ALBERT

Description: The data set is a compilation of more than 300 CO2-rich mineral waters and mofettes in the NW Bohemia/Vogtland region. It is a combination of historical data from numerous books and reports, recent scientific papers, as well as own field observations. The oldest literature sources related to these geogenic CO2 gas emissions were mentioned in the 18th century. These springs were famous for their delicious acidic mineral water – so called “Sauerbrunnen” or "Säuerlinge". However, some gas emission sites and their springs dried and disappeared during the centuries, but they were an important meeting point in the villages (water supply) and were therefore mentioned in old geological or historical reports. The coordinates of these former locations could only be estimated. The dataset contains geographic coordinates, Czech and German site names, as well as the location type.

Description: This data repository contains the 3D steady-state thermal field computed for the South Caribbean and NW South America down to 75 km depth, the modelled hypocentral temperatures, the depths to the upper and lower stability transitions, as well as the seismogenic thickness calculated from selected earthquakes of the ISC Bulletin (International Seismological Centre, 2022). All methodological details can be found in the main publication (see section 2). We used the uppermost 75 km of the gravity-constrained structural and density model of Gómez-García et al. (2020, 2021) to derive the 3D thermal configuration of the study area. A steady-state approach was followed, in which upper and lower boundary conditions were set to run the thermal experiments using the software GOLEM (Cacace amp; Jacquey, 2017; Jacquey amp; Cacace, 2017). We selected earthquakes from the ISC Bulletin from January 1980 to January 2021 (International Seismological Centre, 2022), considering the magnitude of completeness for different periods, removing earthquakes without depth, set as 0 km or fixed, as well as those with reported hypocentral depth errors gt;30 km. Of this set, we selected the crustal earthquakes, located between the topo-bathymetry from the GEBCO relief (Weatherall et al., 2015) and the Moho depth from the GEMMA model (Reguzzoni amp; Sampietro, 2015), interpolated to a resolution of 5 km. From this earthquake subset we computed the upper and lower stability transitions for seismogenesis, as the 10th and 90th percentiles (D10 and D90), respectively, of the hypocentral depths. These percentiles were mapped on a latitude-longitude grid, using for each grid node its 20 closest earthquakes as sample. The hypocentral temperatures and the temperatures at the D10 and D90 crustal depths were calculated from the lithospheric-scale thermal model. Lastly, the crustal seismogenic thickness was computed as the difference between D90 and D10 for each grid node. For more details about the modelling approach and interpretation of the results, we kindly ask the reader to refer to the main publication: Gomez-Garcia et al., (2022).

Description: Stress maps show the orientation of the current maximum horizontal stress (SHmax) in the earth's crust. Assuming that the vertical stress (SV) is a principal stress, SHmax defines the orientation of the 3D stress tensor; the minimum horizontal stress Shmin is than perpendicular to SHmax. In stress maps SHmax orientations are represented as lines of different lengths. The length of the line is a measure of the quality of data and the symbol shows the stress indicator and the color the stress regime. The stress data are freely available and part of the World Stress Map (WSM) project. For more information about the data and criteria of data analysis and quality mapping are plotted along the WSM website at http://www.world-stress-map.org. The stress map of Taiwan 2022 is based on the WSM database release 2016. However, all data records have been checked and we added a large number of new data from earthquake focal mechanisms from the national earthquake catalog and from publications. The total number of data records has increased from n=401 in the WSM 2016 to n=6,498 (4,234 with A-C quality) in the stress map of Taiwan 2022 The update with earthquake focal mechanims is even larger since another 1313 earthquake focal mechanism data records beyond the scale of this map have been added to the WSM database. The digital version of the stress map is a layered pdf file generated with GMT (Wessel et al., 2019). It also provide estimates of the mean SHmax orientation on a regular 0.1° grid using the tool stress2grid (Ziegler and Heidbach, 2019). Two mean SHmax orientations are estimated with search radii of r=25 and 50 km, respectively, and with weights according to distance and data quality. The stress map and data are available on the landing page at https://doi.org/10.5880/WSM.Taiwan2022 where further information is provided. The earthquake focal mechanism that are used for this stress map are provided by the Taiwan Earthquake Research Center (TEC) available at the TEC Data Center (https://tec.earth.sinica.edu.tw).

Description: This dataset provides information about the hydrostatic and wet signal delays from a network of 23 GNSS stations in northwestern Argentina between 2010-2021. It is based on Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) remote sensing techniques for the estimation of the atmospheric total delay and its gradients. Additionally, the hydrostatic counterpart and its gradients were calculated from the ERA5 dataset of the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) with ray-tracing algorithms. The wet delays, as well as their gradients, were calculated by subtracting the hydrostatic fraction from the total proportion. Lastly, the wet signal delays were also computed using solely the ERA5 dataset.

Description: This dataset comprises the PCEEJ equatorial electrojet model current intensity values (mA/m). The PCEEJ is an empirical model based on the principal component analysis of satellite and ground equatorial electrojet data, described in detail in Soares et al. (2022), to which this data publication is supplement to. The model data is provided as text files (.csv extension) and Matlab-formatted files (.mat extension). For text files, there is one file per year (file name labeled with the corresponding year). For the Matlab format, there is only one Matlab file that contains all years as separate variables (variable name labeled with the corresponding year). Each yearly file/variable corresponds to a matrix: the rows represent local time/longitude bins and the columns represent days of year. The local time/longitude bins (rows) always sum up to 432 (12 local time intervals and 36 longitude intervals). The day of year (columns) always starts in January 1st and ends in December 31st, leading to a total of 365 or 366. The PCEEJ model values of 13 years from 2003 to 2010 and from 2014 to 2018 are provided. The PCEEJ basis functions (principal components) are provided in the text and Matlab files labeled as ‘PC\_Functions’. The ‘PC\_Functions’ data is given as a 432x10 matrix, in which 432 stands for the aforementioned local time/longitude bins and 10 represents the 10 principal components used to obtain the PCEEJ model (in ascending order). Two additional auxiliary indices, namely ‘lt\_index’ and ‘lon\_index’ are also contained as text and Matlab files. These indices represent the corresponding local time and longitude values of each row of the PCEEJ yearly files and ‘PC\_Functions’ files.

Description: This data publication includes the half-hourly Hp30 and ap30 indices as well as the hourly Hp60 and ap60 indices, collectively denoted as Hpo. This dataset is based on near real-time geomagnetic observatory data provided by 13 contributing observatories. It is derived and distributed by GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences. When using the Hpo index, please cite this data publication as well as the accompanying publication Yamazaki et al. (submitted), which serves as documentation of the Hpo. The dataset is organised in yearly files, which, for the current year, are updated on a monthly basis. Typically, during the second week of a month, the data for the previous month is appended to the current year's file. The files are in ASCII files and start with header lines marked with # (hash). The Hpo index was developed within the H2020 project SWAMI (grant agreement No 776287) and is produced by Geomagnetic Observatory Niemegk, GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences. It derives from the same 13 geomagnetic observatories that also contribute to the Kp index (Matzka et al., 2021, https://doi.org/10.5880/Kp.0001). They are listed as contributors to this data publication. With the introduction of the DOI for the Hpo index (Matzka et al, 2021, https://doi.org/10.5880/Hpo.0001), this DOI landing page and the associated HTTPS server linked to the DOI become the primary archive of Hpo (while the other established index distribution mechanisms at GFZ will be maintained in parallel). With the DOI, the dataset can grow with time, but a change of the data, once published, is not possible. If necessity arises in the future to correct already published values, then the corrected dataset will be published with a new DOI. Older DOIs and data sets will then still be available. For each DOI, an additional versioning mechanism will be available to document changes to the files such as header or format changes, which do not affect the integrity of the data. The DOI https://doi.org/10.5880/Hpo.0002 identifies the current version. A format description and a version history are provided in the data download folder.

Description: The Flood Similarity Workflow is part of the Flood Event Explorer (FEE, Eggert et al., 2022), developed at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences . It is funded by the Initiative and Networking Fund of the Helmholtz Association through the Digital Earth project (https://www.digitalearth-hgf.de/). River floods and associated adverse consequences are caused by complex interactions of hydro-meteorological and socio-economic pre-conditions and event characteristics. The Flood Similarity Workflow supports the identification, assessment and comparison of hydro-meteorological controls of flood events. The analysis of flood events requires the exploration of discharge time series data for hundreds of gauging stations and their auxiliary data. Data availability and accessibility and standard processing techniques are common challenges in that application and addressed by this workflow. The Flood Similarity Workflow allows the assessment and comparison of arbitrary flood events. The workflow includes around 500 gauging stations in Germany comprising discharge data and the associated extreme value statistics as well as precipitation and soil moisture data. This provides the basis to identify and compare flood events based on antecedent catchment conditions, catchment precipitation, discharge hydrographs, and inundation maps. The workflow also enables the analysis of multidimensional flood characteristics including aggregated indicators (in space and time), spatial patterns and time series signatures. The added value of the Flood Event Explorer comprises two major points. First, scientist work on a common, homogenized database of flood events and their hydro-meteorological controls for a large spatial and temporal domain , with fast and standardized interfaces to access the data. Second, the standardized computation of common flood indicators allows a consistent comparison and exploration of flood events.

Description: We present a dataset of in-situ measurements in the marginal area of a CO2- and brine-rich cavernous structure in an underground salt mine. The data were collected within the framework of the BMBF-project ProSalz. One aim was to reveal the sources and dynamics of fluid movement as well as temporal and spatial distribution of fluids in a potentially weakened cavern rim. Over a period of three years pressure and gas monitoring was carried out along a transect from a cavernous structure to undisturbed rock salt. In addition, temperature and relative humidity data from the underground gallery were recorded. The gas inflow into isolated borehole sections provided an insight into short- and long-term changes of gas migration patterns in rock salt. Pressure increases of up to 4kPa/day and CO2 concentrations of up to 1.2%, especially at the start of the campaign were measured. The gas migration is coupled to discrete fractures and was limited spatially and temporary. Overall, gas occurrences were not correlated to their distance to the cavern, suggesting no wide-ranging fluid-rock interaction within the rim of the investigated natural cavernous structure in rock salt.

Description: The dataset comprises a range of variables describing characteristics of flood events and river catchments for 480 gauging stations in Germany and Austria. The event characteristics are asscoiated with annual maximum flood events in the period from 1951 to 2010. They include variables on event precipitation, antecedent catchment state, event catchment response, event timing, and event types. The catchment characteristics include variables on catchment area, catchment wetness, tail heaviness of rainfall, nonlinearity of catchment response, and synchronicity of precipitation and catchment state. The variables were compiled as potential predictors of heavy tail behaviour of flood peak distributions. They are based on gauge observations of discharge, E-OBS meteorological data (Haylock et al. 2008), mHM hydrological model simulations (Samaniego et al., 2010), 4DAS climate reanalysis data (Primo et al., 2019), and the 25x25 m resolution EU-DEM v1.1. A short description of the data processing is included in the file inventory and more details can be found in Macdonald et al. (2022).

Description: This dataset provides Rapid Science Orbits (RSO) from the Low Earth Orbiter (LEO) satellite GRACE-FO-1. It is part of the compilation of GFZ RSO products for various LEO missions and the appropriate GNSS constellation in sp3 format. The individual solutions for each satellite mission are published with individual DOI as part of the compilation (Schreiner et al., 2022). • The GRACE-FO RSO cover the period: - from 2019 049 to up-to-date The LEO RSOs in version 2 are generated based on the 30-hour GPS RSOs in two pieces for the actual day with arc lengths of 14 hours and overlaps of 2 hours. One starting at 22:00 and ending at 12:00, one starting at 10:00 and ending at 24:00. Due to the extended length of the constellation, there is no need to concatenate several constellations for day-overlapping arcs. The accuracy of the LEO RSOs is at the level of 1-2 cm in terms of SLR validation. Each solution in version 2 is given in the Conventional Terrestrial Reference System (CTS) based on the IERS 2010 conventions and related to the ITRF-2014 reference frame. The exact time covered by an arc is defined in the header of the files and indicated as well as in the filename.

Description: floodsimilarity provides classes and methods to conduct a similarity analysis between multiple flood events. The library mainly consists of two parts: (1) algorithms to compute indices and other statistics based on pandas and xarray (2) well-defined data structures for data exchange (e.g. through the Similarity Backend Module) floodsimilarity is used by the Digital Earth Similarity Backend Module (Eggert, 2021) as part of the Digital Earth Flood Event Explorer. It is developed at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences and funded by the Initiative and Networking Fund of the Helmholtz Association through the Digital Earth project.

Description: The Smart Monitoring Workflow (Tocap) is part of the Flood Event Explorer (FEE, Eggert et al., 2022), developed at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in close collaboration with the Helmholtz-Centre for Environmental Research UFZ Leipzig. It is funded by the Initiative and Networking Fund of the Helmholtz Association through the Digital Earth project (https://www.digitalearth-hgf.de/). A deeper understanding of the Earth system as a whole and its interacting sub-systems depends not only on accurate mathematical approximations of the physical processes but also on the availability of environmental data across time and spatial scales. Even though advanced numerical simulations and satellite-based remote sensing in conjunction with sophisticated algorithms such as machine learning tools can provide 4D environmental datasets, local and mesoscale measurements continue to be the backbone in many disciplines such as hydrology. Considering the limitations of human and technical resources, monitoring strategies for these types of measurements should be well designed to increase the information gain provided. One helpful set of tools to address these tasks are data exploration frameworks providing qualified data from different sources and tailoring available computational and visual methods to explore and analyse multi-parameter datasets. In this context, we developed a Smart Monitoring Workflow to determine the most suitable time and location for event-driven, ad-hoc monitoring in hydrology using soil moisture measurements as our target variable. The Smart Monitoring Workflow consists of three main steps. First is the identification of the region of interest, either via user selection or recommendation based on spatial environmental parameters provided by the user. Statistical filters and different color schemes can be applied to highlight different regions. The second step is accessing time-dependent environmental parameters (e.g., rainfall and soil moisture estimates of the recent past, weather predictions from numerical weather models and swath forecasts from Earth observation satellites) for the region of interest and visualizing the results. Lastly, a detailed assessment of the region of interest is conducted by applying filter and weight functions in combination with multiple linear regressions on selected input parameters. Depending on the measurement objective (e.g highest/lowest values, highest/lowest change), most suitable areas for monitoring will subsequently be visually highlighted. In combination with the provided background map, an efficient route for monitoring can be planned directly in the exploration environment. The added value of the Smart Monitoring Workflow is multifold. The workflow gives the user a set of tools to visualize and process their data on a background map and in combination with data from public environmental datasets. For raster data from public databases, tailor-made routines are provided to access the data in the spatial-temporal limits required by the user. Aiming to facilitate the design of terrestrial monitoring campaigns, the platform and device-independent approach of the workflow gives the user the flexibility to design a campaign at the desktop computer first and to refine it later in the field using mobile devices. In this context, the ability of the workflow to plot time-series of forecast data for the region of interest empowers the user to react quickly to changing conditions, e.g thunderstorm showers, by adapting the monitoring strategy, if necessary. Finally, the integrated routing algorithm assists to calculate the duration of a planned campaign as well as the optimal driving route between often scattered monitoring locations.

Description: This data publication presents global high-frequency mass variability that is induced by individual oceanic and atmospheric partial tides. While the atmospheric component is obtained by conducting a tidal analysis of numerical weather data data, the oceanic component has been produced using the hydro-dynamical ocean tide model TiME that was recently upgraded in the framework of the DFG-funded Research Group NEROGRAV ( https://www.lrg.tum.de/iapg/nerograv/) and can be used for gravimetric applications. The overall goal of this project is to facilitate the analysis of gravimetric data sets (e.g. GRACE/GRACE-FO) by improving the understanding of sensor data, processing strategies, and background models. The data set presented herein contributes to this goal as the here described tidally induced mass variations are an important part of the described background models. As tidal variability is usually described as a superposition of so-called partial tides, the presented mass variations can be attributed to individual partial tide frequencies and are thus represented by individual files for each partial tide frequencies. Here, not only the effect of direct gravitation exerted by the ocean and atmospheric mass is included but also gravity variations due to the elastic yielding of the solid Earth in response to water and atmospheric mass redistribution (the load tide) are allowed for. The information describing the partial tides has been transformed to fully normalized Stokes Coefficients describing harmonic in-phase and quadrature component fields as those are especially handy for gravimetric purposes. Additionally, a set of files that allows further expansion of the ensemble of ocean partial tides via linear admittance theory is provided.

Description: This dataset provides Rapid Science Orbits (RSO) from the Low Earth Orbiter (LEO) satellite TerraSAR-X. It is part of the compilation of GFZ RSO products for various LEO missions and the appropriate GNSS constellation in sp3 format. The individual solutions for each satellite mission are published with individual DOI as part of the compilation (Schreiner et al., 2022). • The TerraSAR-X RSO cover the period - from 2007 264 to up-to-date The LEO RSOs in version 1 are generated based on the 24-hour GPS RSOs in two pieces for the actual day with arc lengths of 14 hours and overlaps of 2 hours. One starting at 22:00 and ending at 12:00, one starting at 10:00 and ending at 24:00. For day overlapping arcs two 24h GNSS constellations are concatenated. The accuracy of the LEO RSOs is at the level of 1-2 cm in terms of SLR validation. Each solution in version 1 is given in the Conventional Terrestrial Reference System (CTS) based on the IERS 2003 conventions and related to the ITRF-2008 reference frame. The exact time covered by an arc is defined in the header of the files and indicated as well as in the filename.

Description: Organic matter (OM) is known to be an important reductant in sediment-hosted base metal deposits like the European Kupferschiefer. However, the precise nature of interactions between OM and hydrothermal fluids are still debated as well as how the interconnected reactions develop over geological timescales. This dataset provides for the first time bulk, compositional and stable isotope data of hydrocarbons, biomarkers and organonitrogen, -sulfur and-oxygen (NSO) compounds for the mineralized Kupferschiefer Spremberg-Graustein field in Eastern Germany based on samples from two drill cores. The study aims to help to better understand the role that organic matter plays during the mineralisation and formation of the sedimentary ore deposit within the Kupferschiefer with a focus on stable hydrogen isotope compositions and NSO compositional data to especially address the origin and to assess the oxidative nature of the brines that caused the mineralization in the Spremberg-Graustein field. The data publication includes bulk, compositional and stable isotope data on inorganic metals and organic matter. The data about metal contents were generated using ICP-MS while those on the organic matter were generated using Rock-Eval pyrolysis, a microscope, a Soxhlet apparatus, medium pressure liquid chromatography (MPLC), gas chromatography with flame ionization (GC-FID) and mass spectrometric detection (GC-MS), gas chromatography isotope ratio mass spectrometry (GC-IRMS) and ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry (Fourier Transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry, FT-ICR-MS) with Electrospray ionization (ESI) and Atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI). The full description of samples, methods and data is given in the following sections.

Description: This dataset includes surface 3D stereoscopic Digital Image Correlation (3D stereo DIC) images and videos of 10 analogue models on crustal scale rifting with a rotational component. In addition, this dataset provides CT imagery of four analogue models that have been analyzed by means of Digital Volume Correlation (DVC) applied on X-Ray computed tomography volumes. Data of CT scanned models also includes slices of the volumetric displacement set for each displacement component. Using a brittle-viscous two-layer setup, the experiments focused on surface rift propagation, internal viscous flow driven by a horizontal pressure gradient and the interaction of internal and surface deformation. All experiments were performed at the Tectonic Modelling Laboratory of the University of Bern (UB). 3D stereo DIC analyses were performed at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ) and DVC analyses were performed at the Royal Holloway University London (RHUL). All models consist of a two-layer brittle-viscous set up with a total thickness of 6 cm. Thickness variations in brittle and ductile layers are expressed by the ratio RBD = brittle layer thickness/ductile layer thickness, which ranges from RBD = 0.5 to RBD = 2. The model set up lies on top of a 5 cm thick foam base with a trapezoidal shape with a height of 900 mm and a pair of bases with widths of 310 mm and 350 mm at the far ends, respectively. The foam block is sliced into segments such that 7 interlayered 0.5 cm thick plexiglass bars prevent foam collapse under the model weight. Before model construction, the foam-plexiglass assemblage is placed between longitudinal side walls. The experimental set-up is such that rotational extension in one part of the model domain is separated from rotational shortening in the other part of the model domain by a vertical rotation axis (Fig. 1). During the model run, the foam homogeneously expands in the domain undergoing extension and homogeneously contracts in the domain undergoing shortening. The applied velocity for all models is 10 mm/h and refers to the divergence of the sidewalls furthest away from the rotation axis which decreases linearly towards the rotation axis. This results in a maximum displacement of 40 mm at the outermost circular segment after a total run time of 4h.

Description: The dataset presented in this compilation provides the input data used for the geological interpretation and for the model parameterization (Norden et al., 2022) of a 3D seismic survey in the area of the geothermal research platform Groß Schönebeck (carried out in 2017; Krawczyk et al., 2019), focussing on the deep Permo-Carboniferous geothermal targets. The geothermal research platform Groß Schönebeck is located about 50 km north of Berlin, on the southern edge of the Northeast German Basin, and is equipped with two deep wells, the E GrSk 3/90 and Gt GrSk 4/05 boreholes. In this data compilation we provide general data on the location of the boreholes and data on the applied methods and the interpretation of petrophysical properties (density, porosity, permeability, thermal properties) obtained by core analysis and well-log interpretation. Because cores were available for the E GrSk 3/90 borehole only, most of the data is referring to the borehole that was drilled more or less vertically. The other borehole (Gt GrSk 4/05) is a deviated well, drilled as a geothermal production well. Further on, we provide the main interpreted structural reflector horizons of the geological model from surface to the assumed top of sedimentary Carboniferous (for discussion of the uncertainty of this boundary please consider the comments in Norden et al., 2022) and the horizons and 3D grid properties of a parameterized simulation grid for the deep geothermal target (sedimentary Rotliegend and Permo-Carboniferous volcanic rocks).

Description: The dataset presented here is an enhanced earthquake catalog for the northern Armutlu Peninsula (northwestern Turkey) constructed by matched-filter search in EQcorrscan (Chamberlain et al., 2018) on continuous daily waveforms. The enhanced catalog is constructed using template events from the STA/LTA relocated catalog of Martínez-Garzón et al. (2022, https://doi.org/10.5880/GFZ.4.2.2021.004). It is built using waveforms and phase arrivals from up to 30 stations of the SMARTnet temporary seismic network, two stations of the GONAF borehole permanent network, and three stations of the KOERI permanent network for channels that contain data for at least the 80% of the day. The magnitudes of the new detections are calculated by relative amplitude difference with the respective template. The magnitude of completeness of this catalog is Mw = 0.8. The catalog spans the time period from 25 January 2019 to 07 February 2020. Direct evidence of a slow-slip transient modulating the spatiotemporal and frequency-magnitude earthquake distribution: insights from the Armutlu Peninsula, northwestern Turkey" by Bocchini et al. (2022). The dataset consists of two files: (1) “enhanced\_catalog\_absolute\_locations.csv” that contains 7,677 seismic events (templates and new detections) for which we could successfully calculate an earthquake location; and (2) “enhanced\_catalog\_relocated.csv” that contains 4,128 seismic events for which we could refine the initial location and obtain a double-difference refined location.

Description: Starting in 2016, the Taroko Earth Surface Observatory (TESO), a catchment-wide geomorphic observatory was set up in the Liwu catchment in the Taroko National Park in Taiwan. The set up consists of two basic station types: combined seismic and weather stations, featuring a broadband seismometer logging and a multi-parameter weather sensor, and hydrometric stations, the instrumentation of which are specific at each location. Seismic data hosted by the GEOFON database is openly accessible in real time.

Description: The Digital Earth Flood Event Explorer supports geoscientists and experts to analyse flood events along the process cascade event generation, evolution and impact across atmospheric, terrestrial, and marine disciplines. It applies the concept of scientific workflows and the component-based Data Analytics Software Framework (DASF, Eggert and Dransch, 2021) to an exemplary showcase. It aims at answering the following geoscientific questions: - How does precipitation change over the course of the 21st century under different climate scenarios over a certain region? - What are the main hydro-meteorological controls of a specific flood event? - What are useful indicators to assess socio-economic flood impacts? - How do flood events impact the marine environment? - What are the best monitoring sites for upcoming flood events? The Flood Event Explorer developed scientific workflows for each geoscientific question providing enhanced analysis methods from statistics, machine learning, and visual data exploration that are implemented in different languages and software environments, and that access data form a variety of distributed databases. The collaborating scientists are from different Helmholtz research centers and belong to different scientific fields such as hydrology, climate-, marine-, and environmental science, and computer- and data science. It is funded by the Initiative and Networking Fund of the Helmholtz Association through the Digital Earth project (https://www.digitalearth-hgf.de/).

Description: This data set includes data derived from high-speed surface displacement observations from analog earthquake experiments. The data consists of surface displacement of the experiment upper plate and slab, slip distribution, and grids of Coulomb Failure Stress (CFS). The surface displacement observations have been captured using a highspeed CMOS (Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor) camera (Phantom VEO 640L camera, 12 bit) and processed with LaVision Davis 10 software. Description of the experiments and results regarding the surface displacement observation, Slip distribution, and CFS can be found in Kosari et al. (2022), to which this data set is supplementary. We use an analog seismotectonic scale model approach (Rosenau et al., 2019 and 2017) to generate a catalog of analog megathrust earthquakes. The presented experimental setup is modified from the 3D setup used in Rosenau et al. (2019) and Kosari et al. ( 2020 and 2022). The subduction forearc model wedge is set up in a glass-sided box (1000 mm across strike, 800mm along strike, and 300 mm deep) with a dipping, elastic basal conveyor belt, and a rigid backwall. An elastoplastic sand-rubber mixture (50 vol.% quartz sandG12: 50 vol.% EPDM rubber) is sieved into the setup representing a 240 km long forearc segment from the trench to the volcanic arc. The shallow part of the wedge includes a basal layer of sticky rice grains characterized by unstable stick-slip sliding representing the seismogenic zone. The Stick-slip sliding in rice is governed by a rate-and-state dependent friction law similar to natural rocks. A flat-top (surface slope α=0) wedge overlies rectangular stick-slip patch/es over a 15-degree dipping basal thrust. Two different seismic configurations of the shallow part of the wedge base (the megathrust) represent the depth extent of the seismogenic zone in nature. In the first configuration (homogeneous configuration), a single large rectangular stick-slip patch (Width*Length=200*800 mm) is implemented as the main slip patch (MSP). In the second case (heterogeneous configuration), two square-shaped MSPs (200*200mm) have been emplaced, acting as two medium-size seismogenic asperities surrounded by a salt matrix hosting frequent small events. Slow continuous compression of the wedge by moving the basal conveyor belt at a speed velocity of 0.05 mm/s simulates plate convergence and results in the quasi-periodic nucleation of quasi-periodic stick-slip events (analog earthquakes) within the sticky-rice layer. The wedge responds elastically to these basal slip events, similar to crustal rebound during natural subduction megathrust earthquakes.

Description: This dataset provides Rapid Science Orbits (RSO) from the Low Earth Orbiter (LEO) satellite GRACE-A. It is part of the compilation of GFZ RSO products for various LEO missions and the appropriate GNSS constellation in sp3 format. The individual solutions for each satellite mission are published with individual DOI as part of the compilation (Schreiner et al., 2022). • The GRACE RSO cover the period: - GRACE-A from 2004 200 to 2017 334 (this DOI) - GRACE-B from 2004 200 to 2017 245 The LEO RSOs in version 1 are generated based on the 24-hour GPS RSOs in two pieces for the actual day with arc lengths of 14 hours and overlaps of 2 hours. One starting at 22:00 and ending at 12:00, one starting at 10:00 and ending at 24:00. For day overlapping arcs two 24h GNSS constellations are concatenated. The accuracy of the LEO RSOs is at the level of 1-2 cm in terms of SLR validation. Each solution in version 1 is given in the Conventional Terrestrial Reference System (CTS) based on the IERS 2003 conventions and related to the ITRF-2008 reference frame. The exact time covered by an arc is defined in the header of the files and indicated as well as in the filename.

Description: This data publication presents data from a solaroptical spectral investigation in the area of the Rammelsberg non-ferrous metal mine in the Harz Mountains near the city of Goslar. The investigation refers to the local communion stone quarry (“Kommunionssteinbruch”) above the former mining area. As this is a nature conservation zone, all measurements were carried out in-situ without any physical sampling action. The field measurements were carried out in June 2019 in cooperation with Bergbau Goslar GmbH and the German Research Centre for Geosciences (GFZ). The data were collected within the research project ReMon (Remote Monitoring of Tailings Using Satellites and Drones, https://www.gfz-potsdam.de/en/section/remote-sensing-and-geoinformatics/projects/remon/) which aims at developing a prototypical monitoring system for mine tailings by using different sensors scaling from satellite- to drone-based. The data were analysed in the unpublished B.Sc. thesis of Constantin Hildebrand (Hildebrand, 2019). Sixteen different surface materials were determined and examined on-site. Point and imaging hyperspectral data were acquired (with the spectroradiometer PSR+ 3500 operating in the range of 350 - 2500 nm and with the Cubert FireflEYEUHD-185 hyperspectral camera with a range of 450 - 950 nm, respectively), both data sets are presented as spectral libraries. Chemical analyses of the samples were performed by using Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy (LIBS). LIBS data were collected using a handheld LIBS analyzer, the SciAps Z-300. In this data publication the different in-situ measurements are presented for each of the sixteen samples. Detailed information about the analysed material, the area of spectral sampling and geochemical analyses are explained in this report and can also be found in the additional Excel® sheet provided with the data.

Description: The success of scientific projects increasingly depends on using data analysis tools and data in distributed IT infrastructures. Scientists need to use appropriate data analysis tools and data, extract patterns from data using appropriate computational resources, and interpret the extracted patterns. Data analysis tools and data reside on different machines because the volume of the data often demands specific resources for their storage and processing, and data analysis tools usually require specific computational resources and run-time environments. The data analytics software framework DASF, developed at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences (https://www.gfz-potsdam.de) and funded by the Initiative and Networking Fund of the Helmholtz Association through the Digital Earth project (https://www.digitalearth-hgf.de/), provides a framework for scientists to conduct data analysis in distributed environments. The data analytics software framework DASF supports scientists to conduct data analysis in distributed IT infrastructures by sharing data analysis tools and data. For this purpose, DASF defines a remote procedure call (RPC) messaging protocol that uses a central message broker instance. Scientists can augment their tools and data with this protocol to share them with others. DASF supports many programming languages and platforms since the implementation of the protocol uses WebSockets. It provides two ready-to-use language bindings for the messaging protocol, one for Python and one for the Typescript programming language. In order to share a python method or class, users add an annotation in front of it. In addition, users need to specify the connection parameters of the message broker. The central message broker approach allows the method and the client calling the method to actively establish a connection, which enables using methods deployed behind firewalls. DASF uses Apache Pulsar (https://pulsar.apache.org/) as its underlying message broker. The Typescript bindings are primarily used in conjunction with web frontend components, which are also included in the DASF-Web library. They are designed to attach directly to the data returned by the exposed RPC methods. This supports the development of highly exploratory data analysis tools. DASF also provides a progress reporting API that enables users to monitor long-running remote procedure calls. One application using the framework is the Digital Earth Flood Event Explorer (https://git.geomar.de/digital-earth/flood-event-explorer). The Digital Earth Flood Event Explorer integrates several exploratory data analysis tools and remote procedures deployed at various Helmholtz centers across Germany.

Description: This dataset provides Rapid Science Orbits (RSO) from the Low Earth Orbiter (LEO) satellite TerraSAR-X. It is part of the compilation of GFZ RSO products for various LEO missions and the appropriate GNSS constellation in sp3 format. The individual solutions for each satellite mission are published with individual DOI as part of the compilation (Schreiner et al., 2022). • The TerraSAR-X RSO cover the period - from 2007 264 to up-to-date The LEO RSOs in version 2 are generated based on the 30-hour GPS RSOs in two pieces for the actual day with arc lengths of 14 hours and overlaps of 2 hours. One starting at 22:00 and ending at 12:00, one starting at 10:00 and ending at 24:00. Due to the extended length of the constellation, there is no need to concatenate several constellations for day-overlapping arcs. The accuracy of the LEO RSOs is at the level of 1-2 cm in terms of SLR validation. Each solution in version 2 is given in the Conventional Terrestrial Reference System (CTS) based on the IERS 2010 conventions and related to the ITRF-2014 reference frame. The exact time covered by an arc is defined in the header of the files and indicated as well as in the filename.

Description: This data publication provides a collection of ground-motion simulation output for potential future earthquakes in the Rhine Graben area, Germany. Such data can be used as input for other engineering calculations, such as dynamic response history analysis. The earthquake sources used for the simulation consist of a stochastic catalog. They were generated using the German national seismic hazard model, the event-set calculator in the OpenQuake engine (Pagani et al., 2014), and considering both areal seismic source and known tectonic faults in the area as seismic sources in the analyses (branch C in Grünthal et al.,2018). The generated events represent a possible realization of the seismicity in the area within 10,000 years with peak ground accelerations greater than 0.02g. To build the simulation database, ground-motion simulations are performed using these potential future earthquakes from stochastic catalog and adopting the simulation method of Graves and Pitarka (2010, 2015) implemented in the Southern California Earthquake Center (SCEC) broadband platform (BBP), which is tailored for use in the Rhine Graben, as discussed in Razafindrakoto et al. (2021). Here, the approach used to simulate the ground-motion is only briefly discussed; a more accurate description is given in Razafindrakoto et al. (2021), discussing the calibration and validation of ground-motion in the Rhine Graben area. Accordingly, the provided data consists of a simulation output of 284 scenario earthquakes at 76 virtual stations in the Rhine Graben area. The files provided here include the earthquake source, station information, and the simulation results in terms of time histories for individual simulation in one zip file, and a flatfile that combines various intensity measures for all sources and stations.

Description: This dataset provides Rapid Science Orbits (RSO) from the Low Earth Orbiter (LEO) satellite TanDEM-X. It is part of the compilation of GFZ RSO products for various LEO missions and the appropriate GNSS constellation in sp3 format. The individual solutions for each satellite mission are published with individual DOI as part of the compilation (Schreiner et al., 2022). • The TanDEM-X RSO cover the period: from 2010 173 to up-to-date The LEO RSOs in version 2 are generated based on the 30-hour GPS RSOs in two pieces for the actual day with arc lengths of 14 hours and overlaps of 2 hours. One starting at 22:00 and ending at 12:00, one starting at 10:00 and ending at 24:00. Due to the extended length of the constellation, there is no need to concatenate several constellations for day-overlapping arcs. The accuracy of the LEO RSOs is at the level of 1-2 cm in terms of SLR validation. Each solution in version 2 is given in the Conventional Terrestrial Reference System (CTS) based on the IERS 2010 conventions and related to the ITRF-2014 reference frame. The exact time covered by an arc is defined in the header of the files and indicated as well as in the filename. Additional Information Orbital products describe positions and velocities of satellites, be it the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) satellites or Low Earth Orbiter (LEO) satellites. These orbital products can be divided into the fastest available ones, the Near Realtime Orbits (NRT), which are mostly available within 15 to 60 minutes delay, followed by Rapid Science Orbit (RSO) products with a latency of two days and finally the Precise Science Orbit (PSO) which, with a latency of up to a few weeks, are the most delayed. The absolute positional accuracy increases with the time delay.

Description: This data set includes overviews depicting the surface evolution (time-lapse photography, topography analysis, digital image correlation [DIC] analysis), as well as and progressive physical cross-section analysis of 18 laboratory experiments (analogue models) testing the influence of rheologically weak layers (i.e. layers with [a component of] viscous behaviour) and basal fault kinematics on deformation in the weak layer’s overburden. This model set-up was inspired by the geological situation in the Swiss Alpine Foreland. All experiments were performed at the Tectonic Modelling Laboratory of the University of Bern (UB). Detailed descriptions of the model set-up preparation and results, as well as the monitoring techniques can be found in Zwaan et al. (in review).

Description: As the negative impacts of hydrological extremes increase in large parts of the world, a better understanding of the drivers of change in risk and impacts is essential for effective flood and drought risk management and climate adaptation. However, there is a lack of comprehensive, empirical data about the processes, interactions and feedbacks in complex human-water systems leading to flood and drought impacts. To fill this gap, we present an IAHS Panta Rhei benchmark dataset containing socio-hydrological data of paired events, i.e. two floods or two droughts that occurred in the same area (Kreibich et al. 2017, 2019). The contained 45 paired events occurred in 42 different study areas (in three study areas we have data on two paired events), which cover different socioeconomic and hydroclimatic contexts across all continents. The dataset is unique in covering floods and droughts, in the number of cases assessed and in the amount of qualitative and quantitative socio-hydrological data contained. References to the data sources are provided in 2022-002_Kreibich-et-al_Key_data_table.xlsx where possible. Based on templates, we collected detailed, review-style reports describing the event characteristics and processes in the case study areas, as well as various semi-quantitative data, categorised into management, hazard, exposure, vulnerability and impacts. Sources of the data were classified as follows: scientific study (peer-reviewed paper and PhD thesis), report (by governments, administrations, NGOs, research organisations, projects), own analysis by authors, based on a database (e.g. official statistics, monitoring data such as weather, discharge data, etc.), newspaper article, and expert judgement. The campaign to collect the information and data on paired events started at the EGU General Assembly in April 2019 in Vienna and was continued with talks promoting the paired event data collection at various conferences. Communication with the Panta Rhei community and other flood and drought experts identified through snowballing techniques was important. Thus, data on paired events were provided by professionals with excellent local knowledge of the events and risk management practices.

Description: The Socio-Economic Flood Impacts Workflow is part of the Flood Event Explorer (FEE, Eggert et al., 2022), developed at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences . It is funded by the Initiative and Networking Fund of the Helmholtz Association through the Digital Earth project (https://www.digitalearth-hgf.de/). The Socio-Economic Flood Impacts Workflow aims to support the identification of relevant controls and useful indicators for the assessment of flood impacts. It should support answering the question What are useful indicators to assess socio-economic flood impacts?. Floods impact individuals and communities and may have significant social, economic and environmental consequences. These impacts result from the interplay of hazard - the meteo-hydrological processes leading to high water levels and inundation of usually dry land, exposure - the elements affected by flooding such as people, build environment or infrastructure, and vulnerability - the susceptibility of exposed elements to be harmed by flooding. In view of the complex interactions of hazard and impact processes a broad range of data from disparate sources need to be compiled and analysed across the boundaries of climate and atmosphere, catchment and river network, and socio-economic domains. The workflow approaches this problem and supports scientists to integrate observations, model outputs and other datasets for further analysis in the region of interest. The workflow provides functionalities to select the region of interest, access hazard, exposure and vulnerability related data from different sources, identifying flood periods as relevant time ranges, and calculate defined indices. The integrated input data set is further filtered for the relevant flood event periods in the region of interest to obtain a new comprehensive flood data set. This spatio-temporal dataset is analysed using data-science methods such as clustering, classification or correlation algorithms to explore and identify useful indicators for flood impacts. For instance, the importance of different factors or the interrelationships among multiple variables to shape flood impacts can be explored. The added value of the Socio-Economic Flood Impacts Workflow is twofold. First, it integrates scattered data from disparate sources and makes it accessible for further analysis. As such, the effort to compile, harmonize and combine a broad range of spatio-temporal data is clearly reduced. Also, the integration of new datasets from additional sources is much more straightforward. Second, it enables a flexible analysis of multivariate data and by reusing algorithms from other workflows it fosters a more efficient scientific work that can focus on data analysis instead of tedious data wrangling.

Description: This dataset presents the raw data from two experimental series of analogue models and four numerical models performed to investigate Rift-Rift-Rift triple junction dynamics, supporting the modelling results described in the submitted paper. Numerical models were run in order to support the outcomes obtained from the analogue models. Our experimental series tested the case of a totally symmetric RRR junction (with rift branch angles trending at 120° and direction of stretching similarly trending at 120°; SY Series) or a less symmetric triple junction (with rift branches trending at 120° but with one of these experiencing orthogonal extension; OR Series), and testing the role of a single or two phases of extension coupled with effect of differential velocities between the three moving plates. An overview of the performed analogue and numerical models is provided in Table 1. Analogue models have been analysed quantitatively by means of photogrammetric reconstruction of Digital Elevation Model (DEM) used for 3D quantification of the deformation, and top-view photo analysis for qualitative descriptions. The analogue materials used in the setup of these models are described in Montanari et al. (2017), Del Ventisette et al. (2019) and Maestrelli et al. (2020). Numerical models were run with the finite element software ASPECT (e.g., Kronbichler et al., 2012; Heister et al., 2017; Rose et al., 2017).

Description: The Atmosphere and Ocean De-Aliasing Level-1B (AOD1B) Product provides a priori information about temporal variations in the Earth's gravity field caused by global mass variability in atmosphere and ocean.'It is based on analysis and forecast data of the operational high-resolution global numerical weather prediction (NWP) model from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) such as ERA5 and ocean bottom pressure from an unconstrained simulation with a global ocean general circulation model that is consistently forced with ECMWF atmospheric data.

Description: This dataset provides Rapid Science Orbits (RSO) from the Low Earth Orbiter (LEO) satellite GRACE-FO-2. It is part of the compilation of GFZ RSO products for various LEO missions and the appropriate GNSS constellation in sp3 format. The individual solutions for each satellite mission are published with individual DOI as part of the compilation (Schreiner et al., 2022). • The GRACE-FO RSO cover the period: - from 2019 049 to up-to-date The LEO RSOs in version 2 are generated based on the 30-hour GPS RSOs in two pieces for the actual day with arc lengths of 14 hours and overlaps of 2 hours. One starting at 22:00 and ending at 12:00, one starting at 10:00 and ending at 24:00. Due to the extended length of the constellation, there is no need to concatenate several constellations for day-overlapping arcs. The accuracy of the LEO RSOs is at the level of 1-2 cm in terms of SLR validation. Each solution in version 2 is given in the Conventional Terrestrial Reference System (CTS) based on the IERS 2010 conventions and related to the ITRF-2014 reference frame. The exact time covered by an arc is defined in the header of the files and indicated as well as in the filename.

Description: The River Plume Workflow is part of the Flood Event Explorer (FEE, Eggert et al., 2022), developed at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in close collaboration with Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon. It is funded by the Initiative and Networking Fund of the Helmholtz Association through the Digital Earth project (https://www.digitalearth-hgf.de/). The focus of the River Plume Workflow is the impact of riverine flood events on the marine environment. At the end of a flood event chain, an unusual amount of nutrients and pollutants is washed into the North Sea, which can have consequences, such as increased algae blooms. The workflow aims to enable users to detect a river plume in the North Sea and to determine its spatio-temporal extent. Identifying river plume candidates can either happen manually in the visual interface or also through an automatic anomaly detection algorithm, using Gaussian regression. In both cases a combination of observational data, namely FerryBox transects and satellite data, and model data are used. Once a river plume candidate is found, a statistical analysis supplies additional detail on the anomaly and helps to compare the suspected river plume to the surrounding data. Simulated trajectories of particles starting on the FerryBox transect at the time of the original observation and modelled backwards and forwards in time help to verify the origin of the river plume and allow users to follow the anomaly across the North Sea. An interactive map enables users to load additional observational data into the workflow, such as ocean colour satellite maps, and provides them with an overview of the flood impacts and the river plume’s development on its way through the North Sea. In addition, the workflow offers the functionality to assemble satellite-based chlorophyll observations along model trajectories as a time series. They allow scientists to understand processes inside the river plume and to determine the timescales on which these developments happen. For example, chlorophyll degradation rates in the Elbe river plume are currently investigated using these time series. The workflow's added value lies in the ease with which users can combine observational FerryBox data with relevant model data and other datasets of their choice. Furthermore, the workflow allows users to visually explore the combined data and contains methods to find and highlight anomalies. The workflow’s functionalities also enable users to map the spatio-temporal extent of the river plume and investigate the changes in productivity that occur in the plume. All in all, the River Plume Workflow simplifies the investigation and monitoring of flood events and their impacts in marine environments.

Description: The python tool "Time dependent stress response seismicity model (TDSR)" is a modified effective Coulomb failure model to calculate earthquake rates as a function of stress loading and model parameter. The theory and examples are described in Dahm and Hainzl (2022): A Coulomb Stress response model for time-dependent earthquake forecasts, accepted in Journal of Geophysical Research, Solid Earth (https://doi.org/10.1029/2022JB024443). The TDSR toolbox is further developed under github at https://github.com/torstendahm/tdsr . A Sphinx generated code documentation and html pages are provided after installation. Examples published in Dahm and Hainzl (2022) are provided as code examples.

Description: Stress maps show the orientation of the current maximum horizontal stress (SHmax) in the earth's crust. Assuming that the vertical stress (SV) is a principal stress, SHmax defines the orientation of the 3D stress tensor; the minimum horizontal stress Shmin is than perpendicular to SHmax. In stress maps SHmax orientations are represented as lines of different lengths. The length of the line is a measure of the quality of data and the symbol shows the stress indicator and the color the stress regime. The stress data are freely available and part of the World Stress Map (WSM) project. For more information about the data and criteria of data analysis and quality mapping are plotted along the WSM website at http://www.world-stress-map.org. The stress map of Great Britain and Ireland 2022 is based on the WSM database release 2016. All data records have been checked and we added a number of new data from earthquake focal mechanisms from the national earthquake catalog and borehole data. The number of data records has increased from n=377 in the WSM 2016 to n=474 in this map. Some locations and assigned quality of WSM 2016 data were corrected due to new information. The digital version of the map is a layered pdf generated with GMT (Wessel et al., 2019) using the topography of Tozer et al. (2019). We also provide on a regular 0.1° grid values of the mean SHmax orientation which have a standard deviation 〈 25°. The mean SHmax orientation is estimated using the tool stress2grid of Ziegler and Heidbach (2019). For this estimation we used only data records with A-C quality and applied weights according to data quality and distance to the grid points. The stress map is available at the landing page of the GFZ Data Services at http://doi.org/10.5880/WSM.GreatBritainIreland2022 where further information is provided.

Description: Orbital products describe positions and velocities of satellites, be it the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) satellites or Low Earth Orbiter (LEO) satellites. These orbital products can be divided into the fastest available ones, the Near Realtime Orbits (NRT, Zitat), which are mostly available within 15 to 60 minutes delay, followed by Rapid Science Orbit (RSO, Zitat) products with a latency of two days and finally the Precise Science Orbit (PSO) which, with a latency of up to a few weeks or longer in the case of reprocessing campaigns, are the most delayed. The absolute positional accuracy increases from NRT to PSO. This dataset compiles the PSO products for various LEO missions in sp3 format in processing version 2. LEO Satellites: - ENVISAT - Jason-1 - Jason-2 - Jason-3 - Sentinel-3A - Sentinel-3B - Sentinel-6A - TOPEX Each solution follows specific requirements and parametrizations which are named in the respective processing metric table.

Description: PDToolbox is a collection of methods helpful for doing probability distribution computations in Python. The aim of the PDToolbox Python module is to provide a set of features, based on simple probability distributions, that are not available from the scipy.stats module. This includes fast batch computations of (weighted) maximum likelihood estimates, computation of critical empirical distribution statistics, and more niche probability distributions or related code in the pdtoolbox.special module. The module contains code that is described in (ADD citations of the two articles). The focus of the River Plume Workflow is the impact of riverine flood events on the marine environment. At the end of a flood event chain, an unusual amount of nutrients and pollutants is washed into the North Sea, which can have consequences, such as increased algae blooms. The workflow aims to enable users to detect a river plume in the North Sea and to determine its spatio-temporal extent. Identifying river plume candidates can either happen manually in the visual interface or also through an automatic anomaly detection algorithm, using Gaussian regression. In both cases a combination of observational data, namely FerryBox transects and satellite data, and model data are used. Once a river plume candidate is found, a statistical analysis supplies additional detail on the anomaly and helps to compare the suspected river plume to the surrounding data. Simulated trajectories of particles starting on the FerryBox transect at the time of the original observation and modelled backwards and forwards in time help to verify the origin of the river plume and allow users to follow the anomaly across the North Sea. An interactive map enables users to load additional observational data into the workflow, such as ocean colour satellite maps, and provides them with an overview of the flood impacts and the river plume’s development on its way through the North Sea. In addition, the workflow offers the functionality to assemble satellite-based chlorophyll observations along model trajectories as a time series. They allow scientists to understand processes inside the river plume and to determine the timescales on which these developments happen. For example, chlorophyll degradation rates in the Elbe river plume are currently investigated using these time series. The workflow's added value lies in the ease with which users can combine observational FerryBox data with relevant model data and other datasets of their choice. Furthermore, the workflow allows users to visually explore the combined data and contains methods to find and highlight anomalies. The workflow’s functionalities also enable users to map the spatio-temporal extent of the river plume and investigate the changes in productivity that occur in the plume. All in all, the River Plume Workflow simplifies the investigation and monitoring of flood events and their impacts in marine environments.

Description: The Climate Change Workflow is part of the Flood Event Explorer (FEE, Eggert et al., 2022), developed at the GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences in close collaboration with Helmholtz-Zentrum Hereon , Climate Service Center Germany. It is funded by the Initiative and Networking Fund of the Helmholtz Association through the Digital Earth project (https://www.digitalearth-hgf.de/). The goal of the Climate Change Workflow is to support the analysis of climate-driven changes in flood-generating climate variables, such as precipitation or soil moisture, using regional climate model simulations from the Earth System Grid Federation (ESGF) data archive. It should support to answer the geoscientific question How does precipitation change over the course of the 21st century under different climate scenarios, compared to a 30-year reference period over a certain region? Extraction of locally relevant data over a region of interest (ROI) requires climate expert knowledge and data processing training to correctly process large ensembles of climate model simulations, the Climate Change Workflow tackles this problem. It supports scientists to define the regions of interest, customize their ensembles from the climate model simulations available on the Earth System Grid Federation (ESGF), define variables of interest, and relevant time ranges. The Climate Change Workflow provides: (1) a weighted mask of the ROI ; (2) weighted climate data of the ROI; (3) time series evolution of the climate over the ROI for each ensemble member; (4) ensemble statistics of the projected change; and lastly, (5) an interactive visualization of the region’s precipitation change projected by the ensemble of selected climate model simulations for different Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs). The visualization includes the temporal evolution of precipitation change over the course of the 21st century and statistical characteristics of the ensembles for two selected 30 year time periods for the mid and the end of the 21st century (e.g. median and various percentiles). The added value of the Climate Change Workflow is threefold. First, there is a reduction in the number of different software programs necessary to extract locally relevant data. Second, the intuitive generation and access to the weighted mask allows for the further development of locally relevant climate indices. Third, by allowing access to the locally relevant data at different stages of the data processing chain, scientists can work with a vastly reduced data volume allowing for a greater number of climate model ensembles to be studied; which translates into greater scientific robustness. Thus, the Climate Change Workflow provides much easier access to an ensemble of high-resolution simulations of precipitation, over a given ROI, presenting the region’s projected precipitation change using standardized approaches and supporting the development of additional locally relevant climate indices.

Description: This dataset provides Rapid Science Orbits (RSO) from the Low Earth Orbiter (LEO) satellite TanDEM-X. It is part of the compilation of GFZ RSO products for various LEO missions and the appropriate GNSS constellation in sp3 format. The individual solutions for each satellite mission are published with individual DOI as part of the compilation (Schreiner et al., 2022). • The TanDEM-X RSO cover the period: o from 2010 173 to up-to-date The LEO RSOs in version 1 are generated based on the 24-hour GPS RSOs in two pieces for the actual day with arc lengths of 14 hours and overlaps of 2 hours. One starting at 22:00 and ending at 12:00, one starting at 10:00 and ending at 24:00. For day overlapping arcs two 24h GNSS constellations are concatenated. The accuracy of the LEO RSOs is at the level of 1-2 cm in terms of SLR validation. Each solution in version 1 is given in the Conventional Terrestrial Reference System (CTS) based on the IERS 2003 conventions and related to the ITRF-2008 reference frame. The exact time covered by an arc is defined in the header of the files and indicated as well as in the filename. Additional Information Orbital products describe positions and velocities of satellites, be it the Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) satellites or Low Earth Orbiter (LEO) satellites. These orbital products can be divided into the fastest available ones, the Near Realtime Orbits (NRT), which are mostly available within 15 to 60 minutes delay, followed by Rapid Science Orbit (RSO) products with a latency of two days and finally the Precise Science Orbit (PSO) which, with a latency of up to a few weeks, are the most delayed. The absolute positional accuracy increases with the time delay.

Description: This data publication contains a high resolution molecular dataset of a study aiming to trace variations in organic carbon sourcing along the Kali Gandaki River in Central Nepal. The data are on samples from different materials in the landscape (litter, soil, bedrock) and river sediments. On these samples we measured the extractable lipid fraction by measured by negative electrospray ionization Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (ESI-FT-ICR-MS). The data was generated between 2015-05 and 2017-12. Please consult the associated data description and Menges et al. (2020) for more details.

Description: This dataset provides Rapid Science Orbits (RSO) from the Low Earth Orbiter (LEO) satellite CHAMP. It is part of the compilation of GFZ RSO products for various LEO missions and the appropriate GNSS constellation in sp3 format. The individual solutions for each satellite mission are published with individual DOI as part of the compilation (Schreiner et al., 2022). • The CHAMP RSO cover the period from 2000 202 to 2010 247 The LEO RSOs in version 1 are generated based on the 24-hour GPS RSOs in two pieces for the actual day with arc lengths of 14 hours and overlaps of 2 hours. One starting at 22:00 and ending at 12:00, one starting at 10:00 and ending at 24:00. For day overlapping arcs two 24h GNSS constellations are concatenated. The accuracy of the LEO RSOs is at the level of 1-2 cm in terms of SLR validation. Each solution in version 1 is given in the Conventional Terrestrial Reference System (CTS) based on the IERS 2003 conventions and related to the ITRF-2008 reference frame. The exact time covered by an arc is defined in the header of the files and indicated as well as in the filename.

Description: This data set is the source of my doctoral thesis and of three resulting publications. Through whole rock geochemistry of selected samples and microprobe and geochronological analyses of key minerals, formerly selected by extensive microscopical studies, standard geothermobarometry and modelling was applied. It has been shown that metamorphic rocks, in particular, the eclogites of the northern Kaghan Valley, Pakistan, were buried to depths of 140-100 km (36-30 kbar) at 790-640°C. Subsequently, cooling during decompression (exhumation) towards 40-35 km (17-10 kbar) and 630-580°C has been superseded by a phase of reheating to about 720-650°C at roughly the same depth before final exhumation has taken place. In the southern-most part of the Kaghan Valley, amphibolite facies assemblages with formation conditions similar to the deduced reheating phase indicate a juxtaposition of both areas after the eclogite facies stage and thus a stacking of Indian Plate units. Radiometric dating of zircon, titanite and rutile by U-Pb and amphibole and micas by Ar-Ar reveal peak pressure conditions at 47-48 Ma. With a maximum exhumation rate of 14 cm/a these rocks reached the crust-mantle boundary at 40-35 km within 1 Ma. Subsequent exhumation (46-41 Ma, 40-35 km) decelerated to ca. 1 mm/a at the base of the continental crust but rose again to about 2 mm/a in the period of 41-31 Ma, equivalent to 35-20 km. Apatite fission track (AFT) and (U-Th)/He ages from eclogites, amphibolites, micaschists and gneisses yielded moderate Oligocene to Miocene cooling rates of about 10°C/Ma in the high altitude northern parts of the Kaghan Valley using the mineral-pair method. AFT ages are of 24.5±3.8 to 15.6±2.1 Ma whereas apatite (U-Th)/He analyses yielded ages between 21.0±0.6 and 5.3±0.2 Ma. The southern-most part of the Valley is dominated by younger late Miocene to Pliocene apatite fission track ages of 7.6±2.1 and 4.0±0.5 Ma that support earlier tectonically and petrologically findings of a juxtaposition and stack of Indian Plate units. As this nappe is tectonically lowermost, a later distinct exhumation and uplift driven by thrusting along the Main Boundary Thrust is inferred. Out of this geochemical, petrological, isotope-geochemical and low temperature thermochronology investigations it was concluded that the exhumation was buoyancy driven and caused an initial rapid exhumation: exhumation as fast as recent normal plate movements (ca. 10 cm/a). As the exhuming units reached the crust-mantle boundary the process slowed down due to changes in buoyancy. Most likely, this exhumation pause has initiated the reheating event that is petrologically evident (e.g. glaucophane rimmed by hornblende, ilmenite overgrowth of rutile). Late stage processes involved widespread thrusting and folding with accompanied regional greenschist facies metamorphism, whereby contemporaneous thrusting on the Batal Thrust (seen sometimes equivalent to the MCT) and back sliding of the Kohistan Arc along the inverse reactivated Main Mantle Thrust caused final exposure of these rocks. Similar circumstances have been seen at Tso Morari, Ladakh, India, 200 km further east where comparable rock assemblages occur. In conclusion, as exhumation was already done well before the initiation of the monsoonal system, climate dependent effects (erosion) appear negligible in comparison to far-field tectonic effects. Thus, the channel flow model is not applicable for this part of the Himalayas.

Description: Earthquakes associated with fluid injection in various geo-energy settings, such as shale gas and deep geothermal energy, have shelved many projects with great potential. However, the injection-rate dependence of earthquake nucleation length, i.e., the slowly slipping (creeping) fault length in preparation for a subsequent earthquake (Kaneko & Lapusta, 2008), remains elusive. In this study, we take a step towards this issue by performing fluid injection experiments on low-permeability granite samples containing a critically stressed sawcut fault at different local injection rates (0.2 mL/min and 0.8 mL/min) and confining pressures (31 MPa and 61 MPa) (c. f., Ji & Wu, 2017; Wang et al., 2020). An array of local strain gauges and acoustic emission (AE) hypocenter locations were used to monitor the precursory slip of critically stressed faults before injection-induced stick-slip failure (c. f., Passelègue et al., 2020; Wang et al., 2020). The nucleation length was determined for each injection-induced stick-slip event, and its dependence on effective normal stress and injection rate was explored. Herein, we compile the processed data obtained from the experiments in four Excel worksheets. The full description of the methods is provided in Ji et al. (2022).

Description: Monitoring Velocity Changes using Ambient Seismic Noise SeisMIC (Seismological Monitoring using Interferometric Concepts) is a python software that emerged from the miic library. SeisMIC provides functionality to apply some concepts of seismic interferometry to different data of elastic waves. Its main use case is the monitoring of temporal changes in a mediums Green's Function (i.e., monitoring of temporal velocity changes). SeisMIC will handle the whole workflow to create velocity-change time-series including: Downloading raw data, Adaptable preprocessing of the waveform data, Computating cross- and/or autocorrelation, Plotting tools for correlations, Database management of ambient seismic noise correlations, Adaptable postprocessing of correlations, Computation of velocity change (dv/v) time series, postprocessing of dv/v time series, plotting of dv/v time-series

Description: The data publication contains all heat-flow data of onshore Germany. The data release contains data generated between 1959 and 2020 and constitutes a substantial update and extension compared to the last compilation provided by the Geothermal Atlas from Hurter & Haenel (2002). The data set comprises new heat-flow determinations published after 2002 as well as data from before 2002, which were not included in the Hurter & Haenel atlas. The resulting updated database contains 836 determinations of heat flow at 595 locations from 42 publications. 85% of the reported heat-flow values are determined in boreholes, 5% in mines, and further 9 % are from onshore lake measurements using marine probe sensing techniques. The reporting and storing of the database is following the structure of the IHFC Global Heat Flow Database (Fuchs et al., 2021). A comprehensive description, including field classifications and ex-amples of associated data, is documented there. The IHFC database concept introduces parent elements (providing site-specific information), child elements (i.e. heat-flow values determined at the site and associated meta-data) and further fields providing additional information for the eval-uation of heat-flow quality. Thus, it provides a detailed collection of data and meta-data infor-mation, exceeding the sparse information on coordinates, name and heat-flow value provided in Hurter & Haenel (2002). In our release of the German heat-flow values, we have added fields about the applied quality scoring, the reasoning for inclusion or exclusion of data due to quality, and a descriptive field of the regional tectonic or geological units. For details of this procedure see Fuchs et al. (2022). The associated data description provides the full list of data sources (publications), while the DOI landing page only displays digital versions of articles if available.

Description: This dataset provides Rapid Science Orbits (RSO) from the Low Earth Orbiter (LEO) satellite SAC-C. It is part of the compilation of GFZ RSO products for various LEO missions and the appropriate GNSS constellation in sp3 format. The individual solutions for each satellite mission are published with individual DOI as part of the compilation (Schreiner et al., 2022). • The SAC-C RSO cover the period from 2000 202 to 2010 247 The LEO RSOs in version 1 are generated based on the 24-hour GPS RSOs in two pieces for the actual day with arc lengths of 14 hours and overlaps of 2 hours. One starting at 22:00 and ending at 12:00, one starting at 10:00 and ending at 24:00. For day overlapping arcs two 24h GNSS constellations are concatenated. The accuracy of the LEO RSOs is at the level of 1-2 cm in terms of SLR validation. Each solution in version 1 is given in the Conventional Terrestrial Reference System (CTS) based on the IERS 2003 conventions and related to the ITRF-2008 reference frame. The exact time covered by an arc is defined in the header of the files and indicated as well as in the filename.

Description: An extensive vertical seismic profiling (VSP) survey using wireline distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) technology was carried out between the 15th and 18th of February 2017 at the geothermal in-situ laboratory Groß Schönebeck, Germany. Borehole measurements were recorded in two 4.3 km deep wells E GrSk 3/90 and Gt GrSk 4/05. Two hybrid fibre optics cables were freely lowered inside the wells to form dense receiver arrays. As a seismic source, four heavy vibroseis trucks were used. The survey consisted of 61 source positions distributed in a spiral pattern around the target area. This data publication consists of raw uncorrelated seismic data acquired for 3D seismic imaging purposes. Supplementary information such as well trajectories, source point coordinates, and the pilot sweep data is also provided. Data related to zero-offset measurements can be found in Henninges et al. (2021, https://doi.org/10.5880/GFZ.4.8.2021.001). Further details on the survey design and data acquisition parameters can be found in Henninges et al. (2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-521-2021); Martuganova et al. (2021, 2022). Information on high-resolution 3D reflection seismic acquisition campaign carried out at Groß Schönebeck in February–March 2017 can be found in Krawczyk et al. (2019); Bauer et al. (2020); Norden et al. (2022). The 3D DAS VSP processing workflow, 3D DAS imaging results, and comparison with 3D surface seismics are presented in Martuganova et al. (2022).

Description: The stochastic erosion in-situ cosmogenic nuclide model is a 1D numerical model that simulates the evolution of the concentrations of in situ-produced Be-10, C-14, and He-3 alongside the bedrock thermal field in the shallow Earth surface. It is useful for evaluating cosmogenic nuclide data derived from field samples, in order to determine the erosion rate, erosion style, as well as the time-integrated bedrock thermal history. The model simulates erosion in four styles: no erosion, uniform (steady-state) erosion, episodic erosion, and stochastic erosion. It is particularly useful for evaluating the time-temperature evolution of bedrock hillslopes in mountainous regions.

Description: This software package calculates postburial production for samples with complex time-depth burial histories. The code was developed for Ott et al. 2022. Production rates are calculated using CRONUScalc v2.1 (Marrero et al. 2016). The current version is developed for 10Be and 36Cl but can easily be expanded to any nuclide within CRONUS. To run the code, you need to input your sample data through excel spreadsheets. The nomenclature follows the CRONUScalc input for the nuclide samples. An additional excel file with the parameters of the burial models (time-depth constraints) needs to be provided. CRONUScalc can be downloaded here https://bitbucket.org/cronusearth/cronus-calc/src/v2.1 The InputData folder contains all data from Ott et al. (2022) and can be used as an example of the input formatting. The postburial_prod.m script illustrates how to use the subroutines. Please, report bugs to richard.ott1900@gmail.com

Description: We provide a globally distributed compilation of published surface temperature proxies for eight Cenozoic time periods that cover the range of paleoclimate states. The proxies have both a marine and terrestrial provenance and are compared to the annual temperature of the same location today. This data is then used to quantify long-term temperature changes on zonal and global levels. When coupled with recent estimates of atmospheric CO2 concentration, temperature data constrains the sensitivity of Earth's climate system to perturbation of the radiative balance, with possible implications for the future response to anthropogenic forcing. The dataset consists of an excel file with eight sheets for the eight selected timeslices, namely, • mid-Pliocene (3,0 - 3,3 Ma) • late Miocene (7,2 - 11,6 Ma) • mid-Miocene (14,7 - 17,0 Ma) • early Miocene (20,3 - 23,0 Ma) • early Oligocene (27,8 - 33,9 Ma) • late Eocene (33,9 - 37,8 Ma) • middle Eocene (42 - 46 Ma) • early Eocene (48 - 55 Ma)

Description: The DFG Priority Program 1803 “EarthShape” (www.earthshape.net) investigates Earth surface shaping by biota. As part of this project, we present Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data of land surface areas for the four core research sites of the project. The research sites are located along a latitudinal gradient between ~26 °S and ~38 °S in the Chilean Coastal Cordillera. From north to south, the names of these sites are: National Park Pan de Azúcar; Private Reserve Santa Gracia; National Park La Campana; and National Park Nahuelbuta. The three datasets contain raw 3D point cloud data captured from an airborne LiDAR system, and the following derivative products: a) digital terrain models (DTM, sometimes also referred to as DEM [digital elevation model]) which are (2.5D) raster datasets created by rendering only the LiDAR returns which are assumed to be ground/bare-earth returns and b) digital surface models (DSM) which are also 2.5D raster datasets produced by rendering all the returns from the top of the Earth’s surface, including all objects and structures (e.g. buildings and vegetation). The LiDAR data were acquired in 2008 (southernmost Nahuelbuta [NAB] catchment), 2016 (central La Campana [LC] catchment) and 2020 (central Santa Gracia [SGA] catchment). Except for Nahuelbuta (data already was available from the data provider from a previous project), the flights were carried out as part of the "EarthShape" project. The LiDAR raw data (point cloud/ *.las files) were compressed, merged (as *.laz files) and projected using UTM 19 S (UTM 18 S for the southernmost Nahuelbuta catchment, respectively) and WGS84 as coordinate reference system. A complementary fourth dataset for the northernmost site in the National Park Pan de Azúcar, derived from Uncrewed Aerial Vehicle (UAV) flights and Structure from Motion (SfM) photogrammetry, is expected to be obtained during the first half of 2022 and will be added to the above data set.

Description: Cosmogenic nuclide measurements are commonly biased by weathering within the cosmogenic nuclide production zone. The code package “WeCode” (Weathering Corrections for denudation rates) integrated within the CRONUScalc v2.1 (Marrero et al., 2016) software performs weathering corrections and calculations, as well as offering pixel-by-pixel catchment production rate estimates for alluvial samples. Weathering corrections can be applied for weathering within the regolith or along the regolith-bedrock interface, as is common in carbonate bedrock. The methods for the weathering corrections are described in Ott et al. (2022). Please refer to the README for information on how to use the software. A set of input examples and scripts is provided for illustration. CRONUScalc can be downloaded here https://bitbucket.org/cronusearth/cronus-calc/src/v2.1

Description: The ratio of 18O to 16O in cherts and other chemical sediments has increased by about 15‰ over geological time, but the cause of this increase is debated. Here, we provide a 1D sediment-column model designed to investigate the role of diagenesis, and specifically the heat flow through marine sediments, in setting the chert oxygen isotope ratios. The model simulates the transformation of amorphous silica (opal-A) to crystalline quartz via an intermediate phase by using a silicon mass balance that is driven by the kinetics and thermodynamics of silica phase dissolution and (re)precipitation. The model demonstrates that heat flow through marine sediments influences the rate, and therefore depths, temperatures, and oxygen isotope compositions, at which cherts form. The implication is that because global heat flow from the solid Earth has decreased through geological time, heat flow is an important contributing factor to the long-term trend in chert oxygen isotope composition. The model is provided as a set of Matlab scripts (".m" files) and assorted input datasets provided as standard plain text files. The model is described in full in the manuscript "Chert oxygen isotope ratios are driven by Earth's thermal evolution" by Michael Tatzel, Patrick J. Frings, Marcus Oelze, Daniel Herwartz, Nils K. Lünsdorf, and Michael Wiedenbeck, and in the online Supporting Information associated with the manuscript. Once downloaded and unzipped, the files should be added to the local Matlab search path. The parameters of interest can be changed in the first few lines of 'chertKineticModel.m'. No other files need to be opened or modified. These files have been tested in Matlab R2020a running on Mac OS X 12.2.1 and in Matlab R2022b on Mac OS X 12.6.1.

Description: This data publication is supplementary to the study on headwall erosion rates at Glacier d'Otemma in Switzerland, by Wetterauer et al. (in press). Debris on glacier surfaces stems from steep bedrock hillslopes that tower above the ice, so-called headwalls. Recently, rock walls in high-alpine glacial environments experience increased destabilization due to climate warming. Since supraglacial debris alters the melt behaviour of the ice underneath, increased headwall erosion and debris delivery to glacier surfaces will modify glacial mass balances. Therefore, we expect that the response of glaciers to climate change is likely linked to how headwall erosion responds to climate change. As headwall debris is deposited on the ice surface of valley glaciers it is passively transported downglacier, both supra- and englacially. Where two glaciers join, debris along their margins is merged to form medial moraines. Since medial moraine debris tends to be older downglacier, systematic downglacier-sampling of medial moraine debris and the measurement of in situ-produced cosmogenic 10Be concentrations ([10Be]) hold the potential to assess long-term (>10^2-10^4 yrs) headwall erosion rates through time. However, to obtain the cosmogenic signals of headwall erosion, [10Be] within supraglacial debris need to be corrected for glacial transport time, as cosmogenic nuclides continue to accumulate during exposure and transport. This additional 10Be accumulation during debris transport can be accounted for by simple downglacier debris trajectory modelling. Providing our 10Be dataset together with detailed information on our 1-D modelling approach is the main objective of this data publication. The data is presented as one single xlsx-file with three different tables. A detailed description of the sample processing and the debris trajectory model are provided in the data description file of this data publication. For more information see our study Wetterauer et al. (in press).

Description: The melting relations of the CaCO3 MgCO3 system are investigated and trace element partition coefficient of Li, Na, K, Mn, Fe, Sr, Ba, Pb, Nb, Y and rare earth elements (REEs) between carbonates (Mg-calcite, Ca-magnesite) and dolomitic melt are established from high pressure (6 and 9 GPa) and temperature (1300 1800 ℃) experiments utilizing a rocking multi anvil press. We show that Ca Mg carbonates are stable within the subducting slab beyond ~300 km (9 GPa) but will (partial) melt beneath mid ocean ridges and in upwelling plumes. In contrast to previous studies, we report incongruent melting of carbonates producing a carbonate melt and periclase between 4 and 9 GPa. Partial melting of carbonates produces dolomitic melts whereby the trace element signature largely depends on the Ca/Mg-ratio of the bulk system. For instance, REE will be fractionated by two orders or magnitude between Ca magnesite and dolomitic melt. In contrast, melting of Ca rich carbonates will not lead to a significant REE fractionation. The here published data set includes all chemical analysis (major and trace elment composition) of run products and starting materials. From this data set we obtained the melting relations and partition coefficients reported in Sieber et al. (2020); Sieber et al. (under review).

Description: Tourmaline-cemented magmatic-hydrothermal breccias are a major host to sulphide mineralization in the supergiant Río Blanco–Los Bronces (RB–LB) porphyry Cu-Mo district in central Chile. We made an extensive study of the chemical and boron isotopic composition of tourmaline from this district to shed light on the composition and origin of mineralizing fluids and to test the utility of tourmaline as an indicator mineral by comparing compositions from mineralized and barren breccias. Río Blanco-Los Bronces is a world-class porphyry-type Cu-Mo district of late Miocene age hosted in a granodioritic batholith and related porphyry intrusions in central Chile (33°9’ S latitude, 70°17’W longitude). The porphyry intrusions and related orebodies are distributed along a structurally-controlled NW-SE zone. Mineralization comprises quartz-sulfide veins, disseminated sulfide miner-alization in altered porphyry host rocks and disseminated sulfides in hydrothermal breccias. See Toro et al. (2012) for an overview of the geology, geochronology and mineralization in the district. Descriptions of the mineralized tourmaline breccias are given by Frikken et al. (2005) and Skewes et al. (2003). The data set provided here comprises in-situ chemical analyses of tourmaline by electron microprobe (EPMA) as well as in-situ boron-isotope analyses of tourmaline in the same samples by SIMS. Tourmaline was analysed in 12 samples including 8 from mineralized breccia bodies (Sur-Sur: 4, La Americana: 4), and 2 samples each from barren breccia and nearby granite-hosted tourmaline nodules in the Diamante area. We also give results of mass balance calculations testing the hypoth-esis of a magmatic-hydrothermal origin of the boron.

Description: atbox - Fault Analysis Toolbox is a python module for the extraction and analysis of faults (and fractures) in raster data. We often observer faults in 2-D or 3-D raster data (e.g. geological maps, numerical models or seismic volumes), yet the extraction of these structures still requires large amounts of our time. The aim of this module is to reduce this time by providing a set of functions, which can perform many of the steps required for the extraction and analysis of fault systems. The basic idea of the module is to describe fault systems as graphs (or networks) consisting of nodes and edges, which allows us to define faults as components, i.e. sets of nodes connected by edges, of a graph. Nodes, which are not connected through edges, thus belong to different components (faults).

Description: In the near-Earth space, there are a large population of high energy electrons trapped by Earth’s magnetic field. These energetic electrons are trapped in the regions called Earth’s ring current and radiation belts. They are very dynamic and show a very strong dependence on solar wind and geomagnetic conditions. These energetic electrons can be dangerous to satellites in the near-Earth space. Therefore, it is very important to understand the mechanisms which drive the dynamics of these energetic electrons. Wave particle interaction is one of the most important mechanisms. Among the waves that can be encountered by the energetic electrons when they move around our Earth, whistler mode chorus waves can cause both acceleration and the loss of energetic electrons in the Earth's radiation belts and ring current. To quantify the effect of chorus waves on energetic electrons, we calculated the bounce-averaged quasi-linear diffusion coefficients using the chorus wave model developed by Wang et al (2019) and extended to higher latitudes according to Wang and Shprits (2019). Using these diffusion coefficients, we calculated the lifetime of the electrons with an energy range from 1 keV to 2 MeV. In each magnetic local time (MLT), we calculate the lifetime for each energy and L-shell using two different methods according to Shprits et al (2007) and Albert and Shprits (2009). We make the calculated electron lifetime database available here. Please notice that the chorus wave model by Wang et al (2019) is valid when Kp 〈= 6. If the user wants to use this lifetime database for Kp 〉6, please be careful and contact the authors.

Description: The data set consists of dispersion curves and the corresponding 2D phase velocity maps based on earthquake generated Rayleigh surface waves and ambient noise, as well as the resultant shear-wave velocity model for entire Scandinavia (Norway, Sweden and Finland). We resolved the crust and mantle to 250 km depth to provide new insight into the maintenance of the Paleozoic Scandes mountain range and the lithospheric architecture of the Precambrian Baltic Shield (Mauerberger et al., in review). For this study, we use the virtual ScanArray network which consists of more than 220 seismic stations of the following contributing networks: The ScanArray Core (1G network, Thybo et al., 2012) consists of 72 broadband instruments which were operated by the ScanArray consortium (Thybo et al., 2021) between 2013-2017. We also used 28 stations from the NEONOR2 (2D network), 20 stations from the SCANLIPS3D (ZR network; England et al., 2015), 72 permanent stations from the Swedish National Seismic Network (SNSN; UP network; SNSN 1904) as well as further 35 permanent stations from the Finnish (HE and FN networks), Danish (DK network), Norwegian (NO network (NORSAR, 1971); NS (University of Bergen, 1982)) and international IU network (ALS/USGS, 1988). Since the exact operation times of the different temporary networks differ, we analyse data between 2014 and 2016, when most of the stations were operational. The pre-processing of the data involved the removal of a linear trend, application of a band-pass filter between 0.5 s and 200 s, downsampling to 5 Hz and deconvolution of the instrument response to obtain velocity seismograms. We also corrected for the misorientations stated in Grund et al., 2017.

Description: Climatically formed alluvial river-terrace sequences offer an exceptional opportunity to study valley-width evolution under similar discharge and lithologic conditions. To investigate additional parameters controlling valley width, we globally compiled alluvial-terrace sequences that have been associated with late Quaternary climate changes. All terrace cross-sections that are accepted to our compilation (1) include both valley sides, (2) show absolute values of distance and height, as well as profile location, and, (3) display a minimum of three terrace levels out of which at least one is preserved as a paired terrace. The terrace width and height measurements are summarized in this dataset. The data are presented as Excel and ASCII tables.

Description: This dataset provides Rapid Science Orbits (RSO) from the Low Earth Orbiter (LEO) satellite GRACE-A. It is part of the compilation of GFZ RSO products for various LEO missions and the appropriate GNSS constellation in sp3 format. The individual solutions for each satellite mission are published with individual DOI as part of the compilation (Schreiner et al., 2022). • The GRACE RSO cover the period: - GRACE-A from 2004 200 to 2017 334 - GRACE-B from 2004 200 to 2017 245 (this DOI) The LEO RSOs in version 1 are generated based on the 24-hour GPS RSOs in two pieces for the actual day with arc lengths of 14 hours and overlaps of 2 hours. One starting at 22:00 and ending at 12:00, one starting at 10:00 and ending at 24:00. For day overlapping arcs two 24h GNSS constellations are concatenated. The accuracy of the LEO RSOs is at the level of 1-2 cm in terms of SLR validation. Each solution in version 1 is given in the Conventional Terrestrial Reference System (CTS) based on the IERS 2003 conventions and related to the ITRF-2008 reference frame. The exact time covered by an arc is defined in the header of the files and indicated as well as in the filename.

Description: Mean S-wave coda quality factors (mean-Qc) were estimated from active ultrasonic transmission (UT) measurements acquired during the STIMTEC project in the URL Reiche Zeche (Saxony, Germany). We used S-coda waves of 88 selected UT measurements carried out in 3 differently oriented boreholes (BH10, BH12, BH16) to estimate the spatial change of the coda quality factor in the targeted rock volume, an anisotropic metamorphic gneiss. We also analysed temporal variation in attenuation before and after hydraulic stimulations performed in two boreholes (BH10, BH17). We formed in total 8 UT groups (see data table "2022-004_Blanke-and-Boese_mean_UT_event_locations") from neighbouring UT measurements within different depths and from separated time intervals (see also Tab. 1 in Blanke et al. 2023), and compare mean-Qc estimates of centre frequencies ranging 3-21 kHz of octave-width frequency bands. Our results show a characteristic frequency-dependence and we find that mean-Qc estimates reveal temporal-variations of attenuation more significantly than those obtained from velocity measurements. The temporal variations are strongly connected to hydraulic stimulation activities resulting in a reduction of the coda quality factor where AE events occurred. Analysis of mean-Qc estimates after a temporal resting phase (with no activity in the rock volume) suggests that frequencies 〉 15 kHz indicate healing of small-scale fractures induced by injections. The study shows that coda analysis is a powerful tool for the detection of damage zones and for monitoring changes of the local fracture network within reservoirs important for exploitation or underground storage of gases and liquids.

Description: This data publication includes geochronological and fission track data used to derive the provenance and pressure-temperature-time-deformation evolution of Indian crust in central Myanmar (results from U/Th-Pb igneous zircon, monazite and titanite dating, U/Th-Pb detrital zircon dating, 40Ar/39Ar dating, Rb-Sr dating, zircon (U,Th)/He dating and zircon and apatite fission-track dating. The data are supplementary material to Min et al. (2022). The data are presented as Excel tables and further decribed by a README (pdf). LA-ICP-MS data fiollows the Community-Derived Standards for LA-ICP-MS U-(Th-)Pb Geochronology by Horstwood et al. (2016) and Ar/Ar geochronology was described in Schaen et al. (2020). The data format is ready to be read by Isoplot (Ludwig, 2008ff).

Description: The dataset presented here is an earthquake catalog for the central Sea of Marmara (Turkey) obtained by applying a traditional STA/LTA technique to the continuous waveforms. The magnitude of completeness of this catalog is MW = 1.4. The full description of the data processing and creation of the catalog is provided in the paper “Near - fault monitoring reveals combined seismic and slow activation of a fault branch within the Istanbul-Marmara seismic gap in NW Turkey” published by Martínez-Garzón et al., in Seismological Research Letters. The data are provided as the following two ASCII tables: The file 2021-004_Martinez-Garcon-et-al_Initial_seismicity_catalog contains the seismic events for which we could successfully calculate an earthquake location. The ASCII table has the following columns: columns: id, year, month, day, hour, minute, second, serial time, latitude, longitude, depth [km], magnitude, horizontal error [km], vertical error [km], RMS, maximum azimuthal gap [degree]. The table 2021-004_Martinez-Garcon-et-al_Relocated_seismicity_catalog contains the seismic events for which we could refine the initial location and obtain a double-difference refined location. The ASCII table has the following columns: id, latitude, longitude, depth [km], horizontal error [km], vertical error [km].

Description: This data publication contains seismic catalog developed by the analysis of seismicity recorded during hydraulic stimulation campaign performed in May 2020 in the 5.8-km deep OTN-2 well near Helsinki, Finland as part of the St1 Deep Heat project (Kwiatek et al., 2022). The original seismic data to develop the seismic catalog were acquired with the high-resolution seismic network composed of 22 geophones surrounding the project site. The centerpiece of the network was a 10-level borehole array of Geospace OMNI-2400 geophones (3C/15 Hz) sampled at 2 kHz placed in the OTN-3 well adjacent to the OTN-2 injection well, and located at 1.93 - 2.55 km depth, approx. 3km from injection intervals. Additional 12 stations at distances 〈10 km from project site formed the satellite network that was equipped with short-period 3C 4.5 Hz Sunfull PSH geophones, completing the seismic network. Near-real-time processing of induced seismicity data started on Jan 26, 2020, i.e. about 3 months prior to the onset of the injection, covering entire period of the stimulation campaign in May 2020. The monitoring stopped end of June 2020, about one month after the stimulation finished. The monitoring campaign resulted in initial industrial seismicity catalog containing 6,243 events that was refined and further extended (cf. Kwiatek et al., 2022). The final catalog associated with this data publication contains 6,318 earthquakes, including 197, 5427 and 694 events recorded before, during, and after stimulation campaign. The core catalog data contains origin time, local magnitude, (re)location and focal mechanism data.

Description: The scope of the Science Plan is to describe the scientific background, applications, and activities of the Environmental Mapping and Analysis Program (EnMAP) imaging spectroscopy mission. Primarily, this document addresses scientists and funding institutions, but it may also be of interest to environmental stakeholders and governmental agencies. It is designed to be a living document that will be updated throughout the entire mission lifetime. Chapter 1 provides a brief overview of the principles and current state of imaging spectroscopy. This is followed by an introduction to the EnMAP mission, including its objectives and impact on international programs as well as major environmental and societal challenges. Chapter 2 describes the EnMAP system together with data products and access, calibration/validation, and synergies with other missions. Chapter 3 gives an overview of the major fields of application such as vegetation and forests, geology and soils, coastal and inland waters, cryosphere, urban areas, atmosphere and hazards. Finally, Chapter 4 outlines the scientific exploitation strategy, which includes the strategy for community building and training, preparatory flight campaigns and software developments. A list of abbreviations is provided in the annex to this document and an extended glossary of terms and abbreviations is available on the EnMAP website.

Description: The WHU-GRACE-GPD01s models are the latest monthly gravity field solutions recovered from GRACE intersatellite geopotential difference (GPD) data processed at the School of Geodesy and Geomatics, Wuhan University, China. The intersatellite GPDs are estimated from GRACE Level-1B (RL03) data based on the improved energy balance equation and remove-compute-restore (RCR) technique, and the background models are consistent with GRACE Level-2 processing standards document (RL06). Further details are presented in Zhong et al. (2020, 2022). The WHU-GRACE-GPD01s models include two sets of GRACE monthly solutions: one is the unconstrained monthly solutions with the maximum degree and order of 60, the other is the constrained monthly solutions up to the maximum degree and order 96 with Kaula regularization constraint, and the optimal regularization parameter is determined using variance component estimation (VCE). This work is supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (No. 41974015, 41474019, 42061134007) and the Project Supported by the Special Fund of Hubei Luojia Laboratory (Grant No. 220100004).

Description: The International Geodynamics and Earth Tide Service (IGETS) was established in 2015 by the International Association of Geodesy. IGETS continues the activities of the Global Geodynamics Project (GGP) between 1997 and 2015 to provide support to geodetic and geophysical research activities using superconducting gravimeter (SG) data within the context of an international network. As part of this network, the Onsala station (code OS, instrument GWR OSG 054) was established in 2009 thanks to the financial support of the Committee for Infrastructure of the Swedish Research Council, until 2021, and of the Swedish geodetic survey Lantmäteriet since 2021. Continuous time-varying gravity and atmospheric pressure data from OS are integrated in the IGETS data base hosted by ISDC (Information System and Data Centre) at GFZ. The OS station (longitude: 11.9266 E; latitude: 57.3858 N and elevation: 7.93 m) is located at the Onsala Space Observatory, south of Gothenbourg, a well instrumented site for geodetic and meteorological studies (https://www.chalmers.se/en/researchinfrastructure/oso/Pages/default.aspx). An air-circulation system controls the humidity and temperature in the gravimeter house and there are 3 pillars available. Absolute gravity measurements are done every year by Lantmäteriet. - The time series of gravity and barometric pressure started in July 2009 and is going on. - The time sampling of the raw gravity and barometric pressure data of IGETS Level 1 is 1 minute. For a detailed description of the IGETS data base and the provided files see Voigt et al. (2016, http://doi.org/10.2312/GFZ.b103-16087). Rainfall data are also provided as auxiliary data to IGETS database. OS data are used in conjunction with projects of the Nordic Geodetic Commission (NKG) - Working Group for Geodynamics (https://www.nordicgeodeticcommission.com/working-group-of-geodynamics/). Interactive graphs are available at https://lab3.oso.chalmers.se/wx/gravimeter_data/

Description: This dataset provides results from rheological tests of glucose syrup from two suppliers tested within the EPOS Multi-scale Laboratories (MSL) trans-national access (TNA) program 2019 at the Laboratory of Experimental Tectonics (LET), Univ. Roma TRE, Italy. Syrups Glucowheat 45/81 (GW45) and Glucowheat 60/79 (GW60) are produced by Blattmann Schweiz AG, Switzerland (2019 batch). Syrups GlucoSweet 44 (GS44) and GlucoSweet 62 (GS62) are produced by ADEA (Amidi Destrini ed Affini), Italy (2019 batch) . The four tested glucose syrups are labeled according to their DE value (dextrose equivalent value). For tested products from Blattmann Schweiz AG, the second number refers to the weight percentage of dry substance. Glucose syrup GS44 is used in full lithospheric scale analogue experiments at the Tectonic Modelling Lab (TecLab) at the University of Bern, Switzerland as a low-viscosity material simulating the asthenospheric mantle lithosphere to provide isostatic equilibration. The materials have been analyzed using a MCR301 Rheometer (Anton Paar) equipped with parallel plates geometry and rotational regime . To prevent the evaporation of the samples during the measurements, an external water-lock device has been used.

Description: The new unconstrained GRACE monthly solution SWPU-GRACE2021 is recently developed with the dynamic approach. The reprocessed GRACE L1B RL03 data and de-aliasing product AOD1B RL06 are applied to compute SWPU-GRACE2021. The arc length is variable according to the L1B data quality, but the maximum is no more than 24 hours. The bias vector and scale matrix of the GRACE Accelerometer observation ACC1B product are estimable parameters. The data covers the period from April 2002 to Mai 2017. Due to data quality problems, there are some data gaps between September 2016 and April 2017.

Description: Ireland Array is an array of 20 broadband seismometers that was operated by the Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies across the Republic of Ireland. The array comprised up to 20 stations running simultaneously, all equipped with Trillium 120PA seismometers and Taurus data loggers. The 20 stations were installed in 20102012. Some of the stations were moved to new locations in Ireland in the course of the operation of the array, either in order to enhance the data sampling of the island or when the old deployment sites became unsuitable. Ireland Array dramatically increased the seismic data sampling of Ireland and enabled advances and discoveries in the studies of the structure and evolution of Ireland’s crust and lithosphere, seismicity of Ireland, and mechanisms of the Paleogene intraplate volcanism in Ireland and surroundings.

Description: Project SWEAP (Southwest Indian Ridge Earthquakes and Plumes), a collaborative effort led by the Alfred-Wegener-Institute, installed a network of 10 broad-band ocean bottom seismometers (OBS) along the ultraslow-spreading Oblique Supersegment of the Southwest Indian Ridge. The presented data set covers the continuous records of 8 stations of the network provided by the DEPAS instrument pool. One station of the original network could not be recovered, another one did not return data. The instruments were spaced at roughly 15 km intervals in a triangular shape network to either side of the rift axis covering about 60 km along axis between 13°E and 13.8°E and 60 km across axis between 52°S and 52.6°S. The determination of the OBS positions is described by Schmid et al. (2016). The network design was optimized for detecting and locating deep seismicity in the area. The rift valley was filled with soft silica ooze, producing considerable delay of S-phases at selected stations. Instrument deployment started during RV Polarstern cruise ANT-XXIX/2 on December 05 2012. Instrument recovery was completed during RV Polarstern cruise ANT-XXIX/8 on November 26 2013. 5 Refraction seismic lines were acquired by RV Polarstern cruise ANT-XXIX/8 from November 17 to 19 in 2013. All OBS could be synchronized with the GPS clock upon recovery such that skew values describing the clock drift are available for all stations. The non-linear clock drift of station SWE05 was determined by means of noise cross-correlations and applied to the data set. All other stations show a linear drift, which was corrected.

Description: Gakkel Deep is a pilot project that installed a network of four broadband ocean bottom seismometers (OBS) near Gakkel Deep, the deepest depression in the Arctic Ocean, at the eastern end of the ultraslow spreading Gakkel Ridge. The area is covered year-round by sea ice. In order to enable a safe recovery of the OBS in a sea ice covered ocean, the OBS were modified to include a positioning system that allows to track the instruments at meter accuracy during descent and ascent and when stuck beneath ice floes. This pilot studied aimed at testing the recovery procedure of the OBS, checking the performance of the modified instrument design, getting an overview of ambient seismic noise at the bottom of the Arctic Ocean and at contributing to a better understanding of the origin of the Gakkel Deep depression with more than 3000 m of topography. The network is shaped as a rectangle with 8 km and 10 km side length and is centered at about 82°N 119.5°E at water depths between 3600 m and 4100 m. It is positioned slightly to the east of the present plate boundary in an area with volcanic structures. Instruments from the German Instrument Pool of Amphibian Seismology (DEPAS) were deployed during RV Polarstern cruise PS115/2 on September 15, 2018. Instrument recovery was completed during RV Polarstern cruise PS122/1 on September 27, 2019. The data set contains about 377 days of continuous records at 250 Hz sample rate. The station locations were determined with Ultra Short Baseline (USBL) ranging, the accuracy is approx. 10 m. The non-linear clock drift was determined by means of noise cross-correlations and applied to the data set.

Description: This repository contains the codes produced for the article "Long-term observations reveal rise in early summer methane emissions from Siberian tundra" by Norman Rößger, Torsten Sachs, Christian Wille, Julia Boike and Lars Kutzbach. In the article, the authors report an increasing trend of methane emissions for June and July at a permafrost site in Siberia (Lena River Delta). Using the longest set of observational methane flux data in the Arctic, the authors demonstrate that the continuous warming has begun to trigger the projected enhancement of methane release in Arctic permafrost ecosystems. This software is written in MATLAB. Running the codes ([.m files](Code)) and loading the data files ([.mat files](Data)) requires the pre-installation of [MATLAB](/https://de.mathworks.com/products/matlab.html). IMPORTANT: The repository only contains dummy data. The data that is needed to run the code can be requested by Torsten Sachs and Christian Wille (contact authors). Although the scripts and the data files have been tested for newer versions of MATLAB (〉= MATLAB R2017a). The code might also run in older versions of MATLAB, but this has not been tested.

Description: The interactive web page contains supplementary information to Acoustic signals of a meteoroid recorded on a large-N seismic network and fibre optic cables. It aggregates the probabilistic trajectory inversion results for the observed meteor explosion above south Iceland on July 2, 2022. These inversion results of a hypersonic moving source model (MSM) are based on travel time picks of the first arrival (A1) and the last arrival (LA), both, in homogeneous and layered atmospheric model. Additionally we present the inversion results of a simple point source model (PSM) based on the arrival times of A1 and LA.

Description: In Haeger et al. (2022), we created a three dimensional model of the temperature distribution and the geothermal heat flow of the Antarctic lithosphere as well as a new model of the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary (LAB). The models were obtained in a three-step approach: First, we calculate the initial temperature distribution in the upper mantle by iteratively combining seismic tomography (An et al., 2015; Schaeffer amp; Lebedev, 2013) and gravity data (Förste et al., 2014; Scheinert et al., 2016) considering composition and density variations self-consistently (Haeger et al., 2019). Second, we define the lithosphere-asthenosphere boundary in a thermal sense based on the resulting geotherm by assuming it corresponds to the 1300°C isotherm. Third, we solve the steady-state heat equation to obtain the temperature distribution and the geothermal heat flow in the lithosphere. One crucial yet still largely unknown factor in the model is the parametrization of the crust. In order to overcome this, we calculated thermal models for a range of crustal properties that are described in detail in Haeger et al. (2022) and the related supplementary material. Here, we only share the conductive temperature and the geothermal heat flow model for the preferred model (n° 29 in the supplementary) in binary netCDF files. Additionally, we present the depth to LAB and surface and mantle heat flow maps, the latter represents the heat flow at the depth of the Moho discontinuity (Haeger et al., 2019) as .txt ascii tables. As a measure of uncertainty of the preferred surface heat flow model, the standard deviation of all calculated models is additionally given. The models are presented in polar stereographic projections with true scale at 71° South (Snyder, 1987) and span ±3700 km with a 10 km spacing in x- and y-direction, respectively. For the netCDF files, the depth ranges from the bedrock surface (BedMachine, Morlighem et al., 2020) which is defined as the 0 level to the LAB in a 1 km spacing. The depths to the Moho and the LAB are given relative to sea level.

Description: The GOCE satellite carries three magnetometers as part of its drag-free attitude orbit control system (DFACS). The magnetometers do not belong to the scientific payload of the mission. After postprocessing of the data, information on the geomagnetic field and on electric currents in near Earth space are derived. The GOCE fluxgate magnetometer data (MAG) have been combined into to a single time series. The provided data consists of raw magnetic field data as provided by Level 1b (RAW), magnetic field data aligned, calibrated and corrected (ACAL_CORR), CHAOS7 magnetic model predictions for core, crustal and large-scale magnetospheric field (CHAOS7, Finlay et al., 2020), housekeeping information, e.g. magnetorquer, solar array and battery currents (HK), Magnetic coordinates (APEX) and radial and field-aligned currents derived from magnetic data (FAC). The calibration and characterization follows the approach given in the references for GOCE calibration. The data are provided in NASA cdf format (https://cdf.gsfc.nasa.gov/) and accessible at: ftp://isdcftp.gfz-potsdam.de/platmag/MAGNETIC_FIELD/GOCE/Analytical/v0205/ and further described in a README.

Description: Long-term tide gauge records provide valuable insights to sea level variations, but interpretation requires an accurate determination of the associated vertical land motion. Within the Tide Gauge Benchmark Monitoring Working Group of the International GNSS Service, we performed a dedicated reprocessing (1994-2020) for GNSS stations co-located with tide gauges. Based on 341 stations the GFZ contribution to the third TIGA reprocessing provides vertical land motion rates for 230 stations at or close to recently active tide gauges. We limited the processing to GPS observations.

Description: The Gravity field and steady-state ocean circulation explorer (GOCE) satellite mission carries three platform magnetometers. After careful calibration, the data acquired through these can be used for scientific purposes by removing artificial disturbances from other satellite payload systems. This dataset is based on the dataset provided by Michaelis and Korte (2022) and uses a similar format. The platform magnetometer data has been calibrated against CHAOS7 magnetic field model predic-tions for core, crustal and large-scale magnetospheric field (Finlay et al., 2020) and is provided in the ‘chaos’ folder. The calibration results using a Machine Learning approach are provided in the ‘calcorr’ folder. Michaelis’ dataset can be used as an extension to this dataset for additional infor-mation, as they are connected using the same timestamps to match and relate the same data points. The exact approach based on Machine Learning is described in the referenced publication. The data is provided in NASA CDF format (https://cdf.gsfc.nasa.gov/) and accessible at: ftp://isdcftp.gfz-potsdam.de/platmag/MAGNETIC_FIELD/GOCE/ML/v0204/ and further de-scribed in a README.

Description: The 50 km long KTB Line 2 was recorded in 1985 as part of deep seismic reflection investigations for the DEKORP (German Continental Seismic Reflection Program) and KTB (German Continental Deep Drilling Program) projects. The network of lines consists of two DEKORP profiles, DEKORP 4N and its appendix 4Q, and six shorter KTB profiles, KTB 8501 – 8506, arranged in the form of a grid parallel and perpendicular to the main tectonic lineaments. The purpose of the investigations was to explore the planned target area for the Continental Deep Drilling Site in the Upper Palatinate with high-fold near-vertical incidence vibroseis acquisition. The main focus was on the crustal structure of the central Mid-European Variscides down to the Moho and the uppermost mantle and, in particular, on the suture between the Moldanubian Zone and the northward adjacent Saxothuringian Zone as well as on the metamorphic Zone of Erbendorf-Vohenstrauss. The array of the KTB profiles represents the pre-cursor of the 3D seismic survey ISO 1989 (Integrated Seismics Oberpfalz). Details of the experiment, first results and interpretations were published by DEKORP Research Group (1987, 1988). Results discussed together with the drilling site were presented in a number of works which can be found in Emmermann & Wohlenberg (1989). The Technical Report of KTB 8502 gives complete information about acquisition and processing parameters. The European Variscides, extending from the French Central Massif to the East European Platform, originated during the collision between Gondwana and Baltica in the Late Palaeozoic. Due to involvement of various crustal blocks in the orogenesis, the mountain belt is subdivided into distinct zones. The external fold-and-thrust belts of the Rhenohercynian and Saxothuringian as well as the predominantly crystalline body of the Moldanubian dominate the central European segment of the Variscides. Polyphase tectonic deformation, magmatism and metamorphic processes led to a complex interlinking between the units. The Saxothuringian represents the infill of a Cambro-Ordovician basin. The Moldanubian contains blocks of pre-Variscan crust and their Palaezoic cover. During the Variscan orogeny the Moldanubian crust was thrust toward the northwest over the Saxothuringian foreland. Both units were welded to one another by a low-pressure metamorphism accompanied by polyphase deformation (DEKORP Research Group, 1987, 1988). The ENE – WSW striking line KTB 8502 is located normally to the KTB lines 8504, 8505 and 8506 and to DEKORP 4N. The profile runs close to the area of the KTB drill hole, thereby crossing the DEKORP 3D survey ISO 1989. As well as the lines KTB 8501 and 8503 the profile 8502 was arranged parallel to strike, running across the NW-SE directed system of block-faults at the southwestern margin of the Bohemian Massif (DEKORP Research Group, 1988). In the southwest KTB 8502 crosses the Franconian Line, a fault zone which separates the crystalline Bohemian Massif from a foreland. Farther to the northeast KTB 8502 crosses metamorphic nappes and Variscan granites of the Erbendorf-Vohenstrauss Zone.

Description: The 42 km long KTB Line 6 was recorded in 1985 as part of deep seismic reflection investigations for the DEKORP (German Continental Seismic Reflection Program) and KTB (German Continental Deep Drilling Program) projects. The network of lines consists of two DEKORP profiles, DEKORP 4N and its appendix 4Q, and six shorter KTB profiles, KTB 8501 – 8506, arranged in the form of a grid parallel and perpendicular to the main tectonic lineaments. The purpose of the investigations was to explore the planned target area for the Continental Deep Drilling Site in the Upper Palatinate with high-fold near-vertical incidence vibroseis acquisition. The main focus was on the crustal structure of the central Mid-European Variscides down to the Moho and the uppermost mantle and, in particular, on the suture between the Moldanubian Zone and the northward adjacent Saxothuringian Zone as well as on the metamorphic Zone of Erbendorf-Vohenstrauss. The array of the KTB profiles represents the pre-cursor of the 3-D seismic survey ISO 1989 (Integrated Seismics Oberpfalz). Details of the experiment, first results and interpretations were published by DEKORP Research Group (1987, 1988). Results discussed together with the drilling site were presented in a number of works which can be found in Emmermann & Wohlenberg (1989). The Technical Report of KTB 8506 gives complete information about acquisition and processing parameters. The European Variscides, extending from the French Central Massif to the East European Platform, originated during the collision between Gondwana and Baltica in the Late Palaeozoic. Due to involvement of various crustal blocks in the orogenesis, the mountain belt is subdivided into distinct zones. The external fold-and-thrust belts of the Rhenohercynian and Saxothuringian as well as the predominantly crystalline body of the Moldanubian dominate the central European segment of the Variscides. Polyphase tectonic deformation, magmatism and metamorphic processes led to a complex interlinking between the units. The Saxothuringian represents the infill of a Cambro-Ordovician basin. The Moldanubian contains blocks of pre-Variscan crust and their Palaezoic cover. During the Variscan orogeny the Moldanubian crust was thrust toward the northwest over the Saxothuringian foreland. Both units were welded to one another by a low-pressure metamorphism accompanied by polyphase deformation (DEKORP Research Group, 1987, 1988). The SSE-NNW trending line KTB 8506 runs from the Upper Palatinate Forest in the southeast to the Fichtel Mountains in the northwest. The line is located ca. 22 km northeast from the KTB drill site, nearly parallel to KTB 8504, KTB 8505 and DEKORP 4N and perpendicular to KTB 8501 – 8503. The profile was arranged to explore the Tirschenreuth-Mähring segment of the Saxothuringian/Moldanubian boundary region (DEKORP Research Group, 1988).

Description: The profile 2N was recorded in 1986 as part of the DEKORP project, the German deep seismic reflection program. The focus of the DEKORP project was on deep crustal and lithospheric structures and therefore originally not on structures at shallower depths. From today's perspective, however, this depth range is of great interest for a wide range of possible technical applications (including medium-depth and deep geothermal projects). The original data is published by Stiller et al. (2021). The southernmost 68 km of the 219 km long profile 2N were reprocessed on behalf of the Hessian Agency of Nature Conservation, Environment and Geology (HLNUG). The focus of the reprocessing was on improving the resolution / mapping of geological structures down to a depth of 6 km (approx. 3 s TWT) to describe the prolongation of faults and geological structures in more detail than in previous studies. In order to achieve these goals and in view of the fact that today's processing and evaluation methods have been improved considerably compared to the 1990‘s, a state-of-the-art reprocessing was implemented. In comparison with the original processing (Stiller et al. (2021)), more sophisticated processing steps like CRS (Common Reflection Surface) instead of CDP (Common Depth Point) stacking, turning-ray tomography and prestack time and depth migration were carried out. The reprocessing results of the DEKORP 2N survey comprise all datasets newly achieved in addition to the datasets from the original processing (Stiller et al. (2021)), i.e. (1) the migrated CRS image gathers as unstacked data, and (2) the pure CRS stack, the poststack-time as well as prestack-time and prestack-depth migrated sections as stacked data. Moreover, (3) all velocity models used for the different versions including (4) the separate first-break tomography inversion, are contained. All reprocessed data come in SEGY trace format, the final sections additionally in PDF graphic format. A reprocessing report is included as well as again all meta information for each domain (source, receiver, CDP) like coordinates, elevations, locations and static corrections combined in ASCII-tables for geometry assignment purposes. The DEKORP 2 survey, consisting of the three segments 86-2Q, 86-2N and 84-2S, starts in the sub-Variscan foredeep of the Münsterland Basin and ends in the Moldanubian region at the Danube. The central part crosses the Rhenish Massif (Rhenohercynian), the Spessart Mountains of the Mid-German Crystalline High (Saxothuringian) and the meteorite impact location of the "Nördlinger Ries". The 219 km long, SSE-NNW striking DEKORP 2N line provides a cross-section through the Rhenish Massif from the sub-Variscan Münsterland Basin in the north to the Rhenohercynian Taunus Mountains in the south. The profile is the northern continuation of DEKORP 2S, which intersects at profile km 7.72. The reprocessed datasets contain a sub-section of the entire 2N with a total length of 67.84 km of full CDP fold, covering the profile’s southern part through the state of Hesse. The DEKORP '86-2N profile is of particular interest to investigate the seismic resolution of the Rhenish Massif and its different structures, such as the Siegen anticline, the Dill syncline, and the Lahn anticline. In the most southern part, the profile reaches into the Rhenohercynian Taunus Mountains until the Taunus ridge. The seismic sections of 2N show clear, deep reaching reflections along the prolongation of the whole profile supporting newer theories of nappe structures in the hessian part of the Rhenish Massif. The reflections are more clearly visible than in the original processing. All visible structures are mainly SE-dipping reflections in the upper crust, which represent lithologic contrasts as well as thrust faults known from surface geology. In the lower crust highly reflective predominantly SE-dipping reflectors can be identified. Moho reflections are clearly identifiable and deepening to the NW.

Description: The 47 km long KTB Line 1 was recorded in 1985 as part of deep seismic reflection investigations for the DEKORP (German Continental Seismic Reflection Program) and KTB (German Continental Deep Drilling Program) projects. The network of lines consists of two DEKORP profiles, DEKORP 4N and its appendix 4Q, and six shorter KTB profiles, KTB 8501 – 8506, arranged in the form of a grid parallel and perpendicular to the main tectonic lineaments. high-fold near-vertical incidence vibroseis acquisition. The main focus was on the crustal structure of the central Mid-European Variscides down to the Moho and the uppermost mantle and, in particular, on the suture between the Moldanubian Zone and the northward adjacent Saxothuringian Zone as well as on the metamorphic Zone of Erbendorf-Vohenstrauss. The array of the KTB profiles represents the pre-cursor of the 3-D seismic survey ISO 1989 (Integrated Seismics Oberpfalz). Details of the experiment, first results and interpretations were published by DEKORP Research Group (1987, 1988). Results discussed together with the drilling site were presented in a number of works which can be found in Emmermann & Wohlenberg (1989). The Technical Report of KTB 8501 gives complete information about acquisition and processing parameters. The European Variscides, extending from the French Central Massif to the East European Platform, originated during the collision between Gondwana and Baltica in the Late Palaeozoic. Due to involvement of various crustal blocks in the orogenesis, the mountain belt is subdivided into distinct zones. The external fold-and-thrust belts of the Rhenohercynian and Saxothuringian as well as the predominantly crystalline body of the Moldanubian dominate the central European segment of the Variscides. Polyphase tectonic deformation, magmatism and metamorphic processes led to a complex interlinking between the units. The Saxothuringian represents the infill of a Cambro-Ordovician basin. The Moldanubian contains blocks of pre-Variscan crust and their Palaezoic cover. During the Variscan orogeny the Moldanubian crust was thrust toward the northwest over the Saxothuringian foreland. Both units were welded to one another by a low-pressure metamorphism accompanied by polyphase deformation (DEKORP Research Group, 1987, 1988). The WSW – ENE striking line KTB 8501 is located ca. 12 km north of the KTB borehole. From southwest to northeast KTB 8501 crosses KTB 8504, DEKORP 4N, KTB 8505 and KTB 8506. As well as the lines KTB 8502 and 8503 the profile 8501 was arranged parallel to strike running across the NW-SE directed system of block-faults at the southwestern margin of the Bohemian Massif (DEKORP Research Group, 1988). The most important tectonic lineament, crossed by KTB 8501, is the NW-trending Franconian Line. The fault zone separates the crystalline Bohemian Massif from the foreland, which is covered by Mesozoic and Upper Palaeozoic sedimentary rocks (DEKORP Research Group, 1987).

Description: The 50 km long KTB Line 4 was recorded in 1985 as part of deep seismic reflection investigations for the DEKORP (German Continental Seismic Reflection Program) and KTB (German Continental Deep Drilling Program) projects. The network of lines consists of two DEKORP profiles, DEKORP 4N and its appendix 4Q, and six shorter KTB profiles, KTB 8501 – 8506, arranged in the form of a grid parallel and perpendicular to the main tectonic lineaments. The purpose of the investigations was to explore the planned target area for the Continental Deep Drilling Site in the Upper Palatinate with high-fold near-vertical incidence vibroseis acquisition. The main focus was on the crustal structure of the central Mid-European Variscides down to the Moho and the uppermost mantle and, in particular, on the suture between the Moldanubian Zone and the northward adjacent Saxothuringian Zone as well as on the metamorphic Zone of Erbendorf-Vohenstrauss. The array of the KTB profiles represents the pre-cursor of the 3-D seismic survey ISO 1989 (Integrated Seismics Oberpfalz). Details of the experiment, first results and interpretations were published by DEKORP Research Group (1987, 1988). Results discussed together with the drilling site were presented in a number of works which can be found in Emmermann & Wohlenberg (1989). The Technical Report of KTB 8504 gives complete information about acquisition and processing parameters. The European Variscides, extending from the French Central Massif to the East European Platform, originated during the collision between Gondwana and Baltica in the Late Palaeozoic. Due to involvement of various crustal blocks in the orogenesis, the mountain belt is subdivided into distinct zones. The external fold-and-thrust belts of the Rhenohercynian and Saxothuringian as well as the predominantly crystalline body of the Moldanubian dominate the central European segment of the Variscides. Polyphase tectonic deformation, magmatism and metamorphic processes led to a complex interlinking between the units. The Saxothuringian represents the infill of a Cambro-Ordovician basin. The Moldanubian contains blocks of pre-Variscan crust and their Palaezoic cover. During the Variscan orogeny the Moldanubian crust was thrust toward the northwest over the Saxothuringian foreland. Both units were welded to one another by a low-pressure metamorphism accompanied by polyphase deformation (DEKORP Research Group, 1987, 1988). The NNW-SSE trending line KTB 8504 runs ca. 15 km southwest from the KTB drill site, nearly parallel to KTB 8505, KTB 8506 and DEKORP 4N and perpendicular to KTB 8501 – 8503. The profile is located southwest of the Franconian Line inside the Permo-Carboniferous and younger sediments of the Mesozoic foreland, which is underlain by a westward continuation of the Erbendorf-Vohenstrauss Zone (DEKORP Research Group, 1988).

Description: The 55 km long KTB Line 5 was recorded in 1985 as part of deep seismic reflection investigations for the DEKORP (German Continental Seismic Reflection Program) and KTB (German Continental Deep Drilling Program) projects. The network of lines consists of two DEKORP profiles, DEKORP 4N and its appendix 4Q, and six shorter KTB profiles, KTB 8501 – 8506, arranged in the form of a grid parallel and perpendicular to the main tectonic lineaments. The purpose of the investigations was to explore the planned target area for the Continental Deep Drilling Site in the Upper Palatinate with high-fold near-vertical incidence vibroseis acquisition. The main focus was on the crustal structure of the central Mid-European Variscides down to the Moho and the uppermost mantle and, in particular, on the suture between the Moldanubian Zone and the northward adjacent Saxothuringian Zone as well as on the metamorphic Zone of Erbendorf-Vohenstrauss. The array of the KTB profiles represents the pre-cursor of the 3-D seismic survey ISO 1989 (Integrated Seismics Oberpfalz). Details of the experiment, first results and interpretations were published by DEKORP Research Group (1987, 1988). Results discussed together with the drilling site were presented in a number of works which can be found in Emmermann & Wohlenberg (1989). The Technical Report of KTB 8505 gives complete information about acquisition and processing parameters. The European Variscides, extending from the French Central Massif to the East European Platform, originated during the collision between Gondwana and Baltica in the Late Palaeozoic. Due to involvement of various crustal blocks in the orogenesis, the mountain belt is subdivided into distinct zones. The external fold-and-thrust belts of the Rhenohercynian and Saxothuringian as well as the predominantly crystalline body of the Moldanubian dominate the central European segment of the Variscides. Polyphase tectonic deformation, magmatism and metamorphic processes led to a complex interlinking between the units. The Saxothuringian represents the infill of a Cambro-Ordovician basin. The Moldanubian contains blocks of pre-Variscan crust and their Palaezoic cover. During the Variscan orogeny the Moldanubian crust was thrust toward the northwest over the Saxothuringian foreland. Both units were welded to one another by a low-pressure metamorphism accompanied by polyphase deformation (DEKORP Research Group, 1987, 1988). The SSE-NNW trending line KTB 8505 runs from the Upper Palatinate Forest in the southeast to the Fichtel Mountains in the northwest. The line is located ca. 9 km northeast from the KTB drill site, nearly parallel to KTB 8504, KTB 8506 and DEKORP 4N and perpendicular to KTB 8501 – 8503. The profile also crosses the DEKORP 3D survey ISO 1989. KTB 8505 was arranged to explore the Tirschenreuth-Mähring segment of the Saxothuringian/Moldanubian boundary region (DEKORP Research Group, 1988).

Description: The 56 km long KTB Line 3 was recorded in 1985 as part of deep seismic reflection investigations for the DEKORP (German Continental Seismic Reflection Program) and KTB (German Continental Deep Drilling Program) projects. The network of lines consists of two DEKORP profiles, DEKORP 4N and its appendix 4Q, and six shorter KTB profiles, KTB 8501 – 8506, arranged in the form of a grid parallel and perpendicular to the main tectonic lineaments. The purpose of the investigations was to explore the planned target area for the Continental Deep Drilling Site in the Upper Palatinate with high-fold near-vertical incidence vibroseis acquisition. The main focus was on the crustal structure of the central Mid-European Variscides down to the Moho and the uppermost mantle and, in particular, on the suture between the Moldanubian Zone and the northward adjacent Saxothuringian Zone as well as on the metamorphic Zone of Erbendorf-Vohenstrauss. The array of the KTB profiles represents the pre-cursor of the 3-D seismic survey ISO 1989 (Integrated Seismics Oberpfalz). Details of the experiment, first results and interpretations were published by DEKORP Research Group (1987, 1988). Results discussed together with the drilling site were presented in a number of works which can be found in Emmermann & Wohlenberg (1989). The Technical Report of KTB 8503 gives complete information about acquisition and processing parameters. The European Variscides, extending from the French Central Massif to the East European Platform, originated during the collision between Gondwana and Baltica in the Late Palaeozoic. Due to involvement of various crustal blocks in the orogenesis, the mountain belt is subdivided into distinct zones. The external fold-and-thrust belts of the Rhenohercynian and Saxothuringian as well as the predominantly crystalline body of the Moldanubian dominate the central European segment of the Variscides. Polyphase tectonic deformation, magmatism and metamorphic processes led to a complex interlinking between the units. The Saxothuringian represents the infill of a Cambro-Ordovician basin. The Moldanubian contains blocks of pre-Variscan crust and their Palaezoic cover. During the Variscan orogeny the Moldanubian crust was thrust toward the northwest over the Saxothuringian foreland. Both units were welded to one another by a low-pressure metamorphism accompanied by polyphase deformation (DEKORP Research Group, 1987, 1988). The WSW – ENE striking line KTB 8503 is located normally to the KTB lines 8504, 8505 and 8506 and to DEKORP 4N running ca. 16 km south of the KTB drill hole. As well as the lines KTB 8501 and 8502 the profile 8503 was arranged parallel to strike running across the NW-SE directed system of block-faults at the southwestern margin of the Bohemian Massif (DEKORP Research Group, 1988). In the southwest KTB 8503 crosses the Franconian Line, a fault zone which separates the crystalline Bohemian Massif from a foreland. Farther to the northeast KTB 8503 runs through metamorphic nappes and Variscan granites of the Erbendorf-Vohenstrauss-Zone.

Description: Here, we present an empirical model of the equatorial electron pitch angle distributions, based on the Magnetic Electron Ion Spectrometer (MagEIS) instrument aboard the Van Allen Probes. The model was created for energies from 37 keV up to 2.65 MeV. The model uses the solar wind dynamic pressure as a driving parameter and has a continuous dependence on Lm, magnetic local time and activity. It works for L-shells from 3.05 up around 5.95. For each channel of the MagEIS instrument, there are two files with model coefficients, one for Pdyn 〈5.5-6 nPa (e.g., “Pijk_246_keV.dat’) , and the second one for very high dynamic pressure values above 5.5 nPa (e.g., “Pijk_246_keV_HIGH.dat’). The script to read both file types is provided (“read_coefs.py”), and the data format is explained in the readme file.

Description: The Central Andes (~21°S) is a subduction-type orogeny formed in the last ~50 Ma from the subduction of the Nazca oceanic plate beneath the South American continental plate. However, the most important phases of deformation occur in the last 20 Ma. Pulses of shortening have led to the sudden growth of the by the Altiplano-Puna plateau. Previous studies have provided insights on the importance of various mechanisms on the overall shortening such as the weakening of the overriding plate from crustal eclogitization and delamination, or the importance of a relatively high friction at the subduction interface, and weak sediments in foreland. However none of them has addressed the mechanism behind these shortening pulses yet. Therefore, we built a series of high resolution 2D visco-plastic subduction models using the ASPECT geodynamic code, in which the oceanic plate is buoyancy-driven and the velocity of the continent is prescribed. We have also implemented a realistic geometry for the south American plate at ~30 Ma. We propose a new plausible mechanism (buckling and steepening of the slab) as the cause of these pulses. The buckling leads to the blockage of the trench. Consequently, the difference of velocity between the South American plate and the trench is accommodated by shortening. The data presented here includes the parameters files, for the reference model (S1) and the following alternative simulations: models with variation of the friction at the subduction interface (S2a-c), a model without eclogitization of the lower crust (S3) and a model with higher thermal conductivity of the upper crust (S4). Additionally, this publication includes the initial composition and thermal state of the lithosphere used for the models and a Readme file that gives all the instructions to run them.

Description: The profile 2S was recorded in 1984 as part of the DEKORP project, the German deep seismic reflection program. The focus of the DEKORP project was on deep crustal and lithospheric structures and therefore originally not on structures at shallower depths. From today's perspective, however, this depth range is of great interest for a wide range of possible technical applications (including medium-depth and deep geothermal projects). The original data is published by Stiller et al. (2020). The northernmost 50 km of the 250 km long profile 2S were reprocessed on behalf of the Hessian Agency of Nature Conservation, Environment and Geology (HLNUG). The focus of the reprocessing was on improving the resolution / mapping of geological structures down to a depth of 6 km (approx. 3 s TWT) to describe the prolongation of faults and geological structures in more detail than in previous studies. In order to achieve these goals and in view of the fact that today's processing and evaluation methods have been improved considerably compared to the 1990‘s, a state-of-the-art reprocessing was implemented. In comparison with the original processing (Stiller et al. (2020)), more sophisticated processing steps like CRS (Common Reflection Surface) instead of CDP (Common Depth Point) stacking, turning-ray tomography and prestack time and depth migration were carried out. The reprocessing results of the DEKORP 2S survey comprise all datasets newly achieved in addition to the datasets from the original processing (Stiller et al. (2020)), i.e. (1) the migrated CRS image gathers as unstacked data, and (2) the pure CRS stack, the poststack-time as well as prestack-time and prestack-depth migrated sections as stacked data. Moreover, (3) all velocity models used for the different versions including (4) the separate first-break tomography inversion, are contained. All reprocessed data come in SEGY trace format, the final sections additionally in PDF graphic format. A reprocessing report is included as well as again all meta information for each domain (source, receiver, CDP) like coordinates, elevations, locations and static corrections combined in ASCII-tables for geometry assignment purposes. The DEKORP 2 survey, consisting of the three segments 86-2Q, 86-2N and 84-2S, starts in the sub-Variscan foredeep of the Münsterland Basin and ends in the Moldanubian region at the Danube. The central part crosses the Rhenish Massif (Rhenohercynian), the Spessart Mountains of the Mid-German Crystalline High (Saxothuringian) and the meteorite impact location of the "Nördlinger Ries". DEKORP '84-2S, was the first DEKORP line and the only one which mainly used explosives as the seismic source. The 250 km long, SE-NW striking profile extends from the Rhenohercynian Taunus Mountains to the Danube thereby crossing the Spessart Mountains, the Hessian Trough and the "Nördlinger Ries". The profile DEKORP 2S is the southern continuation of DEKORP 2N, which intersects at profile km 246.08. The reprocessed datasets contain a sub-section of the entire 2S profile with a total length of 50 km of full CDP fold, covering the profile’s northern part through the state of Hesse. The DEKORP '84-2S profile is of particular interest to investigate the seismic resolution of the Rhenohercynian Taunus Mountains including the Taunus ridge, as well as the Tertiary Hessian Trough, the Permian Wetterau nappe and a small part of the crystalline Spessart Mountains. The seismic sections of 2S show clearly visible, predominantly SE-dipping reflectors indicating flat-and-ramp tectonics and a differentiation into a highly reflective lower crust and a less reflective upper crust. Due to the use of explosive shots with relatively large spacing as the seismic source, less new information could be achieved for the uppermost crust compared to the original processing and to other DEKORP (vibroseis) surveys. A clear Moho reflection is visible throughout the whole profile section at a depth of ca. 26 to 28 km.

Description: “1-month seismological experiment on Etna, Italy in 2019" is a 1-month seismological experi-ment realized near the Pizzi Deneri Observatory on Etna, Italy, by Eva Eibl and Daniel Vollmer (University of Potsdam) in collaboration with Philippe Jousset from GFZ Potsdam Germany and Gilda Currenti and Graziano Larocca from INGV-OE, Italy. From August to September 2019, we recorded the volcano-seismic events accompanying the volcanic activity using a rotational sensor and a co-located seismometer. The aim of the seismological experiment was to study LP events, VT events and tremor. We used a 3-component broadband seismometer (Nanometrics Trillium Compact 120 s) and a 3-component rotational sensor (iXblue blueSeis-3A) and stored the data on a DataCube and CommunicationCube, respectively. Sensors were installed on the same 35 * 35 * 3 cm3 granitic base plate at about 40 cm depth enclosed by backfilled pyroclastic material to avoid wind noise. The instruments recorded at 200 Hz sampling rate and were located about 2 km from the craters on Etna. The setup was powered using 3 solar panels of 140W each and three batteries of 75Ah each. We oriented the rotational sensor and seismometer using a Quadrans fiber-optical gyrocompass. The Quadrans is not affected by magnetic minerals in the ground and our sensors are hence properly aligned to geographic north. We converted the seismometer data to MSEED using Pyrocko’s Jackseis program and created a catalogs of LP events and VT events that were further investigated in Eibl et al. 2022. Waveform data are available from the GEOFON data centre, under network code ZR.

Description: The profile DEKORP 3B/MVE, consisting of the two segments West and East, was recorded in 1990 as part of the DEKORP project, the German deep seismic reflection program. The focus of the DEKORP project was on deep crustal and lithospheric structures and therefore originally not on structures at shallower depths. From today's perspective, however, this depth range is of great interest for a wide range of possible technical applications (including medium-depth and deep geothermal projects). The original data is published by Stiller et al. (2021). The westernmost 91 km of the 208 km long profile 3B (West) were reprocessed on behalf of the Hessian Agency of Nature Conservation, Environment and Geology (HLNUG). As a particularity, also a set of 18 cross-lines, each ca. 12 km in length and perpendicular to the main lines, were surveyed along DEKORP 3B/MVE to get information about possible cross-dips. Four of those short cross-lines were reprocessed in 2D as well. The focus of the reprocessing of the old data was on improving the resolution / mapping of geological structures down to a depth of 6 km (approx. 3 s TWT) to describe the prolongation of faults and geological structures in more detail than in previous studies. In order to achieve these goals and in view of the fact that today's processing and evaluation methods have been improved considerably compared to the 1990‘s, a state-of-the-art reprocessing was implemented. In comparison with the original processing (Stiller et al. (2021)), more sophisticated processing steps like CRS (Common Reflection Surface) instead of CDP (Common Depth Point) stacking, turning-ray tomography and prestack time and depth migration were carried out. The reprocessing results of the DEKORP 3B (West) survey comprise all datasets newly achieved in addition to the datasets from the original processing (Stiller et al. (2021)), i.e. (1) the migrated CRS image gathers as unstacked data, and (2) the pure CRS stack, the poststack-time as well as prestack-time and prestack-depth migrated sections as stacked data. Moreover, (3) all velocity models used for the different versions including (4) the separate first-break tomography inversion, are contained. Additionally, the results of the 2D-reprocessing of cross-lines Q21-Q24 are included. All reprocessed data come in SEGY trace format, the final sections additionally in PDF graphic format. A reprocessing report is included as well as again all meta information for each domain (source, receiver, CDP) like coordinates, elevations, locations and static corrections combined in ASCII-tables for geometry assignment purposes. The DEKORP 3 survey was a combined seismic survey investigating the Variscan structures of the Rhenohercynian and the Saxothuringian. Consisting of three seismic lines it starts in the Rhenohercynian Hessian Depression (DEKORP 3A), crosses the Saxothuringian Mid-German Crystalline High (DEKORP 3B/MVE (West)) and runs parallel to the northern margin of the Moldanubian (DEKORP 3B/MVE (East)). The 207.65 km long DEKORP 3B (West) profile trends NW-SE and intersects DEKORP 3A in the Tertiary volcanic field within the "Northern Phyllite Zone". It crosses the Hessian Depression of the Rhenohercynian, runs through the Rhön Tertiary volcanic province and the Mesozoic Franconian Basin to the Bohemian Massif. The line ends at the Franconian Line. The reprocessed datasets contain a sub-section of the entire 3B (West) profile with a total length of 90.8 km of full CDP coverage, covering the territory of the state of Hesse, i. e. from the profile’s starting point in the NW to the SE until the Rhön volcanic complex. The reprocessed part of 3B (West) is intersected by four short cross-lines along the profile at km 8.75, 32.6, 64.75, 84.35 and by DEKORP 3A at km 42.3. The DEKORP '90-3B profile is of particular interest to investigate the seismic resolution of the Hessian depression, the east-hessian Buntsandstein nappe as well as the tertiary volcanic fields of the Kellerwald and Rhön.

Description: "2-year seismological experiment near Fagradalsfjall, Reykjanes peninsula in 2021/22" is a two-year seismological experiment realized near the eruptive site at Fagradalsfjall on the Reykjanes peninsula, Iceland, by Eva Eibl (University of Potsdam) in collaboration with Gylfi P. Hersir, Egill Á. Gudnason and Friðgeir Pétursson from ISOR Iceland. From March to September 2021 an effusive, basaltic eruption happened in Geldingadalir near mount Fagradalsfjall on the Reykjanes peninsula. The aim of the seismic experiment was to monitor volcano-seismic signals such as LP events, VT events and tremor, before, during and after the eruption from 14 March 2021 to August 2022. We used two broadband seismometers (Nanometrics Trillium Compact 120 s) and two rotational sensors (iXblue blueSeis-3A) and stored the data on DataCubes and CommunicationCubes, respectively. Sensors were until mid-June installed on the surface and shielded from wind using a bucket. From mid-June they were buried 40cm deep in the ground at about 2 km from the eruptive vent. At any given time, at least one station recorded the seismic signals caused by the eruption. Waveform data are available from the GEOFON data centre, under network code 9F.

Description: In coastal Arctic permafrost regions, thermokarst lagoons represent the transition state from a freshwater lacustrine to a marine environment, and receive little attention regarding their role for greenhouse gas production and release. The geochemical features of a thermokarst lagoon were compared with two thermokarst lakes on the Bykovsky Peninsula in northeastern Siberia. This data set includes pH, major cations and anions, alkalinity, salinity, and dissolved iron (ferric and ferrous) concentrations from porewater of lake and lagoon sediments; the concentration and stable isotopic signature of CH4 in small plug samples from the sediment cores; total carbon (TC), total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), and total sulfur (TS) measured from the bulk sediment; and several biomarker indices (e.g. CPI, Paq) were calculated based on n-alkane concentrations to characterize the origin of organic matter (OM) in the lakes.

Description: High resolution debris thickness mapping using land surface temperature maps (LST) and surface energy balance modelling (SEBM). LST data was produced by a radiometric thermal infrared measurements from an uncrewed aerial vehicle (UAV). The SEBM considers the rate of change of heat storage as an energy balance component derived from diurnal temperature variablity.

Description: This data repository contains a brief description of the building classification scheme for physical vulnerability to tsunamis and corresponding fragility functions originally proposed by Medina, 2019. These fragility functions are used as input to construct their associated state-dependent fragility functions using scaling factors, which were obtained as ad-hoc calibration parameters. A Python script to produce a file with such a model is provided along with the needed inputs and resulting output files.

Description: This folder contains the scripts, input and output files required to calculate the inter-scheme conversion matrices for building types and the implicit damage states of their respective fragility models for two selected vulnerability schemes: one for earthquakes and the other for tsunamis. They were used in previous studies to characterize the residential building stock of Lima. The outcomes generated in this data repository are valuable inputs to then calculate the disaggregated and cumulative damage and losses expected for cascading hazard scenarios.

Description: We present an outstanding record of local, dense Large-N seismic and distributed acoustic sensor observations of a meteoroid from July 2, 2021 in Iceland. Our dataset includes high-quality observations from seven small aperture arrays of few hundred meters, an infrasound array, and a rotational station, all located within the distance range of 300 km. The high-frequency data show a variety of different phases associated with the source process along the atmospheric trajectory, including impulsive negative 1 first ground motions, a complex coda wave train about 2.5 s long thereafter, an azimuth-dependent stopping phase with reversed polarity between 1-25 s after the first arrival, which is resolved over only a few kilometers. The ground motion amplitude between the first and last arrivals is generally elevated. We associate the waveform in the 2.5 s coda with meteor-atmosphere interactions and nonlinear plasma processes that produce an oscillating shock-wave source pulse. Our data suggest a small azimuth-dependent deflection or dispersion of this source pulse, which may be related to the meteoroid’s deceleration in the atmosphere. We present a finite-length kinematic line-source pulse model that consistently explains the different phases inside and outside the Mach cone segment of our images, their wave amplitude variations, and a polarity change between the first phase and the terminating phase. The previously undiscovered rich directivity effects can also explain seemingly contradictory, time-dependent wave energy beam-directions at the various small aperture arrays and along the DAS cable. A combination of conventional locations and a Bayesian inversion of first and stopping phase arrivals led to a precise localization of the meteor trajectory.

Description: This data publication encompasses a set of global tidal levels for individual epochs between 21 ka BP and present-day, the underlying global partial tides solutions (sea surface elevations and transports), and the global mean tidal dissipation as calculated from 8 partial tides. The data set was produced using the purely-hydrodynamical ocean tide model TiME, which was recently upgraded in the framework of the DFG-project Nerograv (https://www.lrg.tum.de/iapg/nerograv/) and which can be used for several applications: first, the reconstruction of indicative ranges for paleo sea levels markers, e.g. sea-level index points (SLIPs), second, to derive open boundary conditions for high-resolution regional paleo tide simulations, and third, to provide constraints for tidal deep ocean dissipation when running ocean general circulations models (OGCMs). The gridded information was transferred to a number of files in netcdf-format on a rotated-pole grid. The next section describes the creation of the data in more detail. Please also consider the data description for more details about the creation of this data set.