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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 69 (1996), S. 3504-3506 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: Local electron field emission properties of diamondlike carbon (DLC) films were measured by a probe method in 1 atmosphere ambient pressure, using the modified scanning tunneling microscopic (STM) system, and the diode method. In the STM probe method, the field emission was turn on at a low bias as +2.67 V. A large emission current of 40 nA was attained at +7 volt bias voltage and the emission current density was estimated as Jt=5 A/cm2. By contrast, the current–voltage (I–V) characteristics of the same DLC films measured by diode method in 10−6 Torr ambient pressure revealed that the electron field emission was produced for a 13.2 V/μm electric field, and a high emission current density of J=160 μA/cm2 was obtained for a E=20 V/μm electric field. The geometrical enhancement factor (α), evaluated from the Fowler–Nordheim plot was around α=30, which is larger than what would be expected from a planar surface. This can be interpreted as the evidence that electrons are emitted locally from spherical SP3 clusters. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Woodbury, NY : American Institute of Physics (AIP)
    Applied Physics Letters 68 (1996), S. 1666-1668 
    ISSN: 1077-3118
    Source: AIP Digital Archive
    Topics: Physics
    Notes: The effect of diamondlike carbon (DLC) films coated by pulsed laser deposition technique on the electron emission characteristics of Mo tips is examined. Turn-on voltage (V0) was lowered from 40 V for Mo tips to 22 V for DLC coated Mo tips and maximum anode current (IA) was increased from ∼44 μA for Mo tips to ∼2.0 mA for DLC coated Mo tips. Maximum anode current (IA) for the DLC coated Mo tips, however, decreased during operation. Raman spectroscopy and selected area diffraction (SAD) in transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed that the degradation of electron emission behavior can be ascribed to the conversion of sp3-bonds, characteristic for diamond, to sp2-bonds, characteristics for graphite. The transformation of the structure is assumed to be induced by the local heat from the DLC coatings. © 1996 American Institute of Physics.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Journal of Crystal Growth 114 (1991), S. 700-706 
    ISSN: 0022-0248
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Geosciences , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Amsterdam : Elsevier
    Solid State Electronics 35 (1992), S. 751-757 
    ISSN: 0038-1101
    Source: Elsevier Journal Backfiles on ScienceDirect 1907 - 2002
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 2 (1983), S. 1658-1663 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Methods of crystal growth and purification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Riassunto È stata condotta un'analisis teorica per studiare la cinetica implicata nella crescita CVD di CuInS2. Si assume un modello a strato stagnante per la simulazione numerica. Si ottengono risultati di calcolo per il tasso di crescita in funzione della temperatura del substrato, la velocità media del gas e le pressioni parziali nel tubo di reazione. Questa analisi indica che la temperatura del substrato gioca un ruolo dominante nel tasso di crescita, che è consistente con i dati sperimentali.
    Abstract: Резюме Теоретически исследуется кинетика роста кристаллов CuInS2 посредством химического осаждения пара. Для численного моделирования предполагается слоистая модель. Получены численные результаты для скорости роста в зависимости от температуры подложки, средней скорости газа и парциальний в реакторе. Проведенный анализ показывает, что температура подложки играет существенную роль в определении скорости роста, что согласуется с нашими экспериментальными результатами.
    Notes: Summary A theoretical analysis has been carried out to investigate the kinetics involved in the CVD growth of CuInS2. A stagnant-layer model is assumed for the numerical, simulation. Computational results for the growth rate as a function of the substrate temperature, mean, gas velocity and partial pressures in the reaction tube are obtained. This analysis indicates that the substrate temperature plays a dominant role in the growth rate, which is consistent with our experimental data.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Il nuovo cimento della Società Italiana di Fisica 2 (1983), S. 1762-1766 
    ISSN: 0392-6737
    Keywords: Methods of crystal growth and purification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Riassunto Si è fatta un'analisi teorica per studiare la cinetica coinvolta nella crescita del cristallo di CuInS2 col metodo del riscaldatore mobile. Si sviluppa uno schema numerico per calcolare il gradiente di temperatura in ogni punto del sistema. Si è ottenuta una stima numerica del valore di massimo accrescimento come suggerimento per stabilire la velocità di spostamento del riscaldatore nell'esperimento pratico.
    Abstract: Резюме Проводится теоретический анализ кинетики выращивания кристалла CuInS2, используя метод перемещающегося нагревателя. Развивается схема вычисления градиента температуры в любой точке внутри системы. Получается численная оценка максимальной скорости роста для установления скорости перемещения нагревателя в практическом эксперименте.
    Notes: Summary A theoretical analysis has been carried out to investigate the kinetics involved in the CuInS2 crystal growth by the travelling-heater method. A numerical scheme is developed to compute the temperature gradient at any point inside the system. A numeric estimate of the maximum growth rate was obtained as a suggestion for setting the travelling speed of the heater in the practical experiment.
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  • 7
    ISSN: 1432-1181
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der Wärme- und Stoffübergang bei einem, in der Nähe des Tripelpunktes von Wasser betriebenen, neuen, kombinierten Absorber/Verdampfer-Austauscher wurde experimentell untersucht. Dieser Austauscher spielt eine entscheidende Rolle im VFVPE-Prozeß, der vielfache industrielle Anwendung findet, wie z.B. bei der Süßwassergewinnung, der Meerwasserentsalzung oder der Reinigung von Chemikalien. Die Phasengrenz-temperatur und-Konzentration, welche zur Berechnung von Wärme- und Stoffübergangskoeffizienten benötigt werden, lassen sich über eine Nu/Sh-Analogie in der Nähe der Filmoberfläche ermitteln. Die experimentell bestimmten Sherwood-Zahlen bei der Absorption von Dämpfen in Flüssigkeiten liegen höher als die entsprechenden Meßwerte bei der isothermen Rieselfilm-Absorption. Es wird gezeigt, daß der Kühlwasser-Volumenstrom auf der Verdampferseite nur unbedeutenden Einfluß auf das Betriebsverhalten des kombinierten Austauschers hat. Der Gesamt-Wärmeübergangskoeffizient bleibt im Bereich niedriger Volumenströme des Lösung nahezu konstant; er würde jedoch im Bereich höhrer Volumenströme mit diesen ansteigen. Für Wärme-und Stoffübergangs-koeffizienten werden auf den Messwerten basierende Berechnungsgleichungen angegeben.
    Notes: Abstract The present experimental study investigates the controlling mechanism involved in a new combined vertical film-type absorber-evaporator exchanger operating near the condition of the triple point of water. This peculiar exchanger plays the most important role in the VFVPE process that can be utilized in many industrial applications, water pollution prevention, desalination, and purification of chemicals, for example. The method of analogy of the heat and mass transfer near the film surface is used to calculate the interfacial concentration and temperature, and thus determining the heat and mass transfer coefficients. It is shown that the working temperature level has the negligible effect on the characteristics of the mass transfer. The mass transfer coefficients are higher than those obtained in the case of isothermal absorption due to the convective effect arisen from vapor absorption in the falling solution film. The water flow rate in the evaporator side has a minor effect on the performance of this combined exchanger. The overall mean heat transfer coefficient remains nearly constant in the lower range of the solution flow rate of the absorber; however, it would increase with increasing solution flow rate in the higher range. The correlating equations for both the heat and mass transfer coefficients are suggested.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Heat and mass transfer 31 (1996), S. 291-299 
    ISSN: 1432-1181
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung  Der Wärme- und Stoffübergang bei einem, in der Nähe des Tripelpunktes von Wasser betriebenen, neuen, kombinierten Absorber/Verdampfer-Austauscher wurde experimentell untersucht. Dieser Austauscher spielt eine entscheidende Rolle im VFVPE-Prozeß, der vielfache industrielle Anwendung findet, wie z.B. bei der Süßwassergewinnung, der Meerwasserentsalzung oder der Reinigung von Chemikalien. Die Phasengrenz-temperatur und-Konzentration, welche zur Berechnung von Wärme- und Stoffübergangskoeffizienten benötigt werden, lassen sich über eine Nu/Sh-Analogie in der Nähe der Filmoberfläche ermitteln. Die experimentell bestimmten Sherwood-Zahlen bei der Absorption von Dämpfen in Flüssigkeiten liegen höher als die entsprechenden Meßwerte bei der isothermen Rieselfilm-Absorption. Es wird gezeigt, daß der Kühlwasser-Volumenstrom auf der Verdampferseite nur unbedeutenden Einfluß auf das Betriebsverhalten des kombinierten Austauschers hat. Der Gesamt-Wärmeübergangskoeffizient bleibt im Bereich niedriger Volumenströme des Lösung nahezu konstant; er würde jedoch im Bereich höhrer Volumenströme mit diesen ansteigen. Für Wärme-und Stoffübergangskoeffizienten werden auf den Messwerten basierende Berechnungsgleichungen angegeben.
    Notes: Abstract  The present experimental study investigates the controlling mechanism involved in a new combined vertical film-type absorber-evaporator exchanger operating near the condition of the triple point of water. This peculiar exchanger plays the most important role in the VFVPE process that can be utilized in many industrial applications, water pollution prevention, desalination, and purification of chemicals, for example. The method of analogy of the heat and mass transfer near the film surface is used to calculate the interfacial concentration and temperature, and thus determining the heat and mass transfer coefficients. It is shown that the working temperature level has the negligible effect on the characteristics of the mass transfer. The mass transfer coefficients are higher than those obtained in the case of isothermal absorption due to the convective effect arisen from vapor absorption in the falling solution film. The water flow rate in the evaporator side has a minor effect on the performance of this combined exchanger. The overall mean heat transfer coefficient remains nearly constant in the lower range of the solution flow rate of the absorber; however, it would increase with increasing solution flow rate in the higher range. The correlating equations for both the heat and mass transfer coefficients are suggested.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Cell & tissue research 207 (1980), S. 511-517 
    ISSN: 1432-0878
    Keywords: Female hamster ; Harderian gland ; Testosterone ; Tubular clusters ; Electron microscopy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Summary Distinct differences occur in the pigmentation and ultrastructural features of the Harderian glands in male and female hamsters. The results of a study on the effect of testosterone on the fine structure of the female Harderian glands are presented here. Glands from three groups of hamsters were examined at intervals up to 49 days: (1) testosterone injected, receiving 2mg testosterone propionate in 0.1 ml sesame oil per day; (2) sham-injected, receiving 0.1 ml sesame oil per day; (3) untreated controls. Testosterone injections caused a reduction in the number of dark-brown pigment granules in the acinar cells starting on the 6th day, whereas clusters of tubules, typical of adult male glands, appeared on the 4th day and increased in number thereafter. Lamellar structures, normally present in the female gland, decreased in testosterone treated specimens. These changes reversed after cessation of testosterone treatment. It is concluded that exogenous testosterone administered to female hamsters modifies the pigmentation and ultrastructure of their Harderian glands towards the male type and that this is a reversable phenomenon. There also appears to be an inverse relationship between the presence of tubular clusters in the acinar cells, and the degree of pigmentation.
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  • 10
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