ALBERT

Note: Table of Contents: List of contributors. - Cryosphere Science: Series Preface. - Preface. - Acknowledgments. - About the companion website. - 1 Remote sensing and the cryosphere. - 1.1 Introduction. - 1.2 Remote sensing. - 1.2.1 The electromagnetic spectrum and blackbody radiation. - 1.2.2 Passive systems. - 1.2.3 Active systems. - 1.3 The cryosphere. - References. - 2 Electromagnetic properties of components of the cryosphere. - 2.1 Electromagnetic properties of snow. - 2.1.1 Visible/near-infrared and thermal infrared. - 2.1.2 Microwave region. - 2.2 Electromagnetic properties of sea ice. - 2.2.1 Visible/near-infrared and thermal infrared. - 2.2.2 Microwave region. - 2.3 Electromagnetic properties of freshwater ice. - 2.4 Electromagnetic properties of glaciers and ice sheets. - 2.4.1 Visible/near-infrared and thermal infrared. - 2.4.2 Microwave region. - 2.5 Electromagnetic properties of frozen soil. - 2.5.1 Visible/near-infrared and thermal infrared. - 2.5.2 Microwave region. - References. - Acronyms. - Websites cited. - 3 Remote sensing of snow extent. - 3.1 lntroduction. - 3.2 Visible/near-infrared snow products. - 3.2.1 The normalized difference snow index (NDSI). - 3.3 Passive microwave products. - 3.4 Blended VNIR/PM products. - 3.5 Satellite snow extent as input to hydrological models. - 3.6 Concluding remarks. - Acknowledgments. - References. - Acronyms. - Websites cited. - 4 Remote sensing of snow albedo, grain size, and pollution from space. - 4.1 Introduction. - 4.2 Forward modeling. - 4.3 Local optical properties of a snow layer. - 4.4 Inverse problem. - 4.5 Pitfalls of retrievals. - 4.6 Conclusions. - Acknowledgments. - References. - Acronyms. - Websites cited. - 5 Remote sensing of snow depth and snow water equivalent. - 5.1 Introduction. - 5.2 Photogrammetry. - 5.3 LiDAR. - 5.4 Gamma radiation. - 5.5 Gravity data. - 5.6 Passive microwave data. - 5.7 Active microwave data. - 5.8 Conclusions. - References. - Acronyms. - Websites cited. - 6 Remote sensing of melting snow and ice. - 6.1 Introduction. - 6.2 General considerations on optical/thermal and microwave sensors and techniques for remote sensing of melting. - 6.2.1 Optical and thermal sensors. - 6.2.2 Microwave sensors. - 6.2.3 Electromagnetic properties of dry and wet snow. - 6.3 Remote sensing of melting over land. - 6.4 Remote sensing of melting over Greenland. - 6.4.1 Thermal infrared sensors. - 6.4.2 Microwave sensors. - 6.5 Remote sensing of melting over Antarctica. - 6.6 Conclusions. - References. - Acronyms. - 7 Remote sensing of glaciers. - 7.1 Introduction. - 7.2 Fundamentals. - 7.3 Satellite instruments for glacier research. - 7.4 Methods. - 7.4.1 Image classification for glacier mapping. - 7.4.2 Mapping debris-covered glaciers. - 7.4.3 Glacier mapping with SAR data. - 7.4.4 Assessing glacier changes. - 7.4.5 Area and length changes. - 7.4.6 Volumetrie glacier changes. - 7.4.7 Glacier velocity. - 7.5 Glaciers of the Greenland ice sheet. - 7.5.1 Surface elevation. - 7.5.2 Glacier extent. - 7.5.3 Glacier dynamics. - 7.6 Summary. - References. - Acronyms. - Websites cited. - 8 Remote sensing of accumulation over the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets. - 8.1 Introduction to accumulation. - 8.2 Spaceborne methods for determining accumulation over ice sheets. - 8.2.1 Microwave remote sensing. - 8.2.2 Other remote sensing techniques and combined methods. - 8.3 Airborne and ground-based measurements of accumulation. - 8.3.1 Ground-based. - 8.3.2 Airborne. - 8.4 Modeling of accumulation. - 8.5 The future for remote sensing of accumulation. - 8.6 Conclusions. - References. - Acronyms. - Website cited. - 9 Remote sensing of ice thickness and surface velocity. - 9.1 Introduction. - 9.1.1 Electrical properties of glacial ice. - 9.2 Radar principles. - 9.2.1 Radar sounder. - 9.2.2 Radar equation. - 9.3 Pulse compression. - 9.4 Antennas. - 9.5 Example results. - 9.6 SAR and array processing. - 9.7 SAR Interferometry. - 9. 7.1 Introduction. - 9.7.2 Basic theory. - 9.7.3 Practical considerations of InSAR systems. - 9.7.4 Application of InSAR to Cryosphere remote sensing. - 9.8 Conclusions. - References. - Acronyms. - 10 Gravimetry measurements from space. - 10.1 Introduction. - 10.2 Observing the Earth's gravity field with inter-satellite ranging. - 10.3 Surface mass variability from GRACE. - 10.4 Results. - 10.5 Conclusions. - References. - Acronyms. - 11 Remote sensing of sea ice. - 11.1 Introduction. - 11.2 Sea ice concentration and extent. - 11.2.1 Passive microwave radiometers. - 11.2.2 Active microwave - scatterometry and radar. - 11.2.3 Visible and infrared. - 11.2.4 Operational sea ice analyses. - 11.3 Sea ice drift. - 11.4 Sea ice thickness and age, and snow depth. - 11.4.1 Altimetric thickness estimates. - 11.4.2 Radiometric thickness estimates. - 11.4.3 Sea ice age estimates as a proxy for ice thickness. - 11.5 Sea ice melt onset and freeze-up, albedo, melt pond fraction and surface temperature. - 11.5.1 Melt onset and freeze-up. - 11.5.2 Sea ice albedo and melt pond fraction. - 11.5.3 Sea ice surface temperature. - 11.6 Summary, challenges and the road ahead. - References. - Acronyms. - Website cited. - 12 Remote sensing of lake and river ice. - 12.1 Introduction. - 12.2 Remote sensing of lake ice. - 12.2.1 Ice concentration, extent and phenology. - 12.2.2 Ice types. - 12.2.3 Ice thickness and snow on ice. - 12.2.4 Snow/ice surface temperature. - 12.2.5 Floating and grounded ice: the special case of shallow Arctic/sub-Arctic lakes. - 12.3 Remote sensing of river ice. - 12.3.1 Ice extent and phenology. - 12.3.2 lce types, ice jams and flooded areas. - 12.3.3 Ice thickness. - 12.3.4 Surface flow velocities. - 12.3.5 Incorporating SAR-derived ice information into a GIS-based system in support of river-flow modeling and flood forecasting. - 12.4 Conclusions and outlook. - Acknowledgments. - References. - Acronyms. - Websites cited. - 13 Remote sensing of permafrost and frozen ground. - 13.1 Permafrost - an essential climate variable of the "Global Climate Observing System". - 13.2 Mountain permafrost. - 13.2.1 Remote sensing of surface features and permafrost landforms. - 13.2.2 Generation of digital elevation models. - 13.2.3 Terrain elevation change and displacement. - 13.3 Lowland permafrost - identification and mapping of surface features. - 13.3.1 Land cover and vegetation. - 13.3.2 Permafrost landforms. - 13.3.3 Landforms and processes indicating permafrost degradation. - 13.4 Lowland permafrost - remote sensing of physical variables related to the thermal permafrost state. - 13.4.1 Land surface temperature through thermal remote sensing. - 13.4.2 Freeze-thaw state of the surface soil through microwave remote sensing. - 13.4.3 Permafrost mapping with airborne electromagnetic surveys. - 13.4.4 Regional surface deformation through radar interferometry. - 13.4.5 A gravimetric signal of permafrost thaw?. - 13.5 Outlook - remote sensing data and permafrost models. - References. - Acronyms. - 14 Field measurements for remote sensing of the cryosphere. - 14.1 Introduction. - 14.2 Physical properties of interest. - 14.2.1 Surface properties. - 14.2.2 Sub-surface properties. - 14.3 Standard techniques for direct measurements of physical properties. - 14.3.1 Topography. - 14.3.2 Snow depth. - 14.3.3 Snow water equivalent and density. - 14.3.4 Temperature. - 14.3.5 Stratigraphy. - 14.3.6 Sea ice depth and ice thickness. - 14.4 New techniques for high spatial resolution measurements. - 14.4.1 Topography. - 14.4.2 Surface properties. - 14.4.3 Sub-surface properties. - 14.5 Simulating airborne and spaceborne observations from the ground. - 14.5.1 Active microwave. - 14.5.2 Passive microwave. - 14.6 Sampling strategies for remote sensing field campaigns: concepts and examples. - 14.6.1 Ice sheet campaigns. - 14.6.2 Seasonal snow campaigns. - 14.6.3 Sea ice campaigns. - 14.7 Conclusions. - References. - Acronyms. - Websites cited. - 15 Remote sensing missions and the cryosphere. - 15.1 In

Note: Contents: 1. Introduction. - (1) The purposes of the long-term plan report. - (2) The background and particulars of this report. - (3) Contents of this report. - 2.Changes in the Arctic environment to date and in the near future. - 3. History of Arctic environmental research. - 4. Abstracts of all themes. - (1) Elucidation of abrupt environmental change in the Arctic associated with the on-going global warming. - Theme 1: Arctic amplification of global warming. - Theme 2: Mechanisms and influence of sea ice decline. - Theme 3: Biogeochemical cycles and ecosystem changes. - Theme 4: Ice sheet, glaciers, permafrost, snowfall, snow cover and hydrological cycle. - Theme 5: Interactions between the Arctic and the entire earth. - Theme 6: Predicting future environmental conditions of the Arctic based on paleoenvironmental records. - Theme 7: Effects of the Arctic environment on human society. - (2) Elucidation of environmental change concerning biodiversity. - Theme 8: Effects on terrestrial ecosystems and biodiversity. - Theme 9: Influence on marine ecosystem and biodiversity. - (3) Broad and important subjects on the Arctic environment. - Theme 10: Geospace environment. - Theme 11: Interaction of surface environment change with solid earth. - Theme 12: Basic understanding on formation and transition process of permafrost. - (4) Development of methods enabling breakthroughs in environmental research. - Theme A: Sustainable seamless monitoring. - Theme B: Earth system-modeling for inter-disciplinary research. - Theme C: Data assimilation to connect monitoring and modeling. - 5. Improvement of research foundation. - Authors and reviewers.

Note: Contents: 1 General Introduction. - 1.1 The Climate System. - 1.2 The Atmosphere. - 1.3 Energy Budget and Atmospheric Composition. - 1.4 The Water Cycle. - 1.5 Aerosols and Climate Change. - 1.6 Outline of this Textbook. - References. - Further Reading (Textbooks and Articles. - 2 Atmospheric Aerosols. - 2.1 Definitions. - 2.2 Sources of Aerosols and Aerosol Precursors. - 2.2.1 Marine Aerosols. - 2.2.2 Desert Dust. - 2.2.3 Volcanic Aerosols. - 2.2.4 Biogenic Aerosols. - 2.2.5 Biomass Burning Aerosols. - 2.2.6 Aerosols from Fossil Fuel Combustion. - 2.3 Spatial and Temporal Aerosol Distributions. - 2.4 Aerosol-Cloud-Radiation Interactions. - 2.5 Climate Effects of Aerosols. - References. - Further Reading (Textbooks and Articles). - 3 Physical, Chemical and Optical Aerosol Properties. - 3.1 Fine, Accumulation and Coarse Modes. - 3.2 Size Distribution. - 3.3 Chemical Composition. - 3.3.1 Aerosol Mixture. - 3.3.2 Inorganic Aerosols. - 3.3.3 Black Carbon Aerosols. - 3.3.4 Organic Aerosols. - 3.3.5 Geographic Distribution of Aerosol Chemical Composition. - 3.4 Refractive Index. - 3.5 Deliquescence, Efflorescence and Hysteresis. - 3.6 Definition of Aerosol Optical Properties. - 3.6.1 Absorption and Scattering Cross Sections. - 3.6.2 Phase Function. - 3.6.3 Upscatter Fractions. - 3.7 Calculation of Aerosol Optical Properties. - 3.7.1 Mie Theory. - 3. 7.2 Extinction, Scattering and Absorption. - 3.7.3 Optical Depth and Angström Coefficient. - 3.8 Optical Properties of Nonspherical Aerosols. - 3.9 Aerosols and Atmospheric Visibility. - References. - Further Reading (Textbooks and Articles). - 4 Aerosol Modelling. - 4.1 Introduction. - 4.2 Emissions. - 4.2.1 Generalities. - 4.2.2 Fossil Fuels, Biofuels, and Other Anthropogenic Sources. - 4.2.3 Vegetation Fires. - 4.2.4 Sea Spray. - 4.2.5 Desert Dust. - 4.2.6 Dimethylsulphide. - 4.2.7 Biogenic Volatile Organic Compounds. - 4.2.8 Volcanoes. - 4.2.9 Resuspension. - 4.3 Atmospheric Processes. - 4.3.1 Nucleation. - 4.3.2 Condensation of Semi-Volatile Compounds. - 4.3.3 Coagulation. - 4.3.4 In-Cloud Aerosol Production. - 4.3.5 Wet Deposition. - 4.3.6 Dry Deposition. - 4.3.7 Sedimentation. - 4.3.8 Aerosol Transport. - 4.4 Modelling Approaches. - 4.4.1 Bulk Approach. - 4.4.2 Sectional Approach. - 4.4.3 Modal Approach. - 4.5 Example: The Sulphur Budget. - References. - Further Reading (Textbooks and Articles). - 5 Interactions of Radiation with Matter and Atmospheric Radiative Transfer. - 5.1 Introduction. - 5.2 Electromagnetic Radiation. - 5.2.1 Generalities. - 5.2.2 Definitions. - 5.3 Interactions of Radiation with Matter. - 5.3.1 Matter, Energy and Spectral Lines. - 5.3.2 Intensity of Spectral Lines. - 5.3.3 Spectral Line Profiles. - 5.3.4 Processes of lnteractions of Radiation with Matter. - 5.4 Modelling of the Interaction Processes. - 5.4.1 Molecular Absorption Coefficient. - 5.4.2 Scattering Phase Function. - 5.4.3 Molecular Scattering. - 5.4.4 Absorption and Scattering by Aerosols. - 5.4.5 Thermal Emission. - 5.5 Atmospheric Radiative Transfer. - 5.5.1 Equation of Radiative Transfer. - 5.5.2 Extinction Only. - 5.5.3 Scattering Medium. - 5.5.4 Plane-Parallel Atmosphere. - 5.5.5 Resolution of the Equation of Radiative Transfer. - 5.6 Absorption Bands, Energy, and Actinic Fluxes. - 5.6.1 Main Molecular Absorption Bands in the Atmosphere. - 5.6.2 Radiative Flux. - 5.6.3 Two-Flux Method. - 5.6.4 Stefan-Boltzmann Law. - 5.6.5 Radiative Budget. - 5.6.6 Actinic Fluxes. - 5.6.7 Polarization of Radiation. - References. - Further Reading (Textbooks and Articles). - 6 In Situ and Remote Sensing Measurements of Aerosols. - 6.1 Introduction to Aerosol Remote Sensing. - 6.2 Passive Remote Sensing: Measurement of the Extinction. - 6.2.1 General Principles. - 6.2.2 Ground-Based Photometry. - 6.2.3 Spaceborne Occultation Measurements. - 6.2.4 Retrieval of Aerosol Size Distribution. - 6.3 Passive Remote Sensing: Measurement of the Scattering. - 6.3.1 General Principles. - 6.3.2 Ground-Based Measurement of Scattered Radiation. - 6.3.3 Spaceborne Measurements of Scattered Radiation. - 6.4 Measurement of Infrared Radiation. - 6.4.1 General Principles. - 6.4.2 Spaceborne Nadir Measurement of Infrared Radiation. - 6.4.3 Spaceborne Limb Measurement of Infrared Radiation. - 6.5 Active Remote Sensing: Lidar. - 6.5.1 General Principles. - 6.5.2 The Lidar Equation. - 6.5.3 Raman Lidar. - 6.6 In Situ Aerosol Measurements. - 6.6.1 Measurement of Aerosol Concentrations. - 6.6.2 Measurement of Aerosol Chemical Composition. - 6.6.3 Measurement of Aerosol Scattering. - 6.6.4 Measurement of Aerosol Absorption. - 6.7 Conclusions. - References. - Further Reading (Textbooks and Articles). - 7 Aerosol Data Assimilation. - 7.1 Introduction. - 7.2 Basic Principles of Data Assimilation. - 7.3 Applications of Data Assimilation for Aerosols. - References. - Further Reading (Textbooks and Articles). - 8 Aerosol-Radiation Interactions. - 8.1 Introduction. - 8.2 Atmospheric Radiative Effects Due to Aerosols. - 8.2.1 Simplified Equation for Scattering Aerosols. - 8.2.2 Simplified Equation for Absorbing Aerosols. - 8.2.3 Radiative Transfer Calculations. - 8.2.4 Global Estimates and Sources of Uncertainty. - 8.3 Rapid Adjustments to Aerosol-Radiation Interactions. - 8.4 Radiative Impact of Aerosols on Surface Snow and Ice. - References. - Further Reading (Textbooks and Articles). - 9 Aerosol-Cloud lnteractions. - 39.1 Introduction. - 9 .1.1 Cloud Formation. - 9 .1.2 Cloud Distribution. - 9 .1.3 Aerosol-Cloud Interactions. - 9.2 Aerosol Effects on Liquid Clouds. - 9 .2.1 Saturation Pressure of Water Vapour. - 9.2.2 Kelvin Effect. - 9.2.3 Raoult's Law. - . - 9.2.4 Köhler Theory. - 9.2.5 Extensions to the Köhler Theory. - 9.2.6 CCN and Supersaturation in the Cloud. - 9.2.7 Dynamical and Radiative Effects in Clouds. - 9.2.8 Principle of the Cloud Albedo Effect. - 9.2.9 Observations of the Cloud Albedo Effect. - 9.2.10 Adjustments in Liquid Water Clouds. - 9.2.11 Rapid Adjustments Occurring in Liquid Clouds. - 9.3 Aerosols Effects on Mixed-Phased and Ice Clouds. - 9.3.1 Elements of Microphysics of Ice Clouds. - 9.3.2 Impact of Anthropogenic Aerosols on Ice Clouds. - 9.4 Forcing Due to Aerosol-Cloud lnteractions. - 9.5 Aerosols, Contrails and Aviation-Induced Cloudiness. - 9.5.1 Formation of Condensation Trails. - 9.5.2 Estimate of the Climate Impact of Contrails. - References. - Further Reading (Textbooks and Articles). - 10 Climate Response to Aerosol Forcings. - 10.1 Introduction. - 10.2 Radiative Forcing, Feedbacks and Climate Response. - 10.2.1 Radiative Forcing. - 10.2.2 Climate Feedbacks. - 10.2.3 Rapid Adjustments and Effective Radiative Forcing. - 10.2.4 Climate Response and Climate Efficacy. - 10.3 Climate Response to Aerosol Forcings. - 10.3.1 Equilibrium Response. - 10.3.2 Past Emissions. - 10.3.3 Detection and Attribution of Aerosol Impacts. - 10.3.4 Future Emissions Scenarios. - 10.4 Nuclear Winter. - References. - Further Reading (Textbooks and Articles). - 11 Biogeochemical Effects and Climate Feedbacks of Aerosols. - 11 .1 Introduction. - 11.2 Impact of Aerosols on Terrestrial Ecosystems. - 11.2.1 Diffuse Radiation and Primary Productivity. - 11.2.2 Aerosols as a Source of Nutrients. - 11.2.3 Acidification of Precipitation. - 11.3 Impact of Aerosols on Marine Ecosystems. - 11.4 Aerosols-Atmospheric Chemistry Interactions. - 11.4.1 Interactions with Tropospheric Chemistry. - 11.4.2 Impact of Stratospheric Aerosols on the Ozone Layer and Ultravialet Radiation. - 11.5 Climate Feedbacks Involving Marine Aerosols. - 11.5.1 Sulphate Aerosols from DMS Emissions. - 11.5.2 Marine Aerosols. - 11.5.3 Other Aerosols of Maritime Origin. - 11.6 Climate Feedbacks Involving Continental Aerosols. - 11.6.1 Secondary Organic Aerosols. - 11.6.2 Primary Aerosols of Biogenic Origin. - 11.6.3 Aerosols from Vegetation Fires. - 11.6.4 Desert Dust. - 11.7 Climate Feedbacks Involving Stratospheric Aerosols. - References. - Further Reading (Textbooks and Articles). - 12 Strato

Note: Contents: 1. Why climate change litigation matters; 2. Model for understanding litigation's regulatory impact; 3. Litigation as a mitigation tool; 4. Litigation as an adaptation tool; 5. Corporate responses to litigation; 6. Litigation's role in shaping social norms; 7. Barriers to progress; 8. The future of climate change litigation..

Note: On the Role of Financial Markets and Institutions -- The Challenges of Asset Pricing: A Road Map -- Making Choices in Risky Situations -- Measuring Risk and Risk Aversion -- Risk Aversion and Investment Decisions, Part 1 -- Risk Aversion and Investment Decisions, Part II: Modern Portfolio Theory -- Risk Aversion and Investment Decisions, Part III: Challenges to Implementation -- The Capital Asset Pricing Model -- Arrow{u2013}Debreu Pricing, Part I -- The Consumption Capital Asset Pricing Model -- Arrow{u2013}Debreu Pricing, Part II -- The Martingale Measure: Part I -- The Martingale Measure: Part II -- The Arbitrage Pricing Theory -- Portfolio Management in the Long Run -- Financial Structure and Firm Valuation in Incomplete Markets -- Financial Equilibrium with Differential Information.

Note: Ersch. unregelmäßig , Beiträge teilweise in Englisch

Note: Contents: Introduction 1. The Emergence of Transatlantic Agricultural Tensions (1957 to 1971) 2. Turbulent Markets and Increasing Trade Conflicts (1972 to 1985) 3. The Adoption of Disciplines and the Domestic Reforms (1986 to 2001) 4. Growing Challenges to US and EU Farm Policies (2001 to 2014) 5. Food Policy Moves to Center Stage in Transatlantic Relations (1986 to 2013) 6. The Transatlantic Trade and Investment Partnership and the Path to Convergence (2011 to 2014 and Beyond) 7. Lasting Conflict or Eventual Convergence? References Index

Note: Einl. in dt. und engl. Sprache

Note: Introduction to performance tuningProfiling MATLAB® performance -- Standard performance-tuning techniques -- MATLAB®-specific techniques -- Implicit parallelization (vectorization and indexing) -- Explicit parallelization using MathWorks toolboxes -- Explicit parallelization by other means -- Using compiled code -- Memory-related techniques -- Graphics and GUI -- I/O techniques..

Note: ""Cover""; ""Copyright""; ""Contents""; ""Preface""; ""Conventions""; ""Abbreviations""; ""1. Introduction""; ""PART I The Early Years""; ""2. Early attempts at monetary union and the Hague Summit""; ""3. The Werner Report and the collapse of Bretton Woods""; ""4. The 'snake in the tunnel' reappears""; ""5. Monetarism arrives amidst currency turmoil""; ""6. The Delors Report""; ""7. Onward to Maastricht""; ""8. The Maastricht Treaty""; ""9. Converging to crisis and austerity""; ""10. The ideological straitjacket""; ""11. The Stability and Growth Pact (SGP)"". , ""12. The convergence farce: smokescreens and denial""""PART II The Path to Crisis""; ""13. The first few years: smug self-congratulation and mass delusion""; ""14. The 2003 fiscal crisis""; ""15. The German 'jobwunder'""; ""16. European Groupthink: denial on a grand scale""; ""PART III The Options for Europe""; ""17. A monetary framework for fiscal policy activism""; ""18. Framing the debate: two alternative visions of the economy""; ""19. The basic principles of functional finance""; ""20. The federal solution""; ""21. Overt Monetary Financing""; ""22. Abandoning the euro"". , ""23. Employment guarantees""""References""; ""Index"".

Note: Contents: PART I GENERAL ANALYSIS 1. Conceptual Framework and Analytical Methods ; 2. Global Urban Sustainable Competitiveness Index ; 3. Global Urban Sustainable Competitiveness: A Comprehensive Analysis ; 4. Global Urban Sustainable Competitiveness: A Regional Analysis ; 5. Global Urban Sustainable Competitiveness and Urban GDP Per Capita ; 6. Global Urban Sustainable Competitiveness and Urban Population Size ; 7. Global Urban Sustainable Competitiveness: Characteristics of Functional Centers ; PART II SPECIALIZED ANALYSIS ; 8. The Specialized Differences: One Key Vector in Urban Competitiveness ; 9. Social and Technological Innovations in the Competitiveness of Cities ; 10. Green Cities: Examples of Governing for Green Growth from OECD Countries ; 11. Institutions and Urban Competitiveness – a Doing Business Perspective ; 12. The Challenge of World City Network Pattern Changes on the World City Network Analysis ; 13. Population Aging and Urban Competitiveness ; 14. Driving Factors of Urban Prosperity: An Empirical Analysis of Global Cities ; 15. Patterns of the Global Cities: Present and Future ; PART III INDEX REPORT ; 16. The State of Sustainable Competitiveness of 500 Cities

Note: SECTION 1 - INTRODUCTION TO THE USE OF REMOTE SENSING FOR WETLAND MAPPING: Wetlands: An Overview / Ralph W. Tiner --- Classification of Wetland Types for Mapping and Large-Scale Inventories / Ralph W. Tiner --- Introduction to Wetland Mapping and Its Challenges / Ralph W. Tiner --- Early Applications of Remote Sensing for Mapping Wetlands / Ralph W. Tiner --- Advances in Remotely Sensed Data and Techniques for Wetland Mapping and Monitoring / Megan W. Lang, Laura L. Bourgeau-Chavez, Ralph W. Tiner, and Victor V. Klemas --- SECTION 2 - SUMMARIES OF REMOTE SENSING TECHNOLOGIES AND THEIR APPLICATION FOR MAPPING WETLANDS: Mapping and Monitoring Surface Water and Wetlands with Synthetic Aperture Radar / Brian Brisco --- Wetland InSAR: A Review of the Technique and Applications / Shimon Wdowinski and Sang-Hoon Hong --- Radar and Optical Image Fusion and Mapping of Wetland Resources / Elijah Ramsey III and Amina Rangoonwala --- Theory and Applications of Object-Based Image Analysis and Emerging Methods in Wetland Mapping / Joseph F. Knight, Jennifer M. Corcoran, Lian P. Rampi, and Keith C. Pelletier --- Unmanned Aerial Systems and Structure from Motion Revolutionize Wetlands Mapping / Marguerite Madden, Thomas Jordan, Sergio Bernardes, David L. Cotten, Nancy O’Hare, and Alessandro Pasqua --- SECTION 3 - APPLICATIONS OF REMOTE SENSING FOR MAPPING SPECIFIC WETLAND HABITATS: Remote Sensing of Submerged Aquatic Vegetation and Coral Reefs / Sam Purkis and Chris Roelfsema --- Remote Sensing of Mangroves / Victor V. Klemas --- Tidal Marsh Classification Approaches and Future Marsh Migration Mapping Methods for Long Island Sound, Connecticut and New York / Mark Hoover and Adam Walton Whelchel --- Using Moderate-Resolution Satellite Sensors for Monitoring the Biophysical Parameters and Phenology of Tidal Marshes / Deepak R. Mishra and Shuvankar Ghosh --- Great Lakes Coastal Wetland Mapping / Laura L. Bourgeau-Chavez, Zachary M. Laubach, Anthony J. Landon, Elizabeth C. Banda, Michael J. Battaglia, Sarah L. Endres, Mary Ellen Miller, Robb D. Macleod, and Colin N. Brooks --- Mapping Wetlands and Surface Water in the Prairie Pothole Region of North America / Jennifer Rover and David M. Mushet --- Mapping the State and Dynamics of Boreal Wetlands Using Synthetic Aperture Radar / Daniel Clewley, Jane Whitcomb, Mahta Moghaddam, and Kyle McDonald --- Fusion of Multispectral Imagery and LiDAR Digital Terrain Derivatives for Ecosystem Mapping and Morphological Characterization of a Northern Peatland Complex / Antonio Difebo, Murray Richardson, and Jonathan Price --- Airborne LiDAR-Based Wetland and Permafrost-Feature Mapping on an Arctic Coastal Plain, North Slope, Alaska / Jeffrey G. Paine, John R. Andrews, Kutalmis Saylam, and Thomas A. Tremblay --- Hybrid Mapping of Pantropical Wetlands from Optical Satellite Images, Hydrology, and Geomorphology / Thomas Gumbricht --- Capturing the Dynamics of Amazonian Wetlands Using Synthetic Aperture Radar: Lessons Learned and Future Directions / Thiago Sanna Freire Silva, John Melack, Annia Susin Streher, Jefferson Ferreira-Ferreira, and Luiz Felipe de Almeida Furtado --- Mapping China’s Wetlands and Recent Changes with Remotely Sensed Data / Zhenguo Niu --- Mapping Invasive Wetland Plants / Carol A. Johnston --- Multisatellite Remote Sensing of Global Wetland Extent and Dynamics / Catherine Prigent and Fabrice Papa --- SECTION 4 - PROMISING DEVELOPMENTS AND FUTURE CHALLENGES: Promising Developments and Future Challenges for Remote Sensing of Wetlands / Megan W. Lang, Sam Purkis, Victor V. Klemas, and Ralph W. Tiner

Note: Cover; Half Title; Title Page; Copyright Page; Dedication; Table of Contents; List of illustrations; Acknowledgements; Acronyms and abbreviations; 1 Introduction and overview: The world food price spikes; 2 Global governance: A framework for analysis; 3 The evolution of global food security policy; 4 The reform of the Committee on World Food Security; 5 Participation in global governance: Coordinating "the voices of those most affected by food insecurity"; 6 Multilateral power dynamics: Comparing outcomes of policy roundtables. , 7 Best practice: The Voluntary Guidelines on the Responsible Governance of Tenure8 Policy coordination at the global level: The Global Strategic Framework; 9 Conclusion: Reflections on civil society engagement in global food security governance; Index.

Note: Machine generated contents note:1. A Critical Geopolitics of 'Climate Fear/Terror': Roots, Routes and Rhetoric 2. Climate 'Science': Categories, Cultures and Contestations 3. Terrorizing Climate Territories and Marginalized Geographies of the Post-Political 4. The Violence of Climate 'Markets': Insuring 'Our Way of Living' 5. 'Climate Borders' in the Anthropocene: Securitising Displacements, Migration and Refugees 6. Climate Security and Militarization: Geo-Economics and Geo-Securities of Climate Change 7. Climate Justice: An Attempt at an Emancipatory Politics of Climate Change 8. Making 'Climate Futures': Power, Knowledge and Technologies..

Note: Trading a livable worldPower shift -- Beyond the north-south divide? -- Manufacturing consent -- The politics of adaptation -- The staying power of big fossil -- Society too civil? -- Contesting climate injustice -- Power in a future world -- Linking movements for justice..

Note: Contents Preface Introduction Helgoland - Treasure trove of species Sylt - Changing tidal flats in a world heritage site Polar Regions - key areas for climate processes Plankton à la carte Plankton and the "extra portion" Forwards, but backwards into the past North Sea in the fast lane of change Vibrios like it hot Detective work in the microcosm Melting glaciers and turbid waters Thawing permafrost comes alive Arctic coasts in retreat A stroll through the underwater forest Mathematical evaluation of the tidal flat menu Let's dive in! Research scientists pay a visit Marine research goes on TV Meeting public needs: Advice and support

Note: Contents: 1. Introduction and summary, 2. Resource use in an urbanizing world, 3. Agropolis – the city in its local landscape, 4. Living in Petropolis, 5. Cities and entropy, 6. The urban metabolism, 7. From Petropolis to Ecopolis, 8. Case studies

Note: PrefaceAcknowledgments -- Introduction the political economy of currency choice -- A theory of currency policy preferences -- The United States : from greenbacks to gold, 1862-79 -- The United States : silver threats among the gold, 1880-96 -- European monetary integration : from bretton woods to the euro and beyond -- Latin American currency policy, 1970-2010 -- The political economy of Latin American currency crises -- The politics of exchange rates : implications and extensions -- Conclusions -- References -- Index..

Note: Introduction to Petroleum Geology Introduction to Sedimentology -- Sedimentary Geochemistry -- Sandstones and Sandstone Reservoirs -- Carbonate Sediments -- Mudrocks, Shales, Silica Deposits and Evaporites -- Stratigraphy -- Sequence Stratigraphy, Seismic Stratigraphy -- Heat Transport in Sedimentary Basins -- Subsurface Water and Fluid Flow in Sedimentary Basins -- Introduction to Geomechanics: Stress and Strain in Sedimentary Basins -- The Structure and Hydrocarbon Traps of Sedimentary Basins -- Compaction of Sedimentary Rocks Including Shales, Sandstones and Carbonates -- Source Rocks and Petroleum Geochemistry -- Petroleum Migration -- Well Logging: Principles, Applications and Uncertainties -- Seismic Exploration -- Explorational Rock Physics - The Link Between Geological Processes and Geophysical Observables -- 4D Seismic -- Interpretation of Marine CSEM - and Marine MT Data for Hydrocarbon Prospecting -- Production Geology -- Introduction to Reservoir Modelling -- Unconventional Hydrocarbons. Oil Shales, Heavy Oil, Tar Sand, Shale Gas, Shale Oil and Gas Hydrates -- Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) -- Geology of the Norwegian Continental Shelf -- Exploration Strategy..

Note: Preface ; Acknowledgements ; List of contributors ; Part I. Diagnostics and Prediction of High-Impact Weather: 1. Global prediction of high-impact weather: diagnosis and performance Mark Rodwell and Alan Thorpe ; 2. Severe weather diagnosis from the perspective of generalized slantwise vorticity development Guoxiong Wu, Yongjun Zheng and Yimin Liu ; 3. Probabilistic extreme event attribution Pardeep Pall, Michael Wehner and Dáithí Stone ; 4. Observed and projected changes in temperature and precipitation extremes Xuebin Zhang and Francis Zwiers ; Part II. High-Impact Weather in Mid-Latitudes: 5. Rossby wave breaking: climatology, interaction with low-frequency climate variability, and links to extreme weather events Olivia Martius and Gwendal Rivière ; 6. The influence of jet stream regime on extreme weather events Nili Harnik, Chaim Garfinkel and Orli Lachmy ; 7. Forecasting high-impact weather using ensemble prediction systems Richard Swinbank, Petra Friederichs and Sabrina Wahl ; 8. Storm tracks, blocking and climate change: a review Tim Woollings ; 9. The North Atlantic and Arctic Oscillations: climate variability, extremes and stratosphere troposphere interaction Adam A. Scaife ; Part III. Tropical Cyclones: 10. Opportunities and challenges in dynamical and predictability studies of tropical cyclone events Russell L. Elsberry and Hsiao-Chung Tsai ; 11. Predictability of severe weather and tropical cyclones at the mesoscales Fuqing Zhang, Christopher Melhauser, Dandan Tao, Y. Qiang Sun, Erin B. Munsell, Yonghui Weng and Jason A. Sippel ; 12. Dynamics, predictability, and high-impact weather associated with the extratropical transition of tropical cyclones Patrick Harr and Heather M. Archambault ; 13. Secondary eyewall formation in tropical cyclones Chun-Chieh Wu, Yi-Hsuan Huang and Zhe-Min Tan ; 14. Seasonal forecasting of floods and tropical cyclones Tom Beer and Oscar Alves ; Part IV. Heat-Waves and Cold-Air Outbreaks: 15. European heat waves: the effect of soil moisture, vegetation and land use Fabio D'Andrea, Philippe Drobinski and Marc Stéfanon ; 16. Western North American extreme heat, associated large scale synoptic-dynamics, and performance by a climate model Richard Grotjahn ; 17. Decadel to interdecadel variations of Northern China heatwave frequency: impact of the Tibetan Plateau snow cover Zhiwei Wu and Jianping Li ; 18. Global warming targets and heatwave risk Robin Clark ; 19. Cold-air outbreaks over East Asia associated with blocking highs: mechanisms and their interaction with the polar stratosphere Hisashi Nakamura, Kazuaki Nishii, Lin Wang, Yvan J. Orsolini and Koutarou Takaya ; Part V. Ocean Connections: 20. Response of the Atlantic Ocean circulation to North Atlantic freshwater perturbations Henk A. Dijkstra ; 21. Key role of Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation in twentieth-century drought and wet periods over the US Great Plains and the Sahel Sumant Nigam and Alfredo Ruiz-Barradas ; 22. Floods and droughts along the Guinea Coast in connection with the South Atlantic Dipole Hyacinth C. Nnamchi and Jianping Li ; 23. The effect of global dynamical factors on the interannual variability of land-based rainfall Peter G. Baines and Benjamin J. Henley ; 24. MJO and extreme weather and climate events Chidong Zhang ; Part VI. Asian Monsoons: 25. Extreme weather and seasonal events during the Indian summer monsoon and prospects of improvement in their prediction skill under India's monsoon mission D. R. Sikka ; 26. Interannual variability and predictability of summer climate over the Northwest Pacific and East Asia Shang-Ping Xie and Yu Kosaka ; 27. Impacts of Annular Modes on extreme climate events over the East Asian monsoon region Jianping Li ; Index.

Note: Prologue: autumn aromaWhat's left? -- Arts of noticing -- Contamination as collaboration -- Some problems with scale -- Interlude: smelling -- After progress : salvage accumulation -- Working the edge "freedom" -- Open ticket, Oregon -- War stories -- What happened to the state? : two kinds of Asian Americans in translation -- Between the dollar and the yen -- From gifts to commodities and back -- Salvage rhythms : business in disturbance -- Interlude: tracking -- Disturbed beginnings : unintentional design -- The life of the forest : coming up among pines -- History -- Resurgence -- Serendipity -- Ruin in gaps and patches -- In science as translation -- Flying spores -- Interlude: dancing -- In the middle of things -- Matsutake crusaders -- Ordinary assets -- Anti-ending : some people I met along the way -- Spore trail: the further adventures of a mushroom -- Notes -- Index..

Note: Pt. 1. Geopolitics and strategic resources -- pt. 2. Law of the sea -- pt. 3. Arctic institutions and specific fields of cooperation -- pt. 4. National approaches to the Arctic.

Note: Geotechnical damage in the downstream reaches of the Tone river in the 2011 East Japan EarthquakeAmplification Effects of Thin Soft Surface Layers: A Study for NBCC 2015 -- New design spectra in Eurocode 8 and preliminary application to the seismic risk of Thessaloniki, Greece -- Incorporating Site Response into Seismic Hazard Assessments for Critical Facilities: A Probabilistic Approach -- Stress Scaling Factors For Seismic Soil Liquefaction Engineering Problems: A Performance-Based Approach -- Site amplification formula using Average Vs in equivalent surface layer based on vertical array strong motion records -- Observations from Istanbul vertical arrays and site specific response analysis -- Combined failure mechanism of a breakwater subject to Tsunami during 2011 East Japan Earthquake -- Lessons Learned From Dams Behavior Under Recent Earthquakes -- Nonlinear dynamic analyses of liquefaction effects on dams -- The Effects of Liquefaction on Earthquake Ground Motions -- Shaking model tests on liquefaction mitigation of embedded lifeline -- Effect of Long Duration of the Main Shock and a Big Aftershock on the Liquefaction-Induced Damage During the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake -- Liquefaction Observed During the 2010 Chile Earthquake -- A Case Study of Silty Sand Liquefaction- 2010 Hsin Hwa Liquefaction in Taiwan -- Post-earthquake analysis for a seismic retrofitting: the case history of a piled foundation in Augusta (Italy) -- Pile design in laterally spreading soil: Feedback from numerical predictions and model test results -- Integrating use of Swedish weight sounding tests for earthquake reconnaissance investigations..

Note: Cover; Copyright; Contents; Figures; Tables; Contributors; Abbreviations; PART I Introduction; 1. Changing regulatory arrangements in food governance; 2. Conceptualizing regulatory arrangements: Complex networks and regulatory roles; PART II Public policy responses to food safety challenges; 3. Regulation of food safety in the EU: Explaining organizational diversity among Member States; 4. Buying biosecurity: UK compensation for animal diseases; 5. Being well fed: Food safety regimes in China. , 6. The political economy of Chinese food safety regulation: Distributing adulterated milk powder in mainland China and TaiwanPART III New forms of private food governance; 7. Authority and legitimacy in governing global food chains; 8. The effectiveness of private food governance in fostering sustainable development; 9. Food quality through networks in the European wine industry; 10. Markets regulating markets: Competitive private regulation by halal certificates; PART IV How public and private regulation meet. , 11. Are we being served? The relationship between public and private food safety regulation12. Between public and private requirements: Challenges and opportunities for the export of tropical fruits from developing countries to the EU; 13. The meta-governance of co-regulation: Safeguarding the quality of Dutch eggs; Index.

Note: Preface to the fourth editionIntroduction and overview -- Macroeconomic accounts, market structure, and behavioral functions -- Economic structure and aggregate accounts -- Economic structure and macroeconomics -- A general accounting framework -- Production structure in an open economy -- The structure of labor markets -- Policy consistency and solvency -- Fiscal rules and fiscal discipline -- Fiscal rules, public investment and growth -- Appendix: Fiscal effects of privatization..

Note: Cover; Title; Copyright; Contents; The Main Themes in Three Simple Tables; Preface; Who Should Read the Book?; Acknowledgments; About the Author; Introduction; i. Efficiently Inefficient Markets; ii. Global Trading Strategies: Overview of the Book; iii. Investment Styles and Factor Investing; Part I Active Investment; Chapter 1 Understanding Hedge Funds and Other Smart Money; Chapter 2 Evaluating Trading Strategies: Performance Measures; Chapter 3 Finding and Backtesting Strategies: Profiting in Efficiently Inefficient Markets; Chapter 4 Portfolio Construction and Risk Management. , Chapter 5 Trading and Financing a Strategy: Market andPart II Equity Strategies; Chapter 6 Introduction to Equity Valuation and Investing; Chapter 7 Discretionary Equity Investing; Interview with Lee S. Ainslie III of Maverick Capital; Chapter 8 Dedicated Short Bias; Interview with James Chanos of Kynikos Associates; Chapter 9 Quantitative Equity Investing; Interview with Cliff Asness of AQR Capital Management; Part III Asset Allocation and Macro Strategies; Chapter 10 Introduction to Asset Allocation: The Returns to the Major Asset Classes; Chapter 11 Global Macro Investing. , Interview with George Soros of Soros Fund ManagementChapter 12 Managed Futures: Trend-Following Investing; Interview with David Harding of Winton Capital Management; Part IV Arbitrage Strategies; Chapter 13 Introduction to Arbitrage Pricing and Trading; Chapter 14 Fixed-Income Arbitrage; Interview with Nobel Laureate Myron Scholes; Chapter 15 Convertible Bond Arbitrage; Interview with Ken Griffin of Citadel; Chapter 16 Event-Driven Investments; Interview with John A. Paulson of Paulson & Co.; References; Index.

Note: Zs.fassung in dt. und engl. Sprache

Note: Front Cover; Dedication; Contents; Preface to the First Edition; Preface to the Second Edition; CHAPTER 1 - Introduction; CHAPTER 2 - Data Foundations; CHAPTER 3 - Human Perception and Information Processing; CHAPTER 4 - Visualization Foundations; CHAPTER 5 - Visualization Techniques for Spatial Data; CHAPTER 6 - Visualization Techniques for Geospatial Data; CHAPTER 7 - Visualization Techniques for Time-Oriented Data; CHAPTER 8 - Visualization Techniques for Multivariate Data; CHAPTER 9 - Visualization Techniques for Trees, Graphs, and Networks; CHAPTER 10 - Text and Document Visualization. , CHAPTER 11 - Interaction ConceptsCHAPTER 12 - Interaction Techniques; CHAPTER 13 - Designing Effective Visualizations; CHAPTER 14 - Comparing and Evaluating Visualization Techniques; CHAPTER 15 - Visualization Systems; CHAPTER 16 - Research Directions in Visualization; APPENDIX A - History of Computer Graphics and Visualization; APPENDIX B - Example Data Sets; APPENDIX C - Sample Programs; Bibliography; Back Cover.

Note: Foreword; Prologue; Acknowledgements; Contents; Chapter 1: Early Earth Systems; 1.1 Archaean and Proterozoic Atmospheres; 1.2 Early Biospheres; 1.3 Greenhouse States and Glaciations; Chapter 2: Phanerozoic Life and Mass Extinctions of Species; 2.1 Acraman Impact and Acritarchs Radiation; 2.2 Cambrian and Late Ordovician Mass Extinction; 2.3 Late and End-Devonian Mass Extinctions; 2.4 Late Permian and Permian-Triassic Mass Extinctions; 2.5 End-Triassic Mass Extinction; 2.6 Jurassic-Cretaceous Extinction; 2.7 K-T (Cretaceous-Tertiary Boundary) Mass Extinction; 2.8 Paleocene-Eocene Extinction. , 2.9 The End-Eocene FreezeChapter 3: Cenozoic Biological Evolution (by Colin Groves); 3.1 The Evolution of Mammals; 3.2 From Primates to Humans; 3.3 From Genetic Evolution to Cultural Evolution; Chapter 4: Fire and the Biosphere; 4.1 An Incendiary Biosphere; 4.2 The Deep-Time History of Fire; 4.3 Fire and Pre-historic Human Evolution; 4.4 Neolithic Burning and Early Civilizations; Chapter 5: The Anthropocene; 5.1 The Modern Atmosphere; 5.2 Neolithic Burning and Early Global Warming; 5.3 The Great Carbon Oxidation Event; 5.4 The Sixth Mass Extinction of Species; 5.5 The Faustian Bargain. , 5.6 The Post-anthropocene WorldChapter 6: Rare Earth; Chapter 7: Prometheus: An Epilogue; References; About the Book and the Authors; Index.

Note: IntroductionMethodology of Seismic Tomography -- Subduction Zone Tomography -- Large Earthquakes and Seismotectonics -- Hotspots and Mantle Plumes -- East Asia Structure and Tectonics -- Global Tomography and Deep Earth dynamics -- Seismic Tomography of the Moon..

Note: Contents: (Dis)ability and (Dis)aster -- Disability and disaster : an overview -- Inclusive emergency management for people with disabilities facing disaster -- One (mis-)step from (personal) disaster : being blind -- One should remain calm -- Failure and hope : living or not with disability after the 2001 Gujarat earthquake -- Resilience : just for the resilient? -- Educating first responders about Asperger's syndrome -- Fighting to restart -- No matter what happened, I have survived -- Migraines and atmospheric conditions -- Don't let me burn! -- If you people would just prepare! -- Inclusive risk management -- Terrorism and displacement in Kenya -- Maintaining social contact for disaster preparedness -- Disasters for people with disabilities in the Cook Islands -- A disaster-free life - a lot of luck and happiness -- Lightness or darkness? -- The water is rushing in -- Of bodybuilders and wheelchairs -- My sister -- Wheels on the ground : lessons learned and lessons to learn -- Help us to get it right -- Exploring and exchanging (dis)ability and (Dis)aster

Note: Foreword; Preface; Contents; Authors' Biography; Chapter 1: Paths to the New Arctic; Chapter 2: Indigenous Peoples in the New Arctic; Chapter 3: Pioneering Nation: New Narratives About Greenland and Greenlanders Launched Through Arts and Branding; Chapter 4: Perpetual Adaption? Challanges for the Sami and Reindeer Husbandry in Sweden; Chapter 5: On Past, Present and Future Arctic Expeditions; Chapter 6: Arctopias: The Arctic as No Place and New Place in Fiction; Chapter 7: The Fleeting Glaciers of the Arctic; Chapter 8: Arctic Carbon Cycle: Patterns, Impacts and Possible Changes; Chapter 9: Arctic Vegetation Cover: Patterns, Processes and Expected Change; Chapter 10: Human Development in the New Arctic; Chapter 11: Issues in Arctic Tourism; ...

Note: IntroductionDrilling in the arctic -- Identifying international environmental law -- The right to resources and the no harm principle -- Human rights and the rights of indigenous peoples -- Caution and precaution -- The environmental impact assessment -- Monitoring and follow-up -- Legal consequences of failures to protect the environment -- State responsibility for wrongful conduct -- Liability for damage in the absence of a state's wrongful conduct -- The extent and limitations of international law in the marine arctic..

Note: Contents: 1 Introduction. - 2 Basic Physical Properties of Soil. - 2.1 Geometry of the Soil Matrix. - 2.2 Soil Structure. - 2.3 Fractal Geometry. - 2.4 Geometry of the Pore Space. - 2.5 Specific Surface Area. - 2.6 Averaging. - 2.7 Bulk Density, Water Content and Porosity. - 2.8 Relationships between Variables. - 2.9 Typical Values of Physical Properties. - 2.10 Volumes and Volumetric Fractions for a Soil Prism. - 2.11 Soil Solid Phase. - 2.12 Soil Texture. - 2.13 Sedimentation Law. - 2.14 Exercises. - 3 Soil Gas Phase and Gas Diffusion. - 3.1 Transport Equations. - 3.2 The Diffiisivity of Gases in Soil. - 3.3 Computing Gas Concentrations. - 3.4 Simulating One-Dimensional Steady-State Oxygen Diffusion in a Soil Profile. - 3.5 Numerical Implementation. - 3.6 Exercises. - 4 Soil Temperature and Heat Flow. - 4.1 Differential Equations for Heat Conduction. - 4.2 Soil Temperature Data. - 4.3 Numerical Solution of the Heat Flow Equation. - 4.4 Soil Thermal Properties. - 4.5 Numerical Implementation. - 4.6 Exercises. - 5 Soil Liquid Phase and Soil-Water Interactions. - 5.1 Properties of Water. - 5.2 Soil Water Potential. - 5.3 Water Potential-Water Content Relations. - 5.4 Liquid- and Vapour-Phase Equilibrium. - 5.5 Exercises. - 6 Steady-State Water Flow and Hydraulic Conductivity. - 6.1 Forces on Water in Porous Media. - 6.2 Water Flow in Saturated Soils. - 6.3 Saturated Hydraulic Conductivity. - 6.4 Unsaturated Hydraulic Conductivity. - 6.5 Exercises. - 7 Variation in Soil Properties. - 7.1 Frequency Distributions. - 7.2 Probability Density Functions. - 7.3 Transformations. - 7.4 Spatial Correlation. - 7.5 Approaches to Stochastic Modelling. - 7.6 Numerical Implementation. - 7.7 Exercises. - 8 Transient Water Flow. - 8.1 Mass Conservation Equation. - 8.2 Water Flow. - 8.3 Infiltration. - 8.4 Numerical Simulation of Infiltration. - 8.5 Numerical Implementation. - 8.6 Exercises. - 9 Triangulated Irregular Network. - 9.1 Digital Terrain Model. - 9.2 Triangulated Irregular Network. - 9.3 Numerical Implementation. - 9.4 Main. - 9.5 Triangulation. - 9.6 GIS Functions. - 9.7 Boundary. - 9.8 Geometrical Properties of Triangles. - 9.9 Delaunay Triangulation. - 9.10 Refinement. - 9.11 Utilities. - 9.12 Visualization. - 9.13 Exercise. - 10 Water Flow in Three Dimensions. - 10.1 Governing Equations. - 10.2 Numerical Formulation. - 10.3 Coupling Surface and Subsurface Flow. - 10.4 Numerical Implementation. - 10.5 Simulation. - 10.6 Visualization and Results. - 10.7 Exercises. - 11 Evaporation. - 11.1 General Concepts. - 11.2 Simultaneous Transport of Liquid and Vapour in Isothermal Soil. - 11.3 Modelling evaporation. - 11.4 Numerical Implementation. - 11.5 Exercises. - 12 Modelling Coupled Transport. - 12.1 Transport Equations. - 12.2 Partial Differential Equations. - 12.3 Surface Boundary Conditions. - 12.4 Numerical Implementation. - 12.5 Exercises. - 13 Solute Transport in Soils. - 13.1 Mass Flow. - 13.2 Diffusion. - 13.3 Hydrodynamic Dispersion. - 13.4 Advection-Dispersion Equation. - 13.5 Solute-Soil Interaction. - 13.6 Sources and Sinks of Solutes. - 13.7 Analytical Solutions. - 13.8 Numerical Solution. - 13.9 Numerical Implementation. - 13.10 Exercises. - 14 Transpiration and Plant-Water Relations. - 14.1 Soil Water Content and Soil Water Potential under a Vegetated Surface. - 14.2 General Features of Water Flow in the SPAC. - 14.3 Resistances to Water Flow within the Plant. - 14.4 Effect of Environment on Plant Resistance. - 14.5 Detailed Consideration of Soil and Root Resistances. - 14.6 Numerical Implementation. - 14.7 Exercises. - 15 Atmospheric Boundary Conditions. - 15.1 Radiation Balance at the Exchange Surface. - 15.2 Boundary-Layer Conductance for Heat and Water Vapour. - 15.3 Evapotranspiration and the Penman-Monteith Equation. - 15.4 Partitioning of Evapotranspiration. - 15.5 Exercise. - Appendix A: Basic Concepts and Examples of Python Programming. - A.1 Basic Python. - A.2 Basic Concepts of Computer Programming. - A.3 Data Representation: Variables. - A.4 Comments Rules and Indendation. - A.5 Arithmetic Expression. - A.6 Functions. - A.7 Flow Control. - A.8 File Input and Output. - A.9 Arrays. - A.10 Reading Date Time. - A.11 Object-Oriented Programming in Python. - A.12 Output and Visualization. - A.13 Exercises. - Appendix B: Computational Tools. - B.1 Numerical Differentiation. - B.2 Numerical Integration. - B.3 Linear Algebra. - B.4 Exercises. - List of Symbols. - List of Python Variables. - List of Python Projects. - References. - Index.

Note: Contents: Part I: Introduction to Grounded Theory of Anselm Strauss ; Chapter 1: Inspiration and Background ; Chapter 2: Theoretical Foundations ; Chapter 3: Practical Considerations for Getting Started ; Chapter 4: Prelude to Analysis ; Chapter 5: Strategies for Qualitative Data Analysis ; Chapter 6: Memos and Diagrams ; Chapter 7: Theoretical Sampling ; Chapter 8: Context ; Chapter 9: Process ; Chapter 10: Techniques for Achieving Theoretical Integration ; Chapter 11: The Use of Computer Programs in Qualitative Data Analysis ; Part II: Research Demonstration Project ; Chapter 12 Open Coding: Identifying Concepts ; Chapter 13: Developing Concepts in Terms of Their Properties and Dimensions ; Chapter 14: Analyzing Data for Context ; Chapter 15: Bringing Process Into the Analysis ; Chapter 16: Integrating Categories ; Part III: Finishing the Research Project ; Chapter 17: Writing Theses, Monographs, and Dissertations, and Giving Talks About Your Research ; Chapter 18: Criteria for Evaluation ; Chapter 19: Student Questions and Answers

Note: Contents: Part I. Getting Started: 1. What is 'Markets and Strategies'? ; 2. Firms, consumers and the market ; Part II. Market Power: 3. Static imperfect competition ; 4. Dynamic aspects of imperfect competition ; Part III. Sources of Market Power: 5. Product differentiation ; 6. Advertising and related market strategies ; 7. Consumer inertia ; Part IV. Pricing Strategies and Market Segmentation: 8. Group pricing and personalized pricing ; 9. Menu pricing ; 10. Intertemporal price discrimination ; 11. Bundling ; Part V. Product Quality and Information: 12. Asymmetric information, price and advertising signals ; 13. Marketing tools for experience goods ; Part VI. Theory of Competition Policy: 14. Cartels and tacit collusion ; 15. Horizontal mergers ; 16. Strategic incumbents and entry ; 17. Vertically related markets ; Part VII. R&D and Intellectual Property: 18. Innovation and R&D ; 19. Intellectual property ; Part VIII. Networks, Standards and Systems: 20. Markets with network goods ; 21. Strategies for network goods ; Part IX. Market Intermediation: 22. Markets with intermediated goods ; 23. Information and reputation in intermediated product markets ; Appendix A. Game theory ; Appendix B. Competition policy

Note: Contents: CHAPTER 1 Introduction ; CHAPTER 2 A Classical Monetary Model ; CHAPTER 3 The Basic New Keynesian Model ; CHAPTER 4 Monetary Policy Design in the Basic New Keynesian Model ; CHAPTER 5 Monetary Policy Tradeoffs: Discretion versus Commitment ; CHAPTER 6 A Model with Sticky Wages and Prices ; CHAPTER 7 Unemployment in the New Keynesian Model ; CHAPTER 8 Monetary Policy in the Open Economy ; CHAPTER 9 Lessons, Extensions, and New Directions ; Index

Note: Introduction: human-environment dynamics in the high-mountain cryosphere; References; Part I Global drivers; 2 Influence of climate variability and large-scale circulation on the mountain cryosphere; 2.1 Introduction; 2.2 European mountains; 2.3 North American Cordillera; 2.4 Tibetan Plateau and the surrounding high-mountain ranges; 2.5 The tropical Andes; 2.6 Mt. Kilimanjaro: a case study from East Africa; 2.7 Conclusions; Acknowledgements; References. 3 Temperature, precipitation and related extremes in mountain areas3.1 Introduction; 3.2 Basic characteristics of near surface temperature in mountain topography; 3.2.1 Altitude dependence of 2m temperature; 3.2.2 Altitude dependence of daily temperature anomalies; 3.2.3 The relation between surface air pressure and 2m temperature; 3.3 Temperature extremes; 3.4 Precipitation patterns in mountain areas; 3.4.1 Measuring and monitoring precipitation; 3.5 Precipitation extremes; 3.5.1 Selected gridded data products; 3.5.1.1 Reanalyses; 3.5.1.2 Combined observations. 3.5.1.3 Interpolated rain-gauge station data3.5.2 Comparison and discussion of the gridded data products; 3.6 Conclusions; Acknowledgments; References; 4 Snow and avalanches; 4.1 Introduction; 4.1.1 Snow cover; 4.1.2 Snow avalanche hazard and risk; 4.2 Environmental change; 4.2.1 Climate change and mountain snow cover; 4.2.2 Effects on snow avalanches; 4.3 Socio-economic change; 4.3.1 Drivers of socio-economic change; 4.3.2 Effects on snow avalanche risk; 4.3.2.1 Temporal dynamics of socio-economic changes; 4.3.2.2 Spatial dynamics of socio-economic changes; 4.4 Conclusions; References. 5 The frozen frontier: the extractives super cycle in a time of glacier recession5.1 Introduction; 5.2 The icy edge of climate change; 5.3 The icy edge of the global extractives super cycle; 5.4 New mountains of mines and the frozen north; 5.5 Extending the extractives complex into the cryosphere; 5.6 Liquid relations and stratified societies; 5.7 The frigid fringe: extractive bio-futures and the freezing depths; 5.8 Conclusion; References; 6 Cultural values of glaciers; 6.1 Introduction; 6.2 Three cases in the Alps, the Andes, and the North Cascades. 6.3 Understanding the cultural values of glaciers6.4 Case study 1: Stilfs, South Tirol, Italian Alps; 6.4.1 The role of glaciers for community, identity, and self-reliance in Stilfs; 6.5 Case study 2: Siete Imperios, Cordillera Blanca, Peru; 6.5.1 The role of glaciers and mountains for community, identity, and self-reliance in Siete Imperios; 6.6 Case study 3: Glacier and Concrete, North Cascades, USA; 6.6.1 The role of glaciers and mountains for community, identity, and self-reliance in Glacier and Concrete; 6.7 Discussion and conclusions; Acknowledgments; References; Part II Processes. 7 Implications for hazard and risk of seismic and volcanic responses to climate change in the high-mountain cryosphere.

Note: Introduction : a focus on migrant inclusion and the politics of immigration and asylum in EuropeThe nation-state and NGOo political activity -- Domestic opportunities and constraints -- Cooperation along two dimensions : public visibility and intensity of commitment -- Asymmetries within the movement : the provision and receipt of less publicly visible movement "goods" -- Cooperation within the state : publicly visible campaigns and common projects -- Cooperation beyond the state : transnational activism in the public realm -- NGOs as multilevel actors : toward a more complete understanding..

Note: Dissertation, Universität Potsdam, 2015 , Table of Contents Acknowledgements Abstract Zusammenfassung List of figures and tables List of Abbreviations 1. Introduction 1.1. Preface and thesis organization 1.2. Research motivation and relevance 1.3. Background knowledge 1.3.1. Terrigenous sediments 1.3.2. Hala Lake 1.3.3. The North Pacific 1.3.4. The Bering Sea 1.4. Aims and objectives 1.5. Methodological overview 1.5.1. Fieldwork 1.5.2. Age-depth modeling 1.5.3. Key proxies: grain size and clay minerals 1.5.4. Supplementary methodology: remote sensing, seismic sub-bottom profiling and geochemistry 1.6. Overview and status of the manuscripts 2 Manuscript 1 : Linkages between Quaternary climate change and sedimentary processes in Hala Lake, northern Tibetan Plateau, China Abstract 2.1. Introduction 2.2. Regional setting 2.3. Materials and methods 2.3.1. Remote sensing of the study area 2.3.2. Fieldwork 2.3.3. Radiocarbon dating of recovered sediment cores 2.3.4. Laboratory work 2.3.5. Statistical data treatment 2.4. Results and interpretation 2.4.1. Remote sensing on the spatial heterogeneity of lake ice and length of lake ice-free days 2.4.2. Seismic sub-bottom profiling 2.4.3. Age and sedimentary characteristics of the sediment core record 2.4.4. Grain-size modeling results 2.5. Discussion 2.5.1. Last Glacial Maximum (~24-17 cal. ka BP) 2.5.2. Time-equivalent of Heinrich Event 1 (~17-15.4 cal. ka BP) 2.5.3. Time-equivalent of Bolling-Allerod (~15.4-13 cal. ka BP) 2.5.4. Time-equivalent of Younger Dryas (~12.9-11.6 cal. ka BP) 2.5.5. Holocene (~11.6 cal. ka BP to present) 2.6. Conclusions Acknowledgments 3 Manuscript 2: Modern modes of provenance and dispersal of terrigenous sediments in the North Pacific and the Bering Sea: Implications and perspectives for palaeoenvironmental reconstructions Abstract 3.1. Introduction 3.2. Study area and regional setting 3.3. Material and methods 3.4. Results 3.4.1. Grain size distribution 3.4.2 Bulk mineralogy 3.4.3. Mineralogy of the clay fraction 3.5. Discussion 3.5.1. Sedimentary processes 3.5.2. Sediment provenance 3.5.3 Implications for palaeoenvironmental studies 3.6. Conclusions Acknowledgements 4 Manuscript 3: Provenance and dispersal of terrigenous sediments in the Bering Sea slope: Implications for late glacial land-ocean linkages Abstract 4.1. Introduction 4.2. Regional setting 4.3. Material and methods 4.4. Results and interpretation 4.4.1. Lithology and stratigraphy 4.4.2. Grain size distribution 4.4.3. Clay mineralogy 4.5. Discussion 4.5.1. Processes of terrigenous sediment supply 4.5.2. Detrital sediment sources 4.5.3. Detrital sediment supply and its relation to regionalpalaeoenvironmental changes 4.5.3.1. Time interval 32-15.7 ka BP: Background sedimentation at low sea level 4.5.3.2. Time interval 15.7-14.5 ka BP: Regional Meltwater Pulse 4.5.3.3. Time interval 14.5-12.9 ka BP: First biological bloom event 4.5.3.4. Time interval 12.9-6 ka BP: Cooling episode, rejuvenation of biological productivity and onset ofmodern conditions 4.5.4. Palaeoenvironmental implications 4.6. Conclusions Acknowledgements 5 Synthesis 5.1. The North Hemisphere synchronization of millennial climate oscillations during the last Glacial: teleconnections from Westerlies and thermohaline Circulation 5.2. The regional asynchronization of millennial climate oscillations during the last Glacial: discrepancy and "recording capacity" 5.3. Secondary connections between global climate transmissions: winter cyclone in the North Pacific 5.4. Future perspectives 6 References 7 Appendix Extended results: Core SO202-39-3 from the mid-latitude North Pacific 7.1. Material 7.2. Results 7.3. Oscillation of eolian sediment transport 7.4. Conclusions

Note: Dissertation, Universität Potsdam, 2015 , Table of contents Preface Table of contents Summary Zusammenfassung 1. Introduction 1.1. Environmental conditions on past and present Mars 1.2. Detection of methane on Mars 1.3. Methanogenic archaea 1.4. Description of study sites 1.5. Aims and approaches 1.6. Overview of the publications 2. Publication I: Methanosarcina soligelidi sp. nov., a desiccationandfreeze-thaw-resistant methanogenic archaeon from a Siberianpermafrost-affected soil 3. Publication II: Methanobacterium movilense sp. nov.,ahydrogenotrophic, secondary-alcohol-utilizing methanogen fromthe anoxic sediment of a subsurface lake 4. Publication III: Influence of Martian Regolith Analogs on the activityand growth of methanogenic archaea,with special regard to long-term desiccation 5. Publication IV: Laser spectroscopic real time measurements ofmethanogenic activity under simulated Martian subsurface conditions 6. Synthesis and Conclusion 6.1. Synthesis 6.2. Conclusion and future perspectives 7. References 8. Acknowledgments

Note: Introduction -- Procedures and criteria for the definition of Global Heritage Stone Resources -- The 'Global Heritage Stone Resource' designation: past, present and future -- Global stone heritage: Larvikite, Norway -- The Hallandia gneiss, a Swedish heritage stone resource -- The Kolmården serpentine marble in Sweden: a stone found both in castles and peoples homes -- Global Heritage Stone: Estremoz Marbles, Portugal -- Contribution of Portuguese two-mica granites to stone built heritage: the historical value of Oporto granite -- Piedra Pajarilla: a candidacy as a global heritage stone resource for Martinamor granite -- The Sierra Nevada serpentinites: the serpentinites most used in Spanish heritage buildings -- Villamayor Stone (Golden Stone) as a Global Heritage Stone Resource from Salamanca (NW of Spain) -- Colmenar Limestone, Madrid, Spain: considerations for its nomination as a Global Heritage Stone Resource due to its long term durability -- Carrara Marble: a nomination for Global Heritage Stone Resource from Italy -- Rosa Beta granite (Sardinian Pink Granite): a heritage stone of international significance from Italy -- Pietra Serena: the stone of the Renaissance -- Ornamental stones of the Verbano Cusio Ossola quarry district: characterization of materials, quarrying techniques and history and relevance to local and national heritage -- Stone materials used for monumental buildings in the historical centre of Turin (NW Italy): architectonical survey and petrographic characterization of Via Roma -- Podpec limestone: a heritage stone from Slovenia -- Stone heritage in Southeast Slovenia -- Ornamental stone in the history of St Petersburg architecture -- Natural stone in the built heritage of the interior of Brazil: the use of stone in Minas Gerais -- Piedra Mar del Plata: An Argentine orthoquartzite worthy of being considered as a Global Heritage Stone Resource..

Note: Contents: Introduction / Lisa Early, Philippa Howden-Chapman, Marie Russell, Anna Hamer Adams & Jenny Ombler -- Auckland / Guy Salmon -- Hamilton / Marie Russell, Lisa Early, Jenny Ombler & Anna Hamer-Adams -- Wellington / Marie Russell, Lisa Early, Anna Hamer-Adams & Jenny Ombler -- Christchurch / Guy Salmon -- Dunedin / Marie Russell, Lisa Early, Jenny Ombler & Anna Hamer-Adams -- Survey of sentiments about cities / Philippa Howden-Chapman, Anna Hamer-Adams, Ed Randal, Ralph Chapman, Guy Salmon -- What shapes our cities? / Lisa Early, Marie Russell, Geoff Fougere & Philippa Howden-Chapman.