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  • Other Sources  (1,485)
  • AERODYNAMICS  (629)
  • FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER  (580)
  • METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY  (276)
  • Cell & Developmental Biology
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  • 1995-1999
  • 1985-1989  (1,485)
  • 1940-1944
  • 1987  (1,485)
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  • 1995-1999
  • 1985-1989  (1,485)
  • 1940-1944
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  • 1
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    Requirements for CFD validation experiments (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: A list of requirements for computational fluid dynamics verification is analyzed and evaluated. Requirements include: clearly defined physics and modeling, sensitivity studies, range, validation to real conditions, duplication of key experiments and computations, and combining experiments and computations. All results are presented in viewgraph format.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 716-722
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  • 2
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    CFD validation experiments at the Lockheed-Georgia Company (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: Information is given in viewgraph form on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) validation experiments at the Lockheed-Georgia Company. Topics covered include validation experiments on a generic fighter configuration, a transport configuration, and a generic hypersonic vehicle configuration; computational procedures; surface and pressure measurements on wings; laser velocimeter measurements of a multi-element airfoil system; the flowfield around a stiffened airfoil; laser velocimeter surveys of a circulation control wing; circulation control for high lift; and high angle of attack aerodynamic evaluations.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 497-535
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  • 3
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    CFD activities at NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center (validation) (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: Computational fluid dynamics objectives are presented for Marshall Space Flight Center. Topics covered include: codes in use, applications to hardware development, and the Center's benchmark plan for the future. All results are presented in viewgraph format.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 758-782
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  • 4
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    Remarks on CFD validation: A Boeing Commercial Airplane Company perspective (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: Requirements and meaning of validation of computational fluid dynamics codes are discussed. Topics covered include: validating a code, validating a user, and calibrating a code. All results are presented in viewgraph format.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 745-757
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  • 5
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    Research on complex turbulent flows at the UW (overall effort) (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: Development of a pressure-strain model, an algebraic stress model, and wall functions appropriate for flows with spanwise variations in the local wall shear stress are accomplished. Furthermore, a hot-wire measurement technique was also developed for determining the local mean velocity and Reynolds stresses in a complex flow. Experiments were performed on supersonic and subsonic turbulent flow in a square duct, flow about a strut-endwall, flow within a transition duct, and on co-flowing annular jets with swirl. All results are presented in a viewgraph format.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 692-715
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  • 6
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    Validation of CFD for aircraft design: A Boeing view (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: Information is given in viewgraph form on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) for aircraft design. Topics covered include CFD validation for advanced systems, cavity flow, transonic flow, separated flow, boundary layer interaction, hypersonic flow, heat transfer, zonal modeling, the mathematical foundation for Navier-Stokes simulation, hypersonic inlets, and the role of wind tunnel tests.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 462-496
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  • 7
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    Confined separated-swirling flows in diffusing ducts (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: The objective is to establish a detailed experimental data base for evaluation of Navier-Stokes codes for confined separated flows in diffusing s-ducts. The computational thrusts include the following: (1) extension and validation of the LeRC parabolized Navier-Stokes solver, PEPSIG, into the separated flow regime using 'flare' type approximations; (2) evaluation and extensions of state-of-the-art turbulence models for confined separated flow with and without swirl; and (3) evaluation and validation of LeRC time marching 3-D Navier-Stokes code, PROTEUS, into confined separate flow regime. Various aspects of the study are presented in viewgraph form.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 373-389
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  • 8
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    Validation of computational aeroelasticity (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: The topics are presented in viewgraph form and include the following: codes for computational aeroelasticity validation; the benchmark transonic flutter (BTF) model; BTF testing; the BTF model program; features of transonic flutter; characteristics of attached and separated flow for complete aircraft; and the benchmark aeroelastic model program.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 316-327
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  • 9
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    Three dimensional flows in multistage compressors (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: Current multi-stage turbomachinery design/analysis methods are based on a time-averaged, axisymmetric representation of the flow field. The actual flow field is asymmetric and unsteady due to blade row interactions. The Reynolds averaged Navier-Stokes solvers are limited to single-stage machines for existing computers. Therefore, advanced multi-stage compressors will operate far off-design for portions of the flight regime. The objectives are to provide an experimentally validated average-passage calculation of multistage compressor blade row interactions and an experimentally validated time-accurate calculation of multi-stage compressor blade row interactions. Various aspects of this investigation are presented in viewgraph form.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 353-372
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  • 10
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    Low speed aerodynamics CFD code validation (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: The objective of the research project is to develop and validate analytical methods for low-speed aerodynamics. The experimental needs for computational methods are presented. All data and results are presented in viewgraph format.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 192-209
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  • 11
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    Flow physics (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: A discussion is presented on the coupling of computational analysis and experiment. It is believed that this coupling is critical in developing new aerodynamic insights. Additionally, new methods for analyzing and interpreting data are discussed. These methods need to be developed in small-scale research studies and then applied to large-scale technology programs. The specific objectives of this program are threefold: (1) provide definitive data sets for the assessment of numerical simulations to the Navier-Stokes equations; (2) incorporate advanced instrumentation to measure the spatial and temporal structure of fluid flows; and (3) develop true parallelism between computational and experimental research using the 'scientific workstation' concept. The discussion is presented in viewgraph form.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 78-97
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  • 12
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    Verification of 3D viscous/turbulent codes for internal flows (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: A computational fluid dynamics code is validated using data obtained through a nonintrusive laser Doppler velocimeter. A space marching technique and a parabolic marching technique are use to calculate the flow in a compressor using compressible and incompressible flow assumptions. In a viewgraph format, both computational fluid dynamics techniques and experimental data are compared to each other.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 649-691
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  • 13
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    CFD validation experiments at UTRC (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: Wind tunnel tests are performed in order to validate a computational fluid dynamics code. A large scale, two dimensional separation bubble is created on a flat plate, and low speed, turbulent flow is used. Extensive data sets are obtained with a nonintrusive laser velocimeter in addition to wall static pressure, total pressure, and hot-film measurements. All data and results are presented in a viewgraph format.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 616-648
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  • 14
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    General Dynamics' perspective on CFD code calibration/validation (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: Information is given in viewgraph form on General Dynamics' perspective on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code calibration and validation. Topics covered include a hypersonic blunted cone, a hypersonic wedge/cylinder, a wing vortex defined by Mach contours, pressure distributions, and 3D turbulent flow behind a 2D flat plate as measured in a water tunnel with a laser Doppler velocimeter.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 559-577
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  • 15
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    Effects of transition on steady and unsteady aerodynamics (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: The dynamic characteristics of an oscillating airfoil are presented through graphical data derived from wind tunnel tests. The parameters examined include: transition position, boundary layer effects, lift coefficient, moment coefficient, free stream velocity, and Reynolds number.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 593-615
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  • 16
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    CFD validation experiments at McDonnell Aircraft Company (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: Information is given in viewgraph form on computational fluid dynamics (CFD) validation experiments at McDonnell Aircraft Company. Topics covered include a high speed research model, a supersonic persistence fighter model, a generic fighter wing model, surface grids, force and moment predictions, surface pressure predictions, forebody models with 65 degree clipped delta wings, and the low aspect ratio wing/body experiment.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 537-558
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  • 17
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    Current CFD efforts in projectile aerodynamics (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: Information is given in viewgraph form on current computational fluid dynamics (CFD) efforts in projectile aerodynamics. Topics covered include spinning projectiles, fin stabilized projectiles, model geometry, the variation of base drag with base bleed, the variation of normal force with Mach number, and chordwise pressure distribution.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 433-461
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  • 18
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    Heat transfer in 3D flow regions generated by intersecting surfaces (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: The objective is to validate code capabilities to model and predict the critical physics associated with heat transfer in highly 3-D flows. Various aspects of this study are presented in viewgraph form and include the following: LeRC 3-D viscous codes; the 3-D compressible flow tunnel; RVC3D laminar horseshoe vortex calculation; the 3-D heat transfer code validation experiment; and measurements in 3-D compressible flow tunnel.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 390-401
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  • 19
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    High-speed code validation (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: The topics are presented in viewgraph form and include the following: NFL body experiment; high-speed validation problems; 3-D Euler/Navier-Stokes inlet code; two-strut inlet configuration; pressure contours in two longitudinal planes; sidewall pressure distribution; pressure distribution on strut inner surface; inlet/forebody tests in 60 inch helium tunnel; pressure distributions on elliptical missile; code validations; small scale test apparatus; CARS nonintrusive measurements; optimized cone-derived waverider study; etc.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 210-243
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  • 20
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    Hypersonic flow code validation activity: Real gas flows (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: Validation activities and facility types are discussed for six different flow codes: (1) perfect gas; (2) real gas; (3) nozzle/plume; (4) combustion; (5) thermochemical nonequilibrium; and (6) boundary layer and transition. All data and results are presented in viewgraph format.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 112-136
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  • 21
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    A review of transonic code validation research activities (1987)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: It is established that Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) code validation is an integral part of all flow testing. Specific attention is given to the development of new methods/instruments to obtain time varying 3-D data. Additionally, a discussion concerning wind tunnels and small test facilities is presented. All results and data are presented in viewgraph form.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 137-191
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  • 22
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    Experimental fluid dynamics. Part 1: Brief overview. Part 2: Flow modeling and verification experiments: RFE (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: The role of experiment in Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) is discussed. Flow modeling of complex physics and determination of accuracy limits (confidence) are two ways in which experimentation can be used to develop CFD. The results of this discussion are presented in viewgraph form.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 56-77
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  • 23
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    The validation of numerical computations (1987)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: Information is given in viewgraph form on the validation of computational fluid dynamics codes. Topics covered include the types of validation required, aerodynamic heating to a slender 5 degree cone, heat transfer on cones with isentropic compression surfaces, the validation of turbulence data, modeling of thermodynamic and transport properties, real gas code validation, the Flight Dynamics Laboratory validation efforts, and reacting gas experimental data in low density flow.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 415-432
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  • 24
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    Planar compressible reacting shear layer (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: Information on the planar compressible reacting shear layer is given in viewgraph form. topics covered include heat transfer in 3D flow regions, chemical reacting flows, an unsteady 2D compressible reacting code (MRVC2D), a plane mixing layer, and critical needs in shear layer physics.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 402-414
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  • 25
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    Overview of CFD validation experiments (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: The topics are presented in viewgraph form and include the following: fundamental physics validation experiments; applied physics validation experiments; physical flow phenomena; boundary layer tunnel; boundary layer research; centrifugal compressors; centrifugal compressor flow phenomena; turbomachinery computational fluid dynamics (CFD) validation; inlet, duct, and nozzle CFD validation; and chemical reacting flows CFD validation.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 328-352
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  • 26
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    High enthalpy detailed aerothermal loads (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: The topics are presented in viewgraph form and include the following: motivation, approach, planned experimental activities, shock-on-lip studies, and mass addition cooling studies.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 299-315
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  • 27
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    Overview of hypersonic CFD code calibration studies (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: The topics are presented in viewgraph form and include the following: definitions of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) code validation; climate in hypersonics and LaRC when first 'designed' CFD code calibration studied was initiated; methodology from the experimentalist's perspective; hypersonic facilities; measurement techniques; and CFD code calibration studies.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center, NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 244-298
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  • 28
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    Fighter-like vortical flow experiments/computations (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: The objective of this research project is to determine the ability of Euler and Navier-Stokes codes to predict vortex/shock-dominated flow that is representative of modern fighter aircraft. The motivation for this project is fourfold: (1) current fighter aircraft are capable of operating beyond C(sub L(sub MAX)); (2) high angle-of-attack vortex/shock-dominated flows are not well understood; (3) current design methods are of the trial-and-error type; and (4) current data bases are inadequate for Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) validation. All data and results are presented in viewgraph format.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 98-111
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  • 29
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    Needs and status of CFD code validation (1987)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-13
    Description: The two types of Computational Fluid Dynamics code validations, solution-to-solution comparison and solution-to-experiment comparison, are discussed. It is suggested that to develop more detailed experiments the following things are necessary: (1) further development of turbulence models; (2) better methods for numerical validation of CFD codes; (3) evaluation of disagreements; and (4) continued determination of experimental scatter. All data and results are presented in viewgraph form.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA CFD Validation Workshop; p 42-55
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  • 30
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    Conservative full-potential model for unsteady transonic rotor flows (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 25; 193-198
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  • 31
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    Efficiency characteristics of crescent-shaped wings and caudal fins (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Caudal (tail) fins of fish and aquatic mammals that cruise long distances, and wings of certain birds, often have the shape of a crescent moon. This study investigates how the crescent shape contributes to the traveling performance of these animals. A steady-flow theory (Maskew, 1982) that correctly models the trailing wake was used to analyze lifting surface efficiency, which is dependent on the level of induced (or vortex) drag for a given lift and span of the lifting surface. This analysis shows that backward curvature of a wing improves induced efficiency to a value greater than that of the flat untwisted wing of elliptical shape considered optimal in classical wing theory (Prandt, 1921 and Munk, 1921). This increase of induced efficiency results from the nonplanar trailing vortex sheet produced by the crescent-shaped wing at a given angle of attack.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Nature (ISSN 0028-0836); 325; 435-437
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  • 32
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    Time dependent boundary conditions for hyperbolic systems (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Nonreflecting boundary conditions are defined for multidimensional fluid dynamics problems where waves enter and leave the interior of a domain modeled by hyperbolic equations. Separate equations are defined for each type of incoming and outgoing wave. Temporally varying problems are considered in terms of a nonreflecting boundary condition which permit the amplitude of incoming waves to remain constant over time. Conservative expressions are presented that include dissipative terms. Applications of the computational techniques are illustrated with sample results for a traveling shock wave, a shock tube, a spherical explosion and expansion problems on one- and two-dimensions.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Computational Physics (ISSN 0021-9991); 68; 1-24
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  • 33
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    Numerical modeling of the vortex/airfoil interaction (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A modeling of the vortex-airfoil interaction is presented in which the finite-area of the real vortices is taken into consideration. Two vortex models are used. In the first, a disturbed piece of vorticity layer is simulated by four rows of discrete vortices of small strength. In the second, a number of discrete vortices is arranged within a circle. The first model may simulate a shear layer or a wake, while the second, a well-formed vortex. The method was applied to the calculation of the pressure induced on the surface of the airfoil by the interacting vortex. Both models give similar results. It was found that for large distances of the vortex from the surface of the airfoil, the consideration or not of the finite-area of the vortex is not a significant factor in determining the induced pressure field. However, when the distance of the vortex from the surface is reduced, its shape is distorted and the induced pressure pulses have lower amplitude than the ones induced by an equivalent point vortex. In the limit, where the vortex impinges on the leading edge of the airfoil, it is split into two and the time dependent pressure coefficient takes even negative values at some time intervals.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 25; 5-11
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  • 34
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    Influence of oscillation-induced diffusion on heat transfer in a uniformly heated channel (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An analysis of the effect of flow oscillations on laminar flow heat transfer in a channel with uniform heat addition is presented. It is shown that the effect of flow oscillations will be to reduce the channel heat transfer coefficient. This effect is due to the fact that the heat addition along the channel wall produces an increasing fluid temperature along the channel length. The flow oscillations interacting with this positive temperature gradient will induce a heat flow back toward the channel inlet. This will tend to inhibit the heat transfer process and will raise the wall temperature required to transfer away a given amount of heat at the channel wall.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: ASME, Transactions, Journal of Heat Transfer (ISSN 0022-1481); 109; 244-247
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  • 35
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    Effect of flow oscillations on axial energy transport in a porous material (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The effects of flow oscillations on axial energy diffusion in a porous medium, in which the flow is continuously disrupted by the irregularities of the porous structure, are analyzed. The formulation employs an internal heat transfer coefficient that couples the fluid and solid temperatures. The final relationship shows that the axial energy transport per unit cross-sectional area and time is directly proportional to the axial temperature gradient and the square of the maximum fluid displacement.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: ASME, Transactions, Journal of Heat Transfer (ISSN 0022-1481); 109; 242-244
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    Numerical investigation of unsteady inlet flowfields (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 25; 75-81
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  • 37
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    Experimental study of a three-dimensional, shear-driven, turbulent boundary layer (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 25; 35-42
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  • 38
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    Hypersonic merged-layer flow on a sphere (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer (ISSN 0887-8722); 1; 21-27
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  • 39
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    Theoretical analysis of aircraft afterbody flow (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Computational methods solving the thin shear layer formulation of the compressible, Reynolds-averaged Navier-Stokes equations are presently used to investigate the strongly interactive flow field about aircraft afterbodies. Solutions for a variety of axisymmetric afterbody and nozzle geometries are solved by means of a time-dependent implicit numerical algorithm for both subsonic and supersonic external flows, and the results obtained are compared with experimental data. A novel adaptive-grid technique is used to resolve flow regimes having large gradients, as well as to improve the accuracy and efficiency of the computational scheme.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets (ISSN 0022-4650); 24; 496-503
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  • 40
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    AOIPS/2 - An interactive system to process, analyze, and display meteorological data sets for nowcasting (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A description of AOIPS/2, an interactive hardware and software system to process, integrate, and display meteorological data is presented. The AOIPS/2 objectives and functional specifications are given. The hardware system architecture and work stations and the software architecture and special features are described. A summary is given of the software system and its main menu.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 7; 11, 1
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  • 41
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    Importance of a remote measurement of spectral thermal infrared emissivities - Presentation and validation of such a determination (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 7; 11, 1; 121-127
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  • 42
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    Tropical-extratropical teleconnections during the northern hemisphere winter. II - Relationships between monthly mean northern hemisphere circulation patterns and proxies for tropical convection (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review (ISSN 0027-0644); 115; 3115-313
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  • 43
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    Development of a two-dimensional zonally averaged statistical-dynamical model. II - The role of eddy momentum fluxes in the general circulation and their parameterization (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The role of eddy momentum fluxes in the general circulation was investigated using a two-dimensional zonally averaged statistical-dynamical model described by Yao and Stone (1987), which is almost two orders of magnitude faster than the three-dimensional climate model of Hansen et al. (1983). Results show that the vertical structure of the meridional eddy flux has relatively little impact on the general circulation, presumably because the vertical structure is strongly constrained by the thermal wind relation and surface friction. On the other hand, it was found that, in order to simulate accurately the general circulation and its response to climate changes, parameterization of the vertically integrated meridional eddy flux of angular momentum is necessary. A new parameterization of this eddy momentum transport was carried out, which is intended to represent the transport due to large-scale transient eddies arising from baroclinic instability.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 44; 3769-378
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  • 44
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    Characteristics of extreme rainfall events in northwestern Peru during the 1982-1983 El Nino period (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Histograms and contour maps describing the daily rainfall characteristics of a northwestern Peru area most severely affected by the 1982-1983 El Nino event were prepared from daily rainfall data obtained from 66 stations in this area during the El Nino event, and during the same 8-month intervals for the two years preceding and following the event. These data were analyzed, in conjunction with the anlysis of visible and IR satellite images, for cloud characteristics and structure. The results present a comparison of the rainfall characteristics as a function of elevation, geographic location, and the time of year for the El Nino and non-El Nino periods.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 14225-14
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  • 45
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    Remote sensing of water vapor convergence, deep convection, and precipitation over the tropical Pacific Ocean during the 1982-1983 El Nino (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Using data collected by SMMR on board the Nimbus 7 satellite, estimates of atmospheric water vapor were obtained over the tropical Pacific Ocean during the 1982-1983 El Nino. A parameterization that physically relates the synoptic and convective scales was employed, making it possible to explicitly resolve convective elements and rain cells for poorly resolvable measurements. The derived water vapor flux convergences were analyzed during the El Nino episode to map the inferred deep convection and estimated rainfall over regions impacted by the event, and the inferred monthly rainfall amounts were compared with observations for 14 island and coastal stations in the Pacific Ocean.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 14204-14
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  • 46
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    Simulations of the HDO and H2O-18 atmospheric cycles using the NASA GISS general circulation model - The seasonal cycle for present-day conditions (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The cycles of the water isotopic species (HDO and H2O-18) have been incorporated into the NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies atmospheric general circulation model (GCM). The results of a three-year simulation for present-day conditions are discussed, with special emphasis on the comparison between predicted and observed isotopic distributions for both the seasonal and annual time scales. The observed seasonal cycles are generally well simulated. For the annual scale the observed linear relationship between delta O-18 and the surface temperature at middle and high latitudes, as well as the absence of any correlation between these fields in tropical and equatorial regions, are properly obeyed by the GCM simulation. In the tropical and equatorial regions the delta O-18 patterns for both observations and the GCM are influenced by the amount of rainfall. There is excellent agreement between the simulated and observed delta D-delta O-18 relationship throughout the world.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 14739-14
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  • 47
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    A model for fully developed turbulence (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A model for stationary, fully developed turbulence is presented in which the turbulent spectral energy function is completely determined once the time scale for the energy fed into the eddy interaction is known. The form of the eddy correlation time scale determining the turbulent viscosity is suggested by the basic equation of the model itself, up to a dimensionless constant that is fixed by demanding that the coefficient of the spectrum in the Heisenberg-Kolmogoroff inertial range of wavenunmbers be the experimental value. The model makes quantitative predictions that are compared with data on turbulent convection; the k-epsilon and Smagorinsky relations; the spectral function, transfer term, and dissipation term; the skewness factor; the Kolmogoroff and Batchelor constants; and the inertial-conductive and inertial-convective ranges.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Physics of Fluids (ISSN 0031-9171); 30; 3391-341
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  • 48
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    Efficient self-consistent viscous-inviscid solutions for unsteady transonic flow (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Aircraft (ISSN 0021-8669); 24; 737-744
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  • 49
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    Extrapolation of velocity for inviscid solid boundary conditions (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The present examination of an extrapolation of velocity along an arbitrary direction in the case of inviscid solid boundary conditions demonstrates the error associated with the arbitrary direction and establishes that the most appropriate procedure lies in the extrapolation of the velocity components that are tangential to the body surface. It is noted that, in a typical calculation, mesh lines generally cluster together and are therefore parallel or nearly parallel to the body surface.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 25; 1513-151
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  • 50
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    Finite element flux-corrected transport (FEM-FCT) for the Euler and Navier-Stokes equations (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A high resolution finite element method for the solution of problems involving high speed compressible flows is presented. The method uses the concepts of flux-corrected transport and is presented in a form which is suitable for implementation on completely unstructured triangular or tetrahedral meshes. Transient and steady-state examples are solved to illustrate the performance of the algorithm.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids (ISSN 0271-2091); 7; 1093-110
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    Simulated sudden stratospheric warming - Synoptic evolution (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An analysis is presented of a sudden stratospheric warming event which occurred spontaneously during a general circulation model simulation of the global atmospheric circulation. Two separate warming pulses exhibit the same dynamical evolution with a 'cycle' of about two weeks. Two distinct phases of the warming cycle are apparent: (1) the generation of an intense localized warm cell in conjunction with significant adiabatic heating associated with cross-isobar flow which has been induced by vertically propagating long wave disturbances; and (2) the northward transport of that warm cell via advection by the essentially geostrophic windfield corresponding to an intense, offset polar cyclone, in conjunction with a strong Aleutian anticyclone. During the first warming pulse in January, a moderate Aleutian anticyclone was in place prior to the warming cycle and was intensified by interaction with an eastward traveling anticyclone induced by the differential advection of the warm cell. The second warming pulse occurred in early February with a strong Aleutian anticyclone already established. In contrast to the January event, the warming in February culminated with reversal of the zonal westerlies to easterlies over a significant depth of the stratosphere.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Royal Meteorological Society, Quarterly Journal (ISSN 0035-9009); 113; 815-846
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    Effects of various implicit operators on a flux vector splitting method (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 25; 1162
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  • 53
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    Application of axisymmetric analog for calculating heating in three-dimensional flows (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets (ISSN 0022-4650); 24; 296-302
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  • 54
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    A note on the generation of Tollmien-Schlichting waves by sudden surface-curvature change (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: This note is primarily concerned with the generation of spatially growing Tollmien-Schlichting waves by the interaction of very long-wavelength free-stream disturbances with a discontinuity in the curvature of a bounding surface (whose slope may or may not be continuous). The theory is combined with a numerical solution of the local Orr-Sommerfeld equation, and the result is used to predict the Tollmien-Schlichting amplitude in a relevant experiment carried out by Leehey and Shapiro (1980). The calculated results are in satisfactory agreement with their observations.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Fluid Mechanics (ISSN 0022-1120); 181; 519-525
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    A space-time stochastic model of rainfall for satellite remote-sensing studies (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A model of the spatial and temporal distribution of rainfall is described that produces random spatial rainfall patterns with these characteristics: (1) the model is defined on a grid with each grid point representing the average rain rate over the surrounding grid box, (2) rain occurs at any one grid point, on average, a specified percentage of the time and has a lognormal probability distribution, (3) spatial correlation of the rainfall can be arbitrarily prescribed, and (4) time stepping is carried out so that large-scale features persist longer than small-scale features. Rain is generated in the model from the portion of a correlated Gaussian random field that exceeds a threshold. The portion of the field above the threshold is rescaled to have a lognormal probability distribution. Sample output of the model designed to mimic radar observations of rainfall during the Global Atmospheric Research Program Atlantic Tropical Experiment (GATE), is shown. The model is intended for use in evaluating sampling strategies for satellite remote-sensing of rainfall and for development of algorithms for converting radiant intensity received by an instrument from its field of view into rainfall amount.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 9631-964
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    Sampling errors in satellite estimates of tropical rain (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The GATE rainfall data set is used in a statistical study to estimate the sampling errors that might be expected for the type of snapshot sampling that a low earth-orbiting satellite makes. For averages over the entire 400-km square and for the duration of several weeks, strong evidence is found that sampling errors less than 10 percent can be expected in contributions from each of four rain rate categories which individually account for about one quarter of the total rain.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 9567-957
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    Effect of ship-stack effluents on cloud reflectivity (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Under stable meteorological conditions the effect of ship-stack exhaust on overlying clouds was detected in daytime satellite images as an enhancement in cloud reflectivity at 3.7 micrometers. The exhaust is a source of cloud-condensation nuclei that increases the number of cloud droplets while reducing droplet size. This reduction in droplet size causes the reflectivity at 3.7 micrometers to be greater than the levels for nearby noncontaminated clouds of similar physical characteristics. The increase in droplet number causes the reflectivity at 0.63 micrometer to be significantly higher for the contaminated clouds despite the likelihood that the exhaust is a source of particles that absorb at visible wavelengths. The effect of aerosols on cloud reflectivity is expected to have a larger influence on the earth's albedo than that due to the direct scattering and absorption of sunlight by the aerosols alone.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Science (ISSN 0036-8075); 237; 1020-102
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    Prospects for destructive self-induced interactions in a vortex pair (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Aircraft (ISSN 0021-8669); 24; 433-440
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    Petrov-Galerkin methods for natural convection in directional solidification of binary alloys (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A Petrov-Galerkin finite element method is presented for calculation of the steady, axisymmetric thermosolutal convection and interface morphology in a model for vertical Bridgman crystal growth of nondilute binary alloys. The Petrov-Galerkin method is based on the formulation for biquadratic elements developed by Heinrich and Zienkiewicz and is introduced into the calculation of the velocity, temperature and concentration fields. The algebraic system is solved simultaneously for the field variables and interface shape by Newton's method. The results of the Petrov-Galerkin method are compared critically with those of Galerkin's method using the same finite element grids. Significant improvements in accuracy are found with the Petrov-Galerkin method only when the mesh is refined and when the formulation of the residual equations is modified to account for the mixed boundary conditions that arise at the solidification interface. Calculations for alloys with stable and unstable solute gradients show the occurrence of classical flow transitions and morphological instabilities in the solidification system.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: International Journal for Numerical Methods in Fluids (ISSN 0271-2091); 7; 761-791
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    Wind measurements for non-uniform wind fields from spaceborne scatterometers (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Radar backscattering coefficient measurements by spaceborne scatterometers are presently simulated for the case of nonuniform wind fields, by means of a detailed numerical integration of the radar equation. The winds thus estimated are then compared with a nominal field which is defined as the average wind vector over the wind cell. The simulation results obtained for the NASA scatterometer are presented for cases of random wind fields whose spectra are consistent with the Seasat scatterometer sea surface wind spectrum. When the nonuniformity is small, system noise dominates the wind error; wind error degradation is therefore small for both perfect and imperfect coregistration cases. When it is relatively large, however, the wind error degradation persistently increases for both perfect and imperfect coregistrations.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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    Mapping global winds with satellite borne Doppler lidar - A plan (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The application of the Laser Atmospheric Wind Sounder to the EOS and Space Station is proposed. The use of pulsed, CO2 Doppler lidar to measure wind is described. The design requirements for a Doppler lidar operating in space, and the need to study the global distribution of naturally occurring atmospheric aerosols are discussed. The space-based Doppler lidar wind data will be useful for improving the skill of numerical weather predictions, for studying large-scale atmospheric circulation and climate dynamics, and for analyzing global biogeochemical and hydrological cycles.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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    Retrieval of total precipitable water using radiometric measurements near 183.3 GHz and 90 GHz frequencies (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Data collected with the Advanced Microwave Moisture Sounder (AMMS), which operates in the 183.3 GHz range, are compared to measurements collected at 22 GHz in order to show that the 183 GHz measurements are more sensitive to total precipitable water (W) values than the 22 GHz measurements. Radiative transfer calculations for the upwelling microwave emission from the ocean surface were performed at the AMMS frequencies with a variety of atmospheric temperature and humidity profiles. The derived brightness temperatures at these frequencies are compared with W values derived from the humidity profiles. It is observed that the sensitivity between the brightness temperatures and W values at the AMMS channel is greater than 130 K/g per sq cm and 12 K/g per sq cm for the 22 GHz frequency.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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    Conceptual design of a spaceborne radar for global rain mapping (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The conceptual design of a spaceborne rain mapping radar is described. This system has dual frequency channels operating at 14 and 35 GHz. It is capable of measuring precepitation profiles for rainfall rates from 0.3 mm/hr and up to 60 mm/hr. The rain reflectivity measurements obtained by this system are expected to have accuracies better than 10 percent.
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    Influence of forebody cross-sectional shape on wing vortex-burst location (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Aircraft (ISSN 0021-8669); 24; 645-652
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    Aerothermodynamics of transatmospheric vehicles (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Aircraft (ISSN 0021-8669); 24; 594-602
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    Determination of the scaled optical thickness of clouds from reflected solar radiation measurements (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A method for determination of scaled optical thickness from reflected solar radiation measurements is described in which measurements of the reflected function are compared with asymptotic expressions for the reflection function of optically thick layers. Analytic formulas are derived which show the dependence of the reflection and transmission functions of nonabsorbing atmospheres on cloud optical thickness, ground albedo, and the asymmetry factor. An expression is derived which shows that the ground albedo produces a constant bias in the derived optical thickness, regardless of the value of the measured reflection function. Results from an analysis of high-resolution images, obtained in Oklahoma, of the reflection function of clouds shows the impact of details of the single scattering phase function on the derived optical thickness.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 44; 1734-175
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    Vortical flow management techniques (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The aerodynamic performance and controllability of advanced, highly maneuverable supersonic aircraft can be enhanced by means of 'vortex management', which refers to the purposeful manipulation and reordering of stable and concentrated vortical structures due to flow separations from highly swept leading edges and slender forebodies at moderate-to-high angles-of-attack. Attention is presently given to a variety of results obtained in the course of experiments on generic research models at NASA Langley, clarifying their underlying aerodynamics and evaluating their performance-improvement potential. The vortex-management concepts discussed encompass aerodynamic compartmentation of highly swept leading edges, vortex lift augmentation and modulation, and forebody vortex manipulation.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Progress in Aerospace Sciences (ISSN 0376-0421); 24; 3, 19; 173-224
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    Separation of variables solution for non-linear radiative cooling (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A separation of variables solution has been obtained for transient radiative cooling of an absorbing-scattering plane layer. The solution applies after an initial transient period required for adjustment of the temperature and scattering source function distributions. The layer emittance, equal to the instantaneous heat loss divided by the fourth power of the instantaneous mean temperature, becomes constant. This emittance is a function of only the optical thickness of the layer and the scattering albedo; its behavior as a function of these quantities is considerably different than for a layer at constant temperature.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer (ISSN 0017-9310); 30; 959-965
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    Shear flow instability generated by non-homogeneous external forcing (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An experiment has been designed and conducted in order to ascertain whether instability waves can be generated by nonhomogeneous forcing, using a biconvex vane located outside the mixing layer whose oscillation was induced by an electromagnetic shaker through a linkage. The vane was oscillated at 20 Hz, and the resulting spectra were computed by a spectrum analyzer. The data are judged to provide an example of instability waves generated solely through nonhomogeneous forcing.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Sound and Vibration (ISSN 0022-460X); 116; 188-190
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    Lower-upper implicit scheme for high-speed inlet analysis (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: (Previously cited in issue 20, p. 2915, Accession no. A86-42687)
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 25; 1052
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  • 71
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    Classification, seasonality and persistence of low-frequency atmospheric circulation patterns (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The seasonality and persistence of the major modes of interannual variability in the low-frequency atmospheric circulation were studied using orthogonally rotated principle component analysis (RPCA) of Northern Hemisphere 1-month mean 700 mb heights. The twice-daily data for the 1950-1984 period were used. Winter results are similar to those of other recent RPCA and teleconnection studies. The strongest summer pattern is the North Atlantic Oscillation, which is also the strongest winter pattern; it systematically contracts northward in summer and expands southward in winter, being the only pattern found for every month of the year. The robustness of the RPCA results was examined through consistency with results of other studies and of adjacent month solutions within this study, as well as by replicating the results using 3-month and 10-day means of 700-mb height. It is concluded that the RPCA method provides a physically meaningful and statistically stable product with the simplicity of teleconnection patterns but with superior pattern choice and depiction.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review (ISSN 0027-0644); 115; 1083-112
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  • 72
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    A GCM study on the maintenance of the June 1982 blocking in the Southern Hemisphere (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: GCM experiments are used to study several possible mechanisms associated with the maintenance of the June 1982 blocking in the Southern Hemisphere. The mechanisms considered include changed orography, sea surface temperature anomalies, tropical heating, regional heating in the Pacific area, land-sea contrast, and sensible heating in the Antarctic area. It is concluded that asymmetric heating due to land-sea contrast was the most important boundary forcing associated with maintenance of the block. A 'no Australia' experiment confirms this result and suggests that local land-sea contrast kept the block stationary. High-latitude sensible heating associated with cold air outbreaks from Antarctica was also important in maintaining the block.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 44; 1123-114
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  • 73
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    A VAS-numerical model impact study using the Gal-Chen variational approach (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A numerical study based on the use of a variational assimilation technique of Gal-Chen (1983, 1986) was conducted to assess the impact of incorporating temperature data from the VISSR Atmospheric Sounder (VAS) into a regional-scale numerical model. A comparison with the results of a control forecast using only conventional data indicated that the assimilation technique successfully combines actual VAS temperature observations with the dynamically balanced model fields without destabilizing the model during the assimilation cycle. Moreover, increasing the temporal frequency of VAS temperature insertions during the assimilation cycle was shown to enhance the impact on the model forecast through successively longer forecast periods. The incorporation of a nudging technique, whereby the model temperature field is constrained toward the VAS 'updated' values during the assimilation cycle, further enhances the impact of the VAS temperature data.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review (ISSN 0027-0644); 115; 1009-103
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  • 74
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    Comparison of generalized Reynolds and Navier Stokes equations for flow of a power law fluid (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: This paper compares a finite element solution of a modified Reynolds equation with a finite difference solution of the Navier-Stokes equation for a power law fluid. Both the finite element and finite difference formulation are reviewed. Solutions to spiral flow in parallel and conical geometries are compared. Comparison with experimental results are also given. The effects of the assumptions used in the Reynolds equation are discussed.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
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  • 75
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    Finite difference solution for a generalized Reynolds equation with homogeneous two-phase flow (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An attempt is made to relate elements of two-phase flow and kinetic theory to the modified generalized Reynolds equation and to the energy equation, in order to arrive at a unified model simulating the pressure and flows in journal bearings, hydrostatic journal bearings, or squeeze film dampers when a two-phase situation occurs due to sudden fluid depressurization and heat generation. The numerical examples presented furnish a test of the algorithm for constant properties, and give insight into the effect of the shaft fluid heat transfer coefficient on the temperature profiles. The different level of pressures achievable for a given angular velocity depends on whether the bearing is thermal or nonisothermal; upwind differencing is noted to be essential for the derivation of a realistic profile.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
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  • 76
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    Compressible flow in a diffusing S-duct with flow separation (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Local flow velocity vectors, as well as static and total pressures along ten radial traverses, were obtained at six stations for secondary flows in a diffusing 30-30-deg S-duct with circular cross section. The strong secondary flow measured in the first bend continued into the second with new vorticity produced in the opposite direction. Contour plots representing the transverse velocity field, as well as total and static pressure contours, have been obtained. As a result of the secondary flow and subsequent separation, substantial total pressure distortion is noted to occur at the duct exit.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
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  • 77
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    Atmospheric lateral and longitudinal turbulent length scales (measured at 600 to 800 meters above grade level) (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: NASA's Airborne Doppler Lidar System has been used to obtain a detailed 'instantaneous' mapping of horizontal spatial wind fields at 600-800 m elevations on the east side of the San Gorgonio Pass in California, in the form of checkerboard-fashion horizontal wind vectors spaced at 300 m intervals along and normal to the flight path. Spatial autocorrelations for the lateral and longitudinal components are ensemble-averaged, and integral turbulent length scales are computed for the wind fields' longitudinal and lateral directions. The flow in the region studied does not appear to be isotropic.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
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  • 78
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    Gas particle radiator (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The performance of a new space radiator concept, the gas particle radiator (GPR), is studied. The GPR uses a gas containing submicron particles as the radiating medium contained between the radiator's emitting surface and a transparent window. For a modest volume fraction of submicron particles and gas thickness, it is found that the emissivity is determined by the window transmittance. The window must have a high transmittance in the infrared and be structurally strong enough to contain the gas-particle mixture. When the GPR is compared to a proposed titanium wall, potassium heat pipe radiator, with both radiators operating at a power level of 1.01 MW at 775 K, it is found that the GPR mass is 31 percent lower than that of the heat pipe radiator.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer (ISSN 0887-8722); 1; 285-288
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  • 79
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    Heat transfer in shrouded rectangular cavities (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer (ISSN 0887-8722); 1; 247-252
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  • 80
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    Radiative cooling of a layer with nonuniform velocity - A separable solution (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Analyzed here is the cooling of a flowing plane layer filled with hot particles or liquid droplets that emit, absorb, and scatter radiation. The velocity distribution is nonuniform across the layer and the specified shape of this distribution affects the layer temperature distribution and emittance. The velocity distribution determined is one that will cause the layer to cool at a uniform temperature. Thus, if the layer initially has a uniform temperature, it will retain the same emittance throughout its length. A separable solution is found that applies in a 'fully developed' region following an initial cooling length. In this developed region, the solution shows that there is a constant emittance based on the local heat loss and local bulk mean layer temperature. This emittance is a function of the velocity distribution, optical thickness, and scattering albedo.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer (ISSN 0887-8722); 1; 228-232
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  • 81
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    The characteristic Rossby frequency (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The characteristic Rossby frequency is defined for a fixed zonal wavenumber perturbation as the variational integral of the Rayleigh-Ritz method. It is a measure of the time scale of the disturbance. For a disturbance which locally has the shape of an eigenfunction but is not global in extent, the characteristic Rossby frequency is very close to the true eigenvalue, and additionally remains unchanged under linear inviscid dynamics. Results are presented for the shallow water equations, both with and without a mean zonal wind. The characteristic Rossby frequency of a wavenumber 1 perturbation having the shape of the second symmetric Rossby mode but confined to the Northern Hemisphere is close to the corresponding Rossby frequency. This finding is helpful in understanding the behavior of the observed wavenumber 1 pattern of January 1979, which propagated westward with nearly the pure Rossby frequency but was discernible only in the Northern Hemisphere (as discussed by Daley and Williamson).
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 44; 1100-110
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  • 82
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    A barely implicit correction for flux-corrected transport (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: In virtue of adding one elliptic equation that must be implicitly solved, the 'barely implicit correction' method presented removes the stringent sidestep limit imposed by sound speed in the explicit methods. The barely implicit method is presently combined with a flux-corrected transport algorithm, which has been rendered fourth-order by the appropriate subtraction of corrected fluxes, in order to accurately represent the sharp gradients in subsonic flows. The multigrid MGRID technique (DeVore, 1984) is used to efficiently solve the elliptic pressure equation.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Computational Physics (ISSN 0021-9991); 71; 1-20
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  • 83
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    An experimental investigation of air-assist non-swirl atomizer sprays (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Detailed measurements and comparisons were made of air-assist nonswirl atomizer sprays currently being used in aircraft icing research. The critical liquid to air mass flowrate ratio to achieve a good quality of atomization and the most suitable mean dropsize correlation equation has been determined. Two of the most sophisticated and effective instruments, the Laser Diffraction particle sizer (Malvern) and Phase/Doppler particle analyzer (Aerometrics), have been successfully employed in spray characterization over a wide range of operating conditions. Results obtained by line-of-sight measurements using the Laser Diffraction sizer are compared with point measurements obtained by using the Phase/Doppler analyzer as well as with photographs. The accuracy and limitations of using the various instruments for spray characterization are discussed.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Atomisation and Spray Technology (ISSN 0266-3481); 3; 1, 19; 13-36
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  • 84
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    Numerical simulation and comparison with experiment for self-excited oscillations in a diffuser flow (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 25; 936-943
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  • 85
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    Time-dependent behavior of a reattaching shear layer (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 25; 914-919
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  • 86
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    The stratosphere - Climatologies of the radiative heating and cooling rates and the diabatically diagnosed net circulation fields (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Stratospheric solar, IR, and net radiative heating are calculated on a monthly basis using solar and IR radiative codes and satellite derived distributions of ozone, water vapor, and temperature. Divergence-free, zonally averaged, advective fields are diagnosed using the calculated diabatic heating; associated stream functions are derived. The stratospheric transport of inert tracers is studied. Analysis of the diagnosed advective fields reveal that: (1) entry into the mid- to upper stratosphere of tropospheric air is mainly from altitude regions of + or - 10 deg at the equatorial tropopause; (2) at latitudes poleward of + or - 15 deg, tracers transported from the troposphere into the stratosphere are transported toward the pole and then downward and out of the stratosphere; and (3) the presence of net cooling cells in the lower stratospheric polar regions is important. The interannual variability of the diabatic circulation is estimated using heating and advection fields derived from LIMS data.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 5585-560
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  • 87
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    Climate warming due to increasing atmospheric CO2 - Simulations with a multilayer coupled atmosphere-ocean seasonal energy balance model (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The transient response of the climate to increasing CO2 is studied using a modified version of the multilayer energy balance model of Peng et al. (1982). The main characteristics of the model are described. Latitudinal and seasonal distributions of planetary albedo, latitude-time distributions of zonal mean temperatures, and latitudinal distributions of evaporation, water vapor transport, and snow cover generated from the model and derived from actual observations are analyzed and compared. It is observed that in response to an atmospheric doubling of CO2, the model reaches within 1/e of the equilibrium response of global mean surface temperature in 9-35 years for the probable range of vertical heat diffusivity in the ocean. For CO2 increases projected by the National Research Council (1983), the model's transient response in annually and globally averaged surface temperatures is 60-75 percent of the corresponding equilibrium response, and the disequilibrium increases with increasing heat diffusivity of the ocean.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Geophysical Research (ISSN 0148-0227); 92; 5505-552
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  • 88
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    A study of frontal dynamics with application to the Australian summertime 'cool change' (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The dynamics of frontal evolution is examined in terms of the Australian summertime cool change using a two-dimensional numerical model. The model is synthesized from observational data on surface cold fronts obtained during the Australian Cold Fronts Research Program, and the model develops a quasi-steady surface cold front during the 24 hours of integration. The characteristics of this model are compared with those of a kinematic model; it is observed that the features of the two models correspond. The two-dimensional and kinematic models are also compared with a 24-hour prediction of the cold front of February 1983 using the three-dimensional nested-grid model of the Australian Numerical Meteorology Research Center, developed by Gauntlett et al. (1984). Good correlation between these models is detected.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 44; 687-705
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  • 89
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    Turbulent fluxes of liquid water and buoyancy in partly cloudy layers (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A simple convective mass flux model is used to derive expressions for the fluxes of liquid water and buoyancy in partly cloudy turbulent layers. The results differ radically from those suggested in some previous studies. Physical interpretation is given, and examples are presented. Implications for the dynamics of partly cloudy boundary layers are discussed, and the aftermath of cloud-top entrainment instability is analyzed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 44; 850-858
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  • 90
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    Modeling clear-air turbulence with vortices using parameter-identification techniques (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Guidance, Control, and Dynamics (ISSN 0731-5090); 10; 27-31
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  • 91
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    Transient radiative cooling of a droplet-filled layer (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A proposed lightweight radiator system for waste heat dissipation in space would eject streams of coolant in the form of small, hot liquid droplets. The droplets would lose radiative energy by direct exposure to the very low-temperature environment of space, and would then be collected for reuse. The cooling behavior of a layer composed of many small droplets was studied by numerical solution of the radiative integral equations. Since there is mutual interference for radiative energy dissipation, an array droplet will cool more slowly than if each drop is exposed individually. Since liquid metal droplets may be used, the study includes results for conditions with high scattering. For optically thin regions, especially with high scattering, the temperature distribution is sufficiently uniform that the cooling can be computed using the approximation of a constant layer emittance. For optically thick layers starting at uniform temperature, the temperature distributions become nonuniform with time. It was found that the cooling process goes through a starting transient; a constant emittance condition is then achieved where the emittance is lower than that for a layer at uniform temperature.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: ASME, Transactions, Journal of Heat Transfer (ISSN 0022-1481); 109; 159-164
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  • 92
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    Calculation of external-internal flow fields for mixed-compression inlets (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Supersonic inlet flows with mixed external-internal compressions were computed using a combined implicit-explicit (Beam-Warming-Steger/MacCormack) method for solving the three-dimensional unsteady, compressible Navier-Stokes equations in conservation form. Numerical calculations were made of various flows related to such inlet operations as the shock-wave intersections, subsonic spillage around the cowl lip, and inlet started versus unstarted conditions. Some of the computed results were compared with wind tunnel data.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering (ISSN 0045-7825); 64; 21-37
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    A numerical model for supersonic reacting mixing layers (1987)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A current research effort is underway at the NASA Langley Research Center to achieve a detailed understanding of important phenomena present when a supersonic flow undergoes a chemical reaction. A computer program has been developed to study the details of such flows. The program has been constructed to consider the multicomponent diffusion and convection of important species, the finite-rate reaction of these species, and the resulting interaction between the fluid mechanics and chemistry. Code results from the analysis of a spatially developing and reacting mixing layer are presented, and conclusions are drawn regarding the structure of the evolving layer and its associated flame.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering (ISSN 0045-7825); 64; 39-60
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  • 94
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    Satellite observation of atmosphere and surface interaction parameters (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Atmosphere and ocean surface parameters are being derived from weather satellite data acquired by the High Resolution Infrared Sounder and the Microwave Sounding Unit. In this paper, the global distribution and accuracy of the derived parameters are described, and the satellite-derived skin surface temperature is compared with available shelter temperature. Seasonal and interannual changes are examined to study the response time of large-scale atmospheric changes to changes in surface conditions.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 7; 11, 1; 111-117
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  • 95
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    An interim reference model for the middle atmosphere water vapor distribution (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Nimbus 7 LIMS data are used to determine monthly and seasonal zonal mean reference stratospheric profiles over selected latitude bands, and other ground and airborne microwave data are combined with the LIMS data to construct an interim reference profile from the tropopause to 80 km for the midlatitude region averaged over the winter and spring periods. The present profiles indicate the presence of a hygropause near 50 mb pressure in the tropics, a relatively constant mixing ratio distribution with a height of 4.7-5 ppmv in the midlatitude and high latitude stratosphere, and a decrease in the midlatitude mesosphere to 1 ppmv at about 80 km.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Advances in Space Research (ISSN 0273-1177); 7; 9, 19
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  • 96
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    Some effects of interference flowfields on supersonic configurations (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Aircraft (ISSN 0021-8669); 24; 880-885
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  • 97
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    Supersonic airfoil optimization (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Aircraft (ISSN 0021-8669); 24; 873-879
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  • 98
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    Algebraic grid generation about wing-fuselage bodies (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An algebraic procedure for generating boundary-fitted grids about wing-fuselage configurations is presented. A wing-fuselage configuration consists of two aircraft components specified by cross sections and mathematically represented by Coons' patches. Several grid blocks are constructed to cover the entire region surrounding the configuration, and each grid block maps into a computational cube. Grid points are first determined on the six boundary surfaces of a block and then in the interior. Grid points on the surface of the configuration are derived from the intersection of planes with the Coons' patch definition. Approximate arc length distributions along the resulting grid curves concentrate and disperse grid points. The two-boundary technique and transfinite interpolation are used to determine grid points on the remaining boundary surfaces and block interiors.
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Aircraft (ISSN 0021-8669); 24; 868-872
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  • 99
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    Planform effects for low-fineness-ratio multibody configurations at supersonic speeds (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: AERODYNAMICS
    Type: Journal of Aircraft (ISSN 0021-8669); 24; 856-860
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  • 100
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    The doubled CO2 climate - Impact of the sea surface temperature gradient (1987)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The Goddard Institute for Space Studies (GISS) GCM of Hansen et al. (1983) was run, with 4 deg x 5 deg resolution, with doubled CO2 and two sets of sea surface temperature gradient distributions. One set was derived from the equilibrium doubled CO2 run of the 8 deg x 10 deg GISS GCM, with minimal high latitude amplification. The other set resembled closely the GFDL model results, with greater amplification. Both experiments had the same global mean surface air temperature change. The two experiments were often found to produce substantially different climate characteristics. With reduced high latitude amplification (set one), and thus, more equatorial warming, there was a greater increase in specific humidity and the greenhouse capacity of the atmosphere, resulting in a warmer atmosphere in general. Features such as the low-latitude precipitation, Hadley cell intensity, jet stream magnitude, and atmospheric energy transports all increased in comparison with the control run. In contrast, these features all decreased in the experiment with greater high latitude amplification (set two).
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences (ISSN 0022-4928); 44; 3235-326
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