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  • Articles  (142)
  • Electron microscopy  (138)
  • Atomic, Molecular and Optical Physics
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  • Springer  (142)
  • 1980-1984  (48)
  • 1970-1974  (94)
  • 1925-1929
  • 1980  (48)
  • 1972  (94)
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  • Articles  (142)
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  • 1980-1984  (48)
  • 1970-1974  (94)
  • 1925-1929
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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Journal of molecular evolution 15 (1980), S. 79-101 
    ISSN: 1432-1432
    Keywords: Molecules ; Interstellar ; Chemistry ; Isotopes ; Solar system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Summary The study of interstellar molecules broadly includes two areas of interest. One area uses the unique ability of molecules to act as probes of the physical conditions in the cold, dense, visually opaque component of the interstellar medium. The physical properties of this and other components of the interstellar medium are summarized. The other area deals with the chemistry of interstellar molecules, recent aspects of which are emphasized in this review. Gas-phase chemistry, shock chemistry, and grain surface chemistry are discussed in the context of recent observations. No present observations suggest that surface reactions are relevant, but neither can they be ruled out. Ion-molecule reactions are clearly operative, at least for the simpler species. Chemical isotope fractionation is reviewed, andd it is concluded that the complexities of the chemistry allow no cosmological conclusions to be drawn from observations of deuterium in interstellar molecules, while the presence of13C in interstellar molecules permits an estimate of the12C/13C ratio which is consistent with the current concepts of the nucleosynthesis history of the Galaxy. Possible connections between interstellar molecules and the early molecular history of the solar system are discussed.
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  • 2
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    Pure and applied geophysics 118 (1980), S. 128-151 
    ISSN: 1420-9136
    Keywords: Galactic cosmic rays ; Solar proton events ; Particle precipitation ; Chemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Abstract An assessment is made of the relative contribution of certain classes of energetic particle precipitation to the chemical composition of the middle atmosphere with emphasis placed on the production of odd nitrogen and odd hydrogen species and their subsequent role in the catalytic removal of ozone. Galactic cosmic radiation is an important source of odd nitrogen in the lower stratosphere but since the peak energy deposition occurs below the region where catalytic removal of O3 is most effective, it is questionable whether this mechanism is important in the overall terrestrial ozone budget. The precipitation of energetic solar protons can periodically produce dramatic enhancement in upper stratospheric NO. The long residence time of NO in this region of the atmosphere, where catalytic interaction with O3 is also most effective, mandates that this mechanism be included in future modelling of the global distribution of O3. Throughout the mesosphere the precipitation of energetic electrons from the outer radiation belt (60°≲Λ≲70°) can sporadically act as a major local source of odd hydrogen and odd nitrogen leading to observable O3 depletion. Future satellite studies should be directed at simultaneously measuring the precipitation flux and the concomitant atmosphere modification, and these results should be employed to develop more sophisticated models of this important coupling.
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  • 3
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    Calcified tissue international 30 (1980), S. 43-50 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Osteogenesis ; In vitro ; Electron microscopy ; Mineralization
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary Chick limb mesenchymal cells differentiate into muscle, cartilage, fibrous, and bone tissue. Previous reports show that when stage 24 limb mesenchymal cells are cultured in vitro, chondrocytes, myocytes, fibrocytes, and osteoblasts can be identified on the basis of morphological and biochemical parameters. The study reported here demonstrates that phenotypic expression in culture seems to be dependent on the initial plating density, Scanning electron microscopic observations indicate that when stage 24 limb mesenchymal cells are initially seeded at high densities (5 × 106 cells per 35 mm culture dish), mounds of cells appear in culture. These mounds represent cartilage nodules composed of a fine fibrous matrix and chondrocytes, surrounded by a loose fibrous connective tissue matrix. Cultures initially plated at intermediate densities (2.0–2.5 × 106 cells/35 mm culture dish) produce a flattened layer of fibrocytes overlying a matrix of collagen fibers and calcium phosphate deposits as determined by electron-microprobe analysis; these observations are indicative of osteoblast expression. Cells seeded at this intermediate density appear larger and possess greater surface area than cells seeded at high density. It is suggested that conditions that permit such increased cell surface area coupled with a relative compaction due to cell crowding may provide conditions permissive for osteogenesis. Based on morphological criteria, it appears that chick limb mesenchymal cell osteogenesis in vitro is not associated with chondrogenesis but represents a separate route of phenotypic expression.
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  • 4
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Rat ; Calvarium ; Electron microscopy ; Preosteoclasts ; Osteoclasts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary This is a study of the fine structure of cells of the 20-day fetal rat calvarium. Special attention is given to identifying and characterizing preosteoclasts. These cells are relatively common and located largely, but not exclusively, at the endocranial bone surface. The preosteoclasts are characterized by abundant mitochondria, an incomplete perinuclear Golgi apparatus, and variable-shaped dense granules. The dense granules are unique in appearance in that they contain an internal dense matrix surrounded by a clear halo. Most granules are circular in shape but some are elongate or tubular in form. Granules with identical appearance are observed in osteoclasts. The preosteoclasts are mononucleate, or occasionally binucleate. It is suggested that because preosteoclasts are morphologically distinctive and relatively abundant, it should be feasible to separate these cells from a heterogeneous cell isolate.
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  • 5
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Decalcification ; Electron microscopy ; Bone matrix ; Bone glycoproteins
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Notes: Summary A solution of triethylammonium EDTA in 80% ethanol was evaluated as a demineralizing reagent for bone in comparison with aqueous solutions of EDTA. Biochemical analysis and acrylamide gel electrophoresis of extracts of finely powdered bovine bone showed that most of the macromolecular components of the organic matrix extractable in aqueous EDTA were retained when the triethylammonium EDTA reagent was used. Ultrastructural examination of chick tibias decalcified with the reagents showed a better preservation of cellular morphology, especially the membranous components, and more uniformly distributed ground substance, though slightly less in quantity, when the aqueous reagent was used. Use of the two reagents appears to be complementary, the alkylammonium reagent being more appropriate for use in studies of the organic matrix of bone, including immunohistochemical studies of bone glycoproteins. The aqueous reagent is more appropriate for use in studies of cellular ultrastructure.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Allomyces ; Zoospores ; Cell wall ; Chitin ; Gamma particle ; Encystment ; Electron microscopy ; Calcofluor
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Structural changes during cell wall formation by populations of semisynchronously germinating zoospores were studied in the water mold Allomyces macrogynus. Fluorescence microscopy using Calcofluor white ST (which binds to β-1,4-linked glycans) demonstrated that Calcofluor-specific material was deposited around most cells between 2–10 min after the induction of encystment (beginning when a wall-less zoospore retracts its flagellum and rounds up). During the first 15 min of encystment there was a progressive increase in fluorescence intensity. Ultrastructural analysis of encysting cells showed that within 2–10 min after the induction of encystment small vesicles 35–70 nm diameter were present near the spore surface, and some were in the process of fusing with the plasma membrane. The fusion of vesicles with the zoospore membrane was concomitant with the appearance of electron-opaque fibrillar material outside the plasma membrane. Vesicles similar to those near the spore surface were found within the gamma (γ) particles of encysting cells. These particles had a crystalline inclusion within the electron-opaque matrix. During the period of initial cyst cell wall formation numerous vesicles appeared to arise at the crystal-matrix interface. Approximately 15–20 min was required for the cell wall to be formed. We suggest that the initial response of the zoospore to induction of encystment is the formation of a cell wall mediated by the fusion of cytoplasmic vesicles with the plasma membrane.
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  • 7
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    Archives of microbiology 126 (1980), S. 277-283 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Bacteriophage ; Myxococcus ; λ ; Superooiled DNA ; Cross-linking ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract DNA was partially released from the heads of myxococcus phages and also coliphage λ and examined by electron microscopy by a modification of the Kleinschmidt technique, in which water was used as hypophase. DNA emerged from the heads in patterns suggestive of newly relaxed supercoils. The unreleased DNA appeared to occupy discrete regions in the head. Some closed circles were released from λ heads. When NaCl solution was used as hypophase, the DNA was observed either released from the tail or from the head, in the latter case, supercoiled regions were observed. When NH4OAc solution was used as hypophase, tightly wound structures were released from λ heads; these fields also contained supercoiled circles. The presence of constrained supercoiled domains in newly released phage DNA was confirmed by observing the effects of ethidium bromide on its conformation. Treatment of phage with nitrogen mustard, a bifunctional alkylating agent, preserved supercoiled domains, even when the phage were lysed over water as hypophase. Further experiments suggested that phage inactivation by nitrogen mustard is largely due to restraint of the supercoiled, native, tertiary structure and that DNA-protein cross-linking may be involved in this reaction. The implications of these findings for the conformation of phage DNA in vivo are discussed and a new model for the winding of DNA in phage heads is proposed.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Immunoferritin labeling ; Electron microscopy ; Membrane vesicles ; Nitrate reductase ; Bacillus licheniformis ; Klebsiella aerogenes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The indirect immunoferritin labeling method was used to localize the membrane-bound respiratory nitrate reductase in membrane vesicles and protoplasts or spheroplasts of Bacillus licheniformis and Klebsiella aerogenes, respectively. For a comparison of the labeling of the various vesicle preparations, which differed not only in size but also in the percentage of inside-out orientation, a quantification of the results was needed to circumvent the problem of non-specifically bound ferritin. From the results the sidedness of the nitrate reductase in the cytoplasmic membrane of the abovementioned bacteria was determined as being cytoplasmic in B. licheniformis and as transmembranous in K. aerogenes.
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  • 9
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    Archives of microbiology 128 (1980), S. 12-18 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Moraxella glucidolytica ; Electron microscopy ; Lipopolysaccharide
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A cellular (LPS I) and extracellular (LPS II) lipopolysaccharide were isolated from Moraxella glucidolytica cells grown on ethanol and from the culture fluid, respectively. Both LPS were toxic when injected to mice and chick embryos. These LPS contained glucose, galactose, glucosamine, galactosamine, 2-keto-3-deoxyoctonate and lipids. By permethylation studies, glucose was found to be linked (1→6) and (1→3) in LPS I and only (1→6) in LPS II. Galactose was the terminal non-reducing sugar. Branching occurred at positions 3 and 4 of galactose residues. LPS I was rich in α- and β-hydroxylauric and α-hydroxymyristic acids and LPS II contained mainly stearic and α-hydroxymyristic acids. LPS I was detoxified by mild acid and alkaline treatments. It was also dissociated by sodium deoxycholate and chromatographed on Sephadex G-75. The main fraction was reassociated by removing the surfactant by dialysis. The morphology of LPS I and LPS II was examined by electron microscopy. LPS I (original and reassociated fractions) consisted exclusively of ribbons while LPS II contained ribbons and vesicles.
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  • 10
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    Archives of microbiology 126 (1980), S. 87-95 
    ISSN: 1432-072X
    Keywords: Ascodichaena ; Beech bark ; Electron microscopy ; Host-fungus relationship
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Ascodichaena rugosa Butin is a corkinhabiting fungus, found frequently on the bark of Fagus sylvatica L. The hyphae of the fungus are distributed solely in the phellem cells, stopping their growth in the last-formed cork cell layer. The cell to cell invasion is effected by penetration hyphae, causing no extensive dissolution of the cork wall. Electron microscopical observations revealed fine structural details of the fruit bodies and of the intracellular hyphae. Of special interest were the finger-like hyaline hyphae in the last-formed layer of cork cells, which are interpreted as haustoria on the basis of the fine structure both of hyphae and host cells. This situation is considered as reflecting a parasitic relationship of Ascodichaena to beech bark. The activity of the fungus led also to the increased production of cork cells, perhaps related to the nutrient supply of the fungus.
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  • 11
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    Cell & tissue research 206 (1980), S. 55-63 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Phagocytosis ; Spermatozoa ; Ovum ; Fertilization ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Spermatozoa with intact acrosomes, as well as those coming into contact with the ovum at a smaller angle, and morphologically abnormal spermatozoa reach the plasma membrane of the ovum via an extensively dissolved zone of the inner layer of the vitelline membrane. This zone is assumed to be formed by overlapping of two or more tunnels formed by spermatozoa that had previously come into contact with the ovum. When a spermatozoon comes into contact with the plasma membrane of the ovum, many cytoplasmic processes extend outwards and cover it. Thereafter, the plasma membranes of the processes fuse, thereby phagocytizing the spermatozoon. It is assumed that the phagocytized spermatozoa cannot undergo transformation into male pronuclei and that they degenerate soon after phagocytosis.
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  • 12
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    Cell & tissue research 206 (1980), S. 225-232 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Compound eye ; Photoreceptor membrane ; Electron microscopy ; Calcium-induced changes ; Artefacts ; Diptera
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary When the compound eyes of the fly Lucilia are fixed for electron microscopy with glutaraldehyde in common buffer solutions, artefactual whorls are liable to be formed from the photoreceptor microvilli. The whorls result from two factors: (i) a prolonged time interval prior to osmication, such as the “overnight” primary fixation or wash at 4° C commonly used in studies of compound eyes; (ii) as little as 1–2 mM Ca++ in the primary fixative and wash solutions. Osmication after short (1 h) glutaraldehyde fixation at 4° C, or omission of Ca++ and addition of 2 mM EGTA, prevent whorl-formation. In the tipulid fly Ptilogyna, similar artefacts are produced, but are confined to the distal zone of the microvilli that sheds during turnover.
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  • 13
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    Cell & tissue research 211 (1980), S. 83-93 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Epithelium ; Cloaca ; Electron microscopy ; Hen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The epithela of the three divisions (coprodaeum, urodaeum, proctodaeum) of the cloaca of the hen, and of the excretory ducts (colon, ureter, vagina) which join the divisions, are described using light microscopy, and scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Each region of the cloaca has its typical epithelium. Special attention is focussed in this study on the boundaries between the different epithelia. The coprodaeal epithelium does not differ considerably from that of the colon; a transitional zone is not visible. Distinct border zones, however, are observed between the other regions (ureter — urodaeum; vagina — urodaeum and proctodaeum; urodaeum-proctodaeum; proctodaeum — cutis). Although the vaginal opening is generally thought to lie in the urodaeum, our investigations show that at the vaginal opening into the cloaca the ciliated epithelium changes, on one border to a secretory epithelium characteristic of the urodaeum and on the other border to that characteristic of the proctodaeum. These observations are discussed in relation to functional aspects.
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  • 14
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    Cell & tissue research 211 (1980), S. 171-174 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pancreatic D cell ; Neural control ; Vagotomy ; Electron microscopy ; Fowl
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In an attempt to determine the neural control of pancreatic D cells, the pancreatic islets of the domestic fowl were examined electron microscopically from 1 to 28 days after abdominal vagotomy. Exocytotic release of many secretory granules from D cells occurred one day after vagotomy. Rough endoplasmic reticulum developed and formed an arrangement of concentric whorls in the cytoplasm of D cells after axotomy. The altered D cells were also characterized by the occurrence of many peculiar dense bodies in the apical cytoplasm at all time periods studied. These bodies varied in shape and size, containing several round vesicles. The D cells were extensively depleted of granules after the longer time periods following vagotomy. The present results provide new morphological evidence for the vagus-nerve control of D cells, which may regulate the activity of islet cells.
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  • 15
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    Cell & tissue research 211 (1980), S. 191-206 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hypothalamus ; Transplants ; Vasopressin ; Median eminence ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Blocks of anterior hypothalamus were transplanted from 19 day-old fetuses of Wistar/Lewis rats into the third ventricle of adult male Brattleboro rats. Physiological changes in graft recipients and in sham-operated animals were monitored daily. Twenty days after surgery, the graft recipients and shamoperated animals were killed and their brains examined by correlative scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Host animals that exhibited both decreased polydipsia and increased urine concentration were found to have viable grafts within the third ventricle. The observed physiological changes suggested that synthesis and release of vasopressin occurred in the transplanted neurons. Grafts were well vascularized by vessels arising from the host hypothalamus. Neurons, with perikarya ranging from 8 to 30 μm in diameter, glial cells, and neurites were located throughout the transplants. A neurohemal contact zone, similar to that normally seen in the median eminence, could not be demonstrated in the grafts. The absence of complete glial and ependymal barriers indicates a relatively close association between cells in the transplants and the cerebrospinal fluid. A large increase in supraependymal neurons and their processes, including an eruption of neurons through the floor of the third ventricle in one animal, was observed in graft recipients but not in shamoperated animals.
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  • 16
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    Cell & tissue research 206 (1980), S. 303-318 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Area postrema, rat ; Ependyma ; Cyst ; Circumventricular organs ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Peculiar cells forming cysts were observed in the area postrema and sometimes also in the choroid plexus and the tela chorioidea near the area postrema, and were studied in detail by electron microscopy. The cytological features of the cyst cell and its junctional relationship to neighboring cells imply that cyst cells are derived from ependymal and choroid epithelial cells. The cyst cells usually contact directly the perivascular spaces of postremal, choroidal or pial capillaries, where the cytoplasm is often considerably attenuated. The cystic lumen is commonly filled with a flocculent material. The limiting membrane of the cystic lumen, which frequently bears cilia and microvilli, has the same thickness as the surface cell membrane. In many cases, the cyst is surrounded by the cytoplasm of a single cell. In some cases, however, two cells participate in the formation of the cyst, although one is only a slender process and joined by a zonula occludens with the main cyst cell. Horseradish peroxidase (HRP) injected into the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) space failed to enter the cystic lumen. A possible significance of the cyst in relation to the CSF and blood circulation was considered.
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  • 17
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    Cell & tissue research 210 (1980), S. 447-459 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lipid ; Kidney tubules, proximal ; Autoradiography ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Lipid metabolism in the cells of the renal proximal convoluted tubules (PCT) was investigated in healthy fowls and in fowls with the Fatty Liver and Kidney Syndrome (FLKS). The tissue was fixed at 10–25 min intervals after intravenous injection of 3H-oleic acid. The distribution of autoradiographic grains was analysed by the “circle method”. In normal cells most of the silver grains were associated with the cytoplasmic organelles. Lipid droplets and Golgi elements had the highest specific activity relative to the nuclear activity, which was little above background level. Lysosome-like bodies and mitochondria had lower values. In the cells of the FLKS-affected birds a large proportion of the grains was located over the lipid droplets, which are abundant in this condition. The specific activity of the cytoplasmic organelles was barely 2-fold higher than the nuclear activity. The results suggest that there is a diminished incorporation of esterified fatty acids by the organelles of these cells and that the excess is transferred to the lipid droplets. The identity of low electron density particles observed in the PCT cells of severely affected birds is discussed.
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  • 18
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    Cell & tissue research 211 (1980), S. 331-343 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Gut hormones ; Endocrine cells ; Electron microscopy ; Immunocytochemistry ; Peptidergic innervation
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Histological, cytochemical and immunocytochemical methods were used in light and electron microscopical studies to demonstrate the presence of a neuroendocrine system in the gut of the urodele, Salamandra salamandra. Cytochemical stains capable of detecting peptide-producing endocrine cells demonstrate cells reacting with Masson's silver (argentaffin) method, Grimelius' argyrophil silver method, masked metachromasia method and the lead haematoxylin stain. Using antisera raised to a variety of mammalian gut peptides, cells containing bombesin-, gastrin-, somatostatin-, substance P- and glucagon-like immunoreactivity were identified; vasoactive intestinal polypeptide- and substance P-like immunoreactivities were found in nerve fibres in the submucous and myenteric plexus. No immunoreactivity was detected for motilin, gastric inhibitory polypeptide, cholecystokinin or secretin. The ultrastructure of the immunoreactive cells and nerves was revealed by the semithin/thin method. All the cells identified contained numerous electrondense secretory granules, which varied in their chracteristic morphological structure from one cell type to another. The evidence collected in this study indicates that a complex neuroendocrine system regulating gut function is present in this amphibian and may have developed prior to the emergence of the phylum.
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  • 19
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    Cell & tissue research 210 (1980), S. 269-282 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Monoaminergic neurons ; Retina ; Amacrine cells ; Neurotoxins ; Mudpuppy, Necturus maculosus ; Neurotransmitters ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The mudpuppy retina was investigated with the histofluorescence method of Falck and Hillarp in normal animals and in animals injected intraocularly with α-methylnoradrenaline, 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine, or a combination of the two drugs. Catecholaminergic amacrine cells were found to form a thin layer of terminals at the border between the inner nuclear and the inner plexiform layers. Catecholaminergic interplexiform cells were not found. Indoleamine-accumulating amacrine cells were also observed. They are fifteen to twenty times more numerous than the catecholaminergic cells, and their terminals occur diffusely throughout the inner plexiform layer. In a number of eyes the majority of the indoleamine-accumulating terminals were eliminated with intraocular injections of the neurotoxin, 5,7-dihydroxytryptamine, but the reproducibility of this effect was not consistent. Intravitreal injections of 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine were used to label both types of neurons for electron microscopy. They were found to make conventional type synapses on amacrine cells and, less frequently, on bipolar cells.
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  • 20
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    Cell & tissue research 210 (1980), S. 353-357 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Merkel cells (reptiles) ; Epidermis ; Lizard ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Examination of the labial epidermis of the lizard Lacerta sicula revealed cells displaying all features of Merkel cells. These cells are located in the stratum basale of epidermal pegs and are arranged in clusters.
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  • 21
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    Cell & tissue research 211 (1980), S. 293-301 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Paneth cell ; Hibernation ; Intestine ; Hypothermia ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of Paneth cells from jejuno-ileal segments of the small intestine of the ground squirrel, S. lateralis, was examined under normal euthermic conditions and during the profoundly depressed metabolic conditions of natural hibernation. Paneth cells obtained from hibernating animals gave evidence of markedly reduced activity when compared to Paneth cells from euthermic animals. In hibernating animals, the nuclei were smaller, with less prominent nucleoli and with an increased proportion of heterochromatin. In hibernating animals, the rough endoplasmic reticulum was fragmentary and poorly organized, in contrast to the typical arrangement of concentric lamellae seen in euthermic animals. Although the total number of ribosomes was decreased in hibernating animals, there were proportionally more free ribosomes than in euthermic animals. Paneth cells from hibernating animals also contained a greater number of apical secretory granules which were smaller and more variable in electron density than granules from control animals. These ultrastructural features indicate that during hibernation the Paneth cell is relatively quiescent.
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  • 22
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    Cell & tissue research 207 (1980), S. 511-517 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Female hamster ; Harderian gland ; Testosterone ; Tubular clusters ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Distinct differences occur in the pigmentation and ultrastructural features of the Harderian glands in male and female hamsters. The results of a study on the effect of testosterone on the fine structure of the female Harderian glands are presented here. Glands from three groups of hamsters were examined at intervals up to 49 days: (1) testosterone injected, receiving 2mg testosterone propionate in 0.1 ml sesame oil per day; (2) sham-injected, receiving 0.1 ml sesame oil per day; (3) untreated controls. Testosterone injections caused a reduction in the number of dark-brown pigment granules in the acinar cells starting on the 6th day, whereas clusters of tubules, typical of adult male glands, appeared on the 4th day and increased in number thereafter. Lamellar structures, normally present in the female gland, decreased in testosterone treated specimens. These changes reversed after cessation of testosterone treatment. It is concluded that exogenous testosterone administered to female hamsters modifies the pigmentation and ultrastructure of their Harderian glands towards the male type and that this is a reversable phenomenon. There also appears to be an inverse relationship between the presence of tubular clusters in the acinar cells, and the degree of pigmentation.
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  • 23
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    Cell & tissue research 208 (1980), S. 171-181 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Microtubules ; Dendritic spine apparatus ; Synapse ; Development ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Using techniques for enhanced microtubular preservation, including albumin pretreatment (Gray, 1975), occipital cortex of rats was studied electron microscopically at various ages of development. A close structural relationship was seen between microtubules, sacs of SER and the postsynaptic “thickening” in primordial spines and with the dense “plate” material of spine apparatuses. Stereoscopic preparations in addition show a more complicated substructure than previously described for the “plate”. Microtubules may contribute to the formation of the “plate” of the spine apparatus which in turn is associated with the postsynaptic “thickening” of the mature spine. Possible functional correlates are discussed.
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  • 24
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    Cell & tissue research 209 (1980), S. 131-135 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Skeletal muscle ; Bupivacaine ; Degeneration ; Satellite cells ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Rat lumbrical muscles were incubated in a concentration of 10-2 M bupivacaine for 5 or 15 min and examined after further incubation in the absence of the drug for periods totalling 1, 2, and 3h. Electron microscopy showed that muscle fibers and their component organelles and myonuclei underwent a series of irreversible degenerative changes. However, satellite cells retained their normal morphology under similar conditions. It is concluded that satellite cells are responsible for the rapid regeneration of muscles that follows degeneration induced by bupivacaine. The role of satellite cells in muscle regeneration is discussed.
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  • 25
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    Cell & tissue research 207 (1980), S. 135-142 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Caudal neurosecretory system ; Poeciliidae ; Electron microscopy ; Salinity changes
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The urophysis or neurohemal contact site of the caudal neurosecretory system of Mollienesia sphenops, the black molly, was studied in animals adapted to an artificial seawater environment. This species of fish was chosen for these studies because of its known ability to osmoregulate and its adaptability to the laboratory aquarium. The urophysis of freshwater acclimated mollys contained an abundance of neurosecretory granules. However, in fish subjected to a seawater environment for one week the number of neurosecretory granules was significantly decreased. In addition, there was an increase in blood cell infiltration of the urophysis.
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  • 26
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Juxtaglomerular apparatus ; Sympathetic innervation ; Renin-angiotensin system ; Electron microscopy ; Fluorescence microscopy ; Tupaia belangeri ; Rat
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary It has previously been reported that the primitive primate Tupaia belangeri develops a renal failure when exposed to psychosocial stress. In order to learn if this high susceptibility to stress of the Tupaia kidney can be correlated with morphological and functional parameters of the Juxtaglomerular apparatus (JGA) and the renin-angiotensin system, comparative experiments were performed on Tupaia and rat. Our results reveal an outstandingly high potency of the JGA and the renin-angiotensin system in Tupaia as evident from the following findings: The Tupaia JGA contains a great number of epithelioid cells abounding in renin granules (electron microscopy). The renin content of the Tupaia kidney is considerably higher than in the rat (radio-immunoassay). The sympathetic innervation of the kidney and especially of the JGA is abundant in Tupaia (fluorescence and electron microscopy). Catecholamine contents of the kidney and other organs are significantly higher in Tupaia than in rats (spectrophotofluorometry). Our results support the previously developed concept of a potent intrarenal neuroendocrine interaction at the JGA level favouring, under certain conditions of social stress, the development of acute renal failure in Tupaia belangeri.
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  • 27
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    Cell & tissue research 212 (1980), S. 465-474 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Postcapillary venules ; Calf ; Lymph nodes ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The structure of the postcapillary “high endothelial venules” (HEV) of lymph nodes in calves was studied light and electron microscopically. These venules were detected light microscopically in the paracortical zone by their high cuboidal endothelium, a distinct basal lamina, the migration of lymphocytes through the vessel wall, and the dominance of lymphoid cells in the lumen, often completely obliterating the latter. Ultrastructurally, the endothelial cells (HEC) of the HEV were characterized by a prominent Golgi complex including many small vesicles, a few lysosome-like bodies, and a specific association between mitochondria and rough endoplasmic reticulum (MER). The HEC are connected by desmosomes, whereas the intimate contact points between migrating lymphocytes and endothelial cells could not be classified according to the well-defined junctional types. Lymphocyte migration occurred predominantly intercellularly, i.e., between endothelial cells. Although the overall appearance of the described vessel type in bovines bears resemblance to HEV in other investigated species, several differences occur that most probably are related to species variation.
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  • 28
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    Parasitology research 62 (1980), S. 31-38 
    ISSN: 1432-1955
    Keywords: Haemohormidium cotti ; Light microscopy ; Electron microscopy ; Taxonomy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Haemohormidium cotti, an organism of uncertain status, is redescribed from one of its type hosts, the marine fish,Cottus bubalis. The parasite occurs as irregularly round, oval, or elongate, intraerythrocytic bodies within blood and tissue preparations. Electron micrographs show features which suggest thatH. cotti may, as previously suspected, belong with the Piroplasmasida but no firm evidence of this is established. Possible division stages are identified in both light and electron micrographs. The taxonomic position ofHaemohormidium is discussed.
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  • 29
    ISSN: 1432-1955
    Keywords: Babesia microti ; Electron microscopy ; Ticks ; Ixodes ricinus
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  • 30
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    Cell & tissue research 205 (1980), S. 187-198 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Pancreatic polypeptide (PP) ; Glucagon ; Pancreatic islet ; Xiphophorus helleri ; Immunohistochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'étude immunohistochimique de l'îlot pancréatique du poisson téléostéen Xiphophorus helleri, à l'aide de sérums anti-polypeptide pancréatique (PP) et anti-glucagon a permis de montrer que deux populations cellulaires distinctes sont responsables de la sécrétion de ces hormones. L'observation comparée de coupes sériées, ultrafines et semifines, traitées par la technique immunohistochimique, a démontré que les cellules à PP correspondent aux cellules qui avaient été précédemment définies, dans cette espèce, comme “cellules A2 à grains ronds” et que les cellules sécrétrices de glucagon sont les “cellules A2 à grains cristallins”. L'hypothèse de l'existence de deux catégories de cellules à glucagon chez les téléostéens est abandonnée.
    Notes: Summary Correlative immunohistochemical and electron microscopical studies on the pancreatic islet of the teleost fish Xiphophorus helleri using antibodies to pancreatic polypeptide (PP) and glucagon show that separate cell types are responsible for the production of these peptides. The PP-cells correspond to the previously described “A2-cells with round granules”, while the “A2-cells with crystalline granules” are the true glucagon cells. An earlier suggestion that there are two types of glucagon cells in teleost islets is therefore withdrawn.
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  • 31
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Dragonfly visual system ; Lamina ganglionaris ; Monopolar cells ; Optic neuropile ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary Five monopolar cells and two long visual fibres are a consistent component of the lamina cartridge of the ventral half of the eye of the dragonfly Sympetrum rubicundulum. They communicate with the chiasm via a cartridge axon bundle comprising a minimum of ten fibres. The arrangement of these elements is documented with respect to the ommatidial photoreceptor axon bundle innervating them. These relationships are described both within the lamina cortex and in the cross-section of the underlying cartridge.
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  • 32
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    Cell & tissue research 207 (1980), S. 233-239 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Kidney ; Triturus cristatus carnifex ; Erythropoiesis ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary Specimens of Triturus cristatus carnifex (Laurenti), raised in 3.2 g/l solution of sodium lactate, presented hypertrophy of “lactate sensitive cells” (LSC) clustered at the vascular pole of each renal corpuscle. As seen under both the light and electron microscopes, these are specialized cells of the Bowman's capsule located at the junction between its visceral and parietal layers. The structure formed by the cells, heretofore unknown, is topographically associated with the juxtaglomerular apparatus. As lactate stimulates erythropoiesis even in normal oxygenated specimens and hypoxia induces hypertrophy of LSC in newts, it is hypothesized that the LSC are the site of erythropoietin (ESF) synthesis. A scheme of ESF biogenesis in newts, integrating the above principles, concludes the paper.
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  • 33
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    Cell & tissue research 207 (1980), S. 287-306 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Fetal human thymus ; Epithelial cells ; Development and differentiation ; Mesenchymal reticulum cells ; T lymphocytes ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary Ontogenetic differentiation of the human thymus was investigated in 50 embryos by means of light and electron microscopic methods in an attempt to clarify the morphogenesis of the complicated microecology of thymic tissue. At the 8th gestational week (g.w.), the primordium of the thymus contains almost exclusively undifferentiated epithelial cells. At the 10th g.w., the epithelial cells in the central part are spindle-shaped. During the subsequent weeks the cortical region of the thymus becomes separated into lobes by mesenchymal septa containing hemopoietic precursor cells and large electronlucent cells with irregularly shaped nuclei. The latter cells are also found in the deeper presumptive medullary regions of the thymus; they differentiate into interdigitating reticulum cells (IDC). The permeation of the medulla of the thymus by non-epithelial IDC occurs concurrently with the formation of cortical and medullary epithelial cells. Between the 12th and 14th g.w. the cortical and medullary differentiation is completed. At this time-stage cortical small lymphocytes differ in morphological shape from medullary lymphocytes, the latter acquiring the appearance of immunocompetent T cells and establishing intimate contact with the IDC. These findings indicate that the thymic cortex and medulla contain different epithelial cells. In addition, the thymic medulla displays cells characterized by the morphology of typical interdigitating reticulum cells of peripheral lymphoid tissue. The structural pattern of the thymus is correlated to morphologically differing lymphoid cell populations in the cortical and medullary regions.
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  • 34
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Supraependymal cells ; Macrophages ; Electron microscopy ; Lateral ventricles ; Amphibian brain
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    Notes: Summary Transmission and scanning electron microscopy of the lateral ventricles of the toad brain revealed the presence of supraependymal cells that have the features of macrophages. Based solely on their surface morphology three different cell forms could be identified. The most frequently observed cells are flat and multipolar, and have a smooth or ruffled surface. The second type is spherical with a ruffled surface and occurs either singly, in which case it lacks processes, or in clusters from which processes radiate. The third type has surface blebs and numerous thin, smooth processes. However, when specimens that had been examined in the scanning electron microscope are viewed in the transmission electron microscope, all cells appear to belong to a single cell type. All cells viewed closely resemble macrophages in that they contain nuclei with clumped chromaffin, single cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum, numerous dense bodies, and many Golgi complexes. In addition, when horseradish peroxidase (HRP) was perfused into the ventricles, reaction product was found a short time thereafter within cytoplasmic vacuoles, and after a longer period within dense bodies. Because of their ultrastructural resemblance to macrophages and their capacity to ingest HRP, we suggest that these cells function as phagocytes and, as such, act to remove foreign materials from the cerebrospinal fluid.
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  • 35
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Islet of Langerhans ; Aging ; Insulin-secreting cells ; Organ culture ; Electron microscopy ; Rat
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    Notes: Summary The B-cells of the endocrine pancreas constitute an adequate model for in vitro study of the aging process in highly differentiated cells. In the present study, collagenase-isolated islets of Langerhans from young and senescent rats were cultured up to 28 days. The response of the B-cells to the stimulatory conditions of the culture medium involved the nucleus, ribosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus, and secretory granules. Correlated data from light microscopy, electron microscopy, and insulin radioimmunoassay show that the differentiation and function of senescent B-cells are maintained in culture, as it has been proven for the B-cells of younger animals. On the other hand, signs of cytological deficiency not directly concerned with the specific function of B-cells were observed: abnormal mitochondria and lysosomes are more numerous in the senescent B-cells. The proliferative capacity of the B-cells of aged rats is reduced.
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  • 36
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    Cell & tissue research 207 (1980), S. 449-461 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Rhynchosciara angelae ; Salivary gland ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The structure of the salivary gland of the dipteran insect Rhynchosciara angelae in a defined stage of the larval development, characterized by the synthesis and storage of secretion product, is described. Observations were made with both Nomarski optics and electron microscopy. Filiform projections extending into the lumen of the gland were observed in the apical portion of the cells. At the basal region junctions, characterized as hemidesmosomes, were observed between the membrane of the cell and the basal lamina. The plasma membrane presents numerous infoldings into the cell increasing considerably the surface area at this region. Throughout the cytoplasm of the gland cells numerous mitochondria, Golgi complexes, microtubules, profiles of endoplasmic reticulum, secretion granules and glycogen granules were observed. Carbohydrates were detected on ultrathin sections by using the periodic acid-silver methenamine and the periodic acid-thiosemicarbazide-silver proteinate techniques.
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  • 37
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    Cell & tissue research 208 (1980), S. 143-164 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Locomotory muscle ; Fibre types ; Antarctic fish (Notothenia rossii) ; Histochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Energy metabolism
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The metabolic and structural differentiation of locomotory muscles of Notothenia rossii has been investigated. In this species sustained locomotion is achieved by sculling with enlarged pectoral fins (labriform locomotion), whilst the segmental myotomal muscle is reserved for burst activity. Red, white and subepidermal fibres can be distinguished in the trunk by histochemical and ultrastructural criteria. The main pectoral muscle (m. adductor profundus) consists entirely of red fibres. These three main fibres types show differences in histochemical staining profiles, capillarization, myofibril shape and packing, and lipid and mitochondrial content. The fractional volume of mitochondria amounts to 38% for pectoral, 30% for red myotomal and 1.9% for white myotomal fibres. Enzyme activities of red pectoral muscle are consistent with a higher potential for aerobic glucose and fatty acid oxidation than for the red myotomal fibres. Mg2+ Ca2+ -myofibrillar ATPase activities are similar for red pectoral and myotomal muscles and approximately half of those white fibres. Specialisations of N. rossii muscles associated with labriform swimming and locomotion at Antarctic temperatures are discussed.
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  • 38
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    Cell & tissue research 208 (1980), S. 207-228 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Hind stomach ; Fundic glands ; Electron microscopy ; Histochemistry ; Endocrine cells
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The epithelium of the fundic region mucosa of the hind stomach in the Llama guanacoe has been studied using morphological and histochemical methods. Morphology suggests that solute and water absorption may occur in the epithelium of the surface and of the foveolae, although this absorption can not be estimated because of the extensive secretion of the gastric glands. The same cells of the surface and foveolar epithelium show numerous secretory granules. The glands reveal neck cells, chief cells, a large number of oxyntic cells, four types of endocrine cells (A-like, ECL, D and EC), brush cells and wandering cells. PAS and Alcian blue reactions for light microscopy suggest a secretion of neutral and acidic mucosubstances in the surface and foveolar epithelium, of neutral mucosubstances only in the neck cells. Periodic acid-thiocarbohydrazide silver proteinate (PA-TCH-SP) reaction for electron microscopy confirms the presence of neutral mucosubstances within the secretory granules of the surface, foveolar and neck epithelial cells. In all these cells, the reaction product is also evident within sacculi and vesicles of the maturing surface of the Golgi apparatus. A positive PA-TCH-SP reaction also occurs on the membrane (and not on the contents) of the Golgi apparatus (maturing surface) and of the secretory granules of the chief cells as well as on the membrane of the Golgi apparatus and of apical vesicles and tubules of the oxyntic cells. In addition, silver granules slightly enhance the electron density of the contents of the secretory granules in the endocrine cells. Morphological and histochemical findings are discussed and compared with results described by others for monogastric mammals.
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  • 39
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    Cell & tissue research 208 (1980), S. 371-387 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lobula complex ; Visual interneurons ; Ultrastructure ; Cobalt-impregnations ; Electron microscopy ; Diptera (Calliphora erythrocephala)
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The synaptic organization of three classes of cobalt-filled and silver-intensified visual interneurons in the lobula complex of the blowfly Calliphora (Col A cells, horizontal cells and vertical cells) was studied electron microscopically. The Col A cells are regularly spaced, columnar, small field neurons of the lobula, which constitute a plexus of arborizations at the posterior surface of the neuropil and the axons of which terminate in the ventrolateral protocerebrum. They show postsynaptic specializations in the distal layer of their lobula-arborizations and additional presynaptic sites in a more proximal layer; their axon terminals are presynaptic to large descending neurons projecting into the thoracic ganglion. The horizontal and vertical cells are giant tangential neurons, the arborizations of which cover the anterior and posterior surface of the lobula plate, respectively, and which terminate in the perioesophageal region of the protocerebrum. Both classes of these giant neurons were found to be postsynaptic in the lobula plate and pre- and postsynaptic at their axon terminals and axon collaterals. The significance of these findings with respect to the functional properties of the neurons investigated is discussed.
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  • 40
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    Cell & tissue research 209 (1980), S. 11-28 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Epiphysis cerebri ; Parapineal organ ; Fluorescence histochemistry ; Electron microscopy ; Gasterosteus aculeatus L ; Teleostei
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The pineal complex of the three-spined stickleback (Gasterosteus aculeatus L.) was investigated by light and electron microscopy, as well as fluorescence histochemistry for demonstration of catecholamines and indolamines. The pineal complex of the stickleback consists of a pineal organ and a small parapineal organ situated on the left side of the pineal stalk. The pineal organ, including the entire stalk, is comprised mainly of ependymal-type interstitial cells and photoreceptor cells with well-developed outer segments. Both unmyelinated and myelinated nerve fibres are present in the pineal organ. Nerve tracts from the stalk enter the habenular and posterior commissures. A small bundle of nerve fibres connects the parapineal organ and the left habenular body. The presence of indolamines (5-HTP, 5-HT) was demonstrated in cell bodies of both the pineal body and the pineal stalk, and catecholaminergic nerve fibres surround the pineal complex.
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  • 41
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    Keywords: Visceral yolk sac ; Lipid droplets ; Malachite green-glutaraldehyde fixative ; Rat embryo ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the visceral yolk sac (VYS) of the rat embryo at day 9.5 of gestation was examined after fixation with either Karnovsky's glutaraldehyde-paraformaldehyde solution or malachite green-containing glutaraldehyde (MGA) solution. Fixation with MGA retained homogeneously electron-dense droplets in the cytoplasm and the nucleus of endodermal cells, both of which were lost in the specimens prepared by Karnovsky's fixation method. The cytoplasmic MGA-positive droplets were frequently associated with other cytoplasmic organelles such as rough endoplasmic reticulum, mitochondria and membrane-delineated inclusion bodies, but these cytoplasmic organelles never incorporated MGA-positive materials, whereas Golgi apparatus contained intracisternal MGA-positive droplets. Extracellular MGA-positive droplets were also encountered at the apical surface of endodermal cells and in the intercellular space between endodermal cells and the underlying mesodermal cells. These MGA-positive droplets were considered to be lipid in nature, and their origin in the endodermal cells of VYS is discussed.
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  • 42
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    Cell & tissue research 209 (1980), S. 225-238 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Tanycytes ; Median eminence ; Electron microscopy ; Rat ; Serum LH
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The transport of hormones from the cerebrospinal fluid to the adenohypophysis by the tanycytes of the median eminence was examined in male rats. Electron microscopy revealed that all ependymal cells including the tanycytes disappear or degenerate in rats subjected to electric cauterization of the ependymal layer lining the third ventricle. However, the granular axons in the palisade layer of the median eminence remain intact. In rats subjected to electric lesion, no significant change was found in either the serum-LH level or in the weight of the adenohypophysis, testes, adrenal and thyroid glands. It is concluded that the tanycytes do not participate in the hypothalamic regulation of hypophysial function.
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  • 43
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    Cell & tissue research 209 (1980), S. 271-277 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Intranuclear microtubules ; Chick embryo fibroblasts ; Frog Virus 3 ; Electron microscopy ; Tubulin
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Intranuclear microtubules appear in chick embryo fibroblasts upon infection with Frog Virus 3 (FV 3). Both the diameter and the annular shape of the microtubule profiles, established from electron microscopic observations using a goniometer, suggest that they are identical to naturally occurring cytoplasmic microtubules. Furthermore, the use of vinblastine allowed demonstration of the tubulin composition of the intranuclear microtubules.
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  • 44
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    Cell & tissue research 209 (1980), S. 279-294 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Germinal center reaction ; Dendritic reticulum cell ; Rabbit spleen ; Enzyme histochemistry ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary To obtain more information concerning the origin of dendritic reticulum cells, the development of germinal centers in the spleens of rabbits was investigated by conventional light microscopy, enzyme histochemistry, and electron microscopy. Washed sheep erythrocytes were used as antigen. Splenic tissue was examined on the 13th, 18th, 21st, 27th and 48th day after antigen administration. Electron microscopic investigations revealed transitional forms between typical fibroblastic reticulum cells, which formed the framework of the entire splenic white pulp, and typical dendritic reticulum cells. During this transformation, the enzyme histochemical pattern of alkaline phosphatase disappeared and a positive alpha-naphthyl acetate esterase reaction appeared in the transformed cells. On the basis of these findings, it is highly likely that dendritic reticulum cells develop through transformation of fibroblastic reticulum cells during the development of germinal centers in rabbit spleens. The characteristic folding of the surface membrane of dendritic reticulum cells is probably caused by the conspicuous increase in size of the Golgi apparatus, the detachment of vesicles, and the uptake of such vesicles by the cell membrane observed electron microscopically during the cellular transformation. Receptors that are of significance in antigen trapping might reach the cell surface in this manner, i.e., with the Golgi vesicles.
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  • 45
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    Cell & tissue research 211 (1980), S. 95-103 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Synapse ; Synaptogenesis ; Cell culture ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary In cell cultures of the rat cerebellum, electron-dense material has been found occasionally between adjacent cells. More often than not, presynaptic elements on one side of the dense material faced either neuronal or nonneuronal cells on the other side. The 20 nm thick material was stained either with the osmium-uranyl-lead (OsUL) procedure or with the ethanolic phosphotungstic acid (E-PTA) procedure. To determine the source of the dense material, various compounds were added to cultures at 7 days in vitro. Only a crude nuclear fraction was able to duplicate the appearance of the dense material associated with the apparent presynaptic elements. It was concluded that apparent presynaptic elements were associated with the polybasic dense material and that this type of association may duplicate an interaction in the normal development of synaptic contacts.
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  • 46
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    Cell & tissue research 212 (1980), S. 395-413 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Kidney ; Distal tubule ; Collecting duct ; Electron microscopy ; Thin sections ; Freeze fracturing ; Tight junctions
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Quantitative aspects of tight junction morphology were systematically studied in the cortical and outer medullary segments of the distal urinary tubules of rat, hamster, rabbit, cat, dog and the primitve primate Tupaia belangeri. Only minor differences in junctional architecture were found between straight and convoluted portions of the distal tubule. In contrast, the collecting duct in cortex and outer medulla, in all species, exhibits the most elaborate tight junctions observed along the uriniferous tubule. The present and previous findings from this laboratory indicate that increasing “tightness” of the junctional complexes is apparent along the course of the nephron in all species studied. The proposed relationship between quantitative aspects of the zonula occludens and presently available values for transepithelial electrical resistance was re-examined for the renal tubules. It was found that for the mammalian kidney a satisfactory correlation exists between the tight junction morphology and presently known functional parameters. This relationship is the more evident the more additional dimensional characteristics of the intercellular clefts are taken into consideration. It may therefore be concluded that, at least for the mammalian kidney, the assumption of differences in the molecular organization of the tight junctions is not needed to explain so far unresolved discrepancies between tubular morphology and function.
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  • 47
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    Cell & tissue research 213 (1980), S. 237-246 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Stellate cell ; Nongranulated cell ; Adenohypophysis ; Rabbit ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Stellate cells in the rabbit adenohypophysis were observed electron microscopically under normal and experimental conditions such as lactation, thyroidectomy, adrenalectomy, or castration. In control animals stellate cells had a scanty cytoplasm surrounding the nucleus and possessed slender processes extending between granulated cells. The processes were interconnected by desmosomes to form a meshwork. In the cytoplasm, abundant microfilaments were present as well as ill-developed ordinary cell organelles, but secretory granules were absent. In the adenohypophysis of experimental groups, in which the granulated cells underwent characteristic changes, stellate cells also showed remarkable morphological alterations which were similar in all groups. In general, they became hypertrophied, and contained a well-developed Golgi apparatus and rough-surfaced endoplasmic reticulum. Lysosomes or lipid droplets were frequently encountered. Between adjacent stellate cells, intercellular canals were markedly developed and many microvilli were noticed. Based on the above data, it is suggested that the stellate cells are not only sustentacular elements, but play an important role in the function of the adenohypophysis, such as the supply of materials to granulated cells or the disposal of waste products.
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    Cell & tissue research 213 (1980), S. 311-324 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Bombyx ; Silk-gland ; Starvation ; Development ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The cytological development of the silk gland has been studied by light and electron microscopy in silkworms experimentally starved at different periods of the natural feeding stage during the fifth instar. When newly molted animals are not provided with food, no sign of growth is observed. Starvation initiated early during the obligatory feeding period, stops cell growth and development of the organelles involved in protein synthesis and secretion, whereas it induces the appearance of organelles concerned with autolysis. These effects are reversible if starvation is not prolonged beyond two days. Starvation during the facultative feeding period, at the time of massive fibroin production, results in quantitative and qualitative modifications of organelles related to the decrease of fibroin production and the onset of autolysis. Rough endoplasmic reticulum, responsible for fibroin synthesis, forms transitory whorls. Fibroin transport via the Golgi apparatus and secretion of the protein into the gland lumen decrease parallel to fibroin synthesis, so that no fibroin storage can be detected in any organelle. After food deprivation, autophagosomes and secondary lysosomes rapidly develop in the cytoplasm, and if starvation continues portions of the cytoplasm are sequestered and completely destroyed. If animals are refed, fibroin production is resumed and autolysis declines. These ultrastructural alterations of the silk gland during experimental starvation are very similar to those observed during the periods of physiological starvation (molt and cocoon spinning) and generally considered to be under hormonal control. Our results raise the question of the nature of interactions between alimentary and hormonal factors which control silk-gland development.
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  • 49
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    Calcified tissue international 10 (1972), S. 82-90 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Calcium ; Phosphate ; Precipitation ; Kinetics ; Chemistry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé La cinétique de la formation et de la transformation des précipités de phosphate de calcium, obtenus en mélangeant de volumes égaux de solutions à 6×10−3 M de calcium total et/ou phosphate total est étudiée à 25°C. Les solutions de phosphate sont préajustées à un pH de 7.4. Les changements de pH et de turbidité des solutions sont suivis simultanément en fonction du temps. Les précipités sont isolés à des intervalles de temps variables et caractérisés par diverses méthodes physico-chimiques. Initialement un précipité avec un rapport molaire Ca/P de 1.5, amorphe aux rayons X et en diffraction électronique, est formé. Le spectre IR indique la présence de PO 4 3− et de HPO 4 2− . Après une période métastable, on observe la précipitation d'un matériel cristallin dans ou sur la phase amorphe. Vingt quatre heures après préparation de l'échantillon les précipités présentent surtout les caractères du phosphate octocalcique.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Die Kinetik der Bildung und Transformation von Calciumphosphat-Niederschlägen wurde bei 25°C untersucht. Es wurden dazu gleiche Volumen von Lösungen gemischt, bei einer Konzentration von 6×10−3M totales Calcium und/oder totales Phosphat. Die Phosphatlösungen wurden zuerst auf pH 7,4 eingestellt. Veränderungen des pH und Trübung der Lösungen wurden gleichzeitig als eine Funktion der Zeit aufgezeichnet. Niederschläge wurden in verschiedenen Zeitintervallen isoliert und mit verschiedenen physiko-chemischen Methoden charakterisiert. Am Anfang wurde ein Niederschlag mit einem molaren Ca/P-Verhältnis von 1,5, im Röntgenbild und in der Elektronendiffraktion amorph, gebildet. Infrarotspektren deuteten die Anwesenheit von PO 4 3− - und HPO 4 2− -Ionen an. Nach einer metastabilen Periode erfolgte ein Niederschlag aus kristallinem Material innerhalb oder auf der amorphen Substanz. 24 Std nach der Herstellung der Proben zeigten die Niederschläge in der Hauptsache die Charakteristiken von Octocalciumphosphat.
    Notes: Abstract The kinetics of the formation and transformation of calcium phosphate precipitates obtained by mixing equal volumes of solutions, 6×10−3 M in total calcium and/or total phosphate was investigated at 25°. The phosphate solutions were preadjusted to pH 7.4. Changes of the pH and turbidity of the solutions were followed simultaneously as a function of time. Precipitates were isolated at various time intervals and characterized by different physicochemical methods. Initially a precipitate with a molar Ca/P ratio of 1.5, amorphous to X-ray and electron diffraction was formed. IR spectra indicated the presence of PO 4 3− and HPO 4 2− ions. After a period of metastability, precipitation of a crystalline material within or upon the amorphous matter occurred. Twenty four hours after sample preparation the precipitates showed mainly the characteristics of octacalcium phosphate.
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  • 50
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    Calcified tissue international 10 (1972), S. 171-197 
    ISSN: 1432-0827
    Keywords: Amorphous ; Crystalline ; Calcium phosphate ; Chemistry ; Composition
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Des échantillons non lavés de phosphate de calcium amorphe (ACP) contiennent une fraction labile, non remplaçable, riche en phosphate acide avec un rapport Ca/P faible: cette fraction est perdue de façon irréversible au cours du lavage. De l'ACP frais, précipité entre pH 6.6–10.6, varie dans un rapport molaire Ca/P de 1.18 à 1.50 et dans un rapport HPO 4 2− /P total de 33.0% à 10.1%. A pH 7.40, de l'ACP frais a un rapport molaire Ca/P de 1.36±0.02 et contient 22.8 (±2.2)% HPO 4 2− . Les résultats obtenus avec du précipité non lavé ne peuvent s'expliquer par du Ca2+ emprisonné et de l'HPO 4 2− ou du Na+, Cl− et CO 3 2− exogènes. Les phosphates de calcium amorphes constituent une classe de sels ayant des caractères chimiques variables et des propriétés physiques identiques, comparables au verre. Le CaHPO4·xH2O non cristallin peut être un ACP, surtout au cours des phases précoces de formation. A des pH physiologiques, l'ACP se transforme en petits cristaux applatis contenant de fortes quantités de phosphate acide facilement remplaçable. Le fait de laver la couche de surface produit un changement chimique dans les nouveaux cristaux: des cristaux non lavés donnent des diagrammes de diffraction d'apatite peu cristallins, ainsi que des spectres infra-rouges peu nets, intermédiaires entre des apatites et du phosphate octocalcique. Des explications structurales sont proposées et les compositions minérales amorphe/cristalline de l'os et du cartilage sont recalculées.
    Abstract: Zusammenfassung Ungewaschene Proben von amorphem Calciumphosphat (ACP) enthalten eine unersetzliche labile Fraktion, welche reich an saurem Phosphat ist und ein niederes Ca/P-Verhältnis hat und welche während des Waschprozesses unwiderruflich verloren geht. Natives ACP, welches im pH-Bereich 6,6–10,6 ausgefällt wurde, variierte im molaren Ca/P-Verhältnis zwischen 1,18 und 1,50 und in HPO 4 2− /totales P zwischen 33,0 und 10,1%. Bei pH 7,40 hatte natives ACP ein molares Ca/P-Verhältnis von 1,36±0,02 und enthielt 22,8 (±2,2)% HPO 4 2− . Die Werte beim ungewaschenen Niederschlag rühren weder von aus dem Überstand aufgenommenem Ca2+ und HPO2−, noch von außen kommendem Na+, Cl− und CO 3 2− her. Die amorphen Calciumphosphate werden als eine Klasse von Salzen erkannt, welche veränderliche chemische, aber identische glasartige physicochemische Eigenschaften haben. Nicht kristallines CaHPO4·xH2O kann auch ein ACP sein, besonders in den frühen Bildungsstadien. Bei physiologischem pH verwandelt sich ACP in kleine plattenförmige Kristalle, welche große Mengen von leicht ersetzbarem saurem Phosphat enthalten. Das Waschen dieser Oberflächenschicht erzeugte chemische Veränderungen in den resultierenden Kristallen; ungewaschene Kristalle zeigten ein Diffraktionsmuster, das nur schwach demjenigen des kristallinen Aspatites glich, aber ein schlecht aufgelöstes Infrarotspektrum, welches zwischen Apatit und Octocalciumphosphat war. Es werden strukturelle Erklärungen für alle diese Phenomena diskutiert, und revidierte amorph/kristalline Mineralzusammensetzungen von Knochen und Knorpel wurden neu berechnet.
    Notes: Abstract Unwashed samples of amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) contain an irreplaceable labile fraction, rich in acid phosphate and low in Ca/P ratio, which is irreversibly lost during the washing process. Native ACP precipitated in the pH range 6.6–10.6 varied in Ca/P molar ratio from 1.18 to 1.50 and in HPO 4 2− /total P from 33.0% to 10.1%. At pH 7.40, native ACP had a Ca/P molar ratio of 1.36±0.02 and contained 22.8 (±2.2)% HPO 4 2− . Unwashed precipitate data could not be attributed to either trapped supernatant Ca2+ and HPO 4 2− or extraneous Na+, Cl−, and CO 3 2− . The amorphous calcium phosphates are recognized as a class of salts having variable chemical but identical glass-like, physicochemical properties. Non-crystalline CaHPO4·xH2O may also be an ACP, especially during early formative stages. At physiological pH, ACP transforms to small platy crystals containing large amounts of readily-replaceable acid phosphate. Washing this surface layer produced chemical alterations in the resultant crystals; unwashed crystals had poorly-crystalline apatitic diffraction patterns but exhibited poorly-resolved infrared spectra intermediate between apatite and octacalcium phosphate. Structural explanations for all these phenomena are discussed, and revised bone and cartilage amorphous/crystalline mineral compositions have been re-calculated.
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    Cell & tissue research 123 (1972), S. 47-54 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurosecretion ; Neurohypophysis ; Exocytosis ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung 1. Elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen an der Neurohypophyse von Ratte und Forelle ergeben, daß sich eine Exocytose von Elementargranula an den Endigungen der neurosekretorischen Fasern nur selten abspielt. Es wird daher angenommen, daß die Abgabe von Hormonen in der Neurohypophyse in der Regel nach dem Muster des „membrane-release“ abläuft. 2. Die Exocytose wird nicht durch eine unmittelbare tangentiale Fusion der Membran des Elementargranulums mit dem Plasmalemm der Nervenendigung (Axolemm) eingeleitet. Vor allem bei Anwendung eines Goniometertisches wird erkennbar, daß vor der Exocytose zwischen Axolemm und Membran des Granulums eine Verbindung in Gestalt eines Stieles entsteht. Die Länge dieses Verbindungsstückes entspricht etwa 2 Axolemmdicken. An der Basis des Stiels im Axolemm tritt das Stoma auf, durch das der Inhalt des Granulums bzw. dieses selbst das Axonende verläßt. 3. Die Herkunft kleiner membrannaher Vesikel (Durchmesser 500 Å) in den Endigungen neurosekretorischer Nervenfasern in der Neurohypophyse konnte nicht geklärt werden. Anzeichen einer kompensatorischen Endocytose im Sinne von Nagasawa, Douglas und Schulz (1970) wurden nicht beobachtet.
    Notes: Summary 1. Electron microscopical investigations of the neurohypophysis in rat and trout reveal that exocytosis of neurosecretory elementary granules from the nerve endings occurs only rarely. The authors are of the opinion that hormone release in the neural lobe follows mainly the “membrane-release” pattern. 2. Exocytosis is not performed by tangential fusion of the elementary granule membrane and the plasmalemma of the nerve ending (axolemma). Administering the goniometer technique one can observe the appearance of a stalk-like structure connecting the two membranes. The basis of the stalk in the axolemma corresponds to the site of the stoma through which the core of the vesicle leaves the nerve ending. 3. The mechanism of the origin of small clear vesicles (diameter 500 Å approx.) near the axolemma of the neurosecretory terminal has not been elucidated. The authors did not observe equivalents of a compensatory endocytosis in the vicinity of granules released by exocytosis.
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  • 52
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    Keywords: Neurones ; Lumbricus ; Monoamines ; Neurosecretion ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary The cerebral ganglion and the ventral nerve cord of Lumbricus terrestris have been studied with the electron microscope. The results are as follows: In the neuropile small granular vesicles (300 to 500 Å) occur in some varicose nerve fibres after fixation with potassium permanganate. This indicates the presence of noradrenaline. Sometimes only a few of the vesicles produce a positive reaction. After incubation with α-methyl-noradrenaline the numbers of nerve terminals with small granular vesicles greatly increase, indicating the presence of dopamine and/or 5-hydroxytryptamine. In this case the reaction is now complete. The number of small granular vesicles is largest in the terminal swellings. These findings are consistent with histofluorescence, chemical, and microspectrofluorometric analyses, which have demonstrated noradrenaline, dopamine, and 5-hydroxytryptamine in neurones in the central nervous system. Large granular vesicles (600 to 900 Å) are to be found in some perikarya, not identical with neurosecretory cell bodies. In this case the granular vesicles in the axon are smaller and fewer. This indicates a simultaneous proximo-distal transport and gradual decrease in size of the granular vesicles. The intraneuronal distribution of the vesicles is in agreement with the distribution of the fluorophores in the fluorescent neurones. Neurosecretory neurones are found most likely not to contain monoamines.
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  • 53
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    Cell & tissue research 126 (1972), S. 431-436 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Golgi apparatus ; Granular endoplasmic reticulum ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary Numerous morphological continuities between the cisternae of the convex face of the Golgi apparatus and the granular endoplasmic reticulum (GER) were observed in post-division amebae that had divided following enucleation and renucleation. Electron microscopic radioautography with the use of 3H-uridine as a tracer indicated that perhaps the Golgi apparatus is derived from the GER. The possibility of the connections between GER and Golgi apparatus facilitating transport of materials between the two is also discussed.
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  • 54
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    Cell & tissue research 126 (1972), S. 466-482 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Macrophages ; Microtubules ; Enamel organ ; Rat ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In the enamel organ of rat incisors macrophages are present in the zone of matrix formation, the transitional zone, the enamel maturation and pigmentation zone. The macrophages accumulate adjacent to redifferentiating amelocytes in the transitional zone. The macrophages phagocytize fragments of disintegrating amelocytes. In addition to the well known complement of organelles the macrophages present an elaborated microtubular system, scattered, thick filaments, a cortical feltwork of thin filaments, and spherical nuclear bodies. The microtubules emanate from “attached” and free pericentriolar satellites and radiate aster-like towards the cell surface or into pseudopods or curve along the nuclear surface for long distances, often related to nuclear constrictions. It is suggested that the microtubular system plays a prominent role in directional movement of the macrophages. The cortical filaments, if contractile, may create the cytoplasmic flow necessary for the cell motility.
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  • 55
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    Cell & tissue research 127 (1972), S. 116-126 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cell junctions ; Nexus ; Osmotic effects ; Fixatives ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Speicheldrüsen von Mückenlarven (Chironomus Thummi) haben eine ausgedehnte interzelluläre Kommunikation. In elektronenmikroskopischen Bildern der Speicheldrüsen wurden zwei Arten von interzellulären Verbindungen gefunden, die für die Zellkopplung verantwortlich sein könnten: septate junctions und close membrane junctions. Da die räumliche Ausdehnung der septate junctions viel größer zu sein scheint als die der close junctions, wurden erstere als wahrscheinliche Kopplungsstrukturen angesehen. Es gibt jedoch Hinweise, daß die Strukturen, welche die Zellkopplung bewirken, sehr labil sind. Unter den Faktoren, die zu einer Unterbrechung der zellulären Kommunikationen führen können, sind auch osmotische Effekte. Um mögliche Einflüsse dieser Art auf die Ultrastruktur zu verhindern, wurden die Drüsen für die mikroskopische Inspektion in isoosmotischen Lösungen fixiert. Unter diesen Bedingungen lassen sich ausgedehnte Membrankontakte vom nexus-Typ zwischen den Drüsenzellen erkennen. Ihre Ausdehnung scheint ebenso groß zu sein wie die der septate junctions. Es besteht nach diesen Befunden die Möglichkeit, daß wie in anderen kommunizierenden Zellsystemen, so auch in Speicheldrüsen die interzelluläre Kommunikation durch nexus bewirkt wird.
    Notes: Summary Cells ofChironomus salivary glands communicate through intercellular connections of high permeability. Electron micrographs of salivary glands show two kinds of junctions between the membranes of adjacent cells, which may be responsible for cell coupling: septate junctions and close membrane junctions. A large fraction of lateral cell surfaces is occupied by septate junctions, while the area of close membrane junctions appears to be very small. Consequently septate junctions have been considered as likely sites for intercellular coupling. There are however some indications that intercellular communication is provided by structures which seem to be unstable. As osmotic effects are among the factors which can disrupt cellular communications, we have tried to eliminate possible effects of the fixing solutions on the ultrastructure of intercellular connections by using isoosmotic fixatives. Under these conditions large regions of close membrane junctions of the nexus kind have been observed to occur between gland cells. They are of similar size as septate junctions. It seems to be possible that as in other communicating cell systems nexus could be the sites for intercellular coupling of salivary gland cells.
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  • 56
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Synapses ; Crustacea ; Abdominal Ganglia ; Lateral glant fibers ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The abdominal ganglia of the crayfish Astacus pallipes contain numerous vertebrate-like synapses which are characterized by presynaptic vesicles, darkened pre- and post-synaptic membranes, cleft material, and post-synaptic “fuzz”. Such synapses occur throughout the ganglia but are most easily found dorsally, where the neuropile is relatively coarse. The neuropile is far from homogeneous. Regional variations in fiber size, in degree of profile tortuosity, and in kind, magnitude, and distribution of vesicular content result in conspicuous textural variations. The structural polarity of synapses between the lateral giant fibers and other neurons is consistent with known physiological polarity and, hence, validates our criteria for recognition of synapses within the ganglion.
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  • 57
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    Cell & tissue research 128 (1972), S. 42-57 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Microglia ; Pericytes ; Cerebral cortex (cat) ; Transformation ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Capillaries, pericytes and microglial cells in layer I of the cerebral cortex of normal adult cats have been studied with electron microscopy. The data obtained in this study show that pericytes are cells which are able to transform themselves into microglial cells by virtue of an activation process in which the astrocytic neuroglia appears to play a decisive role. By virtue of its structure, its mesodermic origin and its function the microglia has to be distinguished clearly from the astrocytic neuroglia and the oligodendroglia.
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  • 58
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    Cell & tissue research 128 (1972), S. 100-114 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Connective tissue ; Gastropoda ; Globular cells ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Blasenzellen stellen ein typisches Zellelement im Bindegewebe der Gastropoden dar. Licht- und elektronenmikroskopische Untersuchungen an Cepaea nemoralis haben gezeigt, daß der größte Teil einer Blasenzelle mit einer veränderlichen Glykogenmenge angefüllt ist. Diese zentrale Glykogenansammlung verdrängt das Zytoplasma mit seinen Organellen auf den peripheren Bereich der Zelle einschließlich der Zellausläufer und einen schmalen Saum um den Zellkern. Das wichtigste Identifizierungs-merkmal der Blasenzelle ist eine sehr spezialisierte — hier als Spaltenapparat bezeichnete — Oberflächendifferenzierung. Die Auswertung von Serienschnitten hat gezeigt, daß diese Oberflächenstruktur durch eine zum Teil verzweigte Invagination des extrazellulären Raumes gebildet wird, die wiederum von der Blasenzelle durch eine mäanderförmig unterbrochene Platte abgedeckt ist. Zwischen dem Spaltenapparat der Blasenzellen und dem Reusenapparat der Podozyten der Niere scheint eine Ähnlichkeit zu bestehen.
    Notes: Summary The globular cells are typical elements of the connective tissue of Gastropods. Light- and electronmicroscopic investigations of Cepaea nemoralis have shown, that these cells are filled with variable contents of glycogen, accumulated in the centre of the cell. This crowds the cytoplasm and the cell organelles into the peripheral area, including the cell processes and a narrow band surrounding the nucleus. The typical element of the globular cell is a special differentiation of the cell surface, the so-called “Spaltenapparat”. The three-dimensional organisation of the “Spaltenapparat” has been analysed by serial ultrathin sections. The reconstruction shows, that the “Spaltenapparat” consists of numerous branched invaginations of the extracellular space covered by very small, winding cell processes; there are tiny clefts between them. There appears to be some similarity between the “Spaltenapparat” of the globular cells and the pedicels of the podocytes of the renal glomerulus.
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  • 59
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    Cell & tissue research 128 (1972), S. 135-138 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spinal cord ; Mouse ; Myelinated neuronal soma ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Im Thorakalmark (Hinterhornbereich) einer Wildmaus wurde ein kleines Nervenzellperikaryon beobachtet, das vollständig von einer Markscheide umhüllt war. Die Zahl der Markscheidenlamellen variierte zwischen 7 und 12. An einer Stelle konnte ein sogenanntes inneres Mesoperikaryon nachgewiesen werden. Die Bedeutung dieses zufällig erhobenen Befundes ist vorerst noch offen.
    Notes: Summary In the thoracic cord (posterior horn region) of a wild mouse, we have observed a small nerve cell soma completely enveloped by a myelin sheath. The number of myelin lamellae varied between 7 and 12. In one place, the existence of an inner ‘mesoperikaryon’ could also be shown. The significance of this fortuitous finding has not yet been explained.
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  • 60
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    Cell & tissue research 126 (1972), S. 53-74 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Oogenesis ; Rhesus monkey ; Meiotic chromosomes ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary The ovaries of foetal and neonatal rhesus monkeys have been examined with the electron microscope. The fine structure of the germ cells (oogonia; oocytes at the preleptotene, leptotene, zygotene, pachytene and diplotene stages of meiotic prophase) closely resembles that of corresponding human cells. Stages in spontaneous atresia are also described. Cytoplasmic organelles in oogonia are sparse and are grouped mainly at one pole of the nucleus, but become dispersed and more abundant as oogenesis proceeds. The nuclei of oogonia contain a random fibrillar matrix which becomes organized into threads at pre-leptotene. At leptotene these chromosomal threads each contain a dense axial “core”; during zygotene they become loosely paired in a “bouquet” arrangement and at pachytene the bivalents contain synaptinemal complexes. “Single” cores reappear at diplotene, surrounded by a complex fibrillar sheath organized into lateral projections and loops with associated granules: such chromosomes resemble those in human primordial oocytes although they are more diffuse. These findings support the view that at the diplotene stage mammalian oocytes contain chromosomes of the lampbrush type. Observations on the monkey are compared with those on other species, and the ways in which chromosomal organization may influence the radiosensitivity of oocytes is discussed.
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    Cell & tissue research 129 (1972), S. 1-10 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spermatogonia ; Fish ; Annulate lamellae ; Chromatoid bodies ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Observations on annulate lamellae and chromatoid bodies in spermatogonia of the cyprinid fish Pimephales notatus have revealed several commonly occurring features heretofore unreported: These include (a) the presence of annulate lamellae in close association with chromatoid bodies; (b) the existence of a chromatoid “band” or “shell” between the nuclear envelope and some chromatoid bodies with connections among them; (c) the presence of annulate pore complexes in the absence of well developed membrane envelopes as well as in association with such envelopes; (d) the presence of material just outside the nucleus and contiguous with nuclear pores which is of a similar density and texture to that of the chromatoid bands and chromatoid bodies; (e) filamentous material between the cytoplasmic sides of nuclear pores and the chromatoid “band”, bridging a distance of approximately 1000 Å and similar threads extending a like distance between chromatoid bodies (and bands) and annulate lamellae associated with them; and (f) mitochondria closely arranged about some chromatoid bodies.
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  • 62
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    Cell & tissue research 127 (1972), S. 127-148 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Nuclear envelope ; Amphibian oocytes ; Nuclear pore complex ; Chemical nature ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In order to investigate the chemical composition of the nuclear pore complexes isolated nuclei from matureXenopus laevis oocytes were manually fractioned into nucleoplasmic aggregates and the nuclear envelopes. The whole isolation procedure takes no more than 60–90 sec, and the pore complexes of the isolated envelopes are well preserved as demonstrated by electron microscopy. Minor nucleoplasmic and cytoplasmic contaminations associated with the isolated nuclear envelopes were determined with electron microscopic morphometry and were found to be quantitatively negligible as far as their mass and nucleic acid content is concerned. The RNA content of the fractions was determined by direct phosphorus analysis after differential alkaline hydrolysis. Approximately 9% of the total nuclear RNA of the matureXenopus egg was found to be attached to the nuclear envelope. The nonmembranous elements of one pore complex contain 0.41×10−16 g RNA. This value agrees well with the content estimated from morphometric data. The RNA package density in the pore complexes (270×10−15 g/μ3) is compared with the nucleolar, nucleoplasmic and cytoplasmic RNA concentration and is discussed in context with the importance of the pore complexes for the nucleo-cytoplasmic transport of RNA-containing macromolecules. Additionally, the results of the chemical analyses as well as of the3H-actinomycin D autoradiography and of the nucleoprotein staining method of Bernhard (1969) speak against the occurence of considerable amounts of DNA in the nuclear pore complex structures.
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  • 63
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    Cell & tissue research 127 (1972), S. 50-86 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Salivary glands ; Drosophila, larval ; Differentiation ; Involution ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Entwicklung bzw. Differenzierung der larvalen Speicheldrüse vonDrosophila melanogaster wurde an genau datierten Altersstadien aus dem III. Larvenstadium, der Vorpuppe und der Puppe mit lichtmikroskopischen und elektronenmikroskopischen Methoden untersucht. Zur Vermeidung großer Streuung im physiologischen Alter der Tiere wurde eine Kulturmethode entwickelt, die es erlaubt, die Häutungen zu beobachten und zur Altersbestimmung heranzuziehen. Folgende Ergebnisse wurden erzielt: 1. Die Speicheldrüse besteht bis zur Mitte des III. Larvenstadiums morphologisch aus einem einheitlichen Zelltypus, der sehr kleine Sekretgrana (∅ 0,3 μm) bildet. Diese sammeln sich am Zellapex. Die Vermutung liegt nahe, daß es sich um ein Verdauungssekret handelt.In der 2. Hälfte des III. Larvenstadiums differenzieren sich drei Zelltypen, die hier Corpuszellen, Übergangszellen und Halszellen genannt werden. Dabei ist ein Differenzierungsgradient von distal nach proximal zu beobachten. Die distal gelegenenCorpuszellen stellen die Bildung des Verdauungssekretes in der 2. Hälfte des III. Larvenstadiums ein und bilden stattdessen ein Klebesekret. Dieses Sekret wird in Form großer Grana (∅ bis zu 10 μm) zunächst in den Zellen gespeichert und kurz vor der Pupariumbildung ins Lumen der Drüse abgegeben. Kurz nach der Pupariumbildung wird das Klebesekret aus dem Körper entlassen und dient dazu, die Tönnchenpuppe an einem trockenen Substrat anzuheften. Das Klebesekret ist PAS-positiv. Wahrscheinlich handelt es sich um ein Mucoproteid. Während des Vorpuppenstadiums bilden sich in den Corpuszellen große Vakuolen, die auf Grund der elektronenmikroskopischen Befunde als Ausdruck einer weiteren Sekretionsphase und nicht als beginnende Degeneration gedeutet werden. Die mögliche Bedeutung dieses Sekretes wird diskutiert. DieÜbergangszellen liegen zwischen den Corpuszellen und den Halszellen. Sie bilden ebenfalls Klebesekret, jedoch mit zeitlicher Verzögerung. Kurz vor der Pupariumbildung sind sie wie die Corpuszellen mit ausgereiften Klebesekretgrana beladen und von diesen nicht mehr zu unterscheiden. Die proximal gelegenenHalszellen bilden kein Klebesekret, sondern setzen die Bildung des Verdauungssekretes in der 2. Hälfte des III. Larvenstadiums fort. Während des Vorpuppenstadiums bilden sich in den Halszellen nicht die großen Vakuolen wie in den Corpuszellen. 2. Die Involution der larvalen Speicheldrüse erfolgt nach der Puppenhäutung durch Autolyseprozesse, die am distalen Ende der Drüse beginnen und innerhalb 1 Std alle Zellen mit Ausnahme der Imaginalanlage erfassen. 3. Die in dieser Untersuchung erhobenen entwicklungsgeschichtlichen Befunde anDrosophila melanogaster werden mit Beobachtungen anDrosophila virilis, D. robusta undD. hydei verglichen. Dabei wird aufgezeigt, daß die Entwicklung der larvalen Speicheldrüsen von verschiedenenDrosophila-Arten enge Parallelen aufweist. Die bisher bekannten Zusammenhänge zwischen Stoffwechselaktivitäten im Zytoplasma und Genaktivitäten (Puffmuster) an den Riesenchromosomen dieser Zellen werden diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The development and differentiation of the larval salivary glands ofDrosophila melanogaster have been investigated with light and electron microscopical methods. The organ has been dissected out of exactly dated stages of the III. instar larva, the prepupa and the early pupa. In order to avoid great variations in the physiological age of the animals a culture method has been developed, enabling the larval molts to be observed and used for identification of the age. The results are as follows: 1. The salivary gland of the early larva up to the middle of the III. instar period is a homogenous sack consisting of one sort of cells, in which very small secretion granules (∅ 0,3 μm) are synthesized. These secretion granules concentrate near the cellular apex. They are supposed to contain digestion enzymes. 2. In the second half of the III. larval instar period three cell types are differentiated, which are called corpus cells, transitional cells and collum cells. A gradient of differentiation from distal to proximal can be observed. 3. Thecorpus cells, located at the distal part of the gland, stop the production of digestion enzymes in the second half of the III. larval instar period and begin to synthesize a cement substance. This cement first is stored in grana (∅ up to 10 μm) inside the corpus cells. Shortly before puparium formation it is extruded into the lumen of the gland. Shortly after puparium formation it is expectorated out of the mouth, runs along the body wall and affixes the puparium to the substrate. The cement is PAS-positive, probably being a mucoproteid. In the corpus cells large vacuoles are formed during the prepupal instar period. On the basis of these electron microscopical results the vacuoles are interpreted to represent another form of a secretory product and not an equivalent of beginning degeneration. The possible function of this substance is discussed. 4. Thetransitional cells are located between the corpus cells and the collum cells. They also synthesize cement at a delayed rate, through shortly before puparium formation they are filled with cement like the corpus cells and cannot be distinguished from the latter. Thecollum cells form the most proximal part of the salivary gland. They do not produce cement but continue to synthesize digestion enzyme granules in the second half of the III. instar period. The large secretion vacuoles, found in the corpus cells during the prepupal instar period, are not synthesized in the collum cells. 5. The involution of the larval salivary gland begins after pupation and is indicated by autolytic processes, which begin at the distal end of the gland. One hour later all cells exept the imaginalanlage show signs of degeneration. 6. The course of development of the salivary glands investigated in the present study inDrosophila melanogaster is compared with similar investigations onDrosophila virilis, robusta andhydei. It is pointed out that the development of the larval salivary gland in different species ofDrosophila shows close parallels. The relationships between metabolic activities in the cytoplasm and gene physiological activities (pattern of puffs) on the giant chromosomes, as known so far, are discussed.
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    Cell & tissue research 130 (1972), S. 70-92 
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    Keywords: Oocytes ; Different types ; Dinophilus gyrociliatus ; Cytochemistry ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Dinophilus gyrociliatus bildet zwei Oocytentypen, einen größeren, aus dem ♀♀ hervorgehen (♀-Oocyte) und einen kleineren, der sich zu ♂♂ entwickelt (♂-Oocyte). Diese beiden Oocytentypen sind von frühen Stadien der Vitellogenese an durch ihr unterschiedliches Größenwachstum zu unterscheiden. Da bei Oogonien und prävitellogenen Oocyten keine zwei unterschiedlichen Zelltypen festzustellen sind, muß man annehmen, daß die Differenzierung in ♂- und ♀-Oocyten in einem zwischen der Prävitellogenese- und der Vitellogenesephase gelegenen Übergangsstadium beginnt. Während der Prävitellogenesephase finden Zellverschmelzungen statt, aber es konnten keine Beziehungen zwischen der Fusion von Oocyten und der späteren Differenzierung nachgewiesen werden. Die ♂-Oocyte beginnt schon auf einem frühen Stadium der Vitellogenese mit der Produktion von Mucopolysaccharid-Granula, die ♀-Oocyte erst später. Diese Granula bilden nach der Ablage der Eier die Ei- oder die Kokonhülle. Die ♀-Oocyte bildet größere Proteindottergranula als die kleinere ♂-Oocyte. Eine Trennung zweier Zellsorten nach Granulagrößen läßt sich schon auf dem Übergangsstadium durchführen. Der absolute RNS-Gehalt der reifen ♀-Oocyte liegt wesentlich über dem der ♂-Oocyte; dagegen ist die Konzentration der RNS in der ♂-Oocyte höher. Die RNS-Synthese verläuft in beiden Oocytentypen parallel zur Volumenzunahme und dauert bis zum Ende der Vitellogenesephase.
    Notes: Summary Dinophilus gyrociliatus produces two types of oocytes, a big, female producing “♀-oocyte”, and a smaller, male-producing “♂-oocyte”. They may be distinguished by their different volume from the beginning of the vitellogenic phase. Neither oogonia nor previtellogenic oocytes show two types of cells, and the beginning of differentiation in ♀-oocytes and ♂-oocytes has to be located in a connecting stage after the previtellogenic and before the vitellogenic phase. On previtellogenic stages the cells fuse and form bigger ones, but there is no connection to be found with the differentiation of the egg cells. The ♂-oocyte starts the production of mucopolysaccharid granules at an early vitellogenic stage; the ♀-oocyte does so only at later stages. These granules form the egg capsule after the eggs have been laid. The ♀-oocyte contains bigger protein yolk granules than the smaller ♂-oocyte. Already on the connecting stage it is possible to distinguish two groups of cells by the size of their granules. The ribonucleic acid content in the ♀-oocyte exceeds greatly that of the ♂-oocyte. The RNA-concentration, however, is higher in the latter one. During the vitellogenic stages the rate of RNA-synthesis in either type of oocytes parallels the increase in cell volume, the synthesis lasting up to the end of the vitellogenic phase.
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    Cell & tissue research 131 (1972), S. 417-427 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lymphatic vessels ; Lung ; Centrioles ; Filaments ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary An electron microscopic study of the pulmonary lymphatic collecting channels and their valves in the rabbit revealed that the endothelial cells generally contain two centrioles which are almost invariably associated with one to several striated bundles of filaments. The structure of the centrioles corresponds well with that in other cell types. The filaments however were present only in endothelial cells and not in the perilymphatic connective tissue cells. The bundles consist of 2 to 6 filaments of about 40 Å diamenter and show a cross banding with a periodicity of 600 to 900 Å. They are attached at both ends or in the middle of the centriole. Their function is unknown, but they might be vestigial rootlets of rudimentary cilia of lymphatic endothelial cells.
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    Cell & tissue research 132 (1972), S. 365-380 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Golgi apparatus ; Membranes ; Cross-bridges ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary Electron opaque cross-bridge structures span the inter- and intracisternal spaces and provide membrane-to-membrane connections between adjacent cisternae of dictyosomes of pollen tubes ofClivia andLilium. Additionally, the classic intercisternal rods, characteristic of intercisternal regions near the maturing face of dictyosomes, are connected with the adjacent membranes through similar cross-bridge elements. We suggest that these structural links are responsible for maintaining the flattened appearance of the central parts of Golgi apparatus cisternac as well as for the coherence of cisternae within the stack. Observations on other plant (e.g. microsporocytes ofCanna) and animal cells (e.g. rodent liver and hepatoma cells, newt spermatocytes) show that such an array of membrane cross-links is a universal feature of Golgi apparatus architecture. The cross-bridges appear as part of the complex “zone of exclusion” which surrounds dictyosomes, entire Golgi apparatus and Golgi apparatus equivalents in a variety of cell types.
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    Cell & tissue research 130 (1972), S. 243-248 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Blood vessels ; Chicken embryo ; Multivesicular structures ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In verschiedenen Arten von Gefäß- und Mesenchymzellen in Allantois und Dottersack des Hühnchens wurden regelmäßig sog. „multivesicular structures“ beobachtet, die aus intrazellulären Aggregaten von Vesikeln (Durchmesser ca.: 800 Å) und/oder Vakuolen (Durchmesser bis 5000 Å) bestehen. Ähnliche Befunde anderer Autoren und die eigenen Ergebnisse sprechen dafür, daß es sich um das Substrat einer weitverbreiteten Zellreaktion handelt, die u.a. das morphologische Äquivalent der Sequestrierung eines z.B. im Zuge der Zelldifferenzierung überflüssig gewordenen Zytoplasmaanteils darstellt.
    Notes: Summary In the endothelial, the media and mesenchymal cells of the vessels in the chicken's allantoic and vitelline membranes “multivesicular structure” regularly occur. They consist of aggregated vesicles and/or vacuoles (diameters ranging from 800 Å to 5000 Å) and seem to present a rather common and widespread cellular reaction, that might serve as a mechanism to sequester those parts of the cytoplasm which became superfluous e.g. during cell differentiation.
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    Cell & tissue research 130 (1972), S. 338-350 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adenohypophysis ; Salmon ; Gonad maturation ; Cell types ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Notes: Summary The fine structure of the various hormone-producing cell types (with the exclusion of the prolactin cells) in the pituitary gland (pars distalis) of migratory sockeye salmon is described. All fish were in an advanced stage of sexual maturation. In the proximal pars distalis five cell types were distinguished: growth hormone cells, ACTH cells, gonadotrops, “vesicular cells”, and “chromophobe cells”. Gonadotrops were also found throughout the rostral pars distalis. A conspicuous feature of the gonadotrops was the presence of two kinds of secretory inclusions: small electron-dense granules (200–375 mμ) and large, relatively electron-translucent globules (400–2 000 mμ). The large vesicular cells, so called because of their conspicuous vesicular endoplasmic reticulum, were numerous and often appeared to contain some small granules. It is argued that they may represent a second type of gonadotropic cell, which, in earlier stages of gonad development, contains many granules but becomes largely degranulated near the time of reproduction when the other gonadotrops (“globular gonadotrops”) abound. The chromophobes, which were smaller and far less abundant than the vesicular cells, also appeared to contain small granules (120–280 mμ). They are probably thyrotrops.
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    Cell & tissue research 131 (1972), S. 347-370 
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    Keywords: Spermatozoon ; Pleurodeles ; Acrosome ; Differentiation ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé L'origine et la morphogenèse des différents éléments de l'acrosome du spermatozoīde dePleurodeles waltlii ont été suivies et décrites depuis le tout début de la spermiogenèse. La formation de la vésicule acrosomienne et son évolution en une coiffe acrosomienne se fait selon le schéma classique. Son extrémité apicale se différencie tardivement en un bouton terminal et un crochet. Les trois parties de la coiffe diffèrent dans leur composition et leur structure fine. Les volumineux et complexes éléments situés sous la coiffe acrosomienne: axe, baguette puis manchon périphérique et manchon moyen, sont dépourvus de polysaccharides. Leur origine est envisagées. Ils sont comparés aux éléments situés dans l'espace sous-acrosomien des spermatozoīdes des autres vertébrés.
    Notes: Summary The origin and the morphogenesis of the acrosome different parts ofPleurodeles spermatozoon, have been investigated and described from the early beginning spermiogenesis process. The acrosomal vesicle and acrosomal cap formation take place according to the classical scheme. The acrosomal anterior tip cap late differentiate in a blunt terminal knob and a hook. The three cap parts differ in their composition and fine structure. The large and complicated structure stretching under the acrosomal cap: axis, peripheral muff and middle muff, are devoided of polysaccharides; their origin is discussed. They are compared with the subacrosomal components lying in the other vertebrates spermatozoon subacrosomal space.
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    Cell & tissue research 135 (1972), S. 211-228 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Osteoclasts ; Rats ; Bone resorption ; Lysosomes ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Osteoclasts in metaphyses from young rats were systematically sectioned at different levels. Two types of osteoclasts were recognized. One type had no ruffled border while the other, and predominant type contained a ruffled border in a part of its length; some of the latter contained two ruffled borders. The closest contact between osteoclast and bone occurred at the level of the ruffled border and this bone under the border showed characteristic changes indicative of resorption. In some osteoclasts the ruffled border consisted of numerous slender cytoplasmic projections separated by very narrow spaces or channels while in other osteoclasts it was more open. The ruffled border was commonly surrounded by a transitional zone containing numerous thin filaments. The osteoclast usually had its greatest dimension at the level of the ruffled border and the cytoplasm here contained many bodies and vacuoles but a sparse endoplasmic reticulum. Away from the level of the ruffled border the cytoplasmic vacuoles and bodies were fewer while the endoplasmic reticulum was often more pronounced. Parts of the osteoclasts were usually situated close to a vessel. It is suggested that there is a correlation between the development of the ruffled border and the degree of bone resorption and that osteoclasts without a ruffled border are, at least temporarily, inactive with respect to bone resorption. The numerous cytoplasmic bodies, interpreted as lysosomes, are presumed to be important in the resorption process. The closely adjacent positioning of osteoclasts and vessels may facilitate the transport of resorption products to the blood.
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    Cell & tissue research 133 (1972), S. 82-102 
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    Keywords: Echinoidea ; Colour change ; Chromatophores ; Amoeboid movement ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Für den physiologischen Farbwechsel bei Vertebraten und Evertebraten gilt die Vorstellung, daß eine Pigmentbewegung innerhalb einer formkonstanten Zelle stattfindet. Am Seeigel Centrostephanus longispinus wird nun der Nachweis einer amoeboiden Bewegung von Pigmentzellen geführt: Die Epidermis von Centrostephanus enthält große braune Chromatophoren, die bei Belichtung eine Pigmentdispersion, bei Verdunkelung eine Konzentration des Pigments zeigen. Die Chromatophoren sind außerordentlich stark verzweigte Zellen, deren Arme dicht mit Pigmentgrana erfüllt sind. Im geballten Zustand ist die allgemeine Zellform mehr oder weniger ovoid, wobei die Zellarme eingezogen und dicht um die Zellmitte angeordnet sind. Dispersion des Pigments wird hervorgerufen durch Ausstrecken der pigmentierten Zellarme in den Interzellularraum des umgebenden Gewebes. Innerhalb der Zelle werden filamentöse Elemente nachgewiesen, die vermutlich für die Zellbeweglichkeit verantwortlich sind. — Ferner wird der zelluläre Aufbau des Integuments beschrieben.
    Notes: Summary Rapid colour changes in vertebrate and invertebrate species are considered to be due to movement of pigment granules within pigment cells of constant shape. Evidence is presented in this study to show that an amoeboid movement of chromatophores occurs in the epidermis of the Echinoderm Centrostephanus longispinus. The epidermis in this species contains large brown chromatophores, which display a dispersion of pigment on illumination and its concentration on darkening. The chromatophores are extensively branched cells, and their branches are densely packed with pigment granules. In the state of pigment concentration, the shape of the cell is more or less ovoid, and the cell branches are drawn in and closely arranged around the cell centre. Dispersion is attained by a stretching out of the pigmented cell branches into the intercellular spaces of the surrounding tissue. Within the cell, filamentous elements, which may be functional in the motility of the pigment cell, can be demonstrated.—Additionally the cellular composition of the integument is described.
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    Cell & tissue research 135 (1972), S. 439-448 
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    Keywords: Neuromuscular junction ; Triturus ; Colchicine ; Axoplasmic flow ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Repeated injections of colchicine into the forearms of normal adult newts led to the disappearance of microtubules within some nerves and a concomitant loss of specialized morphological features at the neuromuscular junction. Within 2 weeks, the postsynaptic folds decreased in height and number, became flattened and eventually disappeared. In addition, nerve terminals in drug-treated animals became separated from the muscle surface and were highly congested with masses of synaptic vesicles. The present findings show that colchicine has an effect on the structural integrity of the neuromuscular junction. These effects could be direct; secondary to retraction of the nerve from the muscle surface; or the result of interference with the proper transport and/or release of neurotrophic substances.
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    Cell & tissue research 135 (1972), S. 449-459 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Insect brain ; Neurons ; Glia ; Electron microscopy
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    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The fine structure of the neural sheath, glial cells and nerve cells in the brain of adult male houseflies is described. The neural sheath is composed of neural lamella and perineurium. The neural lamella consists of an external lamina and collagen-like fibrils which are embedded in an amorphous matrix. The perineurial cells form a continuous layer around the brain. On their inner surface, perineurial cells form junctional complexes with glial cell processes. A cortical cellular layer composed of neurons and glial cells surrounds the centrally located neuropil. Three types of glial cells are identified. Glial cells differ in size and in relative development and distribution of organelles. Thin processes of glioplasm completely surround the cell bodies of the neurons. Five types of neurons are described. Most of the neurons are monopolar, a few are bipolar.
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    Cell & tissue research 135 (1972), S. 461-471 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Centriole assembly ; Basal bodies ; Ciliogenesis ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary Electron microscopy of 16 to 18 day old chick tracheas revealed that procentrioles are present near the basal ends of the recently matured centrioles and basal bodies of both ciliating and ciliated cells. Cylinders 0.1 μ in outside diameter in which densely staining walls and a central axial filament can often be detected, are present between the mature centrioles and these procentrioles. These cylinders although somewhat shorter are morphologically similar to those found earlier in the same cells in the center of procentriole clusters. So far, only one procentriole has been found in association with each cylinder and only one cylinder in association with each mature centriole or basal body. Procentrioles up to 0.18 μ in length including some with singlet microtubules in their walls have been detected. Serial sectioning indicated that in some cells up to 8% of the mature centrioles and basal bodies were associated with a cylinder and a distinct procentriole. If these procentrioles were to mature they could provide additional basal bodies for cilia after the initial wave of centriole assembly and maturation has been completed.
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    Cell & tissue research 125 (1972), S. 88-107 
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    Keywords: Adenohypophysis ; Bufo bufo ; Cell differentiation ; Larval growth ; Electron microscopy
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    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Cinq types de cellules granulées se différencient au cours de la métamorphose dans la pars distalis de l'hypophyse du têtard de Crapaud. A la prémétamorphose apparaissent les deux types de cellules protidiques, les cellules glycoprotidiques de type II et des cellules glycoprotidiques d'un type intermédiaire. Cette dernière catégorie cellulaire disparaît au climax. A la prométamorphose se différencient les cellules glycoprotidiques de type IV. Au climax s'observent les cellules glycoprotidiques de type III. Les cellules glycoprotidiques de type II sont vraisemblablement responsables de la sécrétion de l'hormone thyréotrope (TSH). Il n'est pas encore possible de préciser la fonction des autres types cellulaires. Des fibres nerveuses ont pu être observées dans la pars distalis entre les cellules granulées.
    Notes: Summary Five granulated cell types can be distinguished in the Toad's pars distalis during larval growth. During premetamorphosis the two types of protidic cells appear, the glycoprotein containing cells of type II and an intermediary cell type which disappears during the climax. During prometamorphosis the glycoprotein cells of type IV are apparent. During the climax the glycoprotein cells of type III can be observed. The glycoprotein containing cells of type II probably produce the thyroid-stimulating-hormone (TSH). The function of the other cell types can not be specified for the moment. Nervous fibers have been observed in the pars distalis between granulated cells.
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    Cell & tissue research 125 (1972), S. 289-294 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Accessory optic system ; Rat ; Blood vessels ; Extracellular space ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary Two types of capillaries were found in the medial terminal nucleus of the rat accessory optic system. Type one capillaries are surrounded by glial processes and lack a perivascular space, whereas the type two capillaries and arterioles show a distinct extracellular perivascular space often filled with collagen fibrils. An internal as well as an external basal lamina lines these spaces. No fenestration of the endothelium was observed.
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    Cell & tissue research 125 (1972), S. 415-431 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Synapses ; Rat ; Cerebral cortex ; Glutaraldehyde/E-PTA ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Synaptic junctions in intact rat cerebral cortex have been examined following glutaraldehyde fixation and phosphotungstic acid (PTA) staining. In the presynaptic ending the network has a hexagonal arrangement, while the dense projections are regularly placed along the presynaptic membrane. Cleft densities occupy the intracleft region. The postsynaptic thickening extends uninterrupted along the length of the junction. Qualitatively, the majority of junctions fall into the ‘discontinuous-continuous’ category, in which the internal coat of the presynaptic membrane together with its associated dense projections is discontinuous along the length of the junction, whereas the postsynaptic thickening is continuous. By contrast, a small number of junctions are ‘continuous-continuous’. In an attempt to analyze the junctions quantitatively, nine indices were measured. Histograms of the size distributions of seven of these appear to be bimodal, and from this it is concluded that two junction populations may be distinguishable on quantitative grounds. It is also shown that the distance separating dense projections at the presynaptic membrane is of the order of 10–15 nm. This surprisingly low value has consequences for current ideas on the relationship between synaptic vesicles and dense projections, and these are discussed at length.
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    Cell & tissue research 125 (1972), S. 404-414 
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    Keywords: Renal medulla ; Rat ; Interstitial ground substance ; Fixation ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Das Interstitium des inneren Nierenmarkes von Ratten wurde nach Anwendung verschiedener Fixierungsarten und Versuchsanordnungen elektronenmikroskopisch untersucht. Neben Bindegewebszellen und kollagenen Fibrillen enthält der interstitielle Raum bandförmige, basalmembranartige Strukturen, in deren weiträumigen Maschen zwei weitere Komponenten, nämlich ein feingranuläres und feinfilamentäres Material sowie kontrastreiche, globuläre Partikel liegen. Diese beiden Formelemente stellen sich bei den verschiedenen Fixierungsarten und Versuchsanordnungen unterschiedlich dar. Bei der feingranulären und feinfilamentären Komponente handelt es sich wahrscheinlich um interstitielles Blutplasma. Diese Deutung wird gestützt durch die morphologische Ähnlichkeit mit dem Blutplasma der Blutgefäße, die unterschiedliche Darstellbarkeit nach Glutardialdehyd-und Formalinfixierung sowie durch die Befunde nach Gefäßperfusion und Nierenvenenstauung. Das Verhalten der globulären Partikel nach OsO4-Einwirkung steht in Einklang mit der schon früher gegebenen Interpretation als präzipitierte saure Mukopolysaccharide. Ihr elektronenoptisches Bild wird im Vergleich zur bekannten makromolekularen Struktur der Mukopolysaccharid-Protein-Moleküle diskutiert.
    Notes: Summary The interstitial ground substance in the inner medulla of the rat kidney is examined electron microscopically after fixation with various fixation agents and under different experimental conditions. The papillary interstitium contains besides interstitial cells and few collagen fibrils basement membrane like material and two other components, fine granular-fibrillar elements and globular particles with heavy contrast. The appearance of the two latter interstitial components varies according to the different fixation agents used and to the experimental conditions. The fine granular and fine fibrillar material surrounds the globular particles numerously after glutardialdehyde-fixation but scarcely after formaldehyde-fixation. It increases after renal vein occlusion, but is diminished or absent, if the kidney is rinsed bloodfree. These results allow to conclude that this material represents interstitial bloodplasma. The behaviour of the globular particles after OsO4-fixation agrees well with the earlier interpretation according to which they represent precipitated acid mucopolysaccharides. Their electron microscopic appearance is discussed in comparison with the known macromolecular structure of the acid mucopolysaccharides.
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  • 79
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    Cell & tissue research 125 (1972), S. 497-505 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Chromatoid bodies ; Spermatozoa ; Cat ; Jensen's ring ; Centriole ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The first indication of differentiation of the Jensen's ring has been detected in an early stage of spermiogenesis of Felis catus Linné when the pair of centrioles takes up a position immediately beneath the plasma membrane. The chromatoid bodies appear in the early spermatid cytoplasm through the nuclear pore complex. In a more advanced stage, such bodies have been found in association with the striated columns, the distal centriole or the proximal part of flagellum and the Jensen's ring. As the spermiogenesis proceeds, the bodies have decreased their size and density, and finally disappear in mature spermatozoa. The chromatoid bodies seem, therefore, to share with the centriole the capacity to form the connecting piece. As a consequence of disorganization of triplet microtubules of the centriole, a noticeable material appears in the center of lumen of the centriole to be identifiable as a distinct precursor of the central pair of axonemal complex. Microtubules are first developed as the sheath of principal piece of the sperm flagellum, originating from the plasma membrane surrounding the axonemal complex.
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  • 80
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    Cell & tissue research 124 (1972), S. 72-75 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Erythrocytes ; Monkeys ; Malaria ; Junctional apparatus ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopy of erythrocytes infected by the malarial parasite,Plasmodium falciparum, revealed electron dense, cone-shaped excrescences (∼40 mμ in height and ∼100 mμ in width) along the plasma membrane. These excrescences form focal junctions with the plasma membrane of reticular cells of the spleen. The resulting complexes appear to be responsible for sequestration of erythrocytes infected byP. falciparum in the spleen of the host.
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  • 81
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    Cell & tissue research 124 (1972), S. 72-75 
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    Keywords: Erythrocytes ; Monkeys ; Malaria ; Junctional apparatus ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary Electron microscopy of erythrocytes infected by the malarial parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, revealed electron dense, cone-shaped excrescences (∼40 mμ in height and ∼100 mμ in width) along the plasma membrane. These excrescences form focal junctions with the plasma membrane of reticular cells of the spleen. The resulting complexes appear to be responsible for sequestration of erythrocytes infected by P. falciparum in the spleen of the host.
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  • 82
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Carotid body ; Biogenic amines ; Reserpine ; p-Chlorophenylalanine-methylester-hydrochloride ; Fluorescence microscopy ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
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    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Einfluß von p-Chlorphenylalanin-methylester-hydrochlorid (PCPA) und Reserpin auf die biogenen Amine des Glomus caroticum von Kaninchen wurde ultrastrukturell und fluoreszenzmikroskopisch untersucht. Die elektronenmikroskopische Analyse ergab keine eindeutigen Kriterien für arzneimittelinduzierte Veränderungen. Fluoreszenzmikroskopisch ließ sich nach Applikation von Reserpin eine ausgeprägte Senkung des Catecholamin- und Indolamin-Gehaltes und nach PCPA eine Abnahme des Serotonins erkennen.
    Notes: Summary The effects of p-chlorophenylalanine-methylester-hydrochloride (PCPA) and reserpine on biogenic amines of the rabbit carotid body were investigated ultrastructurally and by fluorescence microscopy. The electron microscopic analysis did not indicate significantly that structural changes result from treatment with reserpine or PCPA. Fluorescence microscopy indicated that PCPA lowered serotonin, and reserpine lowered both catecholamines and indolamines.
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  • 83
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    Cell & tissue research 124 (1972), S. 387-405 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Adenohypophysis ; Mouse ; Follicular cells ; Marginal cells ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Follicular cells in the mouse adenohypophysis were studied electron microscopically. These elements appear to be very similar to the marginal cells that delineate both sides of the hypophyseal cleft. The mouse differs from most other species in that the follicular cells in the pars distalis and the marginal cells look completely inactive in young, intact animals. This makes the mouse exceptionally favorable for correlating morphological changes in the cells of both types with changes in the physiological state of the animal. Different treatments applied in the present investigation all induced morphological reactions in the follicular and/or marginal cells; these reactions were generally similar. Thus, morphological changes in the follicular or marginal cells should be considered as general phenomena accompanying many changes in the physiological state of the animal, rather than as a specific result of the treatment applied. In three experiments, the follicular and marginal cells were involved in the digestion of waste material from other cells. It is suggested that the morphological changes in the other experiments should also be interpreted as signs of such an activity. In the pars tuberalis of the young, intact mouse the follicular cells may show characteristics that in the pars distalis are found only under experimental conditions. Therefore, the follicular cells in this part of the hypophysis are probably in an active state.
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  • 84
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    Cell & tissue research 127 (1972), S. 149-174 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Ependyma ; Tanycytes ; Subependyma ; Rodents ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary Electron microscopic data confirm the results gained with rapid Golgi preparations of adult rodent brains that tanycytes occur in clusters along the lateral wall of the third ventricle. The cytoplasmic matrix of these cells is considerably denser than that of typical ependymal cells. They have filaments and microtubules throughout their cytoplasm along with mitochondria and polysomes. At the surface is a compact group of microvilli which suggest that tanycytes might selectively absorb material from the ventricle. The tanycytes are segregated from neuropil by other tanycyte processes, by neighboring ependymal cells and by astrocytes. Yet there are gaps in this sheath. At these points tanycytes either abut upon or surround nonglial components of the neural fabric. Their cytological features and relations with the neuropil suggest that tanycytes selectively absorb material from the ventricle and release it along the basal process, primarily affecting those segments of neurons immediately adjacent to the tanycyte.
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  • 85
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    Cell & tissue research 127 (1972), S. 483-491 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lateral preoptic area ; Hypothalamus ; Rat ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary The arcuate nucleus, median eminence, and the lateral preoptic area from the brains of aldehyde-perfused male and female rats were examined by electron microscopy. In the lateral preoptic area, three neuronal types are described: a small light neuron, a larger light one, and a dark neuron resembling the larger light one in size and nuclear shape. Many myelinated axons are interposed among single neurons or neuronal pairs. The relationship of structures to each other is discussed. Several observations not previously reported are illustrated from tissue of the arcuate nucleus and median eminence.
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  • 86
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    Cell & tissue research 127 (1972), S. 492-525 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Spermatozoa ; Drosophila ; Testis ; Fertility ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary In Drosophila melanogaster, the cyst cell that surrounds the head region of sperm bundle becomes spheroidal or ellipsoidal and is trapped by the terminal epithelium of the testicular wall during the synchronous coiling of sperm. Extensions of this cyst cell are projected caudally into the interspaces between sperm heads probably to anchor the heads. Coiling of sperm tails is initiated at the head region and proceeds by the progressive retraction of the linear portion from the apical testicular region into the coiled portion at the base. The addition of one turn of coil is accompanied by one full rotation of the sperm bundle. When coiled, normal tails are tightly packed into a hexagonal lattice, and minute tubular structures of about 150 Å in diameter occupy the space between them. Sperm with abnormal tails are separated from those with normal ones and isolated into a separate part of the cyst lumen. Acid phosphatase is involved in the dissolution of the minute tubules for the liberation of sperm from the cyst. Sperm are released leaving the major portion of the cyst cells intact. This portion contains degenerating abnormal tails and the waste products of the individualization process. This detritus is ingested by the terminal epithelium and eventually degenerates.
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  • 87
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Neurosecretory cells ; Pars intercerebralis ; Locust ; Autoradiography ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Après injection de cystéine S35, les cellules A, B, C et les neurones banaux de la pars intercerebralis chez Locusta (femelles immatures et mûres) sont radioactifs. Le taux d' incorporation de la cystéine S35 dans les cellules B est identique chez toutes les femelles et il est légèrement supérieur à celui des neurones banaux. Ces résultats confirment l'inactivité sécrétoire protéique des cellules B. Les cellules C incorporent 3 à 5 fois plus de cystéine S35 que les neurones banaux. Elles synthétisent donc une ou plusieurs protéines contenant de la cystéine ce qui réaffirme leur activité neurosécrétrice chez Locusta. Les cellules A possèdent le taux d'incorporation de cystéine S35 le plus élevé: 5 à 8 fois celui des neurones banaux. Chez toutes les femelles, les cellules A synthétisent plus de neurosécrétion et en éliminent proportionellement plus que les cellules C. La neurosécrétion A est élaborée sous sa forme figurée plus rapidement (30 min) que la neurosécrétion C (60 min). Le renouvellement de la neurosécrétion A est donc quantitativement plus important et plus rapide que celui de la neurosécrétion C. Chez les femelles immatures, les cellules A et C synthétisent plus de matériel et en éliminent proportionnellement plus que chez les femelles mûres. Le temps nécessaire à l'élaboration et à la vidange des grains de neurosécrétion A est identique chez toutes les femelles. Il en est de même pour le matériel C. Le renouvellement des neurosécrétions A et C est donc plus important chez les femelles immatures que chez les femelles mûres mais il n'est pas plus rapide. L'accumulation du matériel fuchsinophile dans les cellules A et C lors de la maturation ovarienne correspond à une réduction de leur fonction neurosécrétrice: elle résulte d'une diminution de l'activité d'élimination des cellules neurosécrétrices A et C supérieure à l'affaiblissement de leur activité de synthèse.
    Notes: Summary After injection of 35S-cysteine, the A, B, C cells and the ordinary neurones of pars intercerebralis in Locusta — immature and mature females — are radioactive. The rate of incorporation of 35S-cysteine into the B cells is the same for all the females, and it is slightly higher than the rate of incorporation of 35S-cysteine into the ordinary neurones. These results demonstrate the proteinic secretory inactivity of the B cells. The C cells incorporate 3 to 5 times more 35S-cysteine than ordinary neurones. Thus, the C cells synthesize one protein or several proteins with cysteine; this observation confirms their neurosecretory activity in Locusta. The A cells have the highest rate of incorporation of 35S-cysteine: 5 to 8 times the one of ordinary neurones. In all the females, the A cells produce and release proportionally more neurosecretion than the C cells. The production of granules is faster in A cells (30 min) than in C cells (60 min). The turnover of the A neurosecretion is consequently higher and quicker than the C neurosecretion. In immature females, the A and C cells synthesize and release proportionally more material than in mature females. The time necessary for production and release of the A neurosecretion is the same for all the females. It is so for the C material. The turnover of the A and C neurosecretions is thus more important in immature females than in mature females but it is not more rapid. The accumulation of stainable neurosecretory material in A and C cells at the time of ovarian maturation is associated with a reduction of their neurosecretory activity: it is due to a decrease of the rate of release of the A and C cells being more important than their rate of production.
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    Cell & tissue research 128 (1972), S. 393-405 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Peripheral nerve ; Polyamines ; Autoradiography ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Mit Hilfe der Autoradiographie von Semi- und Ultradünnschnitten wurde die Verteilung der Radioaktivität nach Applikation von 3H-Putrescin im intakten und im degenerierenden N. ischiadicus der Ratte sowie in Spinalganglien untersucht. Im intakten und im geschädigten Nerven war die Radioaktivität, die zum weit überwiegenden Anteil als Spermidin und Putrescin vorkam, in allen zellulären Bestandteilen des Nerven, im Cytoplasma, in den Kernen und sehr deutlich auch in den Markscheiden, lokalisiert. Im extrazellulären Raum und über den Kollagenfibrillen war demgegenüber nur eine sehr geringe Radioaktivität festzustellen. Die physiologische Funktion von Spermidin und Putrescin im Myelin und den anderen Zellbestandteilen wird in erster Linie im Zusammenhang mit der in diesen Strukturen ebenfalls lokalisierten RNA diskutiert, da zahlreiche Hinweise für eine Rolle der Polyamine in der RNA- und Proteinsynthese vorliegen.
    Notes: Summary The distribution of radioactivity from 3H-putrescine was studied in intact and degenerated sciatic nerves, and spinal ganglia of rats by means of high resolution autoradiography. During the first three days after the administration of the labeled putrescine, the main proportion of radioactive material in the nerves was represented by spermidine and putrescine. Both, in intact and degenerating nerves, developed silver grains were deposited in all cellular components of the nervous tissue, the myelin sheath being markedly tagged. Perineural tissue was also labeled considerably, however, there was no significant amount of label in the extracellular space and in the collagen fibrils. The possible physiological significance of putrescine and spermidine in myelin and in other cellular components of nerves is discussed.
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    Cell & tissue research 129 (1972), S. 11-19 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Muscle ; Invertebrates ; Sabellastarte magnifica ; Striation pattern ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary As described in other invertebrate muscles, most thick myofilaments of the dorsal longitudinal muscle of Sabellastarte magnifica appear to be obliquely arranged with respect to the longitudinal axis of the myofibrils. Some sections, however, show long bundles of myofilaments parallel to the longitudinal axis of the myofibrils. Since the oblique striation concept cannot account for such images, a different (longitudinal) arrangement is proposed for Sabellastarte which can account for all observed images. A wax and threads model built according to this arrangement has been used to demonstrate that by oblique sectioning the longitudinal model can generate a false appearance of filament obliquity.
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    Cell & tissue research 129 (1972), S. 256-271 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine (5,6-DHT) ; Chemically induced degeneration ; Electron microscopy ; Indolamine containing axons and terminals ; Rat brain
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Evidence has been obtained by electron microscopy of a direct cytotoxic effect of intraventricularly administered 5,6-dihydroxytryptamine (5,6-DHT) on unmyelinated axons in the rat brain. Ultrastructural signs of axonal damage were observed in areas rich in indolamine nerve terminals as early as 2 hrs after injection. By 6–24 hrs, characteristic and more dramatic signs of degeneration developed, involving coalescence of all axonal constituents—often in combination with a uniform osmiophilic impregnation of the axoplasm—accompanied by engulfment of the dystrophic structures by glial processes. During the next five days, the degenerating axons and axon terminals appeared to be removed by glial cell phagocytosis, whose equivalents were the inclusion of axonal residues into membrane-bound lysosome-like bodies. Concomitantly, there was a progressively increasing number of extremely large and dilated axons in all regions analysed. These axonal swellings, which have an ultramorphology similar to that of dilated stumps of mechanically severed monoamine axons, correspond most probably to proximal, dilated portions of drug-damaged axons. The present results, in combination with biochemical and fluorescence microscopical data, indicate that within a proper dose range the 5,6-DHT-induced degeneration is largely restricted to indolamine axons and axon terminals. However, unselective effects on other unmyelinated axons, on myelin, and on glial cells were observed in narrow subependymal zones close to the lateral ventricles, i.e. close to the injection cannula.
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  • 91
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    Cell & tissue research 129 (1972), S. 278-289 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Midgut epithelium ; Insects ; Development ; Metamorphosis ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ultrastructural alterations in the anterior midgut epithelium of the fly Calliphora were investigated by electron microscopy. Nine developmental stages, from late larval to late adult, were studied. During metamorphosis, a tube is formed by proliferation of undifferentiated cells residing in cell nests in the basal part of the larval epithelium. The process of microvillus formation is described and compared with that in the embryonic stage. Differences between larval and imaginal cells were found in the rate of microvillus formation and in the occurrence of dense vesicles. The formation of a basal labyrinth coincides roughly with microvillus formation. Glycogen deposits occur mainly in the pupal stage and are almost always absent after emergence. Epithelial crypts are formed in late pupae by modification of the existing layer of cells together with a localized development of muscle fibres. In the adult stage changes may take place in the form of the cell apex, which generally assumes a more pointed shape, and in the amount of osmiophilic material, aggregating almost exclusively in the supranuclear part of the cell.
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  • 92
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    Cell & tissue research 129 (1972), S. 328-369 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Anterior pituitary ; Follicular and stellate cells ; “Réseau folliculostellaire” ; Chromophobe cells ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Résumé Dans l'hypophyse du rat, la microscopie électronique permet de mettre en évidence à l'intérieur de tous les cordons épithéliaux de la pars distalis un réseau de cellules agranulaires: les cellules stellaires et folliculo-stellaires, satellites des cellules granuleuses hormonogènes. Les cellules de ce réseau se caractérisent à la fois par la multiplicité de leurs prolongements et par leur organisation autour de cavités pour la plupart submicroscopiques, «les follicules». Les cellules folliculo-stellaires correspondent à une partie des cellules chromophobes de la microscopie photonique. La fente hypophysaire, par de nombreux caractères, semble faire partie de ce système folliculo-stellaire, dont elle pourrait représenter une région privilégiée par sa situation, ses dimensions et son contenu. L'existence des cellules folliculo-stellaires dans un grand nombre d'espèces, leurs caractères cytologiques hautement différenciés, leurs relations étroites avec le milieu intérieur interstitiel et leurs modifications en fonction de l'âge et des conditions expérimentales permettent de penser qu'elles sont étroitement attachées à la fonction glandulaire.
    Notes: Summary Electron microscopic investigation of the rat anterior pituitary reveals, throughout the whole pars distalis, a cellular network composed of agranular cells. These cells, the stellate and folliculo-stellate cells, are satellites of the granulated secretory cells. The cells of the network are characterized both by their multiple cytoplasmic processes and by their organization around cavities, most of them submicroscopic, the “follicles”. Those cells probably represent a large part of the “chromophobe” cells previously observed by light microscopy. On account of several characters, the pituitary cleft seems to be related to the “réseau folliculo-stellaire” and could be a peculiar part of this system because of its localization, size and contents. The “réseau folliculo-stellaire” is present in numerous species, showing a typical and differentiated cytology, and close relationships with the interstitial medium. Owing to its morphology and to modifications according to age and experimental conditions, this network seems to be a system intimately involved in the glandular function.
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    Cell & tissue research 129 (1972), S. 395-412 
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    Keywords: Cardiac muscle ; Sarcoplasmic reticulum ; Excitation-contraction coupling ; Electron microscopy ; Cinematography
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The ascidian myocardium is composed of small striated myoepithelial cells. The sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) of these cells was reconstructed from serial sections. T-tubules are absent, but subsarcolemmal cisternae of the SR, that may be the counterpart of terminal cisternae, form couplings with the sarcolemma. Longitudinal SR tubules, parallel to the myofilaments, are interconnected near the middle of the A-band and form a transverse collar. Cinematographic photography of spontaneous contractions in fresh myocardial preparations produced records that could be analyzed frame by frame. Contractions are typically limited to parts of the myofilament field of single cells. They are locally symmetrical with respect to Z-bands; either both A-bands on each side of a Z-band converge on it (contractions), or neither A-band moves with respect to the Z-band. It is suggested that the spontaneous contractions are the result of local Ca++ release from randomly distributed subsarcolemmal cisternae. It is proposed that the symmetry of contraction is due to a rapid sequestering of Ca++ by the SR collars at the middle of the A-bands and a possible diffusion barrier at that level.
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    Cell & tissue research 129 (1972), S. 471-499 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Cardiac muscle cells ; Rat ; Mitotic division ; Myofibril changes ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary The ultrastructure of the myocyte at all phases of mitosis as well as of early postmitotic cells has been studied in the myocardia of 14- and 18-day rat embryos and 5- and 7-day old rats. The myofibrils remain unchanged up to the late prophase. In prometaphase the majority of Z-disks in embryo myocyte myofibrils and considerable part of these disks in myofibrils of suckling rats are drastically disintegrated. This is followed by a progressive isolation and scattering of the myofilament bundles and of the whole sarcomeres during the subsequent phases of mitosis. Thick myofilaments seem to be unchanged but thin ones become frequently poorly outlined (mainly in embryos). The sarcoplasmic reticulum, including its typically differentiated subsarcolemmal cisternae, exhibits relatively few changes during mitosis. In the early postmitotic period there is a gradual restoration of contrast-rich Z-bands, interconnecting the previously isolated sarcomeres. Patterns of this process have much in common with early stages of myofibrillogenesis (appearance of subsarcolemmal “Z-bodies”, formation of skeins of thin filaments etc.). The cleavage furrow formation is either absent or considerably retarded up to the postmitotic period. Behaviour of some other organelles during myocyte mitosis has been described. Possible mechanisms and significance of the observed phenomena are discussed.
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    Cell & tissue research 130 (1972), S. 362-377 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lorenzinian ampullae ; Polyodon spathula ; Sensory epithelium ; Synapses ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Light and electron microscopic observations on the ampullary organs of Polyodon spathula (Chondrostei, Osteichthyes) reveal a sensory epithelium similar to that found in the Lorenzinian ampulla, an electroreceptor found in marine Elasmobranchs. The sensory cells have a very small luminal part provided with a cilium. They are innervated by many nerve endings. Each nerve fibre apparently makes synaptic contact with several sensory cells. The synaptic structure in the sensory cell is composed of a flat sheet, the outermost part of which is surrounded by 3 or 4 annuli of densely staining material. The sheet extends into a protrusion of the sensory cell, and there is a corresponding invagination in the nerve terminal. The conclusion that these organs are electroreceptors, is supported by the finding that the fish responds to the introduction of an iron tube in the aquarium, whereas a wooden rod introduced in the same way causes no response.
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  • 96
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Tooth ; Enamel organ ; Cell differentiation ; Phagocytosis ; Electron microscopy
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    Notes: Summary In the transitional zone of the enamel organ (rat) some of the amelocytes perish. Their debris is phagocytized and digested by stratum intermedium cells and macrophages. These two cell types also seem to remove cytosegresomes expelled from those amelocytes which survive and redifferentiate into transporting amelocytes. Digestion of the amelocyte debris in the stratum intermedium cells is effected rapidly and completely. Degeneration of stratum intermedium cells was not observed in the transitional zone.
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    Cell & tissue research 129 (1972), S. 20-39 
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    Keywords: Tentacles ; Cilia ; Rhabdopleura ; Neurociliary synapses ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The tentacle of Rhabdopleura compacta (Hemichordata) consists of two layers of cells surrounding a central coelomic cavity. The two layers of cells are separated by a cell free basement lamella. The tentacles on the arms of Rhabdopleura bear three longitudinal rows of cilia. The ciliated cells are closely associated with bundles of nerve fibres, and between some of the cells and nerve fibres there are synapses. The peripheral regions of the ciliated cells are joined to one another by desmosomes. Tonofibrils join some of these desmosomes to the kinetosomes of the cilia. The nerve fibres are confined to the ectodermal layer and the muscle cells to the layer of cells within the basement lamella. In the ectodermal layer besides ciliated cells there are mucus cells, densely pigmented cells, and green bodies. The function of these last two types of cells is secretory. Most of the epithelial cells have microvilli upon their free borders.
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  • 98
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 129 (1972), S. 500-507 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Lymphocyte ; Blastoid transformation ; Phytohemagglutinin ; Stereology ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary The morphological changes of human lymphocytes living in vitro under the influence of phytohemagglutinin (PHA) were estimated quantitatively by stereological methods. Mean volume and volume fractions for average human lymphocyte and average blastoid cell from 72-hour culture with PHA were determined. It was found that the lymphocyte volume increases on an average 3.7 times mainly because of cytoplasmic volume increment by 4.3 times. The greatest enlargement concerned endoplasmic reticulum, the nucleolus, lysosomes and mitochondria. In addition a way of correction of the error in experimentally obtained volume fractions, resulting from the exclusive use of sections involving the nucleus is presented.
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  • 99
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Turbellaria ; Receptors ; Epidermis ; Secretory cells ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Sinneskante des landlebenden Turbellars Bipalium kewense setzt sich aus folgenden Zellformen zusammen: Papillen und distaler Teil der Epithelfalten werden von einem versenkten Epithel bedeckt. Die distale Cytoplasmalage ist besonders dicht und durch ein tubuläres System gekennzeichnet, das offenbar aus dem Golgi-Apparat der Perikaryen hervorgegangen ist. Die Perikaryen sind tief versenkt und enthalten außer dem Kern granuläres ER, Mitochondrien, Golgi-Apparat und vor allem viel Glykogen. Die Epidermis ist zellig organisiert. In ihrem Bereich kommen drei Sekretzell-Formen vor, die ebenfalls weit in die unterlagernde Bindegewebs-Muskel-Lage hineinragen. Die Sinneskante ist durch zwei Receptor-Typen charakterisiert. Multipolare Zellen erreichen mit mehreren Dendriten die Körperoberfläche im Bereich der Papillen und dem äußeren Teil der Furchen des Kopfvorderrandes. Bipolare Zellen finden sich nur tief eingesenkt in den Sinnesgruben. In ihrem Bereich kommen keine Stützzellen vor. Außer durch die Gestalt sind beide Receptoren durch die Struktur ihrer Cilien unterschieden. Wabendesmosomen sind beiden gemeinsam.
    Notes: Summary The sensory border of the land-dwelling turbellarian Bipalium kewense consists of the following cell types: Papillae and distal part of the epithelial folds are covered by epithelial cells, the perikarya of which lie deeply below the basal lamina. Their distal cytoplasm is particularly dense and characterized by a tubular system, which obviously originates from the Golgi apparatus. The perikarya contain beside the nucleus mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum, Golgi apparatus and above all numerous glycogen particles. Within this cellular epidermis three types of secretory cells occur which also penetrate deeply into the underlying layer of connective and muscle tissues. The sensory border is marked by two types of receptor cells. In the area of the papillae and in the outer part of the furrows of the anterior rim of the head, multipolar cells extend several dendrites to the body surface. Bipolar cells have been observed only in the depth of the sensory grooves. In their surroundings no supportive cells occur. Except for their shape the sensory cells differ in the structure of their cilia. Both cell types are interconnected with neighbouring cells by comb-desmosomes.
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  • 100
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 133 (1972), S. 377-387 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Subcommissural organ ; Albino rat ; Dehydration ; Cholinesterase activity ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Dehydration affected certain cytological features of the subcommissural organ in the albino rat suggesting a strong secretory stimulation of the ependymal and hypendymal cells of this organ in dehydrated animals. The cytoplasm of the secretory cells of the subcommissural organ in the dehydrated rats was filled with dilated and empty sacs and vacuoles of endoplasmic reticulum. The membrane system of the Golgi apparatus was also dilated, and more numerous vesicles and vacuoles of the Golgi complex were noticed after dehydration. In brains of the dehydrated animals, Reissner's fibre was not found in the lumen of the third ventricle, and only a few vesicles containing homogeneous secretory material were seen in the cytoplasm of the subcommissural secretory cells. In control animals, the activities of the specific and non-specific cholinesterases were localized in the cytoplasmic and nuclear membranes as well as in the rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. After dehydration, the activities of the specific and non-specific cholinesterases were strongly decreased.
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