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  • Angiosperms  (27)
  • Spektrometrie, Atomabsorption  (21)
  • Springer  (48)
  • 2010-2014
  • 1980-1984  (48)
  • 1935-1939
  • 1930-1934
  • 2010
  • 1981  (48)
  • 1948
  • 1946
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  • 2010-2014
  • 1980-1984  (48)
  • 1935-1939
  • 1930-1934
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  • 1
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    Plant systematics and evolution 137 (1981), S. 73-94 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Brassicaceae ; Capsella bursa-pastoris ; Isoenzyme polymorphism ; population analyses ; geographic variation ; heterozygosity ; breeding system
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The genetic variability of natural populations ofCapsella bursapastoris in North- and Middle-Europe has been estimated by means of enzyme assays. Zymograms of 81 populations have been developed. 17 loci could be identified, and 8 of them can be heterozygous. Genetic variability is greater between populations than within. No correlation between actual population sizes and genetic heterogeneity could be detected. Some electromorphs shift their frequencies proportionally to increasing adversity of climatic conditions, some appear to be constant over the whole area, and others are characterized by an apparently irregular variation pattern. Marginal populations comprise a significantly higher proportion of heterozygous plants than central ones. Apart from this clinal variation pattern, a mosaic pattern, strongly related to habitat conditions, was observed: genetic heterogeneity is greater in more intensively disturbed sites. The pattern of genetic variation in natural populations ofCapsella bursa-pastoris is rather highly influenced by the breeding system.
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  • 2
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    Plant systematics and evolution 137 (1981), S. 63-65 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Emblingia ; Emblingiaceae ; Sapindaceae ; Dodonaea ; Stylobasidaceae ; Stylobasium ; Gyrostemonaceae ; Anemophily ; entomophily ; autogamy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Emblingia is a short lived fire weed with a highly autogamous breeding system.
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  • 3
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    Plant systematics and evolution 138 (1981), S. 47-60 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Ranunculaceae ; Ranunculus seguieri ; R. alpestris ; R. traunfellneri ; R. bilobus ; R. crenatus ; Relationship betweenR. seguieri andR. alpestris s. lat.: morphology ; crossing experiments ; chromosome numbers ; karyotypes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Morphological and cytological investigations as well as crossing experiments were carried out withRanunculus seguieri Vill. and 4 species of theRanunculus alpestris L. group (R. alpestris L.,R. traunfellneri Hoppe,R. bilobus Bertol.,R. crenatus Waldst. & Kit.). ForR. seguieri andR. alpestris, localities and distribution are given in addition to extensive diagnoses. A key to the species includes morphological characteristics and distribution data forR. traunfellneri, R. bilobus, andR. crenatus. New diagnostic characters are described. Crossing experiments betweenR. seguieri and the species of theR. alpestris group were unsuccessful. All 5 species have a chromosome number of 2n = 16, the record forR. bilobus is new. There is no statistically significant difference between the karyotypes ofR. seguieri andR. alpestris s. str. Nevertheless, according to morphological evidence and crossing experiments,R. seguieri is not closely related to theR. alpestris group.
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  • 4
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    Plant systematics and evolution 137 (1981), S. 127-134 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Boraginaceae ; Pyrrolizidine alkaloids ; phenolic compounds ; chemotaxonomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract By means of thin layer chromatography pyrrolizidine alkaloids and phenolic compounds in some members of the familyBoraginaceae, subfamiliesHeliotropioideae andBoraginoideae, were studied. FromOmphalodes verna a main alkaloid was isolated with an isoretronecanol (or stereoisomeric) nucleus. The chemotaxonomical model ofTétényi forBoraginaceae based on fatty acids is generally supported, but relationships betweenHeliotropioideae andCynoglosseae appear to be closer, suggesting parallel developments from common ancesters.
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  • 5
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    Plant systematics and evolution 138 (1981), S. 175-188 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Eriocaulaceae ; Eriocaulon setaceum ; Embryology ; systematics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Eriocaulon setaceum can be characterized by: young microsporangium wall with epidermis, endothecium (with fibrous thickenings), and glandular tapetum (uninucleate cells); pollen grains 3-celled, spiraperturate; embryo sac development according to the Polygonum type and with antipodal cyst; endosperm nuclear; embryo small, with incipient differentiation into cotyledonary and epicotylary loci; seed coat mainly from the inner layers of the integuments; pericarp 2-layered and membranous. Embryologically, theEriocaulaceae are nearer to theXyridaceae than to otherFarinosae. Their elevation to the rank of an order,Eriocaulales, therefore appears justified.
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  • 6
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Poaceae ; Hordeum spontaneum ; Allozymes ; microgeographic differentiation ; population genetics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Allozymic variation in proteins encoded by 22 loci was analyzed electrophoretically in 278 individual plants of wild barley,Hordeum spontaneum, the progenitor of cultivated barley, in four 100 meter transects, in Israel, each equally subdivided into basalt and terra rossa soil types. Significant differentiation according to soil was found in 9 alleles. Our results suggest that allozyme polymorphisms in wild barley are at least partly adaptive, and differentiate by edaphic natural selection rather than by stochastic processes, and/or neutrality of allozymic variants.
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  • 7
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    Plant systematics and evolution 139 (1981), S. 11-45 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Solanaceae ; Lycopersicon ; Solanum pennellii ; Allozymes ; electrophoresis ; isozymes ; mating systems ; self-incompatibility
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Genetic variation—primarily in 19 genetic loci of seven enzyme systems—was analyzed in accessions from various parts of the geographic range ofSolanum pennellii, which according to all tested biosystematic criteria behaves like a species ofLycopersicon. In comparison with the largely sympatricL. hirsutum andL. pimpinellifolium, this species exhibits the same trends of reduced allogamy and decreased genetic variation toward the north and south margins of its distribution, though to a much lesser degree; it does not exhibit their trends toward smaller flower size in the same peripheral regions. All three species agree to a considerable extent in the ranking of their tested loci in respect to degree of variablility; however, overall polymorphy is highest inS. pennellii. Except for the appearance of self-compatibility at its southernmost margin,S. pennellii is exclusively and rigidly self-incompatible. Alleles are distributed much more uniformly over the range than in the previously mentioned species, marginal and internal endemic mutants being much less abundant. A marked geographic disagreement is evident in regions of high and low variation. These differences in patterns of genetic variability are reconciled in terms of observed differences in mating systems, probable age of distributions, and adaptive strategies.
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  • 8
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    Plant systematics and evolution 138 (1981), S. 259-262 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Bromeliaceae ; Tillandsia subgen.Allardtia ; T. kolbii ; spec. nova ; Flora of Mexico
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A new species ofTillandsia is described and discussed in regard to related species.
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  • 9
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    Plant systematics and evolution 138 (1981), S. 263-274 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Rutaceae ; Citrus limon ; Style ; canal cells ; canal filling substance ; ultrastructure ; anatomy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The ultrastructure of the canal cells and the canal filling substance ofCitrus limon have been studied. At maturity the canal cells are very rich in cytoplasm. Their inner tangential walls lining the canal are much thickened and formed by two layers: the outer corresponds to the original wall, the inner is formed by subsequent deposition of abundant materials of different origin. This thickening occurs at the same time as the filling of the stylar canal. Both events are paralleled by considerable dictyosomic activity, the formation of a large amount of rough endoplasmic reticulum, and the incorporation of small cytoplasmic masses into the cell wall, due to plasmalemma evaginations. — The material in the stylar canal has a heterogeneous ultrastructure aspect and consists of polysaccharides, proteins and lipids; it presumably provides nutrients for the growing pollen tubes.
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  • 10
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    Plant systematics and evolution 137 (1981), S. 145-180 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Coniferophytina ; Angiosperms ; Arecaceae ; Poaceae ; Quercus ; Citrus ; sclerophyllous trees ; mountain plants ; Acclimatation ; chilling resistance ; frost resistance ; stress ecotypes
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Gradations in cold resistance of plants with different latitudinal and altitudinal distribution, and the various categories of chilling and freezing resistance are hypothesized to be evolutionary steps of adaptive responses to increasing low temperature stress and annual seasonality. The gradual lowering of the critical phase transition temperature of biomembrane lipids, the capacity of persistent supercooling of tissues, and the development of a dormancy linked freezing-tolerance are considered to be essential mechanisms resulting in improved acclimatation to low temperature climates.
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  • 11
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    Plant systematics and evolution 138 (1981), S. 89-113 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Nicotiana ; Gossypium ; Lemnaceae ; Fraction 1 protein ; differentiation and age of taxa ; migration to Australia ; land connections ; long distance dispersal
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Fraction 1 protein (F-1-protein) (ribulose bisphosphate carboxy-lase-oxygenase) contained inLemnaceae has been evolving for at least 50 million years because fossils of these plants have been identified in strata belonging to the Upper Cretaceous. Electrofocusing F-1-protein resolves the large subunit polypeptides coded by extranuclear DNA and the small subunit polypeptides coded by nuclear DNA. Four differences affecting isoelectric points of the large subunit polypeptides and eight affecting the small subunit polypeptides are now present among eleven species representing the four genera comprising theLemnaceae. In comparison, four differences in the large and 13 in the small subunit polypeptides exist among 63 species ofNicotiana; four differences in the large and eight differences in the small subunit polypeptides exist among 19 species ofGossypium. The number of differences in F-1-protein composition being of the same order of magnitude for the generaNicotiana, Gossypium, and the familyLemnaceae, we infer that these Angiosperms are of similar antiquity. Nicotiana species indigenous to Australia and Africa contain F-1-proteins whose large subunit polypeptides are different but some of whose small subunit polypeptides are like those found in species from the Western Hemisphere. The same situation is found for the F-1-protein inGossypium. These results are in harmony with the view that species ofNicotiana andGossypium have arrived in Australia via former land connections between S. America, Antarctica, and Australia.
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  • 12
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    Plant systematics and evolution 138 (1981), S. 139-146 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Magnoliidae ; Lauraceae ; Hernandiaceae ; Pollen morphology ; pollen ultrastructure ; Angiosperm phylogeny
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The pollen grains ofLauraceae andHernandiaceae are characteristic in having a tubular exine of ± microfibrillar structure. This is coated with a layer of medium electron-dense globules and very peculiar spines, made up of a substance differing from that of the exine. Such a pollen wall structure is otherwise unknown in seed plants and thus adds to the list of odd features erratically present in various taxa of the Ranalean complex.
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  • 13
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    Plant systematics and evolution 138 (1981), S. 189-198 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Malvaceae ; Hibiscus acetosella ; H. asper ; H. surattensis ; H. radiatus ; andH. cannabinus ; Allopolyploidy ; evolution of dosage compensation ; alcohol dehydrogenase ; malate dehydrogenase ; leucine aminopeptidase
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Mature seeds of diploid and tetraploidHibiscus species were analyzed for enzyme activity (alcohol dehydrogenase, malate dehydrogenase, leucine aminopeptidase), total protein content, DNA amount and dry weight. The recently formed tetraploid,H. radiatus, generally had enzyme and protein levels very similar to the sum of its progenitors, while the more ancient speciesH. acetosella had several lower levels. This difference may reflect the greater amount of timeH. acetosella has had to evolve dosage compensations.
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  • 14
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    Plant systematics and evolution 138 (1981), S. 235-246 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asteraceae ; Lactuceae ; Microseris ; Canalized numbers ; quantitative genetics ; evolutionary genetics ; pappus parts
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The ChileanMicroseris pygmaea has a ten-part paleaceous pappus while the CalifornianM. bigelovii has five pappus parts on each achene. Hybrids between the two species have between five and ten pappus parts with averages below 7.5. Hybrid B 87 has an F 1 average value of 6.7 pappus parts. 140 F 2 plants were raised from this hybrid, and 12 F 3 families were obtained by selfing from F 2 plants. One larger F 4 family has been raised. Pappus part number in all of these is still canalized between 5 and 10. Variation within these limits is genetically determined by a quantitatively acting polygenic system. Modeling of this system suggests that a minimum of four, but probably not many more, genes are involved. This opens the possibility of a complete genetic analysis of the system.
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  • 15
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    Plant systematics and evolution 139 (1981), S. 95-102 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Menispermaceae ; Cocculus hirsutus ; Seed ; fruit ; anatomy ; affinities
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The ovules ofCocculus hirsutus are anatropous, bitegmic and, crassinucellate. The fruit is drupaceous, black purple, and laterally compressed and has a pericarp demarcated into exocarp and endocarp. The seeds are curved around the basal bodies. Testa and tegmen cells are thin-walled and unspecialized. In the ripe seed the inner epidermis of the tegmen persists, whereas the entire testa and the outer layer of the tegmen degenerate. Relationships of theMenispermaceae toRanunculaceae, Berberidaceae, andLardizabalaceae are supported.
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  • 16
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    Plant systematics and evolution 139 (1981), S. 103-111 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Rubiaceae ; Nodal anatomy ; leaf base ; stipules
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The leaf base vascularization in most of theRubiaceae corresponds to the unilacunar pattern with one complex trace. Only some species are known to have a trilacunar nodal pattern with three traces. In the unilacunar type one pair of smaller bundles separates from the complex lacunary leaf trace laterally, each soon forking into two arms: One arm becomes a marginal vein of the petiole, the other, besides supplying the stipules, forms a ± distinct vascular “bridge” within the cortex of the nodal flanks. In theRubieae this flank bridge develops as a very distinct vascular “ring” commissure out of which the whorled leaf-like appendages are vascularized; only the opposite true leaves receive their complex trace out of the lacunes directly. Axillary branches originate only from these true leaves.
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  • 17
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    Plant systematics and evolution 138 (1981), S. 297-299 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Asteraceae-Anthemideae ; Sclerorhachis leptoclada Rech. f. ; spec. nova ; Flora of Iran
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract A fourth species ofSclerorhachis, S. leptoclada Rech. f., has been discovered in S. Khorasan. It differs from the three known species by its tender habit, rosette leaves with few short segments, extremely reduced stem leaves, and very small heads.Sclerorhachis with its four vicarious species confined to the most arid parts of the Iranian highlands is believed to belong to the paleoxeromorphics (Rechinger 1952).
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  • 18
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    Plant systematics and evolution 139 (1981), S. 47-55 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Tulipa subg.Liliaceae ; Eriostemones ; Giemsa banding ; heterochromatin ; karyosystematics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The chromosomes of several cultivatedTulipa species belonging to the subg.Eriostemones were examined using conventional staining and C-banding techniques. Most of the species have lightly banded chromosomes with heterochromatin content varying from nil to about 15%. The banding patterns of several taxa are described and discussed in regard to species relationships.
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  • 19
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Flacourtiaceae:Prockia ; Flacourtia ; Idesia ; Lacistema ; Rawsonia ; Tiliaceae:Grewia ; Luhea ; Karyomorphology ; epidermis ultrastructure ; Chromosomes and systematics of tropical woody plants
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Detailed analyses of karyology and leaf morphology do not support relationships betweenFlacourtiaceae andTiliaceae. In spite of different chromosome numbers,Prockia (2n = 18),Flacourtia (2n = 22) andRawsonia (2n = 22) are very similar in karyomorphology, indicating a certain karyological uniformity withinFlacourtiaceae. Lacistema (2n = ca. 62) appears more isolated. On the other hand, theTiliaceae Grewia (2n = 18) andLuhea (2n = 36) have much in common and differ remarkably from the Flacourtiaceous genera. The salicoid leaf-teeth ofProckia are also found inIdesia, but never inTiliaceae. Epidermis ultrastructure reveals certain relationships betweenProckia andFlacourtia in contrast to the strongly differingGrewia. Idesia has a rare und unique epidermis sculpture. — Basic chromosome numbers and chromosomal evolution within theFlacourtiaceae are discussed.
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  • 20
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    Plant systematics and evolution 137 (1981), S. 23-38 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Rosaceae ; Uredinales ; Chromosome numbers ; rust susceptibility ; tribal classification
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract BothNeuradoideae andChrysobalanoideae seem rust-free. TheSpiraeoideae andPomoideae are heavily susceptible toGymnosporangium rusts. While thePrunoideae resemble theRosoideae in being vulnerable to attacks ofPuccinia species, they are additionally susceptible toTranzschelia andThekopsora, whereas theRosoideae are characteristically afflicted byPhragmidium.—It is suggested (a) to treat theChrysobalanoideae as a separate family (Chrysobalanaceae), (b) to transferDryas from theRosoideae-Potentilleae-Dryadinae to theRosoideae-Cercocarpeae, and (c) to divide theRosoideae into two main groups of tribes: (i) the rust-freeKerrieae andCercocarpeae with x = 9, and (ii) the rust-susceptiblePotentilleae, Ulmarieae, Roseae andSanguisorbeae with x = 7.
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  • 21
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    Plant systematics and evolution 137 (1981), S. 57-61 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Chenopodiaceae ; Spinacia ; S. turkestanica ; S. tetrandra ; Reproduction ; multigermicity ; seedball ; dioecy ; evolution
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract The presence of multigerm seedballs in the chenopodiacious genusSpinacia is noted. In the wild, colonising, and “weedy” dioecious species,S. turkestanica andS. tetrandra, the distribution of a multigerm seedball could effectively overcome the problem posed by isolation of the sexes. The hypothesis is tested assessing the extent of intra-seedball progeny hybridisations and seed production in the two wild species. The success in seed production by intra-seedball progeny crosses suggests that the distribution of such seedball progeny groups permits not only a percentage survival under isolation of these dioecious plants, but also the colonisation of areas outside that of the parent populations.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 138 (1981), S. 1-7 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Orchidaceae ; Epipogium ; E. roseum ; Microsporogenesis ; female gametophyte ; systematics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Development of pollen and female gametophyte inEpipogium roseum (D. Don)Lindl. has been investigated. The embryo sac conforms to the Apinagia type. The taxonomic position ofEpipogium within the family is discussed.
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  • 23
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    Plant systematics and evolution 137 (1981), S. 67-72 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Leguminosae ; Fabaceae ; Phaseolus sublobatus ; Geocarpy ; amphicarpy
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Populations of the annualPhaseolus sublobatus from different ecogeographical zones are genetically differentiated. In twelve populations from the western ghats (Maharashtra range) chasmogamous flowers are arranged in peduncled capitate racemes borne in leaf axils of higher nodes. One population (Poona Race S4) has additional inflorescences, also with chasmogamous flowers, on the main axis between the cotyledonary node and the ground. When the pods of these flowers ripen, the inflorescence gradually coils and, eventually, gets bury the fruits in the soil. This phenomenon is not known in any other plant.—The seed-coat patterns as revealed by SEM, and germination behaviour of both aerial and subterranean seeds are similar, and both types of seeds lack dormancy.—Heavy seed predation selection pressure is probably the principal cause for the evolution of fruit dimorphism inP. sublobatus. The origin of geocarpy in relation to fruit dimorphism and seed predation is discussed.
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  • 24
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Passifloraceae ; Passiflora involucrata ; stat. et comb. nov. ; Species β-diversity ; Flora of Amazonia ; Peru
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Field studies in Amazonian Peru show that thePassiflora vitifolia complex, a microcosm of many larger taxa, is concentrated in Amazonia with 4 ecologically separated species. One species is restricted to seasonally inundated forests, a second to non-inundated white sand soils, a third to non-inundated lateritic soils, and the fourth mostly to non-inundated alluvial soils. A new combination is formally proposed to recognize the white sand taxon, previously regarded as a variety, as a distinct species:P. involucrata. The importance of β-diversity in maintaining high Amazonian species diversity is emphasized.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 137 (1981), S. 229-240 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Orchidaceae ; Cephalanthera longifolia ; Cistaceae ; Cistus salviifolius ; Hymenoptera ; Halictus ; Flower biology and ecology ; pollination ; pollen imitation ; floral mimicry
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Solitary bees (Halictus sp.) were found to be the effective pollinators ofCephalanthera longifolia. In the same foraging flight the bees also visit flowers ofCistus salviifolius which has a similar colour pattern.Cephalanthera offers no reward to its pollinators, but orange papillae on its labellum successfully imitate pollen ofCistus. AsCephalanthera also attracts pollinators in the absence ofCistus, this is regarded as “facultative floral mimicry”.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 138 (1981), S. 61-71 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Solanaceae ; Solanum sect.Solanum ; Diosgenin ; tigogenin ; solasodine ; chemosystematics ; ontogenetic shift
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Plant material of 55 strains from 32 species ofSolanum sect.Solanum ( = sect.Morella) has been investigated for the content of steroidal alkaloids and sapogenins. The leaf-extracts of all species contain diosgenin resp. tigogenin or both together in considerable amount. On the contrary the characteristic steroidal alkaloid solasodine was absent in these samples. For 29 species the presence of steroidal sapogenins has been proved for the first time. In unripe fruits, however, solasodine could be detected in most of the species examined. New occurences of solasodine are reported for seven further species. These chemical results may contribute to a better comprehension of the difficult genusSolanum.—Ontogenetic studies on different organs ofS. atriplicifolium show the relationship between accumulation of steroidal compounds and plant maturity.
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    Plant systematics and evolution 138 (1981), S. 293-295 
    ISSN: 1615-6110
    Keywords: Angiosperms ; Bromeliaceae ; Tillandsia subgen.Anoplophytum ; T. carminea ; spec. nova ; Flora of Brazil
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology
    Notes: Abstract Tillandsia carminea is a new, morphologically and ecologically distinct species, related toT. stricta Solander, which occurs in the Serra dos Orgaos near Teresopolis, Brazil. It has been taken forT. rosea Lindley, but new investigations have shown thatT. rosea is a synonym toT. stricta and thatT. carminea is a good and distinct species.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 305 (1981), S. 189-192 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Arsen in Biolog. Material ; Spektrometrie, Atomabsorption ; Red. zu Arsin
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A sensitive method for hydride generation and graphite tube furnace atomic absorption spectrometric measurements with a reducing tube has been developed for the determination of arsenic in tea and orchard leaves. Arsines were generated in a horizontal glass tube, in which a pellet of NaBH4 was placed. 1.5–2.0 l/min of argon flow rate and 2,400° C of atomization temperature were the best experimental conditions. The strong supression of the arsenic signal by Ni and Co was effectively eliminated with 1,10-phenanthroline. A detection limit of 0.3 ng was obtained with a precision of 3–4%.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Arsin wird in einem horizontalen Glasrohr erzeugt, das eine NaBH4-Tablette enthält. Die AAS-Bestimmung erfolgt am günstigsten bei einem Argonstrom von 1,5–2,0 l/min und mit einer Atomisierungstemperatur von 2400° C. Die starke Unterdrückung des Arsensignals durch Ni und Co kann mit 1,10-Phenanthrolin wirksam eliminiert werden. Die Nachweisgrenze beträgt 0,3 ng bei einer Reproduzierbarkeit von 3–4%. Das Verfahren wurde auf die Arsenbestimmung in Tee und Obstbaumblättern angewendet.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 305 (1981), S. 177-180 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Bleitetraalkyl in Luft ; Spektrometrie, Atomabsorption ; Graphitofen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The determination of the total concentration of tetraalkyllead compounds in the air is based on the cryogenic condensation in a cooled trap at −130° C, thermal desorption at 60° C into impingers containing nitric acid and hydrogen peroxide and a determination with graphite furnace atomic-absorption. The method is highly specific and suffers no interferences from lead in the particulate phase. The detection limit is 42 ng Pb/m3 for air samples of ca. 3601.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Bestimmung der Gesamtkonzentration an Tetraalkylbleiverbindungen in der Luft beruht auf der Kondensation in einer Kühlfalle bei −130° C, Desorption bei 60° C in ein Salpetersäure-Wasserstoffperoxid-Gemisch und anschließender Bestimmung mit Graphitofen-AAS. Die Methode ist hochspezifisch und wird durch bleihaltige Festteilchen nicht gestört. Die Nachweisgrenze beträgt 42 ng Pb/m3 für 3601-Proben.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 306 (1981), S. 13-14 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Bor in Wasser ; Spektrometrie, Atomabsorption ; Flammenlos, Graphitrohr
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A simple and rapid procedure is described for the determination of boron in water using flameless atomic absorption spectrometry. A Ca/Mg solution is added before measurement. The method is suitable for boron concentrations up to 250 μg/l. The mean standard deviation is 6±4 μg/l.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Eine schnelle und einfache Methode zur Bestimmung von Bor im Wasser mittels flammenloser AAS wird beschrieben. Die Messung erfolgt nach Zugabe einer Ca/Mg-Lösung. Die Methode ist geeignet für Borkonzentrationen bis 250 μg/l. Die mittlere Standardabweichung beträgt 6±4 μg/l.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 306 (1981), S. 381-384 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Gold in Selen, Erzen ; Spektrometrie, Atomabsorption ; Flamme, Methacrylsäuremethylester
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung In einem einfachen Verbundverfahren werden ppm- und ppb-Gehalte von Gold entweder nach Extraktion mit Methacrylsäuremethylester (MME) direkt im ppm-Bereich mittels Flammen-AAS oder im ppb-Bereich nach Absorption an selenorganische Verbindungen in der Graphitküvette bestimmt. Die Nachweisgrenze in der Flammen-AAS ist 0,2 μg Au/ml MME; in der Graphitküvette können noch 0.25 ng nachgewiesen werden. Die relative Standardabweichungen für die Goldbestimmungen sind bei Gehalten von 0,064 ppm in Selen 23%, bei 14 ppm 3,5%; in Bleikonzentraten bei 0,41 ppm 10,2%. Das angegebene Verfahren ist auf Erze und andere Metallkonzentrate übertragbar.
    Notes: Summary With a simple method ppm and ppb amounts of gold were determined either after extraction with methyl methacrylate (MME) directly by flame AAS in ppm amounts or after absorption on organoselenium compounds in ppb amounts with flameless AAS. The determination limit by flame AAS is 0.2 μg Au/ml MME, by flameless AAS 0.25 ng. The relative standard deviations for the determination of gold are 23% for the determination in selenium in the range of 0.064 ppm, in the range of 14 ppm 3.5%. For lead concentrates with 0.41 ppm the relative standard deviation is 10.2%. This method may be used, too, for the analysis of other metal concentrates and ores.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 308 (1981), S. 332-338 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Magnesium, Calcium ; Spektrometrie, Atomabsorption ; Matrixeffekt, empirische math. Modelle, Optimierung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A method of experimental optimization of an analytical procedure aimed at elimination of the matrix effect is proposed which is based on the theory of design of experiments. The criterion functions Q are formulated, which are expressed by regression coefficients in the empirical mathematical model approximating the relationship between a quantity R and the concentrations of sample components. R denotes, for example, the measured signal (e.g. absorbance, emission intensity), the concentration of a component being determined read from the calibration graph, or the error of determination. The quantities Q depend, in general, on the conditions of analysis which can be expressed by the factors z 1..., z M (e.g., in AAS — observation height, gas flux, concentrations of the auxiliary substances in a sample, etc.). It is assumed that the extreme of a function Q corresponds to the optimum conditions of analysis. In this paper the relationship between a quantity Q and the factors z is approximated by the polynomial model. The regression coefficients in this model are estimated on the basis of the results of an experiment carried out according to the composite rotatable design. The extreme of the model is found mathematically. Various criterion functions Q are discussed. An example concerning determination of Mg and Ca in AlCl3 reagent by AAS is presented.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Ein auf der Theorie der Versuchsplanung beruhendes Verfahren zur experimentellen Optimierung einer analytischen Methode mit dem Ziel der Eliminierung des Matrixeffekts wird beschrieben. Die Kriteriumfunktionen Q werden formuliert, die durch Regressionskoeffizienten in einem mathematischen Modell ausgedrückt werden, das der Beziehung zwischen einem Wert R und den Konzentrationen der Bestandteile angenähert ist. Hierbei bedeutet R z. B. das gemessene Signal (Extinktion, Emissionsintensität), den von der Eichkurve abgelesenen Konzentrationswert oder den Fehler der Bestimmung. Der Wert Q hängt im allgemeinen von den Analysenbedingungen ab, die durch die Faktoren z 1... z M (bei der AAS zum Beispiel die Beobachtungshöhe, der Gasstrom, die Konzentration von Hilfssubstanzen usw.) ausgedrückt werden können. Es wird angenommen, daß der Extremwert einer Funktion Q den optimalen Analysenbedingungen entspricht. Die Beziehung zwischen Q und den Faktoren z wird durch ein Polynommodell angenähert. Die Regressionskoeffizienten in diesem Modell werden aufgrund von Versuchsergebnissen bestimmt. Der Extremwert des Modells wird mathematisch berechnet. Verschiedene Kriteriumfunktionen Q werden diskutiert. Als Beispiel wird die Bestimmung von Mg und Ca in AlCl3 mit Hilfe der AAS beschrieben.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 308 (1981), S. 448-451 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Selen in Schwefelsäure ; Spektrometrie, Atomabsorption
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary Ultramicro amounts of selenium in sulphuric acid are determined by a new atomic absorption spectrophotometric method. Selenium(IV) is directly determined ater extraction into toluene with an aromatic o-diamine and addition of nickel(II) prior to atomization; the determination of total selenium (0, IV and VI) needs a treatment of the sample with selected oxidizing and reducing agents. In the studied samples, total selenium (0.003–0.022 μg of Se in 1 ml sulphuric acid) is present only in the tetravalent state. The detection limit of the method is 0.003 μg of selenium.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Selen(IV) kann direkt bestimmt werden nach Toluolextraktion der mit einem aromatischen o-Diamin behandelten Lösung und Zusatz von Nickel(II). Die Bestimmung von Gesamtselen (0, IV, VI) erfordert eine Vorbehandlung mit Perchlor- bzw. Salpetersäure und Wasserstoffperoxid. Die Nachweisgrenze des Verfahrens beträgt 0,003 μg Se. In den untersuchten Proben war das Gesamtselen (0,003–0,022 μg/ml) nur als Se(IV) vorhanden.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 309 (1981), S. 181-185 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Thallium in Gesteinen, Kohle Gras ; Spektrometrie, Atomabsorption ; Vorkonzentrierung, Extraktion, Spuren
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die beschriebene Methode für die Bestimmung von Tl in Zement und dessen Ausgangsmaterialien eignet sich auch für die Spurenbestimmung in Gesteinen, Lösungen, usw. Spuren von Tl können aus großen Gehalten von Ca oder Fe durch Maskieren der Fremdelemente in mineralsaurer Lösung mit großen Mengen Citronensäure, Ascorbinsäure, wenn nötig auch mit KCN, und Extrahieren bzw. Konzentrieren des Tl als Diethyldithiocarbaminat-Komplex mit kleinen Mengen Methylisobutylketon bei pH 10,5 abgetrennt werden. Tl+ und auch Tl3+ werden erfaßt. Der Methylisobutylketon-Extrakt kann direkt in die Flamme eingesprüht werden. Die Empfindlichkeit ist in Methylisobutylketon-Lösung etwa um 30% besser als in rein wäßriger Lösung. Ein Zusatz von Cd, welches unter den gegebenen Bedingungen ebenfalls mitextrahiert wird, verbessert die Empfindlichkeit durch Interferenzeffekt nochmals um weitere 30 %. Wird eine Proben-Einwaage von 1 g zur Extraktion verwendet, so kann noch 0,1 ppm Tl im Ausgangsmaterial nachgewiesen werden. 60 untersuchte Kationen und etwa 20 Anionen stören in weiten Grenzen nicht. Mit der flammenlosen Atomisierung im Graphitrohrofen können noch 20–100mal kleinere Mengen Tl bestimmt werden, wenn das Tl im Methylisobutyl-Extrakt mit HNO3 in die Nitratform gebracht und mit Alkohol verdünnt wird. Die Methoden wurden mit Standardgesteinen und Zementproben mit zugesetztem Tl überprüft.
    Notes: Summary A sensitive method for the trace analysis of Tl in cement raw materials, rocks and other samples by AAS is described. To the aqueous sample solutions, containing mainly Ca or Fe, large amounts of citric and ascorbic acid were added for masking interfering cations. Tl is extracted and concentrated as the diethyldithiocarbamate complex in methyl-isobutylketone at pH 10.5. This extract can directly be injected into the flame. The sensitivity was found to be 30% higher than for aqueous solutions and can be enhanced by another 30% by addition of some Cd. For a 1 g-sample the sensitivity is about 0.1 ppm Tl. Some 60 cations and 20 anions may be present in rather large amounts without disturbing the Tl-determination. A procedure for the flameless AAS is also described leading to a 20–100 times higher sensitivity. The methods were tested with standard rocks and with cement samples to which defined amounts of Tl had been added.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 309 (1981), S. 398-399 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Nickeloxid in Nickel ; Spektrometrie, Atomabsorption ; Lösung in KCuCl3
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 305 (1981), S. 382-386 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Arsen, Selen in Geolog. Material ; Spektrometrie, Atomabsorption ; Hydridbildung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A rapid semi-automated hydride evolution-electrothermal atomic absorption spectrophotometric method has been developed for the determination of arsenic and selenium in geological materials. A representative sample of a rock, soil or sediment is digested with a mixture of HNO3-HClO4. The nearly dry digestate is taken up in HCl. The arsenic (or selenium) in the hydrochloric acid solution is converted to its hydride with sodium borohydride. The hydride is decomposed and atomized in an electrically heated quartz furnace, and the atomic absorption signal is measured at the appropriate resonance wavelengths of arsenic and selenium. Both the elements can be reliably determined in geochemical samples in the range of 0.05–2.00 μg/g. The method has wide tolerance for variation in reagent concentrations and possible interferences, and when tested on some certified rocks having a wide range of arsenic and selenium values is found to be satisfactorily accurate and precise. The procedure is now routinely used in our laboratories. At least 10 samples can be analyzed per hour.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei dem beschriebenen Verfahren wird die Probe mit einem Salpetersäure-Perchlorsäure-Gemisch aufgeschlossen, der Rückstand in Salzsäure aufgenommen und Se bzw. As mit Hilfe von Natriumborhydrid in Hydrid übergeführt. Die Atomisierung zur Messung erfolgt in einem elektrisch beheizten Quarzofen. Beide Elemente können im Bereich von 0,05–2,00 μg/g zuverlässig in geologischem Material bestimmt werden. Die Methode hat einen weiten Toleranzbereich für Änderungen der Reagenskonzentration sowie für mögliche Begleitelemente und zeigte bei Referenz-Gesteinsproben zufriedenstellende Ergebnisse. Sie wird in den Laboratorien des Autors routinemäßig eingesetzt. Wenigstens 10 Proben können innerhalb von 1 h analysiert werden.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 306 (1981), S. 365-371 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Chrom, Kupfer, Mangan, Nickel, Eisen in Stahl ; Spektrometrie, Atomabsorption ; Genauigkeit in Gefügebestandteilen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Charakterisierung von Isolaten differenziert behandelter Stähle erfordert die schnelle und genaue Bestimmung von Haupt- und Nebenbestandteilen aus Einwaagen im Milligrammbereich. Mit der Atomabsorptionsspektroskopie wurden die Elemente Fe (40–95 m-%) sowie Cr, Cu, Mn und Ni (0,05–10 m-%) aus einer Lösung (50–100 ml) durch Eichung mit geeigneten Standardstählen bestimmt. Die statistische Bewertung der Eisenbestimmung erfolgte am Beispiel der Analyse von Standardstählen und konkreten FexC-Isolaten. Die Ergebnisse wurden mit der klassisch-chemischen Isolatanalyse verglichen. Es wurden Reproduzierbarkeiten von s r≦0,01 bei garantierter Richtigkeit im Konfidenzintervall erreicht. Voraussetzung dafür ist die Messung auf Fe-Linien geringerer Empfindlichkeit (373,7 nm bzw. 358,1 nm), wodurch weitere Verdünnungsschritte vermieden und das Signal-Rausch-Verhältnis verbessert werden. Bei der Cr-Bestimmung muß die spektrale Reinheit der Hohlkathodenlampe garantiert werden. Es wurde gezeigt, daß deutliche Mehrbefunde bei Lampen mit eisenhaltigem Trägermaterial bei Spaltbreiten 〉 0,2 nm und Messung auf λ Cr=357,9 nm in Abhängigkeit vom Cr-Fe-Verhältnis auftreten. Als Ursache dafür wurde eine absorbierende Fe-Linie (358,1 nm) innerhalb der spektralen Bandbreite nachgewiesen.
    Notes: Summary The characterization of residues of differently treated steels requires the rapid and precise determination of principal and secondary components from mg sample weights. The elements Fe (40–95%-wt) and Cr, Cu, Mn, Ni (0.05–10% wt) were determined from one solution (50–100 ml) with calibration of suitable standard reference materials by atomic absorption spectroscopy. Precision and accuracy of the Fe-determination were studied at SRM and concrete FexC-residues and by comparison with classical chemical analysis. The precision was ≦1% with a guaranteed accuracy in the confidence interval. This was attained by using Fe-lines with lower sensitivity (373.7 nm or 358.1 nm) to eliminate the dilution and to increase the signal-to-noise ratio. For the determination of chromium, it is necessary to guarantee the spectral purity of the used hollow cathode lamp. It was shown that the Cr-response was too high in dependence on the Cr-Fe-ratio when using a hollow cathode lamp with ferruginous cathode material, a spectral bandpass of 〉 0.2 nm and the Cr-line λ Cr=357.9 nm. This was caused by an absorbing Feline (358.1 nm) in the used spectral bandpass.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 306 (1981), S. 378-380 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Selen in Techn. Produkten ; Spektrometrie, Atomabsorption ; Flamme, Methacrylsäuremethylester, Extraktion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Methacrylsäuremethylester (MME) wird als Extraktions- und Lösungsmittel für die Flammen-AAS vorgeschlagen. Als Extraktionsmittel ist es für bestimmte Spurenanreicherungen selektiver als Methyl-iso-butylketon bei gleichen Eigenschaften in der Flammen-AAS. Als analytisches Beispiel wird die Selen-Extraktion und Bestimmung im ppm-Bereich bei Kupfer- und Bleikonzentraten, Kupferstein und Rohkupfer durchgeführt. Als Extraktionsmittel wird eine 5%-Lösung von Aceton im MME verwendet. Die relativen Standardabweichungen sind für Selengehalte von 5,6–70,5 ppm 6 bis 2%, bei 580–1100 ppm 1,8 bis 1,4%. Das beschriebene Verfahren ist im ppm-Bereich störungsfrei gegenüber Begleitelementen.
    Notes: Summary Methyl methacrylate (MME) is proposed as an extractant and solvent for flame-AAS. For the enrichment of certain traces it is more selective than methyl-iso-butylketone (MIBK), with equal properties in flame-AAS. The extraction and determination of selenium in the ppm-range in copper- and lead concentrates, blister copper and copper matte is described as an analytical example. A solution of 5% acetone in MME is used as extractant. The relative standard deviations for selenium are 6 to 2% for 5.6 to 70.5 ppm and 1.8 to 1.4% for 580 to 1,100 ppm. Accompanying elements do not interfere in the ppm-range.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 307 (1981), S. 411-412 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Fluorid in Wasser ; Spektrometrie, Atomabsorption ; Fällung mit Ca, Pb, Bi
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 308 (1981), S. 1-6 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Blei, Cadmium, Quecksilber in Klärschlamm ; Spektrometrie, Atomabsorption ; Zeeman-Effekt
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Drei Klärschlammstandards wurden mit der Zeeman-AAS auf ihren Blei-, Cadmium- und Quecksilbergehalt untersucht. Es fand keine chemische Probenvorbereitung statt. Die gut homogenisierten Proben wurden direkt auf einer Mikrogrammwaage in ein Graphitschiffchen eingewogen. Die Messungen zeigen gute Übereinstimmung mit den Referenzwerten. Auch für andere Elemente und Matrixformen ist diese Feststoffanalyse möglich.
    Notes: Summary Three sewage sludge standards were analysed for their Pb, Cd and Hg contents by means of Zeeman-AAS. The samples did not undergo chemical pretreatment. They were well homogenized and directly weighed into a graphite boat by means of a microbalance. Results were in good agreement with reference values. This solid state analysis is also suitable for other elements and other types of matrices.
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  • 41
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Selen in Anorgan. Material, Organ. Material ; Spektrometrie, Atomabsorption ; Verdampfung im dynam. System
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird eine spezielle Apparatur zur Abtrennung von Selengehalten aus anorganischen (≥ 0,5 ng/g) und organischen (≥ 2 ng/g) Matrices beschrieben, die eine zuverlässige Bestimmung der isolierten Selenspuren durch Hydrid-AAS (HG-AAS) bzw. AAS mit elektrothermischer Atomisierung (ETA-AAS) ermöglicht. Beim Aufschluß der Probe im O2- bzw. Ar/O2-Trägergasstrom wird das Selen in einem Quarzsystem als SeO2 verflüchtigt und in einer Vorlage zusammen mit dem Sauerstoff und anderen flüchtigen Substanzen durch Kühlen mit flüssigem Stickstoff kondensiert. Die Leistungsfähigkeit des Verbundverfahrens wird durch zahlreiche Se-Bestimmungen in Metallen, Gesteinen, Sedimenten, Böden, pflanzlichen und tierischen Matrices belegt.
    Notes: Summary A special apparatus for the separation of low levels of selenium from inorganic (≥ 0.5 ng/g) and organic (≥2 ng/g) matrices is described. It enables a reliable determination of the isolated traces of selenium by hydride-AAS (HG-AAS) or AAS with electrothermal atomisation (ETA-AAS). During decomposition of the sample in a stream of O2 or Ar/O2 in a quartz system, selenium is volatilized as SeO2 that is subsequently trapped simultaneously with oxygen and other volatile substances by cooling with liquid nitrogen. The capability of this multi-stage procedure is proved by numerous determinations of Se in metals, rocks, sediments, soils, plant and animal matrices.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 305 (1981), S. 379-381 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Arsen ; Spektrometrie, Atomabsorption ; heißes Quarzrohr, Zugabe von Komplexbildnern
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Nickel, Cobalt und Kupfer stören die Arsenbestimmung durch Atomabsorptionsspektrometrie mit Atomisierung von Arsenwasserstoff im heißen Quarzrohr. Der Störeinfluß läßt sich durch Komplexbildner vermindern. Von einer Anzahl untersuchter Chelatbildner zeigte Pyridin-2-aldoxim die größte Wirkung: 300 mg Pyridin-2-aldoxim in der Meßlösung schalten die Störung durch 40 mg Metalloxid aus.
    Notes: Summary Nickel, cobalt and copper interfere in the quantitation of arsenic by atomic absorption spectrometry with atomisation of arsine in a hot quartz tube. A number of chelating agents was investigated with a view to eliminate the suppressing effect of these metals. Pyridine-2-aldoxime was most efficient: 300 mg of pyridine-2-aldoxime exclude an interference by up to 40 mg of metal oxide in the final solution.
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 305 (1981), S. 370-373 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Bleioxid in Blei ; Spektrometrie, Atomabsorption ; Extraktion
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary A method has been developed for the determination of a minute amount of lead oxide in and on high-purity lead metal. The lead metal is shaken with 0.5% (w/v) ammonium acetate solution and sodium tetrahydroborate in nitrogen atmosphere. The metallic lead is unaffected while the lead oxide is dissolved in the aqueous solution and can be determined by atomic absorption spectrometry. The procedure is repeated in the presence of mercury. In this case lead is converted to amalgam and total lead oxide is dissolved and determined. The lead oxide contained in the interior of the sample is obtained by the difference. Lead oxide in commercial lead metals of various forms has been determined by this method. It is simple and fast, a minute amount of lead oxide can be determined precisely with high reproducibility (recovery is 98–100%).
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Bleiprobe wird mit 0,5 %iger Ammoniumacetatlösung und NaBH4 unter Stickstoff geschüttelt, wobei sich das an der Oberfläche befindliche Bleioxid löst und in der Lösung durch AHS bestimmt werden kann. Metallisches Blei wird durch diese Behandlung nicht angegriffen. Eine weitere Metallprobe wird dann in Gegenwart von Quecksilber ebenso behandelt, wobei Bleiamalgam gebildet wird und das gesamte Oxid in Lösung geht. Der Oxidgehalt in der Probe ergibt sich aus der Differenz der beiden Werte. Verschiedenartige Bleiproben wurden mit diesem Verfahren untersucht (Reproduzierbarkeit 98–100%).
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 308 (1981), S. 104-111 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Analyse von Gallium, Aluminium ; Spektrometrie, Atomabsorption ; Spuren in Reinstmetallen
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Der für die Extraktion im stark sauren Medium geeignete Chelatbildner Dithiophosphorsäure-O,O-diethylester kann auch für die Spurensorption an Aktivkohle eingesetzt werden. Durch das unterschiedliche Sorptionsverhalten der Elemente ist es möglich, eine Gruppe von Elementspuren (Bi, Cd, Cu, In, Pb, Tl) selektiv aus verschiedenen Matrices abzutrennen. Am Beispiel der Analyse von Reinstgallium konnte gezeigt werden, daß die Kombination von Spurenabtrennung und mikrophysikalischem Bestimmungsschritt zu Nachweisgrenzen im ng/g-Bereich führt. Als Bestimmungsverfahren für die angereicherten Spuren wurden die Injektionsmethode der Flammen-AAS und die Schlaufen-AAS eingesetzt, da mit beiden Methoden bei sequentieller Messung noch Multielementbestimmungen aus Spurenkonzentraten von weniger als 1 ml möglich sind.
    Notes: Summary The chelate complexing agent dithiophosphoric acid-O,O-diethylester, suitable for extraction from high acidity media, can also be put to use in trace sorption on activated carbon. Due to different sorption behaviour of elements, it is possible to separate selectively from different matrices, groups of elements (such as Bi, Cd, Cu, In, Pb, Tl). By way of example concerning the analysis of high-purity gallium, it could be demonstrated that by combination of a trace separation with a micro-physical determination step, detection limits in the ng/g-region could be reached. As a determination procedure regarding pre-concentrated traces, the injection method of flame-AAS and loop-AAS were applied, because both these methods allow sequential multielement determinations from trace concentrates of less than 1 ml.
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  • 45
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 308 (1981), S. 129-132 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Cobalt, Nickel in Boden ; Spektrometrie, Atomabsorption ; flammenlos, Zr-beschichtetes Graphitrohr
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es wird ein Verfahren beschrieben, das es gestattet, Cobalt und Nickel in Bodenaufschlüssen nach Anreicherung durch Extraktion mit APDC/MIBK und anschließender Reextraktion mit Salpetersäure mit der flammenlosen Atomabsorption unter Verwendung Zirkonium-beschichteter Graphitrohre zu bestimmen. Das bisher für Cadmium und Blei verwendete Anreicherungsverfahren wurde so modifiziert, daß außer diesen beiden Elementen auch Cobalt und Nickel quantitativ extrahiert wurden. Cobalt und Nickel werden dabei um den Faktor fünf angereichert. Die stark salpetersauren Reextrakte können direkt in die Zirkonium-beschichteten Graphitrohre injiziert werden. Mit einem Rohr können 150 bis 200 Analysen durchgeführt werden. Als Nachweisgrenze wurde im Mittel eine Konzentration von 15 μg Co und 20 μg Ni/l Reextrakt gefunden. Das entspricht einer Nachweisgrenze von ca. 3 μg Co und 4 μg Ni/l Aufschlußlösung (statistische Sicherheit 95%).
    Notes: Summary Subsequent to an enrichment of cobalt and nickel from digested soil solutions by extraction with APDC/MIBK followed by reextraction with nitric acid these elements can be determined by means of flameless atomic absorption without interferences. Zirconium coated tubes are used as electrothermal atomizers. After a modification of the enrichment procedure which was used for cadmium and lead, also cobalt and nickel could be extracted quantitatively. Both elements are enriched by a factor of five. In spite of the high concentration of nitric acid in the reextracts, which are injected directly into the tubes, their life time was remarkable good. 150 to 200 analyses could be performed with one tube. Detection limits were found to be 15 μg of Co and 20 μg of Ni/l reextract and about 3 μg of Co and 4 μg of Ni/l digested soil solution (confidence level 95%).
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  • 46
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 308 (1981), S. 351-351 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Spektrometrie, Atomabsorption ; Anwendung der Additionsmethode, Diskussionsbeiträge
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
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  • 47
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 308 (1981), S. 327-331 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Best. von Mangan in Legierungen ; Spektrometrie, Atomabsorption ; Statist. Versuchsplanung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Zur Bestimmung von Mangan in verschiedenen Legierungen wurde die Atomabsorptionsspektroskopie (AAS) angewendet. Die Abhängigkeit des Mangansignals von der Zusammensetzung der zu analysierenden Probe wurde unter Einsatz der statistischen Versuchsplanung untersucht. Es wurde festgestellt, daß die Elemente Eisen, Molybdän und Kobalt das Mangansignal nicht beeinflussen, Nickel und Aluminium vermindernd und Kupfer leicht erhöhend wirken. Zusätzlich dazu beeinflussen die Elemente Nickel, Chrom, Aluminium und Kupfer das Mangansignal in Form von Wechselwirkungen, d. h. der Einfluß eines dieser Elemente hängt ab von der Konzentration der anderen. Diese Information kann nur unter Einsatz der statistischen Versuchsplanung erhalten werden. Die Auswertung der Versuchspläne gestattet es, die Manganbestimmung in hochlegierten Stählen und Legierungen auf Kobalt- oder Nickelbasis mittels AAS unter Einsatz einer einheitlich zusammengesetzten Eichlösung durchzuführen und somit das Additionsverfahren zu ersetzen.
    Notes: Summary The dependence of the absorbance of manganese on the composition of sample was studied by means of the design of experiments. It was found that the elements iron, molybdenum and cobalt do not influence the absorbance of manganese, while nickel and aluminium reduce it and copper slightly increases it. In addition, the absorbance of manganese is influenced by several interaction effects of nickel, chromium, aluminium and copper. This means that the magnitude of the influence of one of these elements depends on the concentration of the other elements. This information can only be obtained by means of the design of experiments. The evaluation of the designs allows the determination of manganese in high-alloy steels and alloys based on cobalt or nickel by means of atomic absorption spectroscopy using only one uniformly composed series of calibrating solutions and makes it possible to substitute the method of addition in this way.
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  • 48
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    Fresenius' Zeitschrift für analytische Chemie 308 (1981), S. 342-346 
    ISSN: 1618-2650
    Keywords: Spektrometrie, Atomabsorption ; Berechnung der Standardabweichung
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Die Standardabweichung des Meß-resultates stellt eine der wichtigsten Analysenkenngrößen dar. Für den Fall der Atomabsorptionsanalyse werden theoretische Beziehungen für den Zusammenhang zwischen der zu messenden Elementkonzentration und der zu erwartenden Standardabweichung abgeleitet. Die gewonnenen Beziehungen werden anhand von Literaturdaten und eigenen Meßwerten am Beispiel der Cadmiumbestimmung sowohl für den Fall der Flammenatomisation als auch für Messungen mit der Graphitrohrküvette überprüft. Insgesamt ergibt sich eine gute Übereinstimmung zwischen Theorie und Experiment.
    Notes: Summary The standard deviation of measurements is one of the most important characteristics of any analytical method. For the case of atomic absorption spectrometry, theoretical relations are given revealing the relation between concentration of the element in question and the standard deviation expected. These relations are tested against data from literature and own measurements by determination of cadmium by flame atomization and using the cuvette as an example. The agreement between theory and experimental data is quite satisfactory.
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