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  • 1
    Call number: 9/M 11.0077
    Description / Table of Contents: Petroleum geoscience comprises those geoscientific disciplines which are of greatest significance for the exploration and recovery of oil and gas. These include petroleum geology, of which sedimentary geology is the main foundation along with the contextual and modifying principles of regional, tectonic and structural geology. Additionally, biostratigraphy and micropalaeontology, organic geochemistry, and geophysical exploration and production techniques are all important tools for petroleum geoscientists
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: IX, 508 S. : Ill., graph. Darst., Kt. ; 27 cm
    ISBN: 9783642023316
    Classification:
    Petrology, Petrography
    Location: Reading room
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
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  • 2
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Berlin [u.a.] : Springer
    Call number: G 9082
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: XII, 363 S. : Ill., graph. Darst.
    ISBN: 3540176918
    Language: English
    Location: Upper compact magazine
    Branch Library: GFZ Library
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  • 3
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Berlin [u.a.] : Springer
    Call number: 15/M 15.89255
    Description / Table of Contents: This comprehensive textbook presents an overview of petroleum geoscience for geologists active in the petroleum industry, while also offering a useful guide for students interested in environmental geology, engineering geology and other aspects of sedimentary geology. In this second edition, new chapters have been added and others expanded, covering geophysical methods in general and electromagnetic exploration methods in particular, as well as reservoir modeling and production, unconventional resources and practical petroleum exploration
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: XIII, 662 S.
    Edition: 2. ed.
    ISBN: 9783642341311
    Classification:
    Petrology, Petrography
    Language: English
    Note: Introduction to Petroleum Geology Introduction to Sedimentology -- Sedimentary Geochemistry -- Sandstones and Sandstone Reservoirs -- Carbonate Sediments -- Mudrocks, Shales, Silica Deposits and Evaporites -- Stratigraphy -- Sequence Stratigraphy, Seismic Stratigraphy -- Heat Transport in Sedimentary Basins -- Subsurface Water and Fluid Flow in Sedimentary Basins -- Introduction to Geomechanics: Stress and Strain in Sedimentary Basins -- The Structure and Hydrocarbon Traps of Sedimentary Basins -- Compaction of Sedimentary Rocks Including Shales, Sandstones and Carbonates -- Source Rocks and Petroleum Geochemistry -- Petroleum Migration -- Well Logging: Principles, Applications and Uncertainties -- Seismic Exploration -- Explorational Rock Physics - The Link Between Geological Processes and Geophysical Observables -- 4D Seismic -- Interpretation of Marine CSEM - and Marine MT Data for Hydrocarbon Prospecting -- Production Geology -- Introduction to Reservoir Modelling -- Unconventional Hydrocarbons. Oil Shales, Heavy Oil, Tar Sand, Shale Gas, Shale Oil and Gas Hydrates -- Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) -- Geology of the Norwegian Continental Shelf -- Exploration Strategy..
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Sedimentology 6 (1966), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-3091
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: The present paper describes the use of cellulose acetate replicas in the study of silicate rocks, particularly indurated sandstones. The procedure of Boardman and Utgaard (1964) for the reproduction of surface structures of polished limestone slabs for the study of Paleozoic Bryozoa, was modified and applied on silicate rocks using HF instead of formic acid as the etching agent.The polished slabs are etched with 40 % HF for 5–10 seconds and then washed, dried, wetted with acetone and gently pressed towards a mount of cellulose acetate. After drying, the specimen is quickly removed and an imprint is left on the acetate peel. By using thick (1.6 mm) cellulose acetate sheets no mounting on glass slides is needed, and the replica can be studied directly under the microscope or be used as a photographic negative.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 62 (1973), S. 938-947 
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The Bunyoro Series of W. Uganda is a sequence of sandstones and pelitic sediments of fairly low metamorphic grade resting unconformably on crystalline Precambrian basement rocks. Conglomerates and pebbly mudstones are found predominantly in the lower part of the sequence. The present paper describes the result of fieldwork carried out by the author, mainly in the Hoima and Masindi areas. The author supports the conclusion reached by earlier workers (Davies, 1939) that the conglomerates of the Bunyoro Series are of glacial origin and probably of Late Precambrian age. The conglomerates of the northern part of the Bunyoro District (Masindi) are strongly deformed and elongated, defining a very distinct pebble lineation dipping in a northerly direction. This lineation was most probably formed during isoclinal folding with tectonic movement from the North to the South, producing extensive inversions. This folding is most likely to have taken place in Late Precambrian or Early Palaeozoic times and may tentatively be correlated with the Katanga orogeny.
    Abstract: Résumé La Série du Bunyoro de l'Ouest de l'Ouganda consiste en grès et sédiments pélitiques peu métamorphiques reposant en discordance sur le socle cristallin Antécambrien (Précambrien). Des conglomérats et argiles à galets sont surtout localisés dans la partie inférieure de la série. Le présent article décrit les résultats du travail de terrain effectué par l'auteur, principalement dans les districts de Hoima et de Masindi. L'auteur confirme la conclusion à laquelle sont arrivés ses prédécesseurs (Davies, 1939), c.-à-d. que les conglomérats de la Série du Bunyoro ont une origine glaciaire effectué par l'auteur, principalement dans les districts de Hoima et de Masindi. conglomérats de la partie Nord du District du Bunyoro (Masindi) sont fortement déformés et étirés avec une linéation de galets très marquée, plongeant vers le Nord. Cette linéation s'est probablement développée lors d'un plissement isoclinal avec transport tectonique du Nord vers le Sud, ce qui a produit d'importantes inversions. Apparemment cette phase de plissement s'est produite vers la fin de la période infracambrienne ou bien au début de l'ère Paléozoïque, et l'on peut tenter de la mettre en liaison avec l'orogènese du Katanga.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die Bunyoro-Serie in West-Uganda besteht aus wenig metamorphen Sandsteinen und pelitischen Sedimenten, die diskordant auf dem kristallinen präkambrischen Grundgebirge ruhen. Konglomerate und geröllhaltige Ton- und Siltsteine dominieren in den tieferen Teilen der Serie. In dieser Abhandlung beschreibt der Verfasser die Resultate seiner Feldarbeit hauptsächlich aus den Gebieten Hoima und Masindi. Frühere Ergebnisse (Davies, 1939) werden gestützt insofern, als die Konglomerate der Bunyoro-Serie glazialen Ursprungs sind und wahrscheinlich spät-präkambrisches Alter haben. Die Konglomerate der nördlichen Teile des Bunyoro-Gebietes sind stark deformiert, und die Geröllachsen fallen in nördlichen Richtungen ein, Diese Liniation ist wahrscheinlich während einer isoklinalen Faltungsperiode mit tektonischer Bewegung von Norden gegen Süden entstanden. Die Faltung hat extensive Überkippungen hervorgerufen und hat wahrscheinlich in spätpräkambrischen oder frühen paläozoischen Zeiten stattgefunden. Sie kann versuchsweise mit der Katanga-Orogenese korreliert werden.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    International journal of earth sciences 78 (1989), S. 243-268 
    ISSN: 1437-3262
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Description / Table of Contents: Abstract The properties of sandstones as potential reservoirs and shales as source rocks depend on primary facies relationships and diagenesis. Porostiy loss due to mechanical compation and pressure solution is essentially a function of grain parameters (sorting, packing and composition) and net overburden stress. The porosity loss can be predicted to a certain extent. The importance of secondary porosity caused by dissolution of framework grains and cements has been fully recognized. The discussion has focused on the processes causing such dissolution and to what extent it can cause net increase in porosity. The most critical factor in clastic diagenesis is the nature of porewater flow and the degree of mass transfer taking place as a result of this. In the North Sea reservoir rocks, petrographic and geochemical evidence suggest that most of the leaching of feldspar and mica resulting in the formation of kaolinite occurred early during fresh wather flushing. Recent calculations indicate that »acids« derived from source rocks are inadequate to explain the secondary porosity observed in reservoir rocks. Mathematical modelling suggests that thermal convection is of limited importance in sedimentary basins, except where there are high lateral changes in geothermal gradients. Evidence from porewater geochemistry suggests that porewaters in sedimentary basins are often stratified or compartmentalized in a way which is inconsistent with large scale convection or compactional flow, making it necessary to assume that diagenetic reactions are relatively isochemical during deeper burial. A better understanding of the diagenetic reactions will help us to improve our predictions about porosity/depth relations, pore size, and pore geometry distribution in reservoir rocks. Porosity depth trends from offshore Norway and published data from other basins are discussed. Empirical linear best fit lines are found to illustrate the relationship quite well for depths between one and five km. Within a specific region, the linear porosity gradient is a function of mineral composition and of temperature and pressure gradients. Primary porosity tends to be best preserved in sandstones with high proportions of stable grains (e. g. in quartz arenites) down to about 3 or 4 km. At greater depth, porosity loss is accelerated due to increased pressure solution. Secondary and primary porosity adjacent to feldspar grains then tends to be selectively preserved relative to primary pores between quartz grains.
    Abstract: Résumé Les facteurs qui caractérisent des grès en tant que réservoirs potentiels d'hydrocarbures et des shales en tant que roches-mères sont les relations facielles primaires et la diagenèse. La perte de porosité due à la compaction mécanique et aux impressionnements («pressure-solution») est fonction essentiellement des paramètres des grains (classement, ordonnance et composition) et des contraintes dues à la surcharge. La perte de porosité peut être prévue dans une certaine mesure. On connaît l'importance de la porosité secondaire provoquée par la dissolution des grains et des ciments. La discussion est centrée sur les processus responsables de cette dissolution et sur leur incidence dans l'accroissement net de la porosité. Le facteur le plus critique dans la diagenèse des élastiques est la nature du flux d'eau intersticielle et le degré de transfert de matière qui en résulte. Dans les roches-magasins de la Mer du Nord, les observations pétrographiques et géochimiques montrent que la plus grande partie de l'altération en kaolin du feldspath et du mica s'est produite lors du lessivage par de l'eau douce. Selon des calculs récents, les «acides» dérivés des roches-mères ne peuvent expliquer la porosité secondaire des roches-magasins. La modélisation mathématique suggère que la convection thermique ne joue qu'un rôle subordonné dans un bassin de sédimentation, sauf aux endroits de forte variation latérale du gradient géothermique. L'étude géochimique des eaux intersticielles montre que dans les bassins sédimentaires, elles sont souvent stratifiées ou compartimentées d'une manière qui est incompatible avec une convection à grande échelle car un tel phénomène impliquerait des réactions diagénétiques relativement isochimiques. Une meilleure compréhension des réactions diagénétiques doit nous aider à améliorer nos prévisions relatives à la relation porosité/profondeur, et à la répartition de la taille et de la forme des pores dans les roches-magasins. Une discussion est présentée à propos de la relation porosité/profondeur, à partir des données recueillies off-shore en Norvège et de données publiées provenant d'autres bassins. Il apparaît qu'entre 0 et 5 km de profondeur, des courbes empiriques linéaires rendent le mieux compte de ces relations. Dans une région donnée, le gradient linéaire de porosité est fonction de la composition minéralogique et des gradients de pression et de température. La porosité primaire tend à être bien préservée dans les grès riches en grains stables (p. ex. dans les arénites quartziques) jusqu'à une profondeur de 3 à 4 km. Plus bas, la perte de porosité s'accélère en raison des phénomènes d'impressionnement. Dans ces conditions profondes, les pores primaires et secondaires adjacents aux grains de feldspath semblent relativement plus stables que les pores primaires situés entre les grains de quartz.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Die bestimmenden Faktoren von Sandsteinen als mögliche Speichergesteine und von Schiefern als Bildungsort von Kohlenwasserstoffen liegen in den Verhältnissen der primären Fazieausbildungen der Gesteine und deren Diagenesegeschichte. Korn-Parameter (Sortierung, Pakkungsdichte und Zusammensetzung) und Netto-Auflast steuern mechanische Kompaktion und Drucklösung. Diese sind für Porositätsreduzierungen verantwortlich, die bis zu einem bestimmten Grad abgeschätzt werden können. Der Einfluß von Lösungserscheinungen für die Bildung sekundären Porenraums, der hier definiert werden konnte und die Vorgänge, die Lösungsphasen iniziieren, bilden den zentralen Punkt der Diskussion. Größte Bedeutung in der Diagenese klastischer Sedimente kommt dem Charakter der Grundwasserbewegungen und deren Eigenschaft im Bereich des Stofftransportes zu. Daten der Petrographie und der Geochemie ergeben für die Speichergesteine der Nordsee, daß der Hauptanteil der Lösung von Feldspat und Muskovit, ein Vorgang, der zur Bildung von Kaolinit führte, frühdiadenetisch unter Einfluß von Süßwasser stattfand. Aufgrund neuerer Kalkulationen kann die Bedeutung saurer Lösungen, die man von dem Bildungsgestein hergeleitet, für die sekundäre Porosität der Speichergesteine ausgeschlossen werden. Mathematische Berechnungen räumen dem Einfluß thermaler Konvektion in sedimentären Becken meist geringe Bedeutung zu, es sei denn es gibt große laterale Unterschiede des geothermischen Gradienten. Die geochemische Analyse des Porenwassers ergibt vertikale und horizontale Zonierungen im Chemismus des Wassers. Diese Tatsache widerspricht der These einer großräumischen Konvektion, da in diesem Fall die Diagenese-Prozesse unter Bedeckung bei relativ einheitlicher chemischer Zusammensetzung ablaufen würden. Ein besseres Verständnis der diagenetischen Vorgänge wird die Abhängigkeit des Verhältnisses von Porosität zur Tiefe, der Verteilung des Hohlraumvolumens und der Hohlraumgeometrie in Speichergesteinen erleichtern. Diskutiert werden Zusammenhänge von Porosität und Tiefe, die Daten an Stellen vor der Küste Norwegens und anderen Becken entnommen wurden. Für Tiefen zwischen einem und fünf Kilometern scheinen empirische, lineare Geraden am besten die Verhältnisse zu verdeutlichen. Regional begrenzt kann der lineare Porositätsgradient als eine Funktion der Gradienten von Mineralzusammensetzung, Temperatur und Druck beschrieben werden. Primäre Porosität ist am besten in Sandsteinen mit einem hohen Anteil an stabilen Komponenten (z. B. Quatzarenite) bis zu einer Tiefe von drei oder vier Kilometern erhalten. Drucklösungserscheinungen sind für die zunehmende Abnahme der Porosität in größeren Tiefen verantwortlich. Dabei scheinen sekundäre und intergranulare Porenräume zwischen Feldspatkörnern relativ zu primären Porenräumen zwischen Quartzkörnern stabiler zu sein.
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  • 7
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    PANGAEA
    In:  Supplement to: Croizé, Delphine; Ehrenberg, Stephen N; Bjørlykke, Knut; Renard, François; Jahren, Jens (2010): Petrophysical properties of bioclastic platform carbonates: implications for porosity controls during burial. Marine and Petroleum Geology, 27(8), 1765-1774, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.marpetgeo.2009.11.008
    Publication Date: 2024-01-09
    Description: This study is based on rock mechanical tests of samples from platform carbonate strata to document their petrophysical properties and determine their potential for porosity loss by mechanical compaction. Sixteen core-plug samples, including eleven limestones and five dolostones, from Miocene carbonate platforms on the Marion Plateau, offshore northeast Australia, were tested at vertical effective stress, sigma1', of 0-70 MPa, as lateral strain was kept equal to zero. The samples were deposited as bioclastic facies in platform-top settings having paleo-water depths of 〈10-90 m. They were variably cemented with low-Mg calcite and five of the samples were dolomitized before burial to present depths of 39-635 m below sea floor with porosities of 8-46%. Ten samples tested under dry conditions had up to 0.22% strain at sigma1' = 50 MPa, whereas six samples tested saturated with brine, under drained conditions, had up to 0.33% strain. The yield strength was reached in five of the plugs. The measured strains show an overall positive correlation with porosity. Vp ranges from 3640 to 5660 m/s and Vs from 1840 to 3530 m/s. Poisson coefficient is 0.20-0.33 and Young's modulus at 30 MPa ranged between 5 and 40 GPa. Water saturated samples had lower shear moduli and slightly higher P- to S-wave velocity ratios. Creep at constant stress was observed only in samples affected by pore collapse, indicating propagation of microcracks. Although deposited as loose carbonate sand and mud, the studied carbonates acquired reef-like petrophysical properties by early calcite and dolomite cementation. The small strains observed experimentally at 50 MPa indicate that little mechanical compaction would occur at deeper burial. However, as these rocks are unlikely to preserve their present high porosities to 4-5 km depth, further porosity loss would proceed mainly by chemical compaction and cementation.
    Keywords: -; 194-1193; 194-1196; Bulk modulus; Calculated; Comment; COMPCORE; Composite Core; Coral Sea; Density, grain; DEPTH, sediment/rock; Event label; Height; Joides Resolution; Leg194; Lithology/composition/facies; Number; Ocean Drilling Program; ODP; Permeability, gas; Poisson's ratio; Porosity; Pressure, stress; Shear modulus; Texture; Velocity, compressional wave; Velocity, shear wave; Young's modulus
    Type: Dataset
    Format: text/tab-separated-values, 279 data points
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2007-10-08
    Description: The evolution of the petroleum systems in the Tampen Spur area, with main focus on the filling directions of the northern part of Snorre field, was addressed through 2D basin modelling (Petromod V. 4.5 and 7.0). The geochemical classification of the petroleum populations in the area represented the framework for considering the different kitchen areas and migration systems. Results from the basin modelling support, in general terms, the previous geochemical classification and petroleum families in the region. However, a separate well-defined main kitchen area for the Snorre Field was deduced opposed to the multiple kitchen areas having contributed to the filling as proposed in the literature. Our conclusions are based on the quantitative evaluation of the different proposed kitchen areas and the timing and extent of petroleum generation. Modelling of petroleum generation was performed using asphaltene kinetics determined on petroleum asphaltenes from Snorre oils. This approach was chosen in order to avoid problems associated with the kinetic variability encountered in the Draupne formation. The petroleum asphaltene kinetics was used to delineate the extent of the kitchen area, which reached the time/temperature conditions necessary for the generation of the analysed oil phase. The results thus differ from conventional oil window approximations as we utilize kinetic source rock parameters in the migrated oil for tracing out the generative basin. Three 2D lines crossing the main kitchen areas were modelled in this study. The models were calibrated to data from eight wells, consisting of measured vitrinite reflectance, corrected well temperatures and pore pressure. Three main kitchen areas were considered; one to the west and northwest of Snorre field, one directly to the north (More basin) and one to the east of the field (34/5 kitchen). Modelling suggests that the kitchen area to the west and northwest of Snorre is largely immature and that the volume of potentially generated petroleum is too small to fill the Snorre structure. In the northern kitchen area, the seismic indicated very thin upper Jurassic deposits, which reaches oil window maturities only at a relatively large distance from the structure. The modelling also demonstrated problems related to the filling of the Snorre structure from the More Basin. The combined effect of a thin source rock, which implies a regionally large drainage area to fill the structure, and the large distance to the mature kitchen, lead to the conclusion that the More Basin did not contribute significant volumes of petroleum to the Snorre field. In contrast, the kitchen area east of Snorre Field (the 34/5 kitchen) proved in the modelling to be mature and volumetrically large enough to account for the entire filling of the Snorre Field.
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2007-10-08
    Description: Petroleum inclusion and geochemical data from core extracts were applied to deduce a model for oil migration, overpressure development and palaeo-leakage of oil from currently dry structures in the Haltenbanken Vest area. The existence of fluorescent oil type inclusions in quartz in the Smorbukk (Asgard-2) field suggest that oil migrated into this structure 70-50 million years before present (Ma bp). This is also the case for the dry structures 6506/12-4, 6506/11-3 and 6506/11-1, west of the main Smorbukk Fault Zone. Black oil inclusions with medium gas/oil ratio (GOR) occur in these fields together with condensate-type petroleum inclusions. This suggests that the dry structures transformed from containing oil to condensate before leakage. Petroleum extracted from inclusions in these structures and in nearby fields have identical marine type II kerogen signatures. Source rocks at the Spekk Formation level in the current drainage area of Smorbukk and these dry structures, were immature 70-50 Ma bp and the Smorbukk Sor (Asgard-3) field did not fill at this early time. Thus, oil must initially have entered into Smorbukk from areas to the W-SW, through the currently pressure sealing Smorbukk Fault Zone which today marks the westward limit of the Smorbukk field. Diagenesis in this fault zone caused the much later overpressure development and petroleum was lost from the 6506/12-4, 6506/11-3 and 6506/11-1 structures as overpressure built up regionally. Petroleum loss from these structures with their often thick seals must have occurred via self-propagating open-fracture-induced mechanisms. Lack of petroleum in the Cretaceous strata above these structures suggests that leakage occurred to even shallower strata. This could imply that the Cretaceous strata in Halten Vest were overpressured at the time of leakage. In contrast, the oil in the Cretaceous Lysing and Lange Formation (above the Jurassic reservoirs in Smorbukk and Smorbukk Sor) most likely originated (based on geochemistry and GORs) from the Jurassic reservoirs below and not from Cretaceous strata. This migration event would have been facilitated if it occurred before these sands became overpressured as they are today. Modelling suggests that the Spekk Formation became mature in the Smorbukk Sor region <10 Ma bp and microthermometry of oil inclusions from Smorbukk Sor supports filling during the past 10 Ma. This implies that caprock failure in the Halten Vest structures 6506/12-4, 6506/11-1 and 6506/11-3 most likely occurred after filling of the Smorbukk Sor and 6406/3-1 structures. Rapid regional burial during the past 10 Ma caused local migration of oil into Smorbukk Sor, Smorbukk and 6406/3-1 structures, and generation of high GOR oils in the deeper Halten Vest region. High GOR petroleum inclusions in the Halten Vest structures signify this event and suggests that caprock fracturing occurred after a gas-condensate had replaced oil in these traps. Rapid burial during the past 3 Ma is likely to have caused the current overpressure and associated leakage in Halten Vest. The fact that these traps did not later refill in this progressively subsiding and maturing basin must be related to trap pressures remaining too close to the actual fracture pressures.
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2007-10-08
    Description: Modelling of sediment compaction requires that the rate limiting processes are understood. The compaction of uncemented sediments at relatively shallow burial depths should be modelled as a function of effective stress following soil mechanical principles and using experimental compaction data for calibration. In siliceous rocks chemical compaction is dominant at depths greater than 2-3 km (80-100{degrees}C). Chemical compaction should be modelled as a function of the temperature history and the mineralogical and textural composition of the sediments. The rate of chemical compaction for siliceous sediments is to a large extent a function of the quartz cementation, which is an exponential function of temperature, while the effective stress plays a minor role. In the case of carbonate sediments the kinetics of precipitation of cement is much faster and the effective stress is more important than temperature. The magnitude and distribution of effective situ stresses is a complex function of external tectonic stresses, gravitational forces and fluid pressures. Sediments undergo mechanical compaction when subjected to high effective stress and are much more compressible than basement rocks. Chemical compaction also results in a reduction in rock volume and this has a strong feedback on the in situ stresses. If the horizontal stress is greater than the vertical stress, both mechanical compaction and chemical compaction will also occur in the horizontal direction, thus relaxing in situ stresses unless there is significant basin shortening. Calculations show that relatively large in situ stress anomalies (10 MPa) may be relaxed in 5-10 ka by chemical compaction during basin subsidence. Chemical compaction may also continue during uplift; it is fundamentally different from mechanical compaction and must be modelled separately.
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