ALBERT

Note: Erscheinungsjahr in Vorlageform:1993-

Note: Contents Introduction 1 Climatic System: Data, Processes, Scales, and Deterministic Models 1.1 Main Components of the Climate System 1.1.1 "Thick" Subsystems 1.1.2 "Thin" Subsystems 1.1.3 Local and Discrete Objects 1.2 Climate Processes 1.2.1 Overview of Climate Processes 1.2.2 External Climate Mechanisms 1.2.3 Internal Mechanisms of Climatie Variations 1.2.4 Transfer-Accumulation Processes 1.3 Scales of Climatic Variability 1.3.1 Spatial Scales 1.3.2 Temporal Scales 1.4 Deterministic Climate Models 1.4.1 General Circulation Models and Coupled Models 1.4.2 Other Types of Climate Models 1.5 Observational Basis for Stochastic Climate Theory 1.5.1 Data on Variability of "Thick" Climatic Subsystems 1.5.1.1 Near-Surface Air Temperature 1.5.1.2 Other Atmospheric Variables 1.5.1.3 Sea Surface Temperature 1.5.1.4 Sea Level 1.5.1.5 lce Sheets 1.5.2 Data on Variables of Thin Earth Covers 1.5.2.1 Snow Cover 1.5.2.2 Sea lce 1.5.2.3 Vegetation Cover 1.5.3 Data on Discrete and Local Climatic Objects 1.5.3.1 River Runoff 1.5.3.2 Lakes 1.5.3.3 Mountain Glaciers 1.5.4 Conclusions on Observational Data 2 Theoretical Foundations of the Stochastic Approach to Climate Variability Studies 2.1 Basic Ideas and Principles of the Stochastic Climate Theory 2.1.1 Mathematical Models and Natural Processes 2.1.2 A Climatic Variable as a Random Variable 2.1.3 Evolution of a Climatic Variable as a Random Function 2.1.4 Stationarity of Climatic Processes 2.2 Introduction to the Theory of Random Functions with Emphasis on Climate Variability 2.2.1 Moments, Mean Value, Correlation Function 2.2.2 The Ergodicity of Climate Variability 2.2.3 Examples of Stationary Random Sequences 2.2.3.1 Uncorrelated Random Variables 2.2.3.2 Moving Averages 2.2.4 Spectral Representation of the Random Process 2.2.5 Climatic Meanings of the Spectral Distribution Function 2.2.6 Spectral Representation of Stationary Sequences 2.2.7 The Markov Sequence 2.2.8 The Discrete Wiener Process 2.2.9 Other Types of Random Functions 2.2.9.1 Autoregressive Models 2.2.9.2 Seasonal Models 2.2.9.3 Threshold Models 2.3 Estimation of Model Parameters 2.3.1 Theoretical Models and the Practice of Model Identification 2.3.2 Informational Approach to the Identification of Stochastic Models 2.3.3 Maximum Entropy Method and Autoregressive Models 2.3.4 Model Identification and Estimation of Model Parameters 2.3.5 An Example ofModel Identification and Parameter Estimation 2.3.6 Frequency Truncation Method of Normalized Spectral Estimates 2.3.7 Other Methods of Time Series Processing 2.3.7.1 Conventional Methods. Moving Average and ARMA models 2.3.7.2 "Deterministic Chaos". Other Methods of Nonlinear Analysis 2.4 Physical Basis of the Stochastic Climate Theory 2.4.1 Atmospheric Forcing ofthe Climate System 2.4.1.1 Observational Evidence 2.4.1.2 Atmospheric Model Results 2.4.1.3 Simple Nonlinear Model as Analog of Atmospheric Forcing 2.4.2 Hasselmann's Stochastic Climate Models 2.4.2.1 Hypothesis on Weather-Climate Two-Scale Separation 2.4.2.2 Classification of Climate Models 2.4.2.3 Analogies with Turbulent Fluid, Brownian Motion, and Other Physical Processes. The Central Limit Theorem 2.4.2.4 Spectra and Correlation Functions of the Stochastic Climate Models. Models Without Feedback 2.4.2.5 Models with Feedback 3 Stochastic Models of Recent Climatic Changes 3.1 Changes in Thick Climatic Subsystems 3.1.1 Local Changes 3.1.1.1 Analysis of Observational Data 3.1.1.2 Local Stochastic Dynamical Models 3.1.2 Regional, Spatially Averaged, and Two-Dimensional Patterns 3.1.2.1 20 Stochastic Patterns of Observational Data 3.1.2.2 Stochastic Dynamical Regional Models 3.1.2.3 Stochastic Models of ENSO Events 3.1.3 Globally Averaged Climate Variables 3.1.3.1 Global Water Mass Exchange. Global Mean Sea Level 3.1.3.2 Global Temperatures 3.1.3.3 "Minus Two" Law of Climatic Variability 3.1.3.4 Stochastic Dynamical Models of Global Temperatures 3.1.3.5 Local-Global Polarization Phenomenon 3.2 Variabilities of Thin Climatic Subsystems 3.2.1 Analyzed Oata 3.2.1.1 37 GHz Polarization Oifference and Related Data 3.2.1.2 Snow and Sea lce Remotely Sensed Data 3.2.1.3 Related Satellite-Based and Conventional Data on Global Air and Sea Temperatures 3.2.2 Comparison of Results for Remotely Sensed and Conventional Data 3.2.2.1 Comparison of Results on Local Scales 3.2.2.2 Globally Averaged 37 GHz Polarization Difference Data. Concentration of Carbon Dioxide in the Atmosphere 3.2.3 Results of Stochastic Analysis of Local and Regional Hydrological Changes 3.2.3.1 Results of 37 GHz PD Data Analysis for Floodable Areas 3.2.3.2 Results for 37 GHz PD Data on Vegetation Cover in Different Natural Zones 3.2.4 Results of Analysis of Global Changes in Hydrological and Related Parameters 3.2.5 Modeling the Dynamics of Thin Subsystems 3.2.6 Local-Global Polarization Phenomenon and Thin Climatic Subsystems 3.2.7 Discussion on the Global Climatic Subsystems 3.3 Changes in Local and Discrete Climatic Objects 3.3.1 Rivers and River Runoff 3.3.2 Mountain Glaciers 4 Stochastic Models for Glacial Cycles 4.1 Stochastic Analysis of Reconstructed Data on Glacial Cycles 4.1.1 Existing Paleoreconstructed Time Series 4.1.2 Results of Stochastic Analysis of the Last Deglaciation Period, 0 - 18 ka B.P. 4.1.3 Analysis of 200 - 300 ka Time Series 4.1.4 Longer Time Series. Features of Cyclicity 4.1.5 High Resolution Paleorecords 4.2 Zero-Dimensional Model of Glacial Cycles 4.2.1 Hypotheses, Assumptions, and Equations 4.2.2 Results of Numerical Experiments 4.3 Two-Dimensional Stochastic Dynamical Model of Glacial Cycles 4.3.1 Mathematical Model, Parameters, and Experiments 4.3.1.1 Computational Area 4.3.1.2 Equations and Parameters of the Model 4.3.1.3 Numerical Experiments 4.3.2 Results 4.3.2.1 Experiments Without External Forcing 4.3.2.2 Experiments With External Forcing. Globally Averaged Results 4.3.2.3 Zonally Averaged Results 4.3.2.4 Regional Results Conclusion References Index

Note: CONTENTS: 1 Concepts and Foundations of Remote Sensing. - 1.1 Introduction. - 1.2 Energy Sources and Radiation Principles. - 1.3 Energy Interactions in the Atmosphere. - 1.4 EnergyJnteractions with Earth Surface Features. - 1.5 Data Acquisition and Interpretation. - 1.6 Reference Data. - 1.7 The Global Positioning System. - 1.8 An Ideal Remote Sensing System. - 1.9 Characteristics of Real Remote Sensing Systems. - 1.10 Successful Application of Remote Sensing. - 1.11 Land and Geographic Information Systems. - 1.12 Organization of the Book. - Selected Bibliography. - 2 Elements of Photographic Systems. - 2.1 Introduction. - 2.2 Early History of Aerial Photography. - 2.3 Basic Negative-to-Positive Photographic Sequence. - 2.4 Film Exposure 2.5 Film Density and Characteristic Curves. - 2.6 Spectral Sensitivity of Black and White Films. - 2.7 Color Film. - 2.8 Color Infrared Film. - 2.9 Filters. - 2.10 Aerial Film Cameras. - 2.11 Film Resolution. - 2.12 Electronic Imaging. - 2.13 Aerial Videography. - 2.14 Multiband Imaging. - 2.15 Conclusion. - Selected Bibliography. - 3 Basic Principles of Photogrammetry. - 3.1 Introduction. - 3.2 Basic Geometric Characteristics of Aerial Photographs. - 3.3 Photographic Scale. - 3.4 Ground Coverage of Aerial Photographs. - 3.5 Area Measurement. - 3.6 Relief Displacement of Vertical Features. - 3.7 Image Parallax. - 3.8 Ground Control for Aerial Photography. - 3.9 Mapping with Aerial Photographs. - 3.10 Flight Planning. - 3.11 Conclusion. - Selected Bibliography. - 4 Introduction to Visual Image Interpretation. - 4.1 Introduction. - 4.2 Fundamentals of Visual Image Interpretation. - 4.3 Basic Visual Image Interpretation Equipment. - 4.4 Land Use/Land Cover Mapping. - 4.5 Geologic and Soil Mapping. - 4.6 Agricultural Applications. - 4.7 Forestry Applications. - 4.8 Rangeland Applications. - 4.9 Water Resource Applications. - 4.10 Urban and Regional Planning Applications. - 4.11 Wetland Mapping. - 4.12 Wildlife Ecology Applications. - 4.13 Archaeological Applications. - 4.14 Environmental Assessment. - 4.15 Principles of Landform Identification and Evaluation. - Selected Bibliography. - 5 Multispectral, Thermal, and Hyperspectral Sensing. - 5.1 Introduction. - 5.2 Across-Track Scanning. - 5.3 Along-Track Scanning. - 5.4 Operating Principles of Across-Track Multispectral Scanners. - 5.5 Example Along-Track Multispectral Scanner and Data. - 5.6 Across-Track Thermal Scanning. - 5.7 Thermal Radiation Principles. - 5.8 Interpreting Thermal Scanner Imagery. - 5.9 Geometric Characteristics of Across-Track Scanner Imagery. - 5.10 Geometric Characteristics of Along-Track Scanner- Imagery. - 5.11 Radiometric Calibration of Thermal Scanners. - 5.12 Temperature Mapping with Thermal Scanner Data. - 5.13 FLIR Systems. - 5.14 Hyperspectral Sensing. - 5.15 Conclusion. - Selected Bibliography. - 6 Earth Resource Satellites Operating in the Optical Spectrum. - 6.1 Introduction. - 6.2 Early History of Space Imaging. - 6.3 Landsat Satellite Program Overview. - 6.4 Landsat-1,-2, and-3. - 6.5 Landsat-4 and -5. - 6.6 Landsat-6 Planned Mission. - 6.7 Landsat-7. - 6.8 Landsat Image Interpretation. - 6.9 New Millennium Program. - 6.10 SPOT Satellite Program. - 6.11 SPOT-1,-2, and-3. - 6.12 SPOT-4. - 6.13 SPOT-5. - 6.14 SPOT Image Interpretation. - 6.15 Other Moderate Resolution Land Satellites. - 6.16 High Resolution Land Satellites. - 6.17 Hyperspectral Satellite Systems. - 6.18 Meteorological Satellites. - 6.19 Ocean Monitoring Satellites. - 6.20 Earth Observing System. - 6.21 Space Station Remote Sensing. - Selected Bibliography. - 7 Digital Image Processing. - 7.1 Introduction. - 7.2 Image Rectification and Restoration. - 7.3 Image Enhancement. - 7.4 Contrast Manipulation. - 7.5 Spatial Feature Manipulation. - 7.6 Multi-Image Manipulation. - 7.7 Image Classification. - 7.8 Supervised Classification. - 7.9 The Classification Stage. - 7.10 The Training Stage. - 7.11 Unsupervised Classification. - 7.12 Hybrid Classification. - 7.13 Classification of Mixed Pixels. - 7.14 The Output Stage. - 7.15 Postclassification Smoothing. - 7.16 Classification Accuracy Assessment. - 7.17 Data Merging and GIS Integration. - 7.18 Hyperspectral Image Analysis. - 7.19 Biophysical Modeling. - 7.20 Scale Effects. - 7.21 Image Transmission and Compression. - 7.22 Conclusion. - Selected Bibliography. - 8 Microwave Sensing. - 8.1 Introduction. - 8.2 Radar Development. - 8.3 Side Looking Radar System Operation. - 8.4 Synthetic Aperture Radar. - 8.5 Geometric Characteristics of Side-Looking Radar Imagery. - 8.6 Transmission Characteristics of Radar Signals. - 8.7 Other Radar Image Characteristics. - 8.8 Radar Image Interpretation. - 8.9 Radar Remote Sensing from Space. - 8.10 Seasat-1. - 8.11 Shuttle Imaging Radar. - 8.12 Almaz-1. - 8.13 ERS-1, ERS-2, and Envisat-1. - 8.14 JERS-1 and ALOS. - 8.15 Radarsat. - 8.16 LightSAR. - 8.17 Spaceborne Radar System Summary. - 8.18 Interferometric Radar. - 8.19 Planetary Exploration. - 8.20 Passive Microwave Sensing. - 8.21 Lidar. - Selected Bibliography. - Appendix. - Remote Sensing Data Sources. - Remote Sensing Periodicals. - Index.

Note: Contents List of Contributors Preface Acknowledgements 1. Determining Timescales for Groundwater Flow and Solute Transport / Peter G. Cook and John-Karl Bohlke 2. Inorganic Ions as Tracers / Andrew L. Herczeg and W. Mike Edmunds 3. Isotope Engineering - Using Stable Isotopes of the Water Molecule to Solve Practical Problems / Tyler B. Coplen, Andrew L. Herczeg and Chris Barnes 4. Radiocarbon Dating of Groundwater Systems / Robert M. Kalin 5. U-Series Nuclides as Tracers in Groundwater Hydrology / J. Kenneth Osmond and James B. Cowart 6. Radon-222 / L. DeWayne Cecil and Jaromy R. Green 7. Sulphur and Oxygen Isotopes in Sulphate / H. Roy Krouse and Bernhard Mayer 8. Strontium Isotopes / Robert H. McNutt 9. Nitrate Isotopes in Groundwater Systems / Carol Kendall and Ramon Aravena 10. Chlorine-36 / Fred M. Phillips 11. Atmospheric Noble Gases / Martin Stute and Peter Schlosser 12. Noble Gas Radioisotopes: 37Ar, 85 Kr, 39Ar, 81 Kr / Heinz H. Loosli, Bernhard E. Lehmann and William M. Smethie, Jr. 13. 3H and 3He / D. Kip Solomon and Peter G. Cook 14. 4He in Groundwater / D. Kip Solomon 15. Chlorofluorocarbons / L. Niel Plummer and Eurybiades Busenberg 16. δ11 B, Rare Earth Elements, δ 37Cl, 32 Si, 35S, 129I / Avner Vengosh, Arthur J. Spivack, Kevin J. Johannesson, W. Berry Lyons, Tamie R. Weaver, Uwe Morgenstern, Robert L. Michel, June Fabryka-Martin Appendix 1: Stable Isotope Notation and Fractionation Appendix 2: Decay Constants and Half-Lives of Radioactive Isotopes Appendix 3: Solubilities of Environmental Gas Tracers Appendix 4: Liquid and Gas-Phase Diffusion Coefficients Index

Note: Contents: 1. Introduction. - Overview. - 1.1 The use of diatoms in paleolimnology. - 1.2 Studies of freshwater diatoms in northern Québec and Labrador. - 1.3 Purpose of this project. - 2. Diatoms as indicators of dissolved organic carbon (DOC), alkalinity, and water colour. - Overview. - 2.1 Study area. - 2.2 Methods. - 2.2.1 Sampling and measurement procedures. - 2.2.2 Numerical analysis. - 2.3 Ordination results. - 2.3.1 PCA. - 2.3.2 CCA. - 2.4 Inference models. - 2.4.1 WA-PLS. - 2.4.2 Potential indicator taxa. - 2.5 Implications for paleoecological studies. - 3. Diatom taxa. - Overview. - Diatom flora. - References. - Plates. - Appendix I Raw environmental data for the 59 study sites of Jamésie-Hudsonie. - Appendix II Raw environmental data for the 64 study sites of Québec-Labrador. - Appendix III Taxonomic index of the 218 most abundant diatom species used for CCA plotting in Jamésie-Hudsonie. - Appendix IV Taxonomic index of the 128 most abundant diatom species used for CCA plotting in Québec-Labrador. - Species index

Note: Contents of Part I. p. vii - viii Part I: Characterization and Interpretation of Structural Variations with Temperature and Pressure Chapter 1. Principles of Comparative Crystal Chemistry by Robert M. Hazen, Robert T. Downs, and Charles T. Prewitt, p. 1 - 34 Chapter 2. Equations of State by Ross J. Angel, p. 35 - 60 Chapter 3. Analysis of Harmonic Displacement Factors by Robert T. Downs, p. 61 - 88 Chapter 4. Animation of Crystal Structure Variations with Pressure, Temperature and Composition by Robert T. Downs and P.J. Heese, p. 89 - 118 Part II: Variation of Structures with Temperature and Pressure Contents of Part II. p. 119 - 122 Chapter 5. Systematics of High-Pressure Silicate Structures by Larry W. Finger and Robert M. Hazen, p. 123 - 156 Chapter 6. Comparative Crystal Chemistry of Dense Oxide Minerals by Joseph R. Smyth, Steven D. Jacobsen, and Robert M. Hazen, p. 157 - 186 Chapter 7. Comparative Crystal Chemistry of Orthosilicate Minerals by Joseph R. Smyth, Steven D. Jacobsen, and Robert M. Hazen, p. 187 - 210 Chapter 8. Chain and Layer Silicates at High Temperatures and Pressures by Hexiong Yang and Charles T. Prewitt, p. 211 - 256 Chapter 9. Framework Structures by Nancy L. Ross, p. 257 - 288 Chapter 10. Structural Variations in Carbonates by Simon A.T. Redfern, p. 289 - 308 Chapter 11. Hydrous Phases and Hydrogen Bonding at High Pressure by Charles T. Prewitt and John B. Parise, p. 309 - 334 Chapter 12. Molecular Crystals by Russell J. Hemley and Przemyslaw Dera, p. 335 - 420 Part III: Experimental Techniques Contents of Part III. p. 421 - 424 Chapter 13. High-Temperature Devices and Environmental Cells for X-ray and Neutron Diffraction Experiments by Ronald C. Peterson and Hexiong Yang, p. 425 - 444 Chapter 14. High-Pressure Single-Crystal Techniques by Ronald Miletich, David R. Allan, and Werner F. Kuhs, p. 445 - 520 Chapter 15. High-Pressure and High-Temperature Powder Diffraction by Yingwei Fei and Yanbin Wang, p. 521 - 558 Chapter 16. High-Temperature­High-Pressure Diffractometry by Ross J. Angel, Robert T. Downs, and Larry W. Finger, p. 559 - 596

Note: CONTENTS Preface of the Head Editor Preface of Academician V.A.Obruchev I. Reasons and objectives of the compilation of these materials II. History of the problem of soil frost II.1. Reports about soil frost before the construction of a new well (shaft) at Yakutsk II.2. Discoveries from the new shaft at Yakutsk II.3. Preparation for further studies III. On the term 'soil frost' (Bodeneis) IV. Varieties of soil frost IV.1. In terms of its longevity IV.2. In terms of its distribution IV.3. In terms of physics IV.4. Soil frost in terms of geology V. Distribution of continuous soil frost in the Old World V.1. General information V.2. European part of continuous soil frost in the Old World V.3. The Urals mountain chain and West Siberia V.4. Middle Siberia V.5. East Siberia V.6. Kamchatka, Islands, North America VI. Thickness of Siberian soil frost VII. Springs and rivers in soil frost VIII. Physical conditions dictating soil temperature and occurrence of unmelting soil frost VIll.1. Sources of heat in general Vlll.2. Heat of the Earth VIll.3. Heat from the Sun VIll.4. Local sources of heat Appendices 1. Wood about Novaya Zemlya and earlier reports of Frobisher on permanent frost in soils in North America 2. Martens about Spitsbergen 3. Surveys on l'Isle de la Croyeres in Siberia 4. Gmelin' s observations of soil frost at Yakutsk 5. Oldest well at Yakutsk 6. Observations near Kara-Ulach River 7. Soil frost at Argun near the Russian-Chinese border 8. Other early reports from Dauria 9. Mairan. On depth of frost penetration 10. Mairan. On Siberian soils 11. Soil frost near river banks. Pallas' observations 12. Sujew's observations in the far north of Siberia 13. Georgi's observations in the Baikal area and Witim plateau 14. Ice valleys along the road from Yakutsk to Okhotsk 15. Adams' report about the location of mammoth findings in the Arctic seashore 16. So-called ice mountains in the Kotzebue Sound 17. Doubts about large ice thickness 18. An excerpt from the Shukin's letter, Yakutsk, July 1830 19. Addition to the Prof. A.Erman's report cited above 21. Von Gelmersen's note about a well dug at Yakutsk 22. On the beginning of Shergin's undertaking 23. Questions addressed to Shergin 28. Gedenstrom. Study of soil layers near the Siberian Sea 29. Wrangell's observations 30. Observations ofWrangell's companions 34. Doctor Ruprecht's observations on Kolguev Island, Kanin Peninsula and western part of the Samoeds' land (1841) 35. Notes about the European land of Samoeds, soil frost and depth of thawing / Written by Mr.Schrenk in 1836 36. Erman's observations at Nizhnetagilsk 37. Gumboldt. Poggendorfs Annalen XXIII, S.105 und weiter 38. Erman's observations in boreholes at Tobolsk 39. Erman's observations in boreholes at Berezovo 40. Erman's observations in boreholes at Obdorsk 42. From Gedenstorm's manuscript 49. An ice block overgrown with bush is floating on the river 50. Glaciers near Copper Creek in north-western America 51. About the glacier covered by a lava flow 53. Formation of bottom ice in Siberian rivers 54. We travelled along the Aldan River 55. Rivers with no water in winter 56. We covered about forty versts From the Shergin's diary, 1836 and 1937 Linear measures used in K.Baer's "Materials ... " , СОДЕРЖАНИЕ Предисловие ответственного редактора . Предисловие академика В.А. Обручева I. Повод и цель собрания этих материалов II. История вопроса о почвенном льде Il.1. Сведения о почвенном льде до проходки нового якутского колодца (шахты) II.2. Открытие в новой якутской шахте II.3. Подготовка к новым исследованиям III. О названии "почвенный лед" (Bodeneis) IV. Разновидности почвенного льда IV .1. В отношении его долговечности IV .2. В отношении его распространения IV .3. В отношении физических норм IV.4. Почвенный лед в геологическом отношении V. Распространение сплошной ледяной почвы в Старом Свете V.1. Общие сведения V.2. Европейская часть сплошной ледяной почвы Старого Света V.3. Цепь Уральских гор и Западная Сибирь V.4. Средняя Сибирь V.5. Восточная Сибирь V.6. Камчатка, Острова, Северная Америка. VI. Мощность сибирской ледяной почвы VII. Содержание в ледяной почве источников и рек VIII. Физические условия, определяющие температуру почвы и существование нетающего почвенного льда VIII.1. Источники тепла вообще VIII.2. Собственное тепло земного шара VIIl.3. Обогревание солнцем VIII.4. Местные источники тепла Приложения 1. Вуд о Новой Земле и более ранние известия Фробишера о постоянном морозе в почве Северной Америки 2. Мартенс о Шпицбергене 3. Изыскания в Сибири Де Лиль дела Кроуайер 4. Наблюдения Гмелина над почвенным льдом в Якутске 5. Древнейший колодец в Якутске 6. Наблюдения у реки Кара-Улах 7. Почвенный лед на Аргуни у русско-китайской границы 8. Другие, более старые сообщения о Даурии 9. Маран. О глубине проникновения холода 10. Маран. О почве Сибири 11. Почвенный лед у речных берегов. Наблюдения Палласа 12. Наблюдения Зуева на крайнем севере Сибири 13. Наблюдения Георги в окрестностях Байкала и на Витимском плоскогорье 14. Ледяные долины по дороге из Якутска в Охотск 15. Сообщение Адамса о месте нахождения мамонта на берегу Ледовитого моря 16. Так называемые ледяные горы в заливе Коцебу 17. Сомнение в большой мощности льда 18. Вьmиска из письма Щукина, Якутск, июль, 1830 г. 19. Добавление к вышеприведенному известию проф. А. Эрмана 21. Заметка г. фон Гельмерсена о разрабатываемом колодце в г. Якутске 22. О начале предприятия Шергина 23. Вопросы, поставленные Шергину 28. Геденштром. Исследование пластов почвы у Сибирского ледовитого моря 29. Наблюдения Врангеля 30. Наблюдения спутников Врангеля 34. Наблюдения доктора Рупрехта на острове Колгуев, полуострове Канин и в западных частях Самоедовской земли ( 1841) 35. Заметки об европейской стране Самоедов, о почвенном льде и глубине, до которой происходит оттаивание земли. Записано г. Шренком в 1836 г. 36. Наблюдения Эрмана в Нижнетагильске 37. Гумбольдт. Poggendorfs Annalen XXIII, S.105 und weiter 38. Буровые исследования Эрмана в Тобольске 39. Буровые исследования Эрмана в Березово 40. Буровые исследования Эрмана в Обдорске 42. Из рукописи Геденштрома 49. Поросший кустарником остров на ледяной глыбе плывет по реке 50. Глетчеры у р. Медной в Северо-Западной Америке 51. О глетчере, покрытом потоком лавы 53. Образование донного льда в реках Сибири 54. Мы прошли по Алдану 55. Реки, которые зимой лишены воды 56. Мы прошли около сорока верст Из дневника Шергина за 1836 и 1837 п. Меры длины, используемые в "Материалах ..." К.М. Бэра , In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: Contents Preface 1. Introduction 1.1 The problem of scale transfer 1.2 Aims and scope 1.3 Definitions 1.4 Contents of this book 2. Upscaling 2.1 A classification of upscaling methods 2.2 Averaging of observations or output variables 2.2.1 Exhaustive Information 2.2.2 Design based methods 2.2.3 Geostatistical prediction 2.2.4 Deterministic functions 2.2.5 Combinations and auxiliary information 2.3 Finding representative parameters or input variables 2.3.1 Exhaustive information 2.3.2 Deterministic functions 2.3.3 Indirect stochastic methods 2.3.4 Direct stochastic methods 2.3.5 Inverse modelling 2.4 Averaging of model equations 2.4.1 Deterministic: temporal or volume averaging 2.4.2 Stochastic: ensemble averaging 2.5 Model simplification 2.5.1 Lumped conceptual modelling 2.5.2 Meta-modelling 3. Downscaling 3.1 A classification of downscaling methods 3.2 Empirical functions 3.2.1 Deterministic functions 3.2.2 Conditional stochastic functions 3.2.3 Unconditional stochastic functions 3.3 Mechanistic models 3.3.1 Deterministic functions 3.3.2 Conditional stochastic functions 3.3.3 Unconditional stochastic functions 3.4 Fine scale auxiliary information 3.4.1 Deterministic functions 3.4.2 Conditional stochastic functions 3.4.3 Unconditional stochastic functions 4. A simple DSS for upscaling and downscaling 4.1 Purpose and philosophy of the DSS 4.2 Functionality and options at startup 4.3 Definition of the research chain over the scales 4.3.1 Define a new research chain 4.3.2 Modify parts of research chain 4.4 Enter the DSS from the research chain 4.5 DSS Upscaling and Downscaling Appendix: Random Variables and Stochastic Functions Glossary Contents References Index

Note: Contents List of Acronyms List of Symbols Foreword Preface Prologue Chapter 1 Introduction to Ocean Dynamics 1.1 Types, Advantages, and Limitations of Ocean Models 1.2 Recent Examples 1.3 Governing Equations 1.4 Vorticity Conservation 1.5 Nondimensional Numbers and Scales of Motion 1.6 Geostrophic Flow and Thermal Wind 1.7 Inertial Motions 1.8 Ekman Layers 1.9 Sverdrup Transport 1.10 Western Boundary Intensification (Stommel Solution) 1.11 Gyre Scale Circulation (Munk Solution) 1.12 Barotropic Currents over Topography 1.13 Baroclinic Transport over Topography 1.14 Coastal Upwelling and Fronts 1.15 Mesoscale Eddies and Variability 1.16 Thermohaline Circulation and Box (Reservoir) Models 1.17 Numerical Models Chapter 2 Introduction to Numerical Solutions 2.1 Introduction 2.1.1 Architecture 2.1.2 Computational Errors 2.2 Ordinary Differential Equations 2.2.1 Runge-Kutta Method 2.3 Partial.Differential Equations 2.3.1 Consistency, Convergence, and Stability 2.3.2 Elliptic, Hyperbolic, and Parabolic Systems 2.4 Elliptic Equations and Steady-State Problems 2.4.1 Direct Solvers 2.4.2 Iterative Solvers and Relaxation Methods 2.4.3 Preconditioned Conjugate Gradient Method 2.4.4 Multigrid Methods 2.4.5 Pseudo-transient Method 2.5 Time Dependent Problems 2.5.1 Advection Equation and Hyperbolic Systems 2.5.2 Diffusion Equation and Parabolic Systems 2.6 Finite-Difference (Grid Point) Methods 2.6.1 Staggered Grids 2.6.2 Time Differencing and Filtering 2.6.3 Computational Grids 2.7 Spectral (Spectral Transform) Methods 2.8 Finite-Element Methods 2.8.1 Spectral Element Approach 2.9 Parameterization of Subgrid Scale Processes 2.10 Lateral Open Boundary Conditions 2.11 Computational Issues 2.12 Examples 2.12.1 Inertial Oscillations 2.12.2 Thermohaline Circulation 2.12.3 Normal Modes 2.12.4 Gyre Scale Circulation 2.12.5 Advection Problems 2.12.6 M.I.T. Nonhydrostatic Global Model Chapter 3 Equatorial Dynamics and Reduced Gravity Models Solutions 3.1 Oceanic Dynamical Response to Forcing 3.2 Governing Equations 3.3 Equatorial Waves 3.3.1 Kelvin Waves 3.3.2 Yanai Waves 3.3.3 Rossby Waves 3.3.4 Inertia-Gravity (Poincare) Waves 3.4 Equatorial Currents 3.5 Reduced Gravity Model of Equatorial Processes Chapter 4 Midlatitude Dynamics and Quasi-Geostrophic Models 4.1 Linear Motions 4.1.1 Inertia-Gravity (Sverdrup/Poincare) Waves 4.1.2 Kelvin Waves 298 4.1.3 Planetary Ross by Waves 4.1.4 Topographic Rossby Waves 4.2 Continuous Stratification 4.3 Geostrophic Adjustment and Instabilities 4.3.1 Geostrophic Adjustment 4.3.2 Instabilities 4.4 Spinup 4.5 Quasi-Geostrophic Models 4.5.1 Governing Equations 4.5.2 Applications Chapter 5 High-Latitude Dynamics and Sea-Ice Models 5.1 Salient Features of Ice Cover 5.2 Momentum Equations for Sea Ice 5.3 Constitutive Law for Sea Ice (Ice Rheology) 5.3.1 Viscous-Plastic Ice Rheology 5.3.2 Elastic-Viscous-Plastic Ice Rheology 5.4 Continuity Equations for Sea Ice 5.5 Response of Sea Ice to Storm Passage 5.6 Numerics 5.6.1 Governing Equations in Orthogonal Curvilinear Coordinates 5.6.2 Solution Technique Chapter 6 Tides and Tidal Modeling 6.1 Description of Tides 6.2 Formulation: Tidal Potential 6.3 Body, Load, Atmospheric, and Radiational Tides 6.3.1 Body (Solid Earth) Tides 6.3.2 Load Tides 6.3.3 Atmospheric Tides 6.3.4 Radiational Tides 6.4 Dynamical Theory of Tides: Laplace Tidal Equations 6.5 Equilibrium Theory of Tides 6.6 Tidal Analysis: Orthotides 6.7 Tidal Currents 6.8 Global Tidal Models 6.9 Regional Tidal Models 6.10 Geophysical Implications 6.10.1 Tidal Dissipation and LOD 6.10.2 Tidal Energetics 6.11 Changes in Earth's Rotation 6.12 Baroclinic (Internal) Tides 6.13 Long-Period Tides 6.14 Shallow Water Tides and Residual Currents 6.15 Summary Chapter 7 Coastal Dynamics and Barotropic Models 7.1 Wind- and Buoyancy-Driven Currents 7.2 Tidal Motions 7.3 Continental Shelf Waves 7.4 Modeling Shelf Circulation 7.5 Barotropic Models 7.5.1 Coastal Ocean Response to Wind Forcing 7.5.2 Storm Surges and Storm Surge Modeling 7.5.3 Response to Pressure Forcing Chapter 8 Data and Data Processing 8.1 In Situ Observational Data 8.1.1 XBT, CTD, CM, ADCP, and Drifter Data 8.1.2 Historical Hydrographic Data 8.1.3 Historical Marine Surface Data 8.2 Remotely Sensed Data 8.2.1 Sea Surface Temperature from IR Sensors 8.2.2 Sea Surface Winds from Microwave Sensors 8.2.3 Chlorophyll and Optical Clarity from Color Sensors 8.2.4 Sea Surface Height from Satellite Altimetry 8.3 NWP Products 8.4 Preprocessing of Observational Data and Postprocessing of Model Output 8.4.1 Graphics and Visualization of Model Output 8.4.2 Analyses Chapter 9 Sigma-Coordinate Regional and Coastal Models 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Governing Equations 9.3 Vertical Mixing 9.4 Boundary Conditions 9.5 Mode Splitting 9.6 Numerics 9.6.1 Vertical Direction 9.6.2 Horizontal Direction 9.7 Numerical Problems 9.8 Applications 9.9 Code Structure Chapter 10 Multilevel Basin Scale and Global Models 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Governing Equations 10.3 Isopycnal Diffusion 10.4 Architecture and Other Model Features 10.5 Applications 10.6 Hybrid s-Coordinate Models 10.7 Regional z-Level Models Chapter 11 Layered and Isopycnal Models 11.1 Layered Models 11.2 Isopycnal Models Chapter 12 Ice-Ocean Coupled Models 12.1 Sea-Ice Models 12.2 Coupled Ice-Ocean Models Chapter 13 Ocean-Atmosphere Coupled Models 13.1 Coupling between the Ocean and the Atmosphere 13.2 Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere General Circulation Models 13.3 Regional Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Models Chapter 14 Data Assimilation and Nowcasts/ Forecasts 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Direct Insertion 14.3 Nudging 14.4 Statistical Assimilation Schemes 14.4.1 Kalman Filter 14.4.2 Reduced State Space Kalman Filters 14.4.3 Optimal Interpolation (OI) Scheme 14.5 Variational Methods 14.5.1 Adjoint Models 14.6 Predictability of Nonlinear Systems-Low Order Paradigms 14.7 Nowcasts/Forecasts in the Gulf of Mexico Appendix A Equations of State A.1 Equation of State for the Ocean A.2 Equation of State for the Atmosphere Appendix B Wavelet Transforms B.1 Introduction B.1.1 Theory B.1.2 Continuous Wavelet Transforms (CWT) B.1.3 Discrete Wavelet Transforms (DWT) B.2 Examples B.3 Wavelet Transforms and Stochastic Processes B.4 Two-Dimensional Wavelet Transforms B.5 Cross Wavelet Transforms (CrWT) B.6 Error Analysis Appendix C Empirical Orthogonal Functions and Empirical Normal Modes C.1 Empirical Orthogonal Functions C.1.1 Complex EOFs C.1.2 Singular Spectrum Analysis C.1.3 Extended EOFs C.1.4 Coupled Pattern Analysis C.2 Empirical Normal Modes Appendix D Units and Constants D.1 Useful Quantities D.1.1 SI (International System of Units) Units and Conventions D.1.2 Useful Conversion Factors D.1.3 Useful Universal Constants D.1.4 Useful Geodetic Constants D.1.5 Useful Physical Constants D.1.6 Useful Dynamical Quantities D.2 Important Scales and Quantities D.2.1 Length Scales D.2.2 Timescales D.2.3 Velocity Scales D.2.4 Nondimensional Quantities D.3 Useful Websites References Biographies Index

Note: Contents: Preface. - Acknowledgements. - Summary poem. - Introduction. - 1. Oceanic freshwater fluxes in the climate system / Anders Stigebrandt. - 2. Global atmospheric circulation patterns and relationships to Arctic freshwater fluxes / J. E. Walsh. - 3. Atmospheric components of the Arctic Ocean freshwater balance and their interannual variability / R. G. Barry and M. C. Serreze. - 4. Hydroclimatology of the Arctic drainage basin / L. C. Bowling, D. P. Lettenmaier and B. V. Matheussen. - 5. The Arctic Ocean's freshwater budget: sources, storage and export / Eddy C. Carmack. - 6. The Arctic ocean freshwater budget of a climate general circulation model / Howard Cattle and Douglas Cresswell. - 7. Atmospheric components of the Arctic Ocean bydrologic budget assessed from Rawinsonde data / M. C. Serreze and R. G. Barry. - 8. Reanalyses depictions of the Arctic atmospheric moisture budget / D. H. Bromwich, R. I. Cullather and M. C. Serreze. - 9. Moisture transport to Arctic drainage basins relating to significant precipitation events and cyclogenesis / John R. Gyakum. - 10. Atmospheric climate models: simulation of the Arctic Ocean fresh water budget components / V. M. Kattsov, J. E. Walsh, A. Rinke and K. Dethloff. - 11. Discharge observation networks in Arctic regions: computation of the river runoff into the Arctic Ocean, its seasonality and variability / W. E. Grabs, F. Portmann and T. de Couet. - 12. Arctic river flow: a review of contributing areas / I. A. Shiklomanov, A. I. Shiklomanov, R. B. Lammers, B. J. Peterson and C. J. Vorosmarty. - 14. River input of water, sediment, major ions, nutrients and trace metals from Russian territory to the Arctic Ocean / V. V. Gordeev. - 15. The dispersion of Siberian river flows into coastal waters: meteorological, hydrological and hydrochemical aspects / I. P. Semiletov, N. I. Savelieva, G. E. Weller, I. I. Pipko, S. P. Pugach, A. Yu. Gukov and L. N. Vasilevskaya. - 16. The variable climate of the Mackenzie River basin: its water cycle and fresh water discharge / R. E. Stewart. - 17. Arctic estuaries and ice: a positive-negative estuarine couple / R. W. Macdonald. - 18. Satellite views of the Arctic Ocean freshwater balance / D. A. Rothrock, R. Kwok and D. Groves. - 19. Tracer studies of the Arctic freshwater budget / P. Schlosser, B. Ekwurzel, S. Khatiwala, B. Newton, W. Maslowski and S. Pfirman. - 20. Exchanges of freshwater through the shallow straits of the North American Arctic / Humfrey Melling. - 21. The transformations of Atlantic water in the Arctic Ocean and their significance for the freshwater budget / Bert Rudels and Hans J. Friedrich. - 22. Modelling the variability of exchanges between the Arctic Ocean and the Nordic seas / Rüdiger Gerdes. - 23. Sea ice growth, melt and modeling: a survey / Michael Steele and Gregory M. Flato. - 24. Fresh water freezing/melting cycle in the Arctic Ocean / G. V. Alekseev, L. V. Bulatov and V. F. Zakharov. - Colour plates. - Subject index.

Note: Contents: Foreword. - A second foreword. - Phycogeographic aspects. - Lists of the new taxa. - Acknowledgements. - Description of the taxa. - Centric diatoms. - Araphid diatoms. - Raphid diatoms. - Monoraphid diatoms. - Biraphid diatoms. - Naviculaceae (in traditional sense). - Bacillariaceae. - Auriculaceae. - Epithemiaceae. - Surirellaceae. - Latin - diagnosis. - Plates. - Bibliography. - Index of the taxa.

Note: Contents: Introduction. - 1. An assessment of the natural conditions of contaminant accumulation in the Russian Arctic Seas. - 1.1 Climate. - 1.2. Hydrological and ice conditions. - 1.3. Russian Arctic Sea Bottom Contour. - 1.4. Present-day precipitation in the Russian Arctic Seas. - 2. Sources of Russian Arctic radioactive sea contamination. - 2.1. Novaya Zemlya Nuclear-Weapon Tests. - 2.2. Chemical plants as sources of radioactive sea contamination in the Arctic. - 2.2.1. Plants in Siberia and the Urals. - 2.2.2. Radiochemical plants in Western Europe. - 2.3. Dumping solid and liquid radioactive waste in the Barents and the Kara Seas. - 2.4. The Northern Military Marine and the Atomic Icebreaker Fleet of Murmansk Sea Shipping Company. - 3. The dynamics of mass and technologenic radionuclides in the Russian Arctic Seas. - 3.1. Hydrogenic mass / radionuclide transfer. - 3.2. Gravitational mass flows in Arctic Seas. - 3.3. Transfer by ice in the Arctic Seas. - 3.4. Biogenic mass flows in Arctic Seas. - 3.5. Atmospheric mass flows. - 4. Radionuclide distribution in the Russian Arctic Sea environment. - 4.1. Radioactive contamination of sea water. - 4.2. Radioactive contamination of ice. - 4.3. Radionuclide distribution in sea bottom sediments of the Russian Arctic Seas. - 4.4. Radionuclide distribution in the atmosphere over the Russian Arctic Seas. - 5. Biological accumulation of technogenic radionuclides. - 6. Arctic radioactive contamination and the health of the population. - Conclusion. - Summary. - Terminology. - References. , In kyrill. Schr.

Note: In kyrill. Schr.

Note: Oglavlenie: Predislovie. - 1. Detstvo i junost'. Pervye šagi v nauke (1880-1906 gg.). - 2. Pervaja grenlandskaja ėkspedicija (1906-1908 gg.). - 3. Pervyj marburgskij period. Roždenie gipotezy peremeščenija kontinentov (1908-1912 gg.). - 4. Vtoraja grenlandskaja ėkspedicija (1912-1913 gg.). - 5. Vtoroj marburgskij period (1913-1918 gg.). Pervaja mirovaja vojna. - 6. Tretij marburgskij i gamburgskij periody (1919-1924 gg.). Proischoždenie lunnych kraterov i luny. Razvitie gipotezy peremeščenija kontinentov i klimaty geologičeskogo prošlogo v ee svete. - 7. Sčastlivye gody professury v grace (1924-1930 gg.). - 8. Tret'ja grenlandskaja ėkspedicija Vegenera i ego tragičeskaja smert' (1929-1930 gg.). - 9. Mobilistskaja koncepcija Vegenera i ee pol' v chode razvitija nauk o zemle v XX v. - Literatura. - Osnovnye daty žizni i dejatel'nosti Vegenera. - Ukazatel' imen. , In kyrill. Schr

Note: Contents: Executive Summary. - Introduction. - Objectives. - ANTOSTRAT background. - Summary statements. - Input needs for Antarctic paleoclimate modelling. - ANTOSTRAT data management with the information system PANGEA. - Ocean Drilling Programme. - Cape Roberts drilling. - Marine shallow drilling. - Dreging/coring. - Under-ice drilling. - Lake coring. - Terrestrial shallow drilling. - Cosmogenic surface exposure dating in Antarctica: progress and potential. - Synthesis and directions. - Summary. - References. - Acknowledgements. - Appendices. - 1. Workshop agenda. - 2. Workshop participants. - 3. Meeting Report published in EOS. - 4. Acronyms and abbreviations.

Note: Section 1. Weather rankings -- Section 2. Major storm events -- Section 3. State chapters -- Section 4. Appendices.

Note: Contents: Preface / Helle V. Goldman, Bruce Forbes & Gary Kofinas. - Research planning in the face of change: the human role in reindeer/caribou systems / Gary Kofinas, Gail Osherenko, David Klein & Bruce Forbes. - Reindeer husbandry/hunting in Russia in the past, present and future / Leonid M. Baskin. - Chukotkan reindeer husbandry in the post-socialist transition / Patty A. Gray. - Nenets reindeer herders on the lower Yenisei River: traditional economy under current conditions are responses to economic change / Konstantin B. Klokov. - Reindeer pastoralism in modern Siberia: research and survival during the time of crash / Igor Krupnik. - Managing reindeer and wildlife on Alaska's Seward Peninsula / Jim Dau. - Response of reindeer and caribou to human activities / Scott A. Wolfe, Brad Griffith & Carrie A. Gray Wolfe. - High voltage transmission lines and their effect on reindeer: a research programme in progress / Eigil Reimers, Kjetil Flydal & Rune Stenseth. - Responses of West Greenland caribou to the approach of humans on foot / Peter Aastrup. - Arctic grazing systems and industrial development: can we minimize conflicts? / David R. Klein. - Regional effects of climate change on reindeer: a case study of the Muotkatunturi region in Finnish Lapland / Susan E. Lee, Malcolm C. Press, John A. Lee, Tim Ingold & Terhi Kurttila. - Reindeer in tundra ecosystems: the challenges of understanding system complexity / Feodor V. Kryazhimskii & Alexey N. Danilov. - Status, directions and priorities of reindeer husbandry research in Sweden / Öje Danell. - Need and opportunity for a North American caribou knowledge cooperative / Don Russell, Gary Kofinas & Brad Griffith. - Native reindeer herders' priorities for research / Johan Mathis Turi. - Letter from Varandei / Andrei V. Golovnev.

Note: CONTENTS: Flight plan 2001. - LC130 schedule. - NGRIP 2001 schedule. - Overview of 2001 schedule. - Quartering and buildings. - Number of field participants. - NGRIP 2001 sub programs. - SITREP. - Term of reference for the NGRIP field work. - Accidents and illness. - Mail to NGRIP participants. - Cargo shipments to Greenland. - Personnel transport 2001. - Booze and drugs. - Vacation in Greenland. - Shipping boxes. - Welcome to the NGRIP camp. - List of participants. - NGRIP documentation. - NGRIP camp load. - Kangerlussuaq and the surrounding area. - Thule Air Base, Greenland, Base Operations. - Uplift 2001. - Typical specifications for LC-130 and Twin Otter. - Useful data. - Coordination of C-130 in Kangerlussuaq. - Aviation weather reports. - Typical communication plan and frequencies used. - Phonetic alphabet. - Personal field equipment. - Operation of Thrane & Thrane STDC telex terminal. - Operation of NERA lnmarsat M terminal. - Minutes of NGRIP SC meeting. - Map of NGRIP camp (not all updated). - NGRIP inclined pit and trenches (not updated). - Map of NGRIP Region. - Map of Greenland and North Greenland. - Map of skiway and local topography. - Ice divide North of NGRIP. - Map of the magnetic declination in Greenland. - Glycol specification. - Density vs temperature of hole liquid. - Positions in Greenland, distances and directions. - List of NGRIP addresses.

Note: One way to shape technology and its embedding in society in the 21st century is through the visions that guide their development, especially concerning the long-term societal perspective. A critical discussion and assessment of these visions is a prerequisite for influencing the course of development. Technology assessment, therefore, has to provide a methodological repertoire for assessing and constructing visions, taking into account the requirements for long-term orientation and the need for public legitimation. This volume draws upon insights from technology assessment (TA), political sciences, epistemology, sociology and ethics. It contributes to the recent literature on "shaping technology", taking into account the "co-evolution of technology and society". It is connected to the TA literature that emphasises TA's pro-active role and its contricution to political judgement. It uses those insights from policy planning and epistemology that may help to reconcile long-term planning and public legitimacy

Note: CONTENTS: Report on the 2000 activities of NGRIP Operations. - Objective. - Kangerlussuaq (Søndre Strømfjord). - Preparation of the field season. - Start of the field season. - Starting the camp. - Drilling. - Drill recovery. - Summary. - Medevac. - Acknowledgement. - Logger results. - NGRIP 2000 sub programs. - Automatic weather stations. - GLA TIS, seismic program. - 2000 Field Season, Diary. - Communication. - Schedule for camp close down. - Maintenance/Logistics after the season. - Bulk Supplies. - List of participants. - NGRIP camp load. - Table of LC130 flights. - NGRIP documentation. - NGRIP camp load. - Sitreps. - Daily reports from NGRIP. - Surface topography near NGRIP. - Surface topography around the NGRIP site, July 1998. - Map of trenches, not updated. - Tower and roof opening of original trench. - Inclined drill pit, 1996. - Map of Greenland. - ERS1 based Topography of North Greenland. - Map of skiway. - Map of ice divide north of Summit. - Map of magnetic declination in Greenland. - List of NGRIP addresses.

Note: Inhalt = Content 1. Vorwort = Introduction 2 . Ausgewählte Forschungsthemen = Selected research topics Wenn ein Eisrücken dem Wind im Weg steht = An ice ridge being an obstacle to the wind / Thomas Garbrecht, Christof Lüpkes Das Klima hat seine ganz eigene Dynamik = The climate has its own dynamics / Dörte Handorf, Antje Weisheimer, Klaus Dethloff Wenn die großen Gletscher kommen = The appearance of large glaciers / Katrin Meissner, Rüdiger Gerdes Molekularbiologen auf der Jagd nach toxischen Algenblüten = Development of methods for early warning systems / Linda Medlin, Christian Schütt Schlechte Aussichten für Kalkbildner im Meer = Poor prospects for marine calcifying organisms / Ulf Riebesell, Ingrid Zondervan, Björn Rost Der etwas andere Krill: Leben im kalten wie im warmen Wasser = Krill, a bit different: Life in both cold and warm waters / Friedrich Buchholz, Reinhard Saborowski, Markus Salomon Multidrug Resistenz - eine alte Überlebensstrategie von Meeresorganismen = Multidrug-Resistance - an ancient survival strategy for marine organisms / Angela Köhler-Günther, Alexander Lüdeking, Tilman Alpermann Nährstoffbelastung des Wattenmeeres und der angrenzenden Küstengewässer = Eutrophication of the Wadden Sea and adjacent coastal zone / Justus van Beusekom, Ragnhild Asmus, Victor de Jonge (RIKZ, NL), Eike Rachor Magnesium als Faktor für die Verbreitung von Krebsen in den Polarmeeren = Magnesium as a factor limiting the distribution of polar crustaceans / Franz-Josef Sartoris, Markus Frederich, Hans-Otto Pörtner Gebirge unter dem antarktischen Eis entdeckt = Discovery of a mountain range under the ice / Daniel Steinhage, Uwe Nixdorf, Uwe Meyer, Heinrich Miller Seesedimente Ostgrönlands als Zeugen von Klimaschwankungen und veränderten Meeresströmungen = Lacustrine sediments of East Greenland give evidence for changes in the climate and in the oceanic circulation pattern / Bernd Wagner, Martin Melles, Holger Cremer, Hans-W. Hubberten Östliche Karasee bereits früh eisfrei = Early deglaciation in the eastern Kara Sea / Hans Peter Kleiber, Frank Niessen 3. Forschung = Research 3.1 Klimasystem = 3.1 Climate system 3.2 Pelagische Ökosysteme = 3 .2 Pelagic ecosystems 3.3 Benthische Ökosysteme = 3.3 Benthic ecosystems 3.4 Geosystem = 3.4 Geosystem 3.5 Projektgruppen = 3.5 Project groups 4. Logistik und Expeditionen = Logistics and operational activities 5. Nationale und internationale Zusammenarbeit = National and international cooperation 6. Informationszentrum = Information center 7. Presse-und Öffentlichkeitsarbeit = Public relations department 8. Personeller Aufbau und Haushaltsentwicklung = Personnel structure and budget trends 9. Veröffentlichungen, Patente = Publications, patents Anhang = Annex I. Personal = I. Personnel II. Wissenschaftliche Veranstaltungen = II. Scientific events III. Abgeschlossene Examensarbeiten = III. Completed theses and dissertations

Note: In kyrillischer Schrift

Note: Science as the open society and its ideological deformations -- Role of scale in the scope of scientific governance -- Historical interdependence of the university and knowledge production -- Multiculturalism's challenge to academic integrity: or a tale of two churches -- University as capitalism's final frontier: or the fading hope for enlightenment in a complex world -- Sociology as both sanctifier and secularizer of science -- Road not taken: revisiting the original New Deal -- Elements for a new constitution of science..

Note: In kyrill. Schr., russ.

Note: N.F. entfällt ab 57.2000. - Volltext auch als Teil einer Datenbank verfügbar , Ersch. ab 2000 in engl. Sprache mit dt. Hauptsacht.

Note: In kyrillischer Schrift