729/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Aug 31;293(5535):1673-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Joslin Diabetes Center and Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11533494" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/pharmacology ; Aspirin/administration & dosage/*pharmacology ; Blood Glucose/metabolism ; Cell Line ; Dietary Fats/*administration & dosage ; Gene Deletion ; Gene Targeting ; Glucose Tolerance Test ; I-kappa B Kinase ; Insulin/administration & dosage/blood/*metabolism/pharmacology ; *Insulin Resistance ; Lipids/blood ; Liver/metabolism ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Obese ; Muscles/metabolism ; Obesity/metabolism/*physiopathology ; Phosphorylation ; Prostaglandin-Endoperoxide Synthases/genetics/metabolism ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors/genetics/*metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Zucker ; Receptor, Insulin/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Sodium Salicylate/administration & dosage/*pharmacology ; Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/pharmacology
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  • 20
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    A p53 amino-terminal nuclear export signal inhibited by DNA damage-induced phosphorylation (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-06-09
    Description: The p53 protein is present in low amounts in normally growing cells and is activated in response to physiological insults. MDM2 regulates p53 either through inhibiting p53's transactivating function in the nucleus or by targeting p53 degradation in the cytoplasm. We identified a previously unknown nuclear export signal (NES) in the amino terminus of p53, spanning residues 11 to 27 and containing two serine residues phosphorylated after DNA damage, which was required for p53 nuclear export in colloboration with the carboxyl-terminal NES. Serine-15-phosphorylated p53 induced by ultraviolet irradiation was not exported. Thus, DNA damage-induced phosphorylation may achieve optimal p53 activation by inhibiting both MDM2 binding to, and the nuclear export of, p53.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zhang, Y -- Xiong, Y -- CA65572/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- K01 CA087580/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jun 8;292(5523):1910-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, and Program in Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7295, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11397945" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Active Transport, Cell Nucleus ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Cell Fusion ; Cell Line ; Cell Nucleus/*metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Cytoplasm/metabolism ; *DNA Damage ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; *Nuclear Proteins ; Phosphorylation ; Phosphoserine/metabolism ; *Protein Sorting Signals ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-mdm2 ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Transfection ; Tumor Suppressor Protein p14ARF ; Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Ubiquitins/metabolism ; Ultraviolet Rays
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  • 21
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    Cell biology. Do centrosome abnormalities lead to cancer? (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-05-02
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Marx, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Apr 20;292(5516):426-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11330289" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Aneuploidy ; Animals ; Antigens/metabolism ; Aurora Kinases ; *CDC2-CDC28 Kinases ; Cell Division ; Cell Transformation, Neoplastic ; Centrosome/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2 ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinases/metabolism ; Genes, p53 ; Humans ; Mitosis ; Mutation ; Neoplasms/*etiology/genetics/pathology ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism
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  • 22
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    Regulation of vegetative phase change in Arabidopsis thaliana by cyclophilin 40 (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-03-27
    Description: During its development, a plant shoot progresses from a juvenile to an adult phase of vegetative growth and from a reproductively incompetent to a reproductively competent state. In Arabidopsis, loss-of-function mutations in SQUINT (SQN) reduced the number of juvenile leaves and had subtle effects on inflorescence morphology but had no effect on flowering time or on reproductive competence. SQN encodes the Arabidopsis homolog of cyclophilin 40 (CyP40), a protein found in association with the Hsp90 chaperone complex in yeast, mammals, and plants. Thus, in Arabidopsis, CyP40 is specifically required for the vegetative but not the reproductive maturation of the shoot.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Berardini, T Z -- Bollman, K -- Sun, H -- Poethig, R S -- R01-GM1893-04/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Mar 23;291(5512):2405-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Plant Science Institute, Department of Biology, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6018, USA. spoethig@sas.upenn.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11264535" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Arabidopsis/anatomy & histology/*genetics/*growth & development/physiology ; Carrier Proteins/chemistry/genetics/physiology ; Chromosome Mapping ; *Cyclophilins ; Exons ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Genes, Plant ; Heat-Shock Proteins/genetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Peptidylprolyl Isomerase/chemistry/genetics/physiology ; Phenotype ; Plant Leaves/anatomy & histology/growth & development ; Plant Shoots/growth & development/physiology ; Reproduction ; Sequence Alignment ; Temperature
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  • 23
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    Prevention of chemotherapy-induced alopecia in rats by CDK inhibitors (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2001-01-06
    Description: Most traditional cytotoxic anticancer agents ablate the rapidly dividing epithelium of the hair follicle and induce alopecia (hair loss). Inhibition of cyclin-dependent kinase 2 (CDK2), a positive regulator of eukaryotic cell cycle progression, may represent a therapeutic strategy for prevention of chemotherapy-induced alopecia (CIA) by arresting the cell cycle and reducing the sensitivity of the epithelium to many cell cycle-active antitumor agents. Potent small-molecule inhibitors of CDK2 were developed using structure-based methods. Topical application of these compounds in a neonatal rat model of CIA reduced hair loss at the site of application in 33 to 50% of the animals. Thus, inhibition of CDK2 represents a potentially useful approach for the prevention of CIA in cancer patients.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Davis, S T -- Benson, B G -- Bramson, H N -- Chapman, D E -- Dickerson, S H -- Dold, K M -- Eberwein, D J -- Edelstein, M -- Frye, S V -- Gampe Jr, R T -- Griffin, R J -- Harris, P A -- Hassell, A M -- Holmes, W D -- Hunter, R N -- Knick, V B -- Lackey, K -- Lovejoy, B -- Luzzio, M J -- Murray, D -- Parker, P -- Rocque, W J -- Shewchuk, L -- Veal, J M -- Walker, D H -- Kuyper, L F -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jan 5;291(5501):134-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Cancer Biology, Glaxo Wellcome Research and Development, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA. std41085@glaxowellcome.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11141566" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alopecia/*chemically induced/*prevention & control ; Animals ; Animals, Newborn ; Antineoplastic Agents/*toxicity ; Antineoplastic Combined Chemotherapy Protocols/toxicity ; Apoptosis/drug effects ; *CDC2-CDC28 Kinases ; Cell Cycle/drug effects ; Cell Line ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 2 ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinases/*antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Cyclophosphamide/toxicity ; Cytoprotection/drug effects ; DNA/biosynthesis ; Doxorubicin/toxicity ; Drug Design ; Enzyme Inhibitors/chemical synthesis/chemistry/*pharmacology ; Epithelium/drug effects ; Etoposide/toxicity ; Hair Follicle/cytology/*drug effects ; Humans ; Indoles/chemical synthesis/chemistry/*pharmacology ; Mice ; Mice, SCID ; Phosphorylation ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/*antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Rats ; Retinoblastoma Protein/metabolism ; Scalp/transplantation ; Sulfonamides/chemical synthesis/chemistry/*pharmacology ; Transplantation, Heterologous
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  • 24
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    Bt toxin resistance from loss of a putative carbohydrate-modifying enzyme (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-08-04
    Description: The development of resistance is the main threat to the long-term use of toxins from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) in transgenic plants. Here we report the cloning of a Bt toxin resistance gene, Caenorhabditis elegans bre-5, which encodes a putative beta-1,3-galactosyltransferase. Lack of bre-5 in the intestine led to resistance to the Bt toxin Cry5B. Wild-type but not bre-5 mutant animals were found to uptake toxin into their gut cells, consistent with bre-5 mutants lacking toxin-binding sites on their apical gut. bre-5 mutants displayed resistance to Cry14A, a Bt toxin lethal to both nematodes and insects; this indicates that resistance by loss of carbohydrate modification is relevant to multiple Bt toxins.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Griffitts, J S -- Whitacre, J L -- Stevens, D E -- Aroian, R V -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Aug 3;293(5531):860-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Section of Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11486087" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Bacterial Proteins/metabolism/*toxicity ; *Bacterial Toxins ; Biological Transport ; Caenorhabditis elegans/enzymology/*genetics/metabolism ; *Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins ; Cloning, Molecular ; Digestive System/enzymology/metabolism ; Disorders of Sex Development ; Drug Resistance/genetics ; Endocytosis ; Endotoxins/metabolism/*toxicity ; Feeding Behavior ; Galactosyltransferases/chemistry/*genetics/*metabolism ; Genes, Helminth ; Hemolysin Proteins ; *Insect Proteins ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mosaicism ; Mutation ; *Pest Control, Biological ; Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism ; Transformation, Genetic
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  • 25
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    Essays on science and society. Defining disease in the genomics era (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-08-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Temple, L K -- McLeod, R S -- Gallinger, S -- Wright, J G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Aug 3;293(5531):807-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Surgery, University of Toronto, Mount Sinai Hospital, Samuel Lunenfeld Research Institute, Toronto, ON, Canada M5G 1X5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11486074" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Diagnosis ; *Disease/etiology ; *Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; Genetic Research ; *Genetic Variation ; *Genome, Human ; *Genomics ; Genotype ; Humans ; Mutation ; Phenotype ; Polymorphism, Genetic
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  • 26
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    Liver organogenesis promoted by endothelial cells prior to vascular function (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-09-29
    Description: The embryonic role of endothelial cells and nascent vessels in promoting organogenesis, prior to vascular function, is unclear. We find that early endothelial cells in mouse embryos surround newly specified hepatic endoderm and delimit the mesenchymal domain into which the liver bud grows. In flk-1 mutant embryos, which lack endothelial cells, hepatic specification occurs, but liver morphogenesis fails prior to mesenchyme invasion. We developed an embryo tissue explant system that permits liver bud vasculogenesis and show that in the absence of endothelial cells, or when the latter are inhibited, there is a selective defect in hepatic outgrowth. We conclude that vasculogenic endothelial cells and nascent vessels are critical for the earliest stages of organogenesis, prior to blood vessel function.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Matsumoto, K -- Yoshitomi, H -- Rossant, J -- Zaret, K S -- CA06297/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- GM36477/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Oct 19;294(5542):559-63. Epub 2001 Sep 27.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Cell and Developmental Biology Program, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 7701 Burholme Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11577199" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Blood Vessels/cytology/embryology/physiology ; Culture Techniques ; *Embryonic Induction ; Endoderm/*physiology ; Endothelium, Vascular/cytology/embryology/*physiology ; Female ; Hepatocyte Growth Factor/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism/pharmacology ; Hepatocytes/physiology ; Liver/blood supply/cytology/drug effects/*embryology ; Male ; Mesoderm/physiology ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C3H ; *Mitogens ; Morphogenesis ; Mutation ; Neovascularization, Physiologic ; Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics/physiology ; Receptors, Growth Factor/genetics/physiology ; Receptors, Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor ; Signal Transduction/drug effects
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  • 27
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    Neuroscience. A kinase to dampen the effects of cocaine? (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-04-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Gupta, A -- Tsai, L H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Apr 13;292(5515):236-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pathology, Harvard Medical School and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Boston, MA 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11305318" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cocaine/*pharmacology ; Corpus Striatum/*drug effects/metabolism ; Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinase 5 ; Cyclin-Dependent Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors/genetics/*metabolism ; Dopamine/metabolism ; Dopamine Uptake Inhibitors/*pharmacology ; Dopamine and cAMP-Regulated Phosphoprotein 32 ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Motor Activity/drug effects ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism ; Neurons/metabolism ; Phosphoprotein Phosphatases/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; Phosphoproteins/metabolism ; Phosphorylation ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-fos/metabolism ; Rats ; Signal Transduction
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Binding of GGA2 to the lysosomal enzyme sorting motif of the mannose 6-phosphate receptor (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-06-02
    Description: The GGAs are a multidomain protein family implicated in protein trafficking between the Golgi and endosomes. Here, the VHS domain of GGA2 was shown to bind to the acidic cluster-dileucine motif in the cytoplasmic tail of the cation-independent mannose 6-phosphate receptor (CI-MPR). Receptors with mutations in this motif were defective in lysosomal enzyme sorting. The hinge domain of GGA2 bound clathrin, suggesting that GGA2 could be a link between cargo molecules and clathrin-coated vesicle assembly. Thus, GGA2 binding to the CI-MPR is important for lysosomal enzyme targeting.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zhu, Y -- Doray, B -- Poussu, A -- Lehto, V P -- Kornfeld, S -- R01 CA-08759/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jun 1;292(5522):1716-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, 660 South Euclid Avenue, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11387476" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptor Proteins, Vesicular Transport ; Amino Acid Motifs ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; *Carrier Proteins ; Cations ; Clathrin/metabolism ; Dipeptides/chemistry/metabolism ; L Cells (Cell Line) ; Lysosomes/*enzymology ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Protein Sorting Signals ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; *Protein Transport ; Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Rats ; Receptor, IGF Type 2/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; Solubility ; Transcription Factor AP-1/metabolism ; Transport Vesicles/metabolism ; Two-Hybrid System Techniques ; trans-Golgi Network/metabolism
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    Dominant-negative mutants of a toxin subunit: an approach to therapy of anthrax (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-04-28
    Description: The protective antigen moiety of anthrax toxin translocates the toxin's enzymic moieties to the cytosol of mammalian cells by a mechanism that depends on its ability to heptamerize and insert into membranes. We identified dominant-negative mutants of protective antigen that co-assemble with the wild-type protein and block its ability to translocate the enzymic moieties across membranes. These mutants strongly inhibited toxin action in cell culture and in an animal intoxication model, suggesting that they could be useful in therapy of anthrax.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sellman, B R -- Mourez, M -- Collier, R J -- 5T32AI07410/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- R37-AI22021/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Apr 27;292(5517):695-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11326092" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anthrax/*drug therapy ; *Antigens, Bacterial ; Bacterial Toxins/*antagonists & inhibitors/*genetics/metabolism/toxicity ; CHO Cells ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Cricetinae ; Endocytosis ; Genes, Dominant ; Male ; *Mutation ; Protein Transport ; Rats ; Rats, Inbred F344 ; Receptors, Peptide/metabolism
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    Loss of huntingtin-mediated BDNF gene transcription in Huntington's disease (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-06-16
    Description: Huntingtin is a 350-kilodalton protein of unknown function that is mutated in Huntington's disease (HD), a neurodegenerative disorder. The mutant protein is presumed to acquire a toxic gain of function that is detrimental to striatal neurons in the brain. However, loss of a beneficial activity of wild-type huntingtin may also cause the death of striatal neurons. Here we demonstrate that wild-type huntingtin up-regulates transcription of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF), a pro-survival factor produced by cortical neurons that is necessary for survival of striatal neurons in the brain. We show that this beneficial activity of huntingtin is lost when the protein becomes mutated, resulting in decreased production of cortical BDNF. This leads to insufficient neurotrophic support for striatal neurons, which then die. Restoring wild-type huntingtin activity and increasing BDNF production may be therapeutic approaches for treating HD.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Zuccato, C -- Ciammola, A -- Rigamonti, D -- Leavitt, B R -- Goffredo, D -- Conti, L -- MacDonald, M E -- Friedlander, R M -- Silani, V -- Hayden, M R -- Timmusk, T -- Sipione, S -- Cattaneo, E -- E.0840/Telethon/Italy -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jul 20;293(5529):493-8. Epub 2001 Jun 14.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pharmacological Sciences, University of Milano, Via Balzaretti 9, 20133 Milano, Italy.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11408619" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 3T3 Cells ; Animals ; Apoptosis ; Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor/biosynthesis/*genetics/metabolism ; Cell Survival ; Cells, Cultured ; Cerebral Cortex/cytology/*metabolism ; Corpus Striatum/cytology/*metabolism/pathology ; Exons ; Hippocampus/cytology/metabolism/pathology ; Humans ; Huntington Disease/*genetics/metabolism/pathology ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Mutation ; Nerve Degeneration ; Nerve Growth Factors/genetics/metabolism ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; Neurons/*metabolism/pathology ; Nuclear Proteins/genetics/*physiology ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; Transcription, Genetic ; Transfection
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    Dynamic disruptions in nuclear envelope architecture and integrity induced by HIV-1 Vpr (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-11-03
    Description: Human immunodeficiency virus-1 (HIV-1) Vpr expression halts the proliferation of human cells at or near the G2 cell-cycle checkpoint. The transition from G2 to mitosis is normally controlled by changes in the state of phosphorylation and subcellular compartmentalization of key cell-cycle regulatory proteins. In studies of the intracellular trafficking of these regulators, we unexpectedly found that wild-type Vpr, but not Vpr mutants impaired for G2 arrest, induced transient, localized herniations in the nuclear envelope (NE). These herniations were associated with defects in the nuclear lamina. Intermittently, these herniations ruptured, resulting in the mixing of nuclear and cytoplasmic components. These Vpr-induced NE changes probably contribute to the observed cell-cycle arrest.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉de Noronha, C M -- Sherman, M P -- Lin, H W -- Cavrois, M V -- Moir, R D -- Goldman, R D -- Greene, W C -- KO8 AI01866/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- P30 MH59037/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- R01 AI145234/AI/NIAID NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Nov 2;294(5544):1105-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Gladstone Institute of Virology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94103, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11691994" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Active Transport, Cell Nucleus ; Cell Cycle Proteins/metabolism ; Cell Nucleus/*metabolism/virology ; Cyclin B/metabolism ; Cyclin B1 ; Cytoplasm/metabolism ; *G2 Phase ; Gene Products, vpr/genetics/*physiology ; HIV-1/*physiology ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; *Lamin Type B ; Lamins ; Macrophages/virology ; Microscopy, Fluorescence ; Microscopy, Video ; Mitosis ; Mutation ; Nuclear Envelope/*metabolism/ultrastructure ; Nuclear Pore Complex Proteins/metabolism ; Nuclear Proteins/metabolism ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/metabolism ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Transfection ; Virus Integration ; cdc25 Phosphatases/metabolism ; vpr Gene Products, Human Immunodeficiency Virus
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    Tracking the sexes by their genes (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-03-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Mar 2;291(5509):1733-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11249817" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Continental Population Groups/genetics ; Culture ; DNA, Mitochondrial/*genetics ; *Emigration and Immigration ; Ethnic Groups/genetics ; Female ; Genetic Markers ; *Genetics, Population ; Humans ; Male ; Mutation ; Sex Characteristics ; Y Chromosome/*genetics
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    Regulation of Wnt signaling and embryo patterning by an extracellular sulfatase (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-09-05
    Description: The developmental signaling functions of cell surface heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) are dependent on their sulfation states. Here, we report the identification of QSulf1, the avian ortholog of an evolutionarily conserved protein family related to heparan-specific N-acetyl glucosamine sulfatases. QSulf1 expression is induced by Sonic hedgehog in myogenic somite progenitors in quail embryos and is required for the activation of MyoD, a Wnt-induced regulator of muscle specification. QSulf1 is localized on the cell surface and regulates heparan-dependent Wnt signaling in C2C12 myogenic progenitor cells through a mechanism that requires its catalytic activity, providing evidence that QSulf1 regulates Wnt signaling through desulfation of cell surface HSPGs.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Dhoot, G K -- Gustafsson, M K -- Ai, X -- Sun, W -- Standiford, D M -- Emerson , C P Jr -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Aug 31;293(5535):1663-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Basic Veterinary Sciences, The Royal Veterinary College, University of London, Royal College Street, London NW1 OTU, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11533491" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; *Body Patterning ; CHO Cells ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Cloning, Molecular ; Coculture Techniques ; Cricetinae ; Embryo, Nonmammalian/metabolism ; Embryonic Development ; Hedgehog Proteins ; Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycans/*metabolism ; Heparin/metabolism/pharmacology ; Heparitin Sulfate/metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Muscles/cytology/*embryology/metabolism ; Mutation ; MyoD Protein/genetics/metabolism ; Oligonucleotides, Antisense ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins/*metabolism ; Quail/*embryology ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Sequence Alignment ; *Signal Transduction ; Somites/metabolism ; Stem Cells/*metabolism ; Sulfatases/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Trans-Activators/genetics/metabolism ; Transfection ; Wnt Proteins ; *Zebrafish Proteins
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    A protein antibiotic in the phage Qbeta virion: diversity in lysis targets (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2001-06-26
    Description: A(2), a capsid protein of RNA phage Qbeta, is also responsible for host lysis. A(2) blocked synthesis of murein precursors in vivo by inhibiting MurA, the catalyst of the committed step of murein biosynthesis. An A(2)-resistance mutation mapped to an exposed surface near the substrate-binding cleft of MurA. Moreover, purified Qbeta virions inhibited wild-type MurA, but not the mutant MurA, in vitro. Thus, the two small phages characterized for their lysis strategy, Qbeta and the small DNA phage phiX174, effect host lysis by targeting different enzymes in the multistep, universally conserved pathway of cell wall biosynthesis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bernhardt, T G -- Wang, I N -- Struck, D K -- Young, R -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jun 22;292(5525):2326-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Texas A&M University, 2128 TAMU, College Station, TX 77843-2128, USA..〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11423662" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alkyl and Aryl Transferases/*antagonists & ; inhibitors/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; Allolevivirus/genetics/*metabolism ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Bacterial Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors/metabolism ; *Bacteriolysis ; Bacteriophage phi X 174/metabolism/physiology ; Binding Sites ; Capsid/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Escherichia coli/enzymology/genetics/*virology ; Mutation ; Peptidoglycan/*biosynthesis ; *Transferases ; Uridine Diphosphate N-Acetylglucosamine/metabolism
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    Biomedicine. Tauists and beta-aptists united--well almost! (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-08-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lee, V M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Aug 24;293(5534):1446-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center for Neurodegenerative Disease Research, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104-4283, USA. vmylee@mail.med.upenn.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11520974" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alzheimer Disease/drug therapy/metabolism/*pathology ; Amyloid beta-Peptides/administration & dosage/genetics/*metabolism/pharmacology ; Amyloid beta-Protein Precursor/genetics/metabolism ; Animals ; Brain/metabolism/*pathology ; Disease Models, Animal ; Humans ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Mutation ; Nerve Degeneration ; Neurofibrillary Tangles/metabolism/*pathology ; Peptide Fragments/administration & dosage/pharmacology ; Plaque, Amyloid/metabolism/*pathology ; tau Proteins/genetics/*metabolism
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    Haplotype diversity and linkage disequilibrium at human G6PD: recent origin of alleles that confer malarial resistance (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-06-26
    Description: The frequencies of low-activity alleles of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in humans are highly correlated with the prevalence of malaria. These "deficiency" alleles are thought to provide reduced risk from infection by the Plasmodium parasite and are maintained at high frequency despite the hemopathologies that they cause. Haplotype analysis of "A-" and "Med" mutations at this locus indicates that they have evolved independently and have increased in frequency at a rate that is too rapid to be explained by random genetic drift. Statistical modeling indicates that the A- allele arose within the past 3840 to 11,760 years and the Med allele arose within the past 1600 to 6640 years. These results support the hypothesis that malaria has had a major impact on humans only since the introduction of agriculture within the past 10,000 years and provide a striking example of the signature of selection on the human genome.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tishkoff, S A -- Varkonyi, R -- Cahinhinan, N -- Abbes, S -- Argyropoulos, G -- Destro-Bisol, G -- Drousiotou, A -- Dangerfield, B -- Lefranc, G -- Loiselet, J -- Piro, A -- Stoneking, M -- Tagarelli, A -- Tagarelli, G -- Touma, E H -- Williams, S M -- Clark, A G -- G12-RR03032/RR/NCRR NIH HHS/ -- HL03321/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- T37-TW00043/TW/FIC NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jul 20;293(5529):455-62. Epub 2001 Jun 21.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, Biology/Psychology Building, University of Maryland, College Park, MD 20742, USA. st130@umail.umd.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11423617" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Africa/epidemiology ; Agriculture ; Alleles ; Animals ; Endemic Diseases ; Evolution, Molecular ; Female ; *Genetic Variation ; Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase/*genetics ; Glucosephosphate Dehydrogenase Deficiency/epidemiology/*genetics ; *Haplotypes ; Humans ; Immunity, Innate/genetics ; *Linkage Disequilibrium ; Malaria/enzymology/epidemiology/*genetics ; Malaria, Falciparum/enzymology/epidemiology/genetics ; Male ; Mediterranean Region/epidemiology ; Mutation ; Plasmodium falciparum/genetics ; Polymorphism, Restriction Fragment Length ; Selection, Genetic ; Time
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    Substitution of the thioredoxin system for glutathione reductase in Drosophila melanogaster (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-02-07
    Description: The disulfide reducing enzymes glutathione reductase and thioredoxin reductase are highly conserved among bacteria, fungi, worms, and mammals. These proteins maintain intracellular redox homeostasis to protect the organism from oxidative damage. Here we demonstrate the absence of glutathione reductase in Drosophila melanogaster, identify a new type of thioredoxin reductase, and provide evidence that a thioredoxin system supports GSSG reduction. Our data suggest that antioxidant defense in Drosophila, and probably in related insects, differs fundamentally from that in other organisms.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kanzok, S M -- Fechner, A -- Bauer, H -- Ulschmid, J K -- Muller, H M -- Botella-Munoz, J -- Schneuwly, S -- Schirmer, R -- Becker, K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jan 26;291(5504):643-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Center of Biochemistry, Im Neuenheimer Feld 328, Heidelberg University, D-69120 Heidelberg, Germany.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11158675" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Motifs ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Binding Sites ; Drosophila melanogaster/*enzymology/genetics/metabolism ; Genes, Insect ; Glutathione/*metabolism ; Glutathione Disulfide/metabolism ; Glutathione Reductase/*metabolism ; Humans ; Kinetics ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; NADP/metabolism ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Sequence Alignment ; Species Specificity ; Substrate Specificity ; Thioredoxin-Disulfide Reductase/antagonists & ; inhibitors/chemistry/*genetics/*metabolism
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    Molecular biology. Invading the genetic code (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-05-02
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Bock, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Apr 20;292(5516):453-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Universitat, Institut fur Genetik und Mikrobiologie, Munich 19 80638, Germany. august.boeck@lrz.uni-muenchen.de〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11330299" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acyl-tRNA Synthetases/genetics/*metabolism ; Aminobutyrates/metabolism ; Codon/genetics/metabolism ; Cysteine/metabolism ; Escherichia coli/genetics ; *Genetic Code ; Methanococcus/genetics ; Methyltyrosines/metabolism ; Mutation ; *Protein Biosynthesis ; RNA, Bacterial/genetics/metabolism ; RNA, Transfer, Amino Acid-Specific/genetics/*metabolism ; RNA, Transfer, Tyr/genetics/metabolism ; RNA, Transfer, Val/metabolism ; Suppression, Genetic ; Transformation, Bacterial ; Tyrosine-tRNA Ligase/genetics/metabolism ; Valine-tRNA Ligase/metabolism
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    Cohesin cleavage by separase required for anaphase and cytokinesis in human cells (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-08-18
    Description: Cell division depends on the separation of sister chromatids in anaphase. In yeast, sister separation is initiated by cleavage of cohesin by the protease separase. In vertebrates, most cohesin is removed from chromosome arms by a cleavage-independent mechanism. Only residual amounts of cohesin are cleaved at the onset of anaphase, coinciding with its disappearance from centromeres. We have identified two separase cleavage sites in the human cohesin subunit SCC1 and have conditionally expressed noncleavable SCC1 mutants in human cells. Our results indicate that cohesin cleavage by separase is essential for sister chromatid separation and for the completion of cytokinesis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hauf, S -- Waizenegger, I C -- Peters, J M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Aug 17;293(5533):1320-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Research Institute of Molecular Pathology (IMP), Dr.-Bohr Gasse 7, A-1030 Vienna, Austria.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11509732" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Anaphase ; Aneuploidy ; Aurora Kinases ; Cell Cycle Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; *Cell Division ; Cell Nucleus/ultrastructure ; Centromere/metabolism ; Chromatids/metabolism ; Chromosomal Proteins, Non-Histone ; Chromosomes/*metabolism ; Cyclin B/metabolism ; DNA Replication ; Endopeptidases/*metabolism ; HeLa Cells ; Humans ; Karyotyping ; Microscopy, Fluorescence ; Microscopy, Video ; Mutation ; Nuclear Proteins ; Phosphoproteins ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases/metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins ; Separase ; Transfection
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    Control of synapse number by glia (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-02-07
    Description: Although astrocytes constitute nearly half of the cells in our brain, their function is a long-standing neurobiological mystery. Here we show by quantal analyses, FM1-43 imaging, immunostaining, and electron microscopy that few synapses form in the absence of glial cells and that the few synapses that do form are functionally immature. Astrocytes increase the number of mature, functional synapses on central nervous system (CNS) neurons by sevenfold and are required for synaptic maintenance in vitro. We also show that most synapses are generated concurrently with the development of glia in vivo. These data demonstrate a previously unknown function for glia in inducing and stabilizing CNS synapses, show that CNS synapse number can be profoundly regulated by nonneuronal signals, and raise the possibility that glia may actively participate in synaptic plasticity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ullian, E M -- Sapperstein, S K -- Christopherson, K S -- Barres, B A -- NS10784/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jan 26;291(5504):657-61.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Stanford University School of Medicine, Department of Neurobiology, Fairchild Science Building, Stanford, CA 94305-5125, USA. emu@stanford.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11158678" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Astrocytes/*physiology ; Calcium/metabolism ; *Calcium-Binding Proteins ; Cell Communication ; Cells, Cultured ; Coculture Techniques ; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials ; Fluorescent Dyes/metabolism ; Glutamic Acid/pharmacology ; Ionomycin/pharmacology ; Membrane Glycoproteins/metabolism ; Microscopy, Electron ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/metabolism ; Neuronal Plasticity ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Pyridinium Compounds/metabolism ; Quaternary Ammonium Compounds/metabolism ; Rats ; Rats, Sprague-Dawley ; Retinal Ganglion Cells/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Superior Colliculi/embryology/growth & development/ultrastructure ; Synapses/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Synaptic Transmission ; Synaptic Vesicles/metabolism ; Synaptophysin/metabolism ; Synaptotagmins
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    Triallelic inheritance in Bardet-Biedl syndrome, a Mendelian recessive disorder (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-09-22
    Description: Bardet-Biedl syndrome (BBS) is a genetically heterogeneous disorder characterized by multiple clinical features that include pigmentary retinal dystrophy, polydactyly, obesity, developmental delay, and renal defects. BBS is considered an autosomal recessive disorder, and recent positional cloning efforts have identified two BBS genes (BBS2 and BBS6). We screened our cohort of 163 BBS families for mutations in both BBS2 and BBS6 and report the presence of three mutant alleles in affected individuals in four pedigrees. In addition, we detected unaffected individuals in two pedigrees who carry two BBS2 mutations but not a BBS6 mutation. We therefore propose that BBS may not be a single-gene recessive disease but a complex trait requiring three mutant alleles to manifest the phenotype. This triallelic model of disease transmission may be important in the study of both Mendelian and multifactorial disorders.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Katsanis, N -- Ansley, S J -- Badano, J L -- Eichers, E R -- Lewis, R A -- Hoskins, B E -- Scambler, P J -- Davidson, W S -- Beales, P L -- Lupski, J R -- EY12666/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Sep 21;293(5538):2256-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, The Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, One Baylor Plaza, Houston, TX 77030, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11567139" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Alleles ; Bardet-Biedl Syndrome/*genetics ; Cohort Studies ; Female ; Genes, Recessive ; Haplotypes ; Humans ; Male ; Microsatellite Repeats ; *Multifactorial Inheritance ; Mutation ; Open Reading Frames ; Pedigree
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    Control of stem cell self-renewal in Drosophila spermatogenesis by JAK-STAT signaling (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-12-26
    Description: Stem cells, which regenerate tissue by producing differentiating cells, also produce cells that renew the stem cell population. Signals from regulatory microenvironments (niches) are thought to cause stem cells to retain self-renewing potential. However, the molecular characterization of niches remains an important goal. In Drosophila testes, germ line and somatic stem cells attach to a cluster of support cells called the hub. The hub specifically expresses Unpaired, a ligand activating the JAK-STAT (Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription) signaling cascade. Without JAK-STAT signaling, germ line stem cells differentiate but do not self-renew. Conversely, ectopic JAK-STAT signaling greatly expands both stem cell populations. We conclude that the support cells of the hub signal to adjacent stem cells by activation of the JAK-STAT pathway, thereby defining a niche for stem cell self-renewal.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Tulina, N -- Matunis, E -- R01 HD040307/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- R01HD40307/HD/NICHD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Dec 21;294(5551):2546-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Embryology, Carnegie Institution of Washington, 115 West University Parkway, Baltimore, MD 21210, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11752575" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Lineage ; Cell Survival ; Contractile Proteins/analysis ; DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Drosophila/cytology/genetics/*physiology ; Drosophila Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Gene Expression ; Germ Cells/cytology/*physiology ; Glycoproteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Insect Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Janus Kinases ; Ligands ; Male ; Microscopy, Confocal ; Mutation ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics/*metabolism ; STAT Transcription Factors ; Signal Transduction ; Spermatogenesis ; Spermatogonia/physiology ; Stem Cells/cytology/*physiology ; Testis/cytology/metabolism ; Trans-Activators/genetics/*metabolism ; *Transcription Factors
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    Bmf: a proapoptotic BH3-only protein regulated by interaction with the myosin V actin motor complex, activated by anoikis (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-09-08
    Description: Bcl-2 family members bearing only the BH3 domain are essential inducers of apoptosis. We identified a BH3-only protein, Bmf, and show that its BH3 domain is required both for binding to prosurvival Bcl-2 proteins and for triggering apoptosis. In healthy cells, Bmf is sequestered to myosin V motors by association with dynein light chain 2. Certain damage signals, such as loss of cell attachment (anoikis), unleash Bmf, allowing it to translocate and bind prosurvival Bcl-2 proteins. Thus, at least two mammalian BH3-only proteins, Bmf and Bim, function to sense intracellular damage by their localization to distinct cytoskeletal structures.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Puthalakath, H -- Villunger, A -- O'Reilly, L A -- Beaumont, J G -- Coultas, L -- Cheney, R E -- Huang, D C -- Strasser, A -- CA 80188/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- R29 DC003299/DC/NIDCD NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Sep 7;293(5536):1829-32.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Melbourne, P.O. Royal Melbourne Hospital, 3050 VIC, Australia.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11546872" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Adaptor Proteins, Signal Transducing ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; *Anoikis ; Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins ; Calmodulin-Binding Proteins/*metabolism ; Carrier Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Cell Line ; Cytoskeleton/metabolism ; *Drosophila Proteins ; Dyneins ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Humans ; *Membrane Proteins ; Mice ; Molecular Motor Proteins/*metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Myeloid Cell Leukemia Sequence 1 Protein ; *Myosin Type V ; Neoplasm Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/*metabolism ; Protein Binding ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Protein Transport ; *Proto-Oncogene Proteins ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-bcl-2/chemistry/genetics/metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/analysis/genetics ; Transfection ; Two-Hybrid System Techniques
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    Rapid killing of Streptococcus pneumoniae with a bacteriophage cell wall hydrolase (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2001-12-12
    Description: Nasopharyngeal carriage is the major reservoir for Streptococcus pneumoniae in the community. Although eliminating this reservoir would greatly reduce disease occurrence, no suitable intervention has been available for this purpose. We show here that seconds after contact, a purified pneumococcal bacteriophage lytic enzyme (Pal) is able to kill 15 common serotypes of pneumococci, including highly penicillin-resistant strains. In vivo, previously colonized mice revealed undetectable pneumococcal titers 5 hours after a single enzyme treatment. Pal enzyme had little or no effect on microorganisms normally found in the human oropharynx, and Pal-resistant pneumococci could not be detected after extensive exposure to the enzyme.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Loeffler, J M -- Nelson, D -- Fischetti, V A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Dec 7;294(5549):2170-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Laboratory of Bacterial Pathogenesis, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10021, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11739958" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bacterial Capsules/physiology ; Bacteriolysis ; Cell Membrane/drug effects/ultrastructure ; Cell Wall/drug effects/ultrastructure ; Colony Count, Microbial ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Humans ; Mice ; Mutation ; N-Acetylmuramoyl-L-alanine Amidase/*metabolism/*pharmacology ; Nasopharynx/*microbiology ; Random Allocation ; Streptococcus/drug effects/growth & development ; Streptococcus Phages/*enzymology ; Streptococcus pneumoniae/*drug effects/growth & ; development/physiology/ultrastructure
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    Chromosome dynamics in the yeast interphase nucleus (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-12-12
    Description: Little is known about the dynamics of chromosomes in interphase nuclei. By tagging four chromosomal regions with a green fluorescent protein fusion to lac repressor, we monitored the movement and subnuclear position of specific sites in the yeast genome, sampling at short time intervals. We found that early and late origins of replication are highly mobile in G1 phase, frequently moving at or faster than 0.5 micrometers/10 seconds, in an energy-dependent fashion. The rapid diffusive movement of chromatin detected in G1 becomes constrained in S phase through a mechanism dependent on active DNA replication. In contrast, telomeres and centromeres provide replication-independent constraint on chromatin movement in both G1 and S phases.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Heun, P -- Laroche, T -- Shimada, K -- Furrer, P -- Gasser, S M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Dec 7;294(5549):2181-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉University of Geneva, Department of Molecular Biology, Quai Ernest-Ansermet 30, CH-1211 Geneva, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11739961" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Cell Nucleus/physiology ; Centromere/physiology ; Chromatin/*physiology ; Chromosomes, Fungal/*physiology ; DNA Replication ; DNA, Fungal/biosynthesis ; G1 Phase ; Green Fluorescent Proteins ; *Interphase ; Luminescent Proteins ; Motion Pictures as Topic ; Mutation ; Nuclear Envelope/physiology ; Replication Origin ; S Phase ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics/growth & development/*physiology ; Telomere/physiology
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    Bioterrorism. Researchers question obsession with Cipro (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-10-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Enserink, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Oct 26;294(5543):759-61.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11679638" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anthrax/*drug therapy/microbiology ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology/therapeutic use ; Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology/*therapeutic use ; *Antigens, Bacterial ; Bacillus anthracis/*drug effects/genetics ; Bacterial Toxins/chemistry/metabolism ; *Bioterrorism ; Ciprofloxacin/pharmacology/*therapeutic use ; Drug Resistance, Bacterial ; Drug Utilization ; Humans ; Mutation ; Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism ; Respiratory Tract Infections/*drug therapy/microbiology ; United States ; United States Food and Drug Administration
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    Dendrodendritic inhibition through reversal of dopamine transport (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-09-29
    Description: Synapses in the central nervous system are usually defined by presynaptic exocytotic release sites and postsynaptic differentiations. We report here a demonstration of dendrodendritic inhibition that does not engage a conventional synapse. Using amperometric and patch-clamp recordings in rat brain slices of the substantia nigra, we found that blockade of the dopamine transporter abolished the dendritic release of dopamine and the resulting self-inhibition. These findings demonstrate that dendrodendritic autoinhibition entails the carrier-mediated release of dopamine rather than conventional exocytosis. This suggests that some widely used antidepressants that inhibit the dopamine transporter may benefit patients in the early stages of Parkinson's disease.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Falkenburger, B H -- Barstow, K L -- Mintz, I M -- R01-3445/PHS HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Sep 28;293(5539):2465-70.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, Boston University Medical Center, Boston, MA 02118, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11577238" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Transport/drug effects ; Calcium/metabolism ; Carrier Proteins/antagonists & inhibitors/*metabolism ; Dendrites/*metabolism ; Dopamine/*metabolism ; Dopamine D2 Receptor Antagonists ; Dopamine Plasma Membrane Transport Proteins ; Electric Stimulation ; Electrophysiology ; Evoked Potentials/drug effects ; Excitatory Postsynaptic Potentials ; Exocytosis ; Glutamic Acid/pharmacology ; Humans ; In Vitro Techniques ; *Membrane Glycoproteins ; Membrane Potentials ; *Membrane Transport Proteins ; *Nerve Tissue Proteins ; Neural Inhibition ; Neurons/metabolism ; Parkinson Disease/drug therapy/metabolism ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Piperazines/pharmacology ; Rats ; Receptors, Dopamine D2/metabolism ; Sodium/metabolism ; Substantia Nigra/cytology/*metabolism ; Subthalamic Nucleus/physiology
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    Two-state allosteric behavior in a single-domain signaling protein (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2001-03-27
    Description: Protein actions are usually discussed in terms of static structures, but function requires motion. We find a strong correlation between phosphorylation-driven activation of the signaling protein NtrC and microsecond time-scale backbone dynamics. Using nuclear magnetic resonance relaxation, we characterized the motions of NtrC in three functional states: unphosphorylated (inactive), phosphorylated (active), and a partially active mutant. These dynamics are indicative of exchange between inactive and active conformations. Both states are populated in unphosphorylated NtrC, and phosphorylation shifts the equilibrium toward the active species. These results support a dynamic population shift between two preexisting conformations as the underlying mechanism of activation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Volkman, B F -- Lipson, D -- Wemmer, D E -- Kern, D -- GM62117/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Mar 23;291(5512):2429-33.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Magnetic Resonance Facility at Madison (NMRFAM), Department of Biochemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11264542" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Allosteric Regulation ; *Bacterial Proteins ; Binding Sites ; DNA-Binding Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Models, Molecular ; Motion ; Mutation ; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular ; PII Nitrogen Regulatory Proteins ; Phosphorylation ; *Protein Conformation ; Protein Structure, Secondary ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Signal Transduction ; Time ; *Trans-Activators ; *Transcription Factors
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    Sequence interpretation. Functional annotation of mouse genome sequences (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2001-03-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nadeau, J H -- Balling, R -- Barsh, G -- Beier, D -- Brown, S D -- Bucan, M -- Camper, S -- Carlson, G -- Copeland, N -- Eppig, J -- Fletcher, C -- Frankel, W N -- Ganten, D -- Goldowitz, D -- Goodnow, C -- Guenet, J L -- Hicks, G -- Hrabe de Angelis, M -- Jackson, I -- Jacob, H J -- Jenkins, N -- Johnson, D -- Justice, M -- Kay, S -- Kingsley, D -- Lehrach, H -- Magnuson, T -- Meisler, M -- Poustka, A -- Rinchik, E M -- Rossant, J -- Russell, L B -- Schimenti, J -- Shiroishi, T -- Skarnes, W C -- Soriano, P -- Stanford, W -- Takahashi, J S -- Wurst, W -- Zimmer, A -- International Mouse Mutagenesis Consortium -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Feb 16;291(5507):1251-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Genetics, BRB 624, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Avenue, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA. jhn4@po.cwru.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11233449" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Chromosome Mapping ; *Computational Biology ; Costs and Cost Analysis ; Genes/physiology ; Genetic Techniques ; *Genome ; *Genomics ; International Cooperation ; Mice/*genetics ; Mutagenesis ; Mutation ; Phenotype ; Private Sector ; Public Sector ; Research Support as Topic ; *Sequence Analysis, DNA
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    Impulsive choice induced in rats by lesions of the nucleus accumbens core (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2001-05-26
    Description: Impulsive choice is exemplified by choosing a small or poor reward that is available immediately, in preference to a larger but delayed reward. Impulsive choice contributes to drug addiction, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, mania, and personality disorders, but its neuroanatomical basis is unclear. Here, we show that selective lesions of the nucleus accumbens core induce persistent impulsive choice in rats. In contrast, damage to two of its afferents, the anterior cingulate cortex and medial prefrontal cortex, had no effect on this capacity. Thus, dysfunction of the nucleus accumbens core may be a key element in the neuropathology of impulsivity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Cardinal, R N -- Pennicott, D R -- Sugathapala, C L -- Robbins, T W -- Everitt, B J -- G9537855/Medical Research Council/United Kingdom -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jun 29;292(5526):2499-501. Epub 2001 May 24.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Experimental Psychology, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge CB2 3EB, UK. rudolf.cardinal@pobox.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11375482" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Attention ; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity ; Behavior, Animal ; Brain Mapping ; *Choice Behavior ; Disease Models, Animal ; Gyrus Cinguli/physiology ; *Impulsive Behavior ; Motor Activity ; Nucleus Accumbens/*physiology/surgery ; Prefrontal Cortex/physiology ; Random Allocation ; Rats ; Reinforcement (Psychology) ; Reward
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    Developmental changes due to long-distance movement of a homeobox fusion transcript in tomato (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2001-07-14
    Description: Long-distance movement of RNA through the phloem is known to occur, but the functional importance of these transported RNAs has remained unclear. Grafting experiments with a naturally occurring dominant gain-of-function leaf mutation in tomato were used to demonstrate long-distance movement of mutant messenger RNA (mRNA) into wild-type scions. The stock-specific pattern of mRNA expression was graft transmissible, indicating that the mRNA accumulation pattern is inherent to the transcript and not attributable to the promoter. The translocated mRNA caused changes in leaf morphology of the wild-type scions, suggesting that the translocated RNA is functional.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Kim, M -- Canio, W -- Kessler, S -- Sinha, N -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jul 13;293(5528):287-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Section of Plant Biology, Division of Biological Sciences, University of California-Davis, 1 Shields Avenue, Davis, CA 95616, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11452121" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Artificial Gene Fusion ; Genes, Homeobox ; Genes, Plant ; Homeodomain Proteins/genetics ; Lutein/genetics ; Lycopersicon esculentum/genetics/growth & development/*metabolism ; Mutation ; Phosphotransferases/genetics ; Plant Leaves/growth & development/*metabolism ; Plant Proteins/genetics ; RNA, Messenger/*metabolism ; RNA, Plant/*metabolism ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction
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    The ground state of the ventral appendage in Drosophila (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2001-08-25
    Description: In Drosophila melanogaster, the antennae, legs, genitalia, and analia make up a serially homologous set of ventral appendages that depend on different selector genes for their unique identities. The diversity among these structures implies that there is a common ground state that selector genes modify to generate these different appendage morphologies. Here we show that the ventral appendage that forms in the absence of selector gene activity is leglike but consists of only two segments along its proximo-distal axis: a proximal segment and a distal tarsus. These results raise the possibility that, during evolution, leglike appendages could have developed without selector gene activity.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Casares, F -- Mann, R S -- R01 GM058575/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Aug 24;293(5534):1477-80.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biophysics, Columbia University, 701 West 168 Street, New York, NY 10032, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11520984" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Antennapedia Homeodomain Protein ; Biological Evolution ; Calcium-Binding Proteins ; *Drosophila Proteins ; Drosophila melanogaster/anatomy & histology/*genetics/*growth & development ; Epistasis, Genetic ; Extremities/growth & development ; *Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; *Genes, Homeobox ; Genes, Insect ; Glycosyltransferases/genetics/metabolism ; Homeodomain Proteins/*genetics/physiology ; Insect Proteins/genetics ; Intercellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; Ligands ; Membrane Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Mutation ; *N-Acetylglucosaminyltransferases ; *Nuclear Proteins ; Phenotype ; Receptors, Notch ; Sense Organs/growth & development ; Signal Transduction ; *Transcription Factors
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    Relapse to cocaine-seeking after hippocampal theta burst stimulation (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-05-12
    Description: Treatment efforts for cocaine addiction are hampered by high relapse rates. To map brain areas underlying relapse, we used electrical brain stimulation and intracranial injection of pharmacological compounds after extinction of cocaine self-administration behavior in rats. Electrical stimulation of the hippocampus containing glutamatergic fibers, but not the medial forebrain bundle containing dopaminergic fibers, elicited cocaine-seeking behavior dependent on glutamate in the ventral tegmental area. This suggests a role for glutamatergic neurotransmission in relapse to cocaine abuse. The medial forebrain bundle electrodes supported intense electrical self-stimulation. These findings suggest a dissociation of neural systems subserving positive reinforcement (self-stimulation) and incentive motivation (relapse).〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Vorel, S R -- Liu, X -- Hayes, R J -- Spector, J A -- Gardner, E L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 May 11;292(5519):1175-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY 10461, USA. robvorel@hotmail.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11349151" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cocaine/administration & dosage/pharmacology ; Cocaine-Related Disorders/*physiopathology/prevention & control ; Conditioning, Operant/drug effects/physiology ; Dopamine/physiology ; Electric Stimulation ; Electrodes ; Excitatory Amino Acid Agonists/pharmacology ; Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists/pharmacology ; Extinction, Psychological/drug effects/physiology ; Glutamic Acid/*physiology ; Hippocampus/cytology/*physiology ; Injections, Intravenous ; Kynurenic Acid/pharmacology ; Medial Forebrain Bundle/cytology/drug effects/physiology ; Memory/physiology ; N-Methylaspartate/pharmacology ; Rats ; Rats, Long-Evans ; Recurrence ; Reward ; Self Administration ; Synaptic Transmission/drug effects ; *Theta Rhythm ; Ventral Tegmental Area/cytology/drug effects/physiology
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    Living with genome instability: plant responses to telomere dysfunction (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-03-07
    Description: Loss of telomere function in metazoans results in catastrophic damage to the genome, cell cycle arrest, and apoptosis. Here we show that the mustard weed Arabidopsis thaliana can survive up to 10 generations without telomerase. The last five generations of telomerase-deficient plants endured increasing levels of cytogenetic damage, which was correlated with developmental anomalies in both vegetative and reproductive organs. Mutants ultimately arrested at a terminal vegetative state harboring shoot meristems that were grossly enlarged, disorganized, and in some cases, dedifferentiated into a callusoid mass. Unexpectedly, late-generation mutants had an extended life-span and remained metabolically active. The differences in plant and animal responses to dysfunctional telomeres may reflect the more plastic nature of plant development and genome organization.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Riha, K -- McKnight, T D -- Griffing, L R -- Shippen, D E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Mar 2;291(5509):1797-800.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, 2128 TAMU, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843-2128, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11230697" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anaphase ; Apoptosis ; Arabidopsis/anatomy & histology/genetics/growth & development/*physiology ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Division ; *Genome, Plant ; Meristem/anatomy & histology/cytology/growth & development ; Mitotic Index ; Mutation ; Phenotype ; Plant Leaves/anatomy & histology/cytology/growth & development ; Plant Structures/anatomy & histology/cytology/growth & development ; Telomerase/genetics/*metabolism ; Telomere/*physiology/ultrastructure
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    Neurodegenerative disease. Using the fruit fly to model tau malfunction (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-06-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ferber, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jun 15;292(5524):1983-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11408629" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aging ; Alzheimer Disease/metabolism/pathology ; Animals ; Animals, Genetically Modified ; Brain/metabolism/pathology ; *Dementia/metabolism/pathology ; *Disease Models, Animal ; *Drosophila/genetics ; Humans ; Mutation ; Nerve Degeneration ; *Neurodegenerative Diseases/metabolism/pathology ; Neurofibrillary Tangles/ultrastructure ; Neurons/metabolism/*ultrastructure ; tau Proteins/genetics/*metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Neurobiology. Total recall-the memory of addiction (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-06-26
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Nestler, E J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jun 22;292(5525):2266-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Psychiatry and Center for Basic Neuroscience, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390--9070, USA. eric.nestler@utsouthwestern.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11423644" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Brain/drug effects/physiology/physiopathology ; Calcium/metabolism ; Calcium Signaling ; Cocaine/*pharmacology ; Cocaine-Related Disorders/*physiopathology ; Dopamine/metabolism ; Glutamic Acid/metabolism ; Hippocampus/physiology ; *Long-Term Potentiation ; Memory/*physiology ; Neurons/*drug effects/physiology ; Rats ; Receptors, AMPA/metabolism ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/metabolism ; Synaptic Transmission/drug effects ; Ventral Tegmental Area/*drug effects/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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    Length of the flagellar hook and the capacity of the type III export apparatus (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-03-27
    Description: Length determination in biology generally uses molecular rulers. The hook, a part of the flagellum of motile bacteria, has an invariant length. Here, we examined hook length and found that it was determined not by molecular rulers but probably by the amount of subunit protein secreted by the flagellar export apparatus. The export apparatus shares common features with the type III virulence-factor secretion machinery and thus may be used more widely in length determination of structures other than flagella.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Makishima, S -- Komoriya, K -- Yamaguchi, S -- Aizawa, S I -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Mar 23;291(5512):2411-3. Epub 2001 Feb 22.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biosciences, Teikyo University, 1-1 Toyosatodai, Utsunomiya 320-8551, Japan.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11264537" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Bacterial Proteins/*metabolism ; Binding Sites ; Flagella/metabolism/physiology/*ultrastructure ; Flagellin/*metabolism ; Genes, Bacterial ; Microscopy, Electron ; Movement ; Mutation ; Protein Transport ; Salmonella typhimurium/genetics/metabolism/physiology/*ultrastructure
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    gamma -Secretase cleavage and nuclear localization of ErbB-4 receptor tyrosine kinase (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-10-27
    Description: ErbB-4 is a transmembrane receptor tyrosine kinase that regulates cell proliferation and differentiation. After binding of its ligand heregulin (HRG) or activation of protein kinase C (PKC) by 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA), the ErbB-4 ectodomain is cleaved by a metalloprotease. We now report a subsequent cleavage by gamma-secretase that releases the ErbB-4 intracellular domain from the membrane and facilitates its translocation to the nucleus. gamma-Secretase cleavage was prevented by chemical inhibitors or a dominant negative presenilin. Inhibition of gamma-secretase also prevented growth inhibition by HRG. gamma-Secretase cleavage of ErbB-4 may represent another mechanism for receptor tyrosine kinase-mediated signaling.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ni, C Y -- Murphy, M P -- Golde, T E -- Carpenter, G -- CA24071/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- CA68485/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- DK20593/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- NS39072/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Dec 7;294(5549):2179-81. Epub 2001 Oct 25.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN 37232, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11679632" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Active Transport, Cell Nucleus ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Amyloid Precursor Protein Secretases ; Animals ; Aspartic Acid Endopeptidases ; COS Cells ; Carbamates/pharmacology ; Cell Division/drug effects ; Cell Line ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Cell Nucleus/*metabolism ; Cytoplasm/metabolism ; Dipeptides/pharmacology ; Endopeptidases/*metabolism ; Fatty Acids, Unsaturated/pharmacology ; Humans ; Membrane Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Metalloendopeptidases/metabolism ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Neuregulin-1/pharmacology ; Presenilin-1 ; Protease Inhibitors/pharmacology ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Receptor, Epidermal Growth Factor/chemistry/*metabolism ; Receptor, ErbB-4 ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Tetradecanoylphorbol Acetate/pharmacology ; Transcriptional Activation ; Tumor Cells, Cultured
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    A novel mechanism for evolution? (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-10-09
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Adler, M J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Oct 5;294(5540):53-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11589230" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Gene Expression Regulation ; Humans ; Mutation ; Phenotype ; RNA, Messenger/*genetics/metabolism ; Selection, Genetic
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    Protein synthesis. The perks of balancing glucose (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-08-04
    Description: What do the regulation of translation initiation and glucose metabolism have to do with each other? Quite a lot, it seems, according to Sonenberg and Newgard in their Perspective. They discuss new findings that identify the kinase responsible for inactivating eIF2--a factor that is required for translation initiation (and hence protein synthesis)--when the endoplasmic reticulum is under stress. Loss of this kinase results in destruction of insulin-producing b cells in the pancreas and dysregulation of glucose homeostasis.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Sonenberg, N -- Newgard, C B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Aug 3;293(5531):818-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11486079" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Blood Glucose/metabolism ; Endoplasmic Reticulum/*metabolism ; Eukaryotic Initiation Factor-2/*metabolism ; Gluconeogenesis ; Glucose/*metabolism ; Homeostasis ; Hyperglycemia/etiology ; Hypoglycemia/etiology ; Islets of Langerhans/enzymology/metabolism ; Liver/metabolism ; Mice ; Mutation ; Phosphorylation ; *Protein Biosynthesis ; Protein Folding ; eIF-2 Kinase/*metabolism
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    Drug addiction. Zapping memory center triggers drug craving (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-05-16
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Holden, C -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 May 11;292(5519):1039.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11352038" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cocaine/administration & dosage/pharmacology ; Cocaine-Related Disorders/*physiopathology ; Conditioning, Operant/drug effects/physiology ; Dopamine/physiology ; Electric Stimulation ; Extinction, Psychological/drug effects/physiology ; Glutamic Acid/*physiology ; Hippocampus/drug effects/*physiology ; Injections, Intravenous ; Medial Forebrain Bundle/drug effects/physiology ; Memory/*physiology ; Rats ; Recurrence ; Reward ; Self Administration ; Ventral Tegmental Area/drug effects/physiology
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    A role for the RNase III enzyme DCR-1 in RNA interference and germ line development in Caenorhabditis elegans (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-08-04
    Description: An early event in RNA interference (RNAi) is the cleavage of the initiating double-stranded RNA (dsRNA) to short pieces, 21 to 23 nucleotides in length. Here we describe a null mutation in dicer-1 (dcr-1), a gene proposed to encode the enzyme that generates these short RNAs. We find that dcr-1(-/-) animals have defects in RNAi under some, but not all, conditions. Mutant animals have germ line defects that lead to sterility, suggesting that cleavage of dsRNA to short pieces is a requisite event in normal development.〈br /〉〈br /〉〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1855227/" target="_blank"〉〈img src="https://static.pubmed.gov/portal/portal3rc.fcgi/4089621/img/3977009" border="0"〉〈/a〉   〈a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1855227/" target="_blank"〉This paper as free author manuscript - peer-reviewed and accepted for publication〈/a〉〈br /〉〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Knight, S W -- Bass, B L -- R01 GM044073/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Sep 21;293(5538):2269-71. Epub 2001 Aug 2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry and Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Utah, 50 North Medical Drive, Room 211, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11486053" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Animals, Genetically Modified ; Caenorhabditis elegans/cytology/*enzymology/*genetics/growth & development ; Cell Differentiation ; Disorders of Sex Development ; Endoribonucleases/genetics/*metabolism ; Female ; *Gene Silencing ; Genes, Helminth ; Germ Cells/*cytology/metabolism ; Male ; Mutation ; Oocytes/cytology ; Phenotype ; RNA, Double-Stranded/*genetics/*metabolism ; RNA, Helminth/genetics/metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Ribonuclease III ; Sequence Deletion
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    Phenotypic plasticity in the interactions and evolution of species (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2001-10-13
    Description: When individuals of two species interact, they can adjust their phenotypes in response to their respective partner, be they antagonists or mutualists. The reciprocal phenotypic change between individuals of interacting species can reflect an evolutionary response to spatial and temporal variation in species interactions and ecologically result in the structuring of food chains. The evolution of adaptive phenotypic plasticity has led to the success of organisms in novel habitats, and potentially contributes to genetic differentiation and speciation. Taken together, phenotypic responses in species interactions represent modifications that can lead to reciprocal change in ecological time, altered community patterns, and expanded evolutionary potential of species.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Agrawal, A A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Oct 12;294(5541):321-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Botany, University of Toronto, 25 Willcocks Street, Toronto, ON M5S 3B2, Canada. agrawal@botany.utoronto.ca〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11598291" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; *Ecosystem ; Environment ; Food Chain ; Genetic Variation ; Genotype ; Mutation ; *Phenotype ; Plant Physiological Phenomena ; Predatory Behavior ; Symbiosis
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    Animal welfare. Congress clears way for rodent rules (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-11-27
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Malakoff, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Nov 23;294(5547):1637.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11721028" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: *Animal Experimentation ; Animal Rights/economics/legislation & jurisprudence ; Animal Welfare/economics/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Animals ; Birds ; Government ; *Government Regulation ; Housing, Animal/economics/legislation & jurisprudence ; Mice ; *Models, Animal ; Rats ; Research Design/legislation & jurisprudence ; *Rodentia ; United States ; United States Department of Agriculture/*legislation & jurisprudence
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    UDP-glucose dehydrogenase required for cardiac valve formation in zebrafish (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-09-05
    Description: Cardiac valve formation is a complex process that involves cell signaling events between the myocardial and endocardial layers of the heart across an elaborate extracellular matrix. These signals lead to marked morphogenetic movements and transdifferentiation of the endocardial cells at chamber boundaries. Here we identify the genetic defect in zebrafish jekyll mutants, which are deficient in the initiation of heart valve formation. The jekyll mutation disrupts a homolog of Drosophila Sugarless, a uridine 5'-diphosphate (UDP)-glucose dehydrogenase required for heparan sulfate, chondroitin sulfate, and hyaluronic acid production. The atrioventricular border cells do not differentiate from their neighbors in jekyll mutants, suggesting that Jekyll is required in a cell signaling event that establishes a boundary between the atrium and ventricle.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Walsh, E C -- Stainier, D Y -- HL54737/HL/NHLBI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Aug 31;293(5535):1670-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Programs in Developmental Biology, Genetics and Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143-0448, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11533493" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Antisense Elements (Genetics) ; Body Patterning ; Bone Morphogenetic Proteins/genetics ; Endocardium/embryology/metabolism ; Female ; Gene Expression ; Glycosaminoglycans/metabolism ; Heart/*embryology ; Heart Valves/cytology/*embryology/enzymology/metabolism ; Male ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Morphogenesis ; Mutation ; Myocardium/cytology/metabolism ; Phenotype ; Physical Chromosome Mapping ; Signal Transduction ; Uridine Diphosphate Glucose Dehydrogenase/*genetics/*metabolism ; Zebrafish/*embryology/genetics
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    The influence of the proinflammatory cytokine, osteopontin, on autoimmune demyelinating disease (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-11-27
    Description: Multiple sclerosis is a demyelinating disease, characterized by inflammation in the brain and spinal cord, possibly due to autoimmunity. Large-scale sequencing of cDNA libraries, derived from plaques dissected from brains of patients with multiple sclerosis (MS), indicated an abundance of transcripts for osteopontin (OPN). Microarray analysis of spinal cords from rats paralyzed by experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model of MS, also revealed increased OPN transcripts. Osteopontin-deficient mice were resistant to progressive EAE and had frequent remissions, and myelin-reactive T cells in OPN-/- mice produced more interleukin 10 and less interferon-gamma than in OPN+/+ mice. Osteopontin thus appears to regulate T helper cell-1 (TH1)-mediated demyelinating disease, and it may offer a potential target in blocking development of progressive MS.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chabas, D -- Baranzini, S E -- Mitchell, D -- Bernard, C C -- Rittling, S R -- Denhardt, D T -- Sobel, R A -- Lock, C -- Karpuj, M -- Pedotti, R -- Heller, R -- Oksenberg, J R -- Steinman, L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Nov 23;294(5547):1731-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurology and Neurological Sciences, Beckman Center for Molecular Medicine, B002, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11721059" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, ; Experimental/genetics/immunology/metabolism/pathology ; Expressed Sequence Tags ; Gene Deletion ; *Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Library ; Humans ; Inflammation/genetics/immunology/metabolism/pathology ; Interferon-gamma/genetics/metabolism ; Interleukin-10/genetics/metabolism ; Lymphocyte Activation ; Mice ; Mice, Knockout ; Multiple Sclerosis/*genetics/immunology/*metabolism/pathology ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Osteopontin ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; Rats ; Sialoglycoproteins/deficiency/genetics/*metabolism ; Spinal Cord/metabolism ; Th1 Cells/immunology
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    On the dynamic origins of allosteric activation (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-08-25
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wand, A J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Aug 24;293(5534):1395.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉The Johnson Research Foundation and Department of Biochemistry & Biophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA 19104-6059, USA. wand@mail.med.upenn.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11520951" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Allosteric Regulation ; *Bacterial Proteins ; Calcium/metabolism ; Calmodulin/chemistry/metabolism ; DNA-Binding Proteins/*chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Motion ; Mutation ; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular ; PII Nitrogen Regulatory Proteins ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Conformation ; Thermodynamics ; *Trans-Activators ; *Transcription Factors
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    Skinny hedgehog, an acyltransferase required for palmitoylation and activity of the hedgehog signal (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-08-04
    Description: One of the most dominant influences in the patterning of multicellular embryos is exerted by the Hedgehog (Hh) family of secreted signaling proteins. Here, we identify a segment polarity gene in Drosophila melanogaster, skinny hedgehog (ski), and show that its product is required in Hh-expressing cells for production of appropriate signaling activity in embryos and in the imaginal precursors of adult tissues. The ski gene encodes an apparent acyltransferase, and we provide genetic and biochemical evidence that Hh proteins from ski mutant cells retain carboxyl-terminal cholesterol modification but lack amino-terminal palmitate modification. Our results suggest that ski encodes an enzyme that acts within the secretory pathway to catalyze amino-terminal palmitoylation of Hh, and further demonstrate that this lipid modification is required for the embryonic and larval patterning activities of the Hh signal.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chamoun, Z -- Mann, R K -- Nellen, D -- von Kessler, D P -- Bellotto, M -- Beachy, P A -- Basler, K -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Sep 14;293(5537):2080-4. Epub 2001 Aug 2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Institut fur Molekularbiologie and Zoologisches Institut, Universitat Zurich, Winterthurerstrasse 190, 8057 Zurich, Switzerland.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11486055" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acylation ; Acyltransferases/chemistry/*genetics/*metabolism ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Amino Acid Substitution ; Animals ; Body Patterning ; Cholesterol/metabolism ; *Drosophila Proteins ; Drosophila melanogaster/embryology/*genetics/growth & development/metabolism ; Gene Expression ; Genes, Insect ; Hedgehog Proteins ; Insect Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Palmitic Acid/*metabolism ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; *Signal Transduction ; Transgenes
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    Synaptotagmin modulation of fusion pore kinetics in regulated exocytosis of dense-core vesicles (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-11-03
    Description: In the exocytosis of neurotransmitter, fusion pore opening represents the first instant of fluid contact between the vesicle lumen and extracellular space. The existence of the fusion pore has been established by electrical measurements, but its molecular composition is unknown. The possibility that synaptotagmin regulates fusion pores was investigated with amperometry to monitor exocytosis of single dense-core vesicles. Overexpression of synaptotagmin I prolonged the time from fusion pore opening to dilation, whereas synaptotagmin IV shortened this time. Both synaptotagmin isoforms reduced norepinephrine flux through open fusion pores. Thus, synaptotagmin interacts with fusion pores, possibly by associating with a core complex of membrane proteins and/or lipid.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wang, C T -- Grishanin, R -- Earles, C A -- Chang, P Y -- Martin, T F -- Chapman, E R -- Jackson, M B -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Nov 2;294(5544):1111-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Physiology, University of Wisconsin Medical School, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11691996" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Calcium/metabolism ; Calcium Channels, P-Type/metabolism ; Calcium Channels, Q-Type/metabolism ; *Calcium-Binding Proteins ; Cell Membrane Structures/*metabolism ; Chromogranins/metabolism ; Electrophysiology ; *Exocytosis ; Kinetics ; *Membrane Fusion ; Membrane Glycoproteins/*metabolism ; Membrane Potentials ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/*metabolism ; Neurotransmitter Agents/*metabolism ; Norepinephrine/metabolism ; PC12 Cells ; Protein Isoforms ; Rats ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Secretory Vesicles/*metabolism ; Synaptic Transmission ; Synaptic Vesicles/metabolism ; Synaptotagmin I ; Synaptotagmins
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    Methylation of histone H4 at arginine 3 facilitating transcriptional activation by nuclear hormone receptor (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-06-02
    Description: Acetylation of core histone tails plays a fundamental role in transcription regulation. In addition to acetylation, other posttranslational modifications, such as phosphorylation and methylation, occur in core histone tails. Here, we report the purification, molecular identification, and functional characterization of a histone H4-specific methyltransferase PRMT1, a protein arginine methyltransferase. PRMT1 specifically methylates arginine 3 (Arg 3) of H4 in vitro and in vivo. Methylation of Arg 3 by PRMT1 facilitates subsequent acetylation of H4 tails by p300. However, acetylation of H4 inhibits its methylation by PRMT1. Most important, a mutation in the S-adenosyl-l-methionine-binding site of PRMT1 substantially crippled its nuclear receptor coactivator activity. Our finding reveals Arg 3 of H4 as a novel methylation site by PRMT1 and indicates that Arg 3 methylation plays an important role in transcriptional regulation.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wang, H -- Huang, Z Q -- Xia, L -- Feng, Q -- Erdjument-Bromage, H -- Strahl, B D -- Briggs, S D -- Allis, C D -- Wong, J -- Tempst, P -- Zhang, Y -- GM63067-01/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- P30 CA08748/CA/NCI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Aug 3;293(5531):853-7. Epub 2001 May 31.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7295, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11387442" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Acetylation ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Arginine/*metabolism ; Binding Sites ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; HeLa Cells ; Histones/chemistry/*metabolism ; Humans ; Hydroxamic Acids/pharmacology ; Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; Lysine/metabolism ; Methylation ; Methyltransferases/chemistry/genetics/isolation & purification/*metabolism ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Oocytes ; Protein-Arginine N-Methyltransferases ; Receptors, Androgen/*metabolism ; Recombinant Proteins/metabolism ; S-Adenosylmethionine/metabolism ; *Transcriptional Activation ; Xenopus
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    Evolutionary genomics. The ups and downs of evolution (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-12-18
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Normile, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Dec 14;294(5550):2281-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11743182" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Breast Neoplasms/genetics ; Cichlids/genetics/physiology ; DNA Replication/genetics ; Female ; Genes, BRCA1 ; Genetic Predisposition to Disease ; *Genomics ; Humans ; Mutation ; Polymorphism, Genetic ; Rod Opsins/genetics ; Selection, Genetic
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    Direct interaction of Arabidopsis cryptochromes with COP1 in light control development (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-08-18
    Description: Arabidopsis seedling photomorphogenesis involves two antagonistically acting components, COP1 and HY5. COP1 specifically targets HY5 for degradation via the 26S proteasome in the dark through their direct physical interaction. Little is known regarding how light signals perceived by photoreceptors are transduced to regulate COP1. Arabidopsis has two related cryptochromes (cry1 and cry2) mediating various blue/ultraviolet-A light responses. Here we show that both photoactivated cryptochromes repress COP1 activity through a direct protein-protein contact and that this direct regulation is primarily responsible for the cryptochrome-mediated blue light regulation of seedling photomorphogenic development and genome expression profile.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wang, H -- Ma, L G -- Li, J M -- Zhao, H Y -- Deng, X W -- GM-47850/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- GM59507/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Oct 5;294(5540):154-8. Epub 2001 Aug 16.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11509693" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Arabidopsis/genetics/*growth & development/*metabolism ; *Arabidopsis Proteins ; Basic-Leucine Zipper Transcription Factors ; Carrier Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; Crosses, Genetic ; Cryptochromes ; Darkness ; *Drosophila Proteins ; Expressed Sequence Tags ; *Eye Proteins ; Flavoproteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Expression Regulation, Plant ; Genes, Plant ; *Light ; Morphogenesis ; Mutation ; Nuclear Proteins/metabolism ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Phenotype ; *Photoreceptor Cells, Invertebrate ; Plant Proteins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism ; Plants, Genetically Modified ; Precipitin Tests ; Protein Binding ; Protein Structure, Tertiary ; Receptors, G-Protein-Coupled ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; *Ubiquitin-Protein Ligases
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    Expanding the genetic code of Escherichia coli (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2001-04-21
    Description: A unique transfer RNA (tRNA)/aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase pair has been generated that expands the number of genetically encoded amino acids in Escherichia coli. When introduced into E. coli, this pair leads to the in vivo incorporation of the synthetic amino acid O-methyl-l-tyrosine into protein in response to an amber nonsense codon. The fidelity of translation is greater than 99%, as determined by analysis of dihydrofolate reductase containing the unnatural amino acid. This approach should provide a general method for increasing the genetic repertoire of living cells to include a variety of amino acids with novel structural, chemical, and physical properties not found in the common 20 amino acids.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wang, L -- Brock, A -- Herberich, B -- Schultz, P G -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Apr 20;292(5516):498-500.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Chemistry and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology, The Scripps Research Institute, 10550 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11313494" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anticodon ; Codon/genetics/metabolism ; Codon, Terminator ; Escherichia coli/*genetics/growth & development/metabolism ; *Genetic Code ; Mass Spectrometry ; Methanococcus/enzymology/genetics ; Methyltyrosines/*metabolism ; Mutation ; *Protein Biosynthesis ; RNA, Bacterial/genetics/metabolism ; RNA, Transfer/genetics/*metabolism ; RNA, Transfer, Tyr/genetics/*metabolism ; Suppression, Genetic ; Transfer RNA Aminoacylation ; Transformation, Bacterial ; Tyrosine-tRNA Ligase/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism
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    Sugar separates humans from apes (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-03-28
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Alper, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Mar 23;291(5512):2340.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11269310" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Brain/*enzymology/metabolism ; Humans ; Mammals/genetics ; Mixed Function Oxygenases/*genetics/*metabolism ; Mutation ; N-Acetylneuraminic Acid/metabolism ; Neuraminic Acids/*metabolism ; Pan troglodytes/*genetics/metabolism ; Species Specificity
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    Molecular analysis of commensal host-microbial relationships in the intestine (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2001-02-07
    Description: Human beings contain complex societies of indigenous microbes, yet little is known about how resident bacteria shape our physiology. We colonized germ-free mice with Bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, a prominent component of the normal mouse and human intestinal microflora. Global intestinal transcriptional responses to colonization were observed with DNA microarrays, and the cellular origins of selected responses were established by laser-capture microdissection. The results reveal that this commensal bacterium modulates expression of genes involved in several important intestinal functions, including nutrient absorption, mucosal barrier fortification, xenobiotic metabolism, angiogenesis, and postnatal intestinal maturation. These findings provide perspectives about the essential nature of the interactions between resident microorganisms and their hosts.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Hooper, L V -- Wong, M H -- Thelin, A -- Hansson, L -- Falk, P G -- Gordon, J I -- DK30292/DK/NIDDK NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Feb 2;291(5505):881-4.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Molecular Biology and Pharmacology, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11157169" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bacteroides/genetics/growth & development/*physiology ; Bifidobacterium/growth & development/physiology ; Colony Count, Microbial ; Cornified Envelope Proline-Rich Proteins ; Escherichia coli/growth & development/physiology ; Gastrointestinal Motility/genetics ; Gene Expression Profiling ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; Germ-Free Life ; Humans ; Ileum/cytology/immunology/*metabolism/*microbiology ; Intestinal Absorption/genetics ; Intestinal Mucosa/cytology/immunology/*metabolism/*microbiology ; Male ; Matched-Pair Analysis ; Membrane Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred Strains ; Mutation ; Neovascularization, Physiologic/genetics ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; Protein Precursors/genetics/metabolism ; Reverse Transcriptase Polymerase Chain Reaction ; Xenobiotics/metabolism
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    G protein regulation of ion channels and abscisic acid signaling in Arabidopsis guard cells (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-06-16
    Description: The phytohormone abscisic acid (ABA) promotes plant water conservation by decreasing the apertures of stomatal pores in the epidermis through which water loss occurs. We found that Arabidopsis thaliana plants harboring transferred DNA insertional mutations in the sole prototypical heterotrimeric GTP-binding (G) protein alpha subunit gene, GPA1, lack both ABA inhibition of guard cell inward K(+) channels and pH-independent ABA activation of anion channels. Stomatal opening in gpa1 plants is insensitive to inhibition by ABA, and the rate of water loss from gpa1 mutants is greater than that from wild-type plants. Manipulation of G protein status in guard cells may provide a mechanism for controlling plant water balance.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wang, X Q -- Ullah, H -- Jones, A M -- Assmann, S M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jun 15;292(5524):2070-2.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Biology Department, Pennsylvania State University, 208 Mueller Laboratory, University Park, PA 16802-5301, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11408655" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Abscisic Acid/metabolism/*pharmacology ; Arabidopsis/cytology/genetics/*metabolism ; *Arabidopsis Proteins ; *GTP-Binding Protein alpha Subunits ; Genes, Plant ; Heterotrimeric GTP-Binding Proteins/genetics/*metabolism ; Hydrogen-Ion Concentration ; Ion Channels/*metabolism ; Mutagenesis, Insertional ; Mutation ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Plant Epidermis/cytology/metabolism ; Plant Leaves/cytology/metabolism ; Potassium/metabolism ; Potassium Channels/*metabolism ; *Potassium Channels, Inwardly Rectifying ; Protein Subunits ; *Signal Transduction ; Water/metabolism
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    Compartmentalized and binary behavior of terminal dendrites in hippocampal pyramidal neurons (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-09-22
    Description: The dendritic arbor of pyramidal neurons is not a monolithic structure. We show here that the excitability of terminal apical dendrites differs from that of the apical trunk. In response to fluorescence-guided focal photolysis of caged glutamate, individual terminal apical dendrites generated cadmium-sensitive all-or-none responses that were subthreshold for somatic action potentials. Calcium transients produced by all-or-none responses were not restricted to the sites of photolysis, but occurred throughout individual distal dendritic compartments, indicating that electrogenesis is mediated primarily by voltage-gated calcium channels. Compartmentalized and binary behavior of parallel-connected terminal dendrites can greatly expand the computational power of a single neuron.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Wei, D S -- Mei, Y A -- Bagal, A -- Kao, J P -- Thompson, S M -- Tang, C M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Sep 21;293(5538):2272-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Departments of Neurology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11567143" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: 2-Amino-5-phosphonovalerate/pharmacology ; Action Potentials ; Animals ; Cadmium/pharmacology ; Calcium/metabolism ; Calcium Channels/metabolism ; Calcium Signaling ; Cesium/pharmacology ; Dendrites/*physiology ; Egtazic Acid/analogs & derivatives/pharmacology ; Glutamates ; Hippocampus/*cytology/physiology ; Light ; Organ Culture Techniques ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Photolysis ; Pyramidal Cells/drug effects/*physiology/ultrastructure ; Quinoxalines/pharmacology ; Rats ; Receptors, AMPA/metabolism ; Receptors, N-Methyl-D-Aspartate/metabolism ; Tetrodotoxin/pharmacology
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    Extension of life-span by loss of CHICO, a Drosophila insulin receptor substrate protein (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-04-09
    Description: The Drosophila melanogaster gene chico encodes an insulin receptor substrate that functions in an insulin/insulin-like growth factor (IGF) signaling pathway. In the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans, insulin/IGF signaling regulates adult longevity. We found that mutation of chico extends fruit fly median life-span by up to 48% in homozygotes and 36% in heterozygotes. Extension of life-span was not a result of impaired oogenesis in chico females, nor was it consistently correlated with increased stress resistance. The dwarf phenotype of chico homozygotes was also unnecessary for extension of life-span. The role of insulin/IGF signaling in regulating animal aging is therefore evolutionarily conserved.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Clancy, D J -- Gems, D -- Harshman, L G -- Oldham, S -- Stocker, H -- Hafen, E -- Leevers, S J -- Partridge, L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Apr 6;292(5514):104-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biology, University College London, Wolfson House, 4 Stephenson Way, London NW1 2HE, UK.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11292874" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aging/*physiology ; Alleles ; Animals ; Body Constitution ; Carrier Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Crosses, Genetic ; *Drosophila Proteins ; Drosophila melanogaster/genetics/*physiology ; Female ; Fertility ; Genes, Insect ; Heterozygote ; Hot Temperature ; Insect Proteins/*genetics/*metabolism ; Insulin/metabolism ; Insulin Receptor Substrate Proteins ; *Intracellular Signaling Peptides and Proteins ; Longevity/*physiology ; Male ; Mutation ; Oxidative Stress ; Protein-Tyrosine Kinases/genetics/metabolism ; *Receptor Protein-Tyrosine Kinases ; Receptor, Insulin/*metabolism ; Reproduction ; Signal Transduction ; Somatomedins/metabolism ; Starvation ; Superoxide Dismutase
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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    Entomology. First light on genetic roots of Bt resistance (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-08-04
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stokstad, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Aug 3;293(5531):778.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11486062" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics/metabolism/*toxicity ; *Bacterial Toxins ; Cadherins/genetics/metabolism ; Caenorhabditis elegans/*genetics/metabolism ; *Caenorhabditis elegans Proteins ; Crops, Agricultural/*genetics ; Digestive System/metabolism ; Endotoxins/genetics/metabolism/*toxicity ; Galactosyltransferases/genetics/metabolism ; Genes, Helminth ; Genes, Insect ; Gossypium/genetics ; Hemolysin Proteins ; Insecticide Resistance/genetics ; Moths/*genetics/metabolism ; Mutation ; *Pest Control, Biological ; Plants, Genetically Modified ; Retroelements
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
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  • 80
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    Integrated genomic and proteomic analyses of a systematically perturbed metabolic network (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-05-08
    Description: We demonstrate an integrated approach to build, test, and refine a model of a cellular pathway, in which perturbations to critical pathway components are analyzed using DNA microarrays, quantitative proteomics, and databases of known physical interactions. Using this approach, we identify 997 messenger RNAs responding to 20 systematic perturbations of the yeast galactose-utilization pathway, provide evidence that approximately 15 of 289 detected proteins are regulated posttranscriptionally, and identify explicit physical interactions governing the cellular response to each perturbation. We refine the model through further iterations of perturbation and global measurements, suggesting hypotheses about the regulation of galactose utilization and physical interactions between this and a variety of other metabolic pathways.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Ideker, T -- Thorsson, V -- Ranish, J A -- Christmas, R -- Buhler, J -- Eng, J K -- Bumgarner, R -- Goodlett, D R -- Aebersold, R -- Hood, L -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 May 4;292(5518):929-34.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉The Institute for Systems Biology, 4225 Roosevelt Way NE, Suite 200, Seattle, WA 98105, USA. tideker@systemsbiology.org〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11340206" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Computational Biology ; Culture Media ; Databases, Factual ; Fungal Proteins/metabolism ; Galactose/*metabolism ; Galactosephosphates/metabolism ; *Gene Expression Profiling ; Gene Expression Regulation, Fungal ; *Genome, Fungal ; Models, Biological ; Models, Genetic ; Monosaccharide Transport Proteins/metabolism ; Mutation ; Oligonucleotide Array Sequence Analysis ; *Proteome ; RNA, Fungal/genetics/metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/genetics/metabolism ; Saccharomyces cerevisiae/genetics/*metabolism ; *Saccharomyces cerevisiae Proteins
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    Wording blurs survey on animal protection (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-03-10
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Garrison, H H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Feb 9;291(5506):986-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11232582" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animal Welfare/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Animals ; *Animals, Laboratory ; Birds ; Mice ; Rats ; *Research Personnel ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; United States
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  • 82
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    Cell biology. Fusion without SNAREs? (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-11-03
    Description: Highly orchestrated molecular rearrangements are required for two membranes to fuse, as happens, for example, during neurotransmitter release into the synapse. In an elegant Perspective, Scales et al. discuss two studies (Schoch et al., Wang et al.) that shed new light on the protein interactions involved in membrane fusion.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Scales, S J -- Finley, M F -- Scheller, R H -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Nov 2;294(5544):1015-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA. sscales@gene.com〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11691976" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Calcium/metabolism ; Calcium Signaling ; *Calcium-Binding Proteins ; Catecholamines/metabolism ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Cells, Cultured ; Electrophysiology ; *Membrane Fusion ; Membrane Glycoproteins/*physiology ; Membrane Proteins/*physiology ; Mice ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/*physiology ; Neurotransmitter Agents/metabolism ; PC12 Cells ; Phospholipids/metabolism ; Protein Isoforms ; R-SNARE Proteins ; Rats ; SNARE Proteins ; Secretory Vesicles/*metabolism ; Synapses/physiology ; Synaptic Transmission ; Synaptic Vesicles/*metabolism ; Synaptotagmins ; *Vesicular Transport Proteins
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  • 83
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    Microbiology. Fighting anthrax with a mutant toxin (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-05-02
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Olsnes, S -- Wesche, J -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Apr 27;292(5517):647-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Biochemistry, Institute for Cancer Research, Norwegian Radium Hospital, Oslo, Norway. olsnes@radium.uio.no〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11330322" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Anthrax/*drug therapy ; *Antigens, Bacterial ; Bacterial Toxins/*antagonists & inhibitors/*genetics/metabolism/toxicity ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Cytoplasm/metabolism ; Endocytosis ; *Mutation ; Protein Transport ; Rats
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  • 84
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    TRP-PLIK, a bifunctional protein with kinase and ion channel activities (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-02-13
    Description: We cloned and characterized a protein kinase and ion channel, TRP-PLIK. As part of the long transient receptor potential channel subfamily implicated in control of cell division, it is a protein that is both an ion channel and a protein kinase. TRP-PLIK phosphorylated itself, displayed a wide tissue distribution, and, when expressed in CHO-K1 cells, constituted a nonselective, calcium-permeant, 105-picosiemen, steeply outwardly rectifying conductance. The zinc finger containing alpha-kinase domain was functional. Inactivation of the kinase activity by site-directed mutagenesis and the channel's dependence on intracellular adenosine triphosphate (ATP) demonstrated that the channel's kinase activity is essential for channel function.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Runnels, L W -- Yue, L -- Clapham, D E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Feb 9;291(5506):1043-7. Epub 2001 Jan 18.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Department of Cardiology, Department of Neurobiology, Harvard Medical School, 1309 Enders Building, 320 Longwood Avenue, Children's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11161216" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adenosine Triphosphate/metabolism ; Amino Acid Motifs ; Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; CHO Cells ; Calcium/metabolism ; Catalytic Domain ; Cations/metabolism ; Cell Line ; Cricetinae ; DNA, Complementary ; Electric Conductivity ; Humans ; Ion Channels/chemistry/*genetics/*metabolism ; *Membrane Proteins ; Mice ; Molecular Sequence Data ; Mutation ; Myelin Basic Protein/metabolism ; Patch-Clamp Techniques ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Kinases/chemistry/*genetics/*metabolism ; Protein-Serine-Threonine Kinases ; Rats ; Recombinant Fusion Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; TRPM Cation Channels ; Transfection ; Two-Hybrid System Techniques ; Type C Phospholipases/metabolism
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    Circadian rhythms. Mutant gene speeds up the human clock (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-03-17
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Chicurel, M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jan 12;291(5502):226-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11253206" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Clocks/*genetics ; Casein Kinases ; Chromosomes, Human, Pair 2/genetics ; Circadian Rhythm/*genetics ; Humans ; Mutation ; Nuclear Proteins ; Period Circadian Proteins ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Proteins/*genetics/metabolism ; Sleep Disorders, Circadian Rhythm/*genetics/metabolism ; Transcription Factors
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    Signaling antibiotic resistance in staphylococci (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-03-14
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Archer, G L -- Bosilevac, J M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Mar 9;291(5510):1915-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Medicine, Medical College of Virginia/Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA. garcher@hsc.vcu.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11245199" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Anti-Bacterial Agents/metabolism/pharmacology ; Bacterial Proteins/genetics ; Carrier Proteins/biosynthesis/genetics/*metabolism ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; *Hexosyltransferases ; Muramoylpentapeptide Carboxypeptidase/biosynthesis/genetics ; Mutation ; Penicillin-Binding Proteins ; *Peptidyl Transferases ; Repressor Proteins/chemistry/metabolism ; *Signal Transduction ; Staphylococcus/*drug effects/genetics/*metabolism ; *beta-Lactam Resistance/genetics ; beta-Lactamases/biosynthesis/*genetics ; beta-Lactams
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    Comparative genomics. Gene expression differs in human and chimp brains (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-04-11
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Normile, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Apr 6;292(5514):44-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11294209" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Blood Cells/metabolism ; Bone and Bones/chemistry ; Cerebral Cortex/*metabolism ; Fossils ; *Gene Expression ; Gene Expression Profiling ; Genomics ; Humans ; Lectins/chemistry/metabolism ; Liver/metabolism ; Macaca mulatta/*genetics/metabolism ; Mixed Function Oxygenases/genetics/metabolism ; Mutation ; N-Acetylneuraminic Acid/metabolism ; Neuraminic Acids/metabolism ; Pan troglodytes/*genetics/metabolism ; Sialic Acids/metabolism ; Species Specificity
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  • 88
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    Entrainment of the circadian clock in the liver by feeding (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-02-13
    Description: Circadian rhythms of behavior are driven by oscillators in the brain that are coupled to the environmental light cycle. Circadian rhythms of gene expression occur widely in peripheral organs. It is unclear how these multiple rhythms are coupled together to form a coherent system. To study such coupling, we investigated the effects of cycles of food availability (which exert powerful entraining effects on behavior) on the rhythms of gene expression in the liver, lung, and suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). We used a transgenic rat model whose tissues express luciferase in vitro. Although rhythmicity in the SCN remained phase-locked to the light-dark cycle, restricted feeding rapidly entrained the liver, shifting its rhythm by 10 hours within 2 days. Our results demonstrate that feeding cycles can entrain the liver independently of the SCN and the light cycle, and they suggest the need to reexamine the mammalian circadian hierarchy. They also raise the possibility that peripheral circadian oscillators like those in the liver may be coupled to the SCN primarily through rhythmic behavior, such as feeding.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Stokkan, K A -- Yamazaki, S -- Tei, H -- Sakaki, Y -- Menaker, M -- MH 56647/MH/NIMH NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jan 19;291(5503):490-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉National Science Foundation Center for Biological Timing and Department of Biology, University of Virginia, P.O. Box 400328, Charlottesville, VA 22904-4328, USA. mm7e@virginia.edu〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11161204" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Animals, Genetically Modified ; *Circadian Rhythm ; Corticosterone/blood/pharmacology ; Culture Techniques ; Eating ; Female ; *Food ; *Gene Expression Regulation ; Genes, Reporter ; Liver/*physiology ; Luciferases/genetics ; Lung/physiology ; Male ; Motor Activity ; Organ Specificity ; Rats ; Suprachiasmatic Nucleus/physiology
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  • 89
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    astray, a zebrafish roundabout homolog required for retinal axon guidance (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-04-21
    Description: As growing retinotectal axons navigate from the eye to the tectum, they sense guidance molecules distributed along the optic pathway. Mutations in the zebrafish astray gene severely disrupt retinal axon guidance, causing anterior-posterior pathfinding defects, excessive midline crossing, and defasciculation of the retinal projection. Eye transplantation experiments show that astray function is required in the eye. We identify astray as zebrafish robo2, a member of the Roundabout family of axon guidance receptors. Retinal ganglion cells express robo2 as they extend axons. Thus, robo2 is required for multiple axon guidance decisions during establishment of the vertebrate visual projection.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Fricke, C -- Lee, J S -- Geiger-Rudolph, S -- Bonhoeffer, F -- Chien, C B -- R01-EY12873/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Apr 20;292(5516):507-10.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Neurobiology and Anatomy, University of Utah Medical Center, 50 North Medical Drive, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11313496" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Animals ; Axons/*physiology ; Body Patterning ; Chromosome Mapping ; Crosses, Genetic ; Eye/embryology/transplantation ; Female ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Genes ; In Situ Hybridization ; Male ; Mutation ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/*genetics/physiology ; Phenotype ; Receptors, Immunologic/*genetics/*physiology ; Retina/embryology/metabolism ; Retinal Ganglion Cells/metabolism/*physiology ; Superior Colliculi/cytology/*embryology ; Visual Pathways/embryology ; Zebrafish/embryology/genetics ; Zebrafish Proteins
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  • 90
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    Ecology. Stalking the wild mustard (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-02-24
    Description: Arabidopsis thaliana is not just for plant biologists anymore. A few intrepid ecologists and evolutionary biologists are now touting its merits as a system in which to study the genetic basis of the traits they study. The newly completed genome sequence is allowing researchers to connect the genotype--an organism's particular mix of genes--with its phenotype--how that organism develops and acts--in ways that have not been possible in other organisms whose genetics are not as well known.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Dec 15;290(5499):2055-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11187823" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Adaptation, Physiological ; *Arabidopsis/genetics/physiology ; *Biological Evolution ; *Ecosystem ; Genes, Plant ; Genetic Variation ; Mutation ; Selection, Genetic
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    Poll shows researchers favor lab animal protection (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-02-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Plous, S -- Herzog, H A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Oct 27;290(5492):711.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11184195" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animal Welfare/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Animals ; *Animals, Laboratory ; Birds ; Mice ; Rats ; *Research Personnel ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; United States ; United States Department of Agriculture/legislation & jurisprudence
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  • 92
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    Plant genomics. Arabidopsis comes of age (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-02-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Pennisi, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Oct 6;290(5489):32-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11183143" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Arabidopsis/*genetics/physiology ; DNA, Plant ; Europe ; Evolution, Molecular ; Genes, Plant ; *Genome, Plant ; International Cooperation ; Mutation ; Physical Chromosome Mapping ; Research Support as Topic ; *Sequence Analysis, DNA ; United States
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  • 93
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    Specification of Drosophila hematopoietic lineage by conserved transcription factors (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-02-07
    Description: Two major classes of cells observed within the Drosophila hematopoietic repertoire are plasmatocytes/macrophages and crystal cells. The transcription factor Lz (Lozenge), which resembles human AML1 (acute myeloid leukemia- 1) protein, is necessary for the development of crystal cells during embryonic and larval hematopoiesis. Another transcription factor, Gcm (glial cells missing), has previously been shown to be required for plasmatocyte development. Misexpression of Gcm causes crystal cells to be transformed into plasmatocytes. The Drosophila GATA protein Srp (Serpent) is required for both Lz and Gcm expression and is necessary for the development of both classes of hemocytes, whereas Lz and Gcm are required in a lineage-specific manner. Given the similarities of Srp and Lz to mammalian GATA and AML1 proteins, observations in Drosophila are likely to have broad implications for understanding mammalian hematopoiesis and leukemias.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Lebestky, T -- Chang, T -- Hartenstein, V -- Banerjee, U -- GM07185/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- NS29367/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- R01EY08152/EY/NEI NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Apr 7;288(5463):146-9.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Molecular Biology Institute, Department of Molecular, Cell, and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10753120" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Cell Lineage ; DNA-Binding Proteins/biosynthesis/genetics/*physiology ; Drosophila/*cytology/embryology/genetics/metabolism ; *Drosophila Proteins ; GATA Transcription Factors ; Gene Expression Regulation, Developmental ; Genes, Insect ; *Hematopoiesis ; Hematopoietic Stem Cells/*cytology/metabolism ; Hemocytes/*cytology/metabolism ; Larva/cytology ; Macrophages/cytology/metabolism ; Models, Biological ; Mutation ; Neuropeptides/genetics/*physiology ; Temperature ; Trans-Activators/genetics/*physiology ; Transcription Factors/biosynthesis/genetics/*physiology
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  • 94
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    Microbiology. Fighting bacterial fire with bacterial fire (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2001-02-24
    Description: Work presented last week at the annual meeting of the American Society for Cell Biology in San Francisco suggests that applying a harmless bacterium or its products to surgical wounds may thwart infections by the dangerous pathogen Staphylococcus aureus, a major cause of hospital-acquired infections. Although physicians have previously pitted one bacterium against another to prevent infections of the intestinal and genitourinary tracts, this is the first attempt to use a friendly microbe to prevent infection of surgical wounds, say experts. The findings also point to a possible mechanism for this "bacterial interference." They suggest that a protein secreted by the harmless bacterium prevents the pathogen from getting a foothold in injured tissue.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Strauss, E -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Dec 22;290(5500):2231-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11188710" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; *Antibiosis ; Bacterial Adhesion ; Binding Sites ; Lactobacillus/*physiology ; Rats ; Staphylococcal Infections/*prevention & control ; Staphylococcus aureus/*physiology ; Surgical Wound Infection/*prevention & control
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    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Published by American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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  • 95
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    Receptors for dopamine and somatostatin: formation of hetero-oligomers with enhanced functional activity (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-02-07
    Description: Somatostatin and dopamine are two major neurotransmitter systems that share a number of structural and functional characteristics. Somatostatin receptors and dopamine receptors are colocalized in neuronal subgroups, and somatostatin is involved in modulating dopamine-mediated control of motor activity. However, the molecular basis for such interaction between the two systems is unclear. Here, we show that dopamine receptor D2R and somatostatin receptor SSTR5 interact physically through hetero-oligomerization to create a novel receptor with enhanced functional activity. Our results provide evidence that receptors from different G protein (heterotrimeric guanine nucleotide binding protein)-coupled receptor families interact through oligomerization. Such direct intramembrane association defines a new level of molecular crosstalk between related G protein-coupled receptor subfamilies.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Rocheville, M -- Lange, D C -- Kumar, U -- Patel, S C -- Patel, R C -- Patel, Y C -- NS32160-05/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- NS34339/NS/NINDS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Apr 7;288(5463):154-7.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Fraser Laboratories, Department of Medicine, McGill University and Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal, Quebec H3A 1A1, Canada.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10753124" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; CHO Cells ; Cell Membrane/metabolism ; Cerebral Cortex/metabolism ; Colforsin/pharmacology ; Corpus Striatum/metabolism ; Cricetinae ; Cyclic AMP/metabolism ; Dimerization ; Dopamine D2 Receptor Antagonists ; Guanosine 5'-O-(3-Thiotriphosphate)/pharmacology ; Heterotrimeric GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; Humans ; Ligands ; Male ; Neurons/metabolism ; Pyramidal Cells/metabolism ; Quinpirole/pharmacology ; Rats ; *Receptor Cross-Talk ; Receptors, Dopamine D2/agonists/genetics/*metabolism ; Receptors, Somatostatin/agonists/antagonists & inhibitors/genetics/*metabolism ; Somatostatin/metabolism/pharmacology ; Spiperone/pharmacology ; Sulpiride/pharmacology ; Transfection
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 96
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    Microbiology. Arresting features of bacterial toxins (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-02-24
    Description: Bacteria produce an arsenal of sophisticated toxins that disrupt the normal processes of the host cell, usually by modifying or inactivating host cell proteins. Now, as Coburn and Leong discuss in their Perspective, members of the cytolethal distending toxin (CDT) family have been identified as enzymes that attack DNA (and not protein) within the host cell (Lara-Tejero and Galan). By attacking DNA, perhaps during chromosomal replication, CDTs cause the host cell to halt in G2 phase of the cell cycle.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Coburn, J -- Leong, J M -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Oct 13;290(5490):287-8.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Division of Rheumatology and Immunology, Department of Medicine, Tufts-New England Medical Center, Boston, MA 02111, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11183375" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animals ; Bacterial Toxins/chemistry/genetics/*metabolism/*toxicity ; *Campylobacter jejuni/genetics/pathogenicity ; Cell Death ; Cell Division ; Cell Nucleus/metabolism ; DNA/*metabolism ; DNA Damage ; DNA Replication ; Deoxyribonuclease I/chemistry/*metabolism ; Epithelial Cells/cytology/microbiology ; *G2 Phase ; Genes, Bacterial ; Lymphocytes/cytology/immunology ; Monocytes/cytology/immunology ; Mutation ; Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 97
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    Animal welfare. Research groups win delay in rules (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-02-24
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Malakoff, D -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2000 Oct 13;290(5490):243-5.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11183366" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Animal Welfare/*legislation & jurisprudence ; Animals ; *Animals, Laboratory ; Birds ; Mice ; Rats ; Research/*legislation & jurisprudence/standards ; United States ; United States Department of Agriculture/legislation & jurisprudence
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 98
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    Quinones as the redox signal for the arc two-component system of bacteria (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
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    Publication Date: 2001-06-26
    Description: The Arc two-component signal transduction system mediates adaptive responses of Escherichia coli to changing respiratory conditions of growth. Under anaerobic conditions, the ArcB sensor kinase autophosphorylates and then transphosphorylates ArcA, a global transcriptional regulator that controls the expression of numerous operons involved in respiratory or fermentative metabolism. We show that oxidized forms of quinone electron carriers act as direct negative signals that inhibit autophosphorylation of ArcB during aerobiosis. Thus, the Arc signal transduction system provides a link between the electron transport chain and gene expression.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Georgellis, D -- Kwon, O -- Lin, E C -- GM40993/GM/NIGMS NIH HHS/ -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jun 22;292(5525):2314-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Microbiology and Molecular Genetics, Harvard Medical School, 200 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11423658" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Aerobiosis ; Bacterial Outer Membrane Proteins/*metabolism ; Electron Transport ; Escherichia coli/genetics/*metabolism ; *Escherichia coli Proteins ; Gene Expression Regulation, Bacterial ; Membrane Proteins/*metabolism ; Mutation ; Oxidation-Reduction ; Phosphorylation ; Protein Kinases/*metabolism ; Quinones/*metabolism ; *Repressor Proteins ; *Signal Transduction ; Ubiquinone/metabolism ; Vitamin K/*analogs & derivatives/metabolism ; *Vitamin K 2/*analogs & derivatives
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 99
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    A circadian output in Drosophila mediated by neurofibromatosis-1 and Ras/MAPK (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-09-22
    Description: Output from the circadian clock controls rhythmic behavior through poorly understood mechanisms. In Drosophila, null mutations of the neurofibromatosis-1 (Nf1) gene produce abnormalities of circadian rhythms in locomotor activity. Mutant flies show normal oscillations of the clock genes period (per) and timeless (tim) and of their corresponding proteins, but altered oscillations and levels of a clock-controlled reporter. Mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) activity is increased in Nf1 mutants, and the circadian phenotype is rescued by loss-of-function mutations in the Ras/MAPK pathway. Thus, Nf1 signals through Ras/MAPK in Drosophila. Immunohistochemical staining revealed a circadian oscillation of phospho-MAPK in the vicinity of nerve terminals containing pigment-dispersing factor (PDF), a secreted output from clock cells, suggesting a coupling of PDF to Ras/MAPK signaling.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Williams, J A -- Su, H S -- Bernards, A -- Field, J -- Sehgal, A -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Sep 21;293(5538):2251-6.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Center for Sleep and Respiratory Neurobiology, Department of Pharmacology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11567138" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Animals ; Biological Clocks ; Brain/metabolism ; Calcium-Calmodulin-Dependent Protein Kinases/genetics/*metabolism ; *Circadian Rhythm ; Cyclic AMP Response Element-Binding Protein/genetics/metabolism ; Cyclic AMP-Dependent Protein Kinases/metabolism ; Drosophila/genetics/*physiology ; *Drosophila Proteins ; *Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases ; Genes, Insect ; Genes, Neurofibromatosis 1 ; Insect Proteins/*genetics/metabolism/*physiology ; MAP Kinase Signaling System ; Male ; Motor Activity ; Mutation ; Nerve Endings/metabolism ; Nerve Tissue Proteins/*genetics/*physiology ; Neuropeptides/genetics/metabolism ; Nuclear Proteins/genetics/metabolism ; Period Circadian Proteins ; Phosphorylation ; Signal Transduction ; Transgenes ; *ras GTPase-Activating Proteins ; ras Proteins/metabolism
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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  • 100
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    Evolution. Haploids--hapless or happening? (2001)
    American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS)
    Details
    Publication Date: 2001-06-30
    Description: 〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Notes: 〈/span〉Otto, S P -- Jarne, P -- New York, N.Y. -- Science. 2001 Jun 29;292(5526):2441-3.〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Author address: 〈/span〉Department of Zoology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver V6T 1Z4, Canada. otto@zoology.ubc.ca〈br /〉〈span class="detail_caption"〉Record origin:〈/span〉 〈a href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/11431554" target="_blank"〉PubMed〈/a〉
    Keywords: Alleles ; Animals ; *Biological Evolution ; Diploidy ; Female ; Gene Expression ; Gram-Negative Bacteria/*physiology ; *Haploidy ; Male ; Mites/*genetics/*microbiology/physiology ; Mutation ; Ovum/microbiology ; Parthenogenesis ; Reproduction ; Selection, Genetic ; Symbiosis ; Wolbachia/physiology
    Print ISSN: 0036-8075
    Electronic ISSN: 1095-9203
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Computer Science , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
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