ALBERT

Note: Kt. u.d.T.: Part of Franz Josef Archipelago surveyed by the Ziegler Polar Expedition 1903-4-5 〈1 : 600.000〉 ; Map of Franz Josef Archipelago compiled from surveys of the Ziegler Polar Expeditions 1901--02, 1903-5, and from information published by Payer (1872-74), Leigh Smith (1880-81), Jackson (1894-97), Nansen (1895-96), Wellman (1898-99), the Duke of the Abruzzi (1899-1900) 〈1 : 750.000〉 , Contents: Introduction by Anthony Fiala. - Section A - Magnetic Observations and Reductions. - Section B - Notes and Sketches of the Auroræ Borealis. - Section C - Meteorological Observations and Compilations. - Section D - Tidal Observations and Reductions. - Section E - Astronomic Observations and Reductions. - Section F - Map construction and survey work

Note: Content: Introduction historique / par Nils Ekholm. - Observations astronomiques, géodésiques et marégraphiques / par Nils Ekholm. - Appendice: Reconnaissances géographiques / par H. Stjernspetz. - Observations météorologiques / par Nils Ekholm. - Magnétisme terrestre / par E. Solander.

Note: CONTENTS: SCIENTIFIC APPENDICES. - 129. Natural History (Mammalia). - 130. Botany. - 131. Ornithology. - 132. Medusae. - 133. Echinodermata, Vermes, Crustacea, and Pteropod Mollusca. - 133a. Trout caught in Lake Alexandra. - 134. Mollusca. - 135. Astronomical observations. - 136. Hydrography. - 137. Sound experiments. - 138. Meteorology. - 138a. Meteors. - 138b. Authorities on Arctic meteorology. - 139. Magnetic reductions by U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey. - 139a. Magnetic reductions, 1881-'82. - 140. Tidal Observations reduced by U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey. - 141. Pendulum observations reduced by U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey. - Index to Vol. II. - METEOROLOGICAL TABLES. - 1-5. Hourly readings of aneroid barometer, August to December, 1881. - 6-30. Hourly readings of mercurial barometer, August, 1881, to August, 1883. - 31. Mean daily barometer, August 8, 1881, to August 8, 1883. - 32. Mean hourly barometer by months, August, 1881, to include July, 1883. - 33. Mean barometer by decades, 1875-'76, 1881-'83. - 34. Mean monthly pressure at various Arctic stations. - 35. Mean monthly pressure at Fort Conger, 1875-'76, 1881-'83. - 36. Mean hourly barometer at Fort Conger for 601 days, and 216 days without the sun. - 37. Mean hourly barometer at Fort Conger for each month of the year in departures. - 38. Diurnal barometer fluctuations at various Arctic stations. - 39. Departures (by months) from mean annual pressure at Fort Conger. - 40. Maxima and minima pressures. - 41. Daily barometric ranges, 1881-'83. - 42. Maxima and minima daily barometric ranges, 1881-'83. - 43. Greatest hourly and daily barometric changes, 1881-'83. - 44-68. Hourly temperature Observations, August, 1881, to August, 1883. - 69. Daily mean temperatures, August 5,1881, to August 8, 1883. - 70. Hourly mean temperatures by months, August, 1881, to July, 1883. - 71. Mean temperatures by decades, 1875-'76, 1881- '83. - 72. Mean monthly temperatures for Arctic Stations north of Kennedy Channel. - 73. Mean monthly temperatures for Arctic stations near Littleton Island. - 74. Mean monthly ranges of temperature, 1875-'76, 1881 -'83. - 75. Mean daily ranges of temperature, 1881-'83. - 76. Maxima, minima, and absolute temperature ranges, 1875-'76, 1881-'83. - 77. Diurnal amplitude of temperatures at various Arctic stations. - 78. Mean diurnal fluctuations of temperature for each month, etc. - 79. Hourly temperature changes of 9°, 1881-'83. - 80. Hours of zero weather, freezing mercury, etc. - 81-104. Moisture of the air by months, August, 1881, to July, 1883. - 105-128. Wind velocity by months, August, 1881, to July, 1883. - 129. Comparative wind velocities at and near Fort Conger. - 130. High winds, 1881-'83. - 131. Frequency and velocity of winds by months, 1881-'83. - 132. Winds of various velocities, 1881-'83. - 133. Hourly and monthly wind resultants, 1881-'83, and storms at Fort Conger. - 134-157. Clouds and rainfall, August, 1881, to July, 1883. - 158. Evaporation of ice and water. - 159. Mean cloudiness by months, 1881-'83. - 160. Hours of rain, snow, etc., 1875-'76, 1881-'83. - 161. Rain and melted snow by months, 1881-'83. - 162. Precipitation by hoar frost, 1881-'82. - 163. Mean daily evaporation, 1881-'82. - 164. Solar and terrestrial radiation observations, 1881-'83. - 165. Differences between maximum black bulb thermometer and ordinary maximum, 1881-'83. - 166. Differences between radiating minimum thermometer and ordinary minimum, 1881-'83. - 167. Means and extremes of maximum solar black bulb, 1881-'83. - 168. Means and extremes of minimum terrestrial observations, 1881-'83. - 169. Monthly means sea temperatures and ice measurements, 1881-'83. - 170. Monthly means sea temperatures at high and low water, 1882-'83. - 171. Sea temperatures and ice measurements, 1881-'83. - 172. Sea temperatures at high and low water, 1882- '83. - 173. Frequency of auroras, 1881-'83. - 174. Pressure, temperature, and humidity, St. Johns to Lady Franklin Bay, 1881. - 175. Wind, weather, and rainfall, St. Johns to Lady Franktin Bay, 1881. - 176. Temperature of the sea, St. Johns to Lady Franklin Bay, 1881. - 177. Barometer observations, Fort Conger to Camp Clay, 1883. - 178. Temperature observations, Fort Conger to Camp Clay, 1883. - 179. Wind, weather, tides, etc., Fort Conger to Camp Clay, 1883. - 180. Barometer observations at Camp Clay, October, 1883, to May, 1884. - 181. Temperature Observations at Camp Clay, October, 1883, to June, 1884. - 182. Wind, weather, etc., at Camp Clay, October, 1883, to June, 1884. - 183. Daily means of atmospheric pressure, August 1,1883, to May, 1884. - 184. Daily means of temperature of air, August, 1883, to June, 1884. - 185. Comparative anemometer readings at Dutch Island and Fort Conger. - 186. Field meteorological Observations. - METEOROLOGICAL CHARTS. - 1,2. Area of high monthly pressure over Northern Hemisphere. - 3,4. Area of low monthly pressure over Northern Hemisphere. - 5. Annual fluctuation of pressure at Fort Conger. - 6. Diurnal fluctuation of pressure at Fort Conger. - 7. Diurnal fluctuation at various Arctic stations, sinmltaneous. - 8. Diurnal fluctuation at various Arctic Stations, local time. - 9. Annual fluctuation of temperature of air at Fort Conger. - 10. Annual inequality in diurnal amplitude of tempernture. - 11. Mean diurnal fluctuation of temperature, 1881-'83.. - 12. Annual fluctuation in wind's direction, 1881-'83. - 13. Diurnal fluctuation in wind's direction, 1881-'83. - 14. Comparative departures of mean temperatures and cloudiness, 1881-'83. - 15,16. Simultaneous weather charts, March 8 and 9, 1883. - 17. Annual curves of solar and terrestrial radiation, 1881-'83. - TERRESTRIAL MAGNETISM. - Introduction. - Observations for local time at Fort Conger, Grinnell Land. - Observations and result for latitude of Fort Conger. - Observations for azimuth of magnetic mark. - Determination of longitude of Fort Conger - by chronometers. - Determination of longitude of Fort Conger - by moon culminations. - Determination of longitude of Fort Conger - by occultations. - Determination of longitude of Fort Conger - by lunar distances. - Resulting longitude of Fort Conger. - Observations and results of the magnetic declination, September, 1881, to August, 1882. - Solar-diurnal variation from first year's series. - Observations and results of hourly series of declinations, July, 1882, to August, 1883. - Recognition and analysis of the disturbances in declination. - Solar-diurnal variation of the declination derived from the hourly series of the second year. - Discussion of the larger disturbances in declination. - Term-day observations of the declination. - Term-hour observations of the declination. - Special term observations. - Measure of the horizontal component of the magnetic force. - Observations of deflections. - Observations of oscillations. - Results for horizontal itensity. - Observations of the magnetic dip. - Hourly series of the dip, October, 1882, to June, 1883. - Results for dip, vertical and total intensity. - Record and description of auroral displays. - Collection of magnetic declinations observed during geographical explorations. - General collection of magnetic observations in the region of approaches to and north of Smith's Sound. - Declination of the magnetic needle at Fort Conger, September 17, 1881, to June 22, 1882. - MAGNETIC CHARTS. - Diurnal variation of the magnetic declination at Fort Conger, September, 1881, to September, 1882. - Solar-diurnal variation of the magnetic declination at Fort Conger, August, 1882, to August, 1883. - Relative frequency of disturbances in declination at Fort Conger, August, 1882, to August, 1883. - Term-day observations at Fort Conger. Magnetic declination East. Plates I, II, III, IV. - Term-hour observations at Fort Conger. Magnetic declination East. Plates V, VI. - TIDAL OBSERVATIONS. - Introductory. - Record of hourly observations. - Recordof observed high and low waters, computed

Note: Table des Matières: Avant-propos. - Introduction. - 1. Valeur normale de la déclinaison. - 2. Coefficients de réduction pour le variomètre de l'intensité horizontale. - 3. Déterminations absolues de l'intensité horizontale. - 4. Observations de variations; leur réduction en valeurs absolues. - 5. Tableaux des observations de variations. - 6. Notes et remarques. - 7. Comparaison des observations a Upsala avec celles d'autres stations. - Variation diurne régulière.

Note: Upsala, Univ., Diss., 1888 , Table des Matières: Introduction. - 1. Déterminations de l'influence de la température sur les aimants et les déflecteurs. - 2. Constantes d'induction des aimants. - 3. Déterminations du moment d'inertie K de l'aimant II d'Edelmann. - 4. Déterminations de la constante k (Notation de Lamont) de l'aimant II d'Edelmann. - 5. Détermination comparative des constantes. - 6. Installation des instruments de variations et détermination de leurs constantes. - 7. Déterminations absolues de la déclinaison faites dans le cabinet magnétique en vue de la détermination du point zéro de l'appareil de variations. - 8. Déterminations de la composante horizontale du magnétisme terrestre effectuées dans le cabinet magnétique de l'observatoire du Cap Thordsen. - 9. Déterminations de l'inclinaison exécutées dans le cabinet magnétique. - 10. Déterminations des constantes pour les déflecteurs A et B du théodolite de voyage de Lamont. - 11. Déterminations magnétiques pendant les excursions et dans les environs du cabinet magnétique. - 12. Lecture des instruments de variations et réduction des lectures en mesures absolues. - Remarques. - 1. Remarques aux lectures horaires. - 2. Remarques aux lectures de cinq minutes en cinq minutes aux jours termes. - 3. Remarques aux lectures de 20 seconds en 20 secondes. - 13. Tableaux des Observations. - 14. Variation diurne réguliere de la Déclinaison et de la composante horizontale. - 15. Tableaux des différences de la déclinaison et de la composante horizontale; perturbations dans ces éléments. - 16. Variation diurne de la composante verticale.

Note: CONTENTS: Abstract. - Preface. - Introduction. - Sample preparation. - Apparatus and testing procedure. - Test results. - Uniaxial strength. - Initial tangent and 50% strength moduli. - Specific energy. - Discussion. - Testing method. - Compressive strength. - Tensile strength. - Ductile and brittle fracture.. - Initial tangent and 50% stress moduli. - Specific energy. - Conclusions and recommendations. - References. - Appendix A: Description of soil and calculations. - Appendix B: Description of the LVDT and averaging circuits. - Appendix C: Determination of strain in the neck section of a dumbbell specimen.

Note: CONTENTS: Preface. - Abstract. - Introduction. - Theory. - Computation and results. - Conclusions. - Literature cited.

Note: CONTENTS: Preface. - Summary. - Introduction. - Regional setting. - Description of watershed. - Climatic record. - Methods. - Precipitation. - Water and air temperatures. - Discharge. - Evaporation and pond levels. - Water chemistry. - Soil thaw. - Results and discussion. - Precipitation. - Runoff. - Evaporation and transpiration. - Water chemistry. - Conclusions. - Literature cited.

Note: Table des Matières: Préface. - Électricité atmosphérique / U. B. Roos. - Comparaison entre l'électricité atmosphérique à Sodankylä et à Kultala. - Courants telluriques. - Introduction. - L'installation pour l'étude des courants telluriques à Kultala. - 1. Les fils conducteurs et les électrodes. - 2. Les galvanomètres. - 3. Elément normal et les déterminations de resistance. - 4. Détermination de la force électromotrice des plaques de platine. - 5. Polarisation des plaques. - 6. Réduction à S-N et E-W magnétique; l'angle V. - L'installation pour l'étude des courants telluriques à Sodankylä. - 7. Les galvanomètres et les fils conducteurs. - 8. Recherches électrométriques. - 9. Recherches galvanométriques. - 10. Formules définitives. - Observations diverses. - 11. Le courant tellurique à Kittilä en 1871. - 12. Courant tellurique à Kultala du 30 déc. 1882 à janvier 1883. - De quelque résultats tirés des observations. - 13. Comparaison entre deux circuits. - 14. Dépendance du courant tellurique de la latitude. - 15. Discussion des corrections des plaques de platine enterrées. - 16. Variations diurnes et annuelles des courants telluriques à Sodankylä. - 17. Résumé des résultats principaux. - Sur les tableaux des observations. - 18. Ordre des observations. - Courants telluriques : S-N (Sud - Nord) et E-W (Est - Ouest). - Les courantes électriques de l'atmosphère, étudiés par l'appareil d'écoulement. - Introduction. - 1. L'installation à Kultala. - 2. La méthode d'observation. - 3. Expérience avec des appareils d'écoulement dans la même hauteur. - 4. Discussion des expériences précédeutes. - 5. Étude des appareils d'écoullement Pi et Pii divisés en deux moitiés. - 6. Les observations avec les petits appareils S'' et S'. - 7. Expériences avec les appareils d'écoulement à Sodankylä. - 8. - Expériences avec de petits appareils Si et Su à Sodankylä. - 9. Résumé des résultats. - 10. Sur les tableaux des observations. - Courant électrique de l'atmosphère. - Sur les phénomènes de lumière, naturels et artificiels, de la nature de l'aurore boréale. - Introduction. - 1. Flammes faibles visibles à l'oeil nu. - 2. Flammes faibles accusées par la r. j. dans le spectroscope. - 3. Aurore boréale, non visible à l'oeil nu, mais accusée par la présence de la r. j. de tous les côtés. - 4. Phénomènes lumineux, naturels et artificiels, au-dessus des appareils d'écoulement. - a. en forme de flammes. - b. en forme de rayons. - 5. - Premières tentatives pour mesurer le courant électrique de l'atmosphère. - 6. Détermination de la hauteur de l'aurore boréale. - 7. Tableaux des aurores boréales observées pendant les années 1882-83 et 1883-84.

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors Introduction Descriptions of road test sections Test equipment and procedures. Field repetitive plate bearing tests Data analysis General Layered-elastic analysis of the pavement systems Statistical analysis. Flexural analysis Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Resilient surface deflections for the test points

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors Introduction Descriptions of road test sections Test equipment and procedures Field repetitive plate bearing tests Data analysis General Layered-elastic analysis of the pavement systems Statistical analysis Flexural analysis Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Resilient surface deflections for the test points

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Conversion factors: Metric (SI) to U.S. customary units of measurement Introduction Selection of experimental approach Previous investigations of effect of freeze-thaw on soil deform ability Selection of laboratory test method Selection of method of field validation tests Field repeated-load plate-bearing tests Test pavements, soils and materials Test procedures and results Resilient modulus of subgrade calculated from field tests Mathematical model Characterization of asphalt concrete Characterization of frozen silt Calculated resilient modulus of silt within the zone of freezing Laboratory repeated-load triaxial tests Specimens, equipment and testing procedures Apparatus Procedures Resilient properties calculated from laboratory tests Calculation methods Asphalt concrete - test results Asphalt concrete - statistical analysis and discussion Silt - test results Silt - statistical analysis Discussion and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Repeated-load plate-bearing test results Appendix B. Laboratory repeated-load triaxial test results Appendix C. Regression equation coefficients for resilient modulus and Poisson’s ratio from repeated-load triaxial test data on asphalt concrete and silt Appendix D. Detailed procedures for repeated-load triaxial testing

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Previous work Methods and results Methods of analysis Salinity-chlorophyll a associations Discussion Comparison of ice and water column standing crops Estimated mass of ice associated chl. a Mechanism of ice algae formation in the Weddell Sea Differences between the biological environments of fast and drifting pack ice Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Species variations - ice and water column

Note: CONTENTS Preface Symbols Introduction Test procedure Theory Evaluation of the experimental results Example evaluation Results and discussion Literature cited Appendix A. Measured and computed discharge

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction The problem The solution Method of numerical integration Ramp/steady loading Curve fitting to time lapse deflections Asymptotic deflection Deflection profiles Acknowledgement Literature cited Appendix I. Analytical background Appendix II. Computer programs, ramp time profiles and steady time profiles

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Introduction Background Objective and procedure Theory of plane surface waves Waveguide design and characteristics Physical apparatus Frequency characteristics Spatial distribution of Ey above the guide Guide wave length Surface wave interaction with a slab discontinuity Experiments with a trough Discussion and conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Test sites and ice cover properties Beam testing Results Discussion Conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstrac Preface Introduction Analysis of stress Geometry of the Mohr circle Stress characteristic directions Analysis of strain rate Constitutive equations Strain-rate characteristic directions Constitutive geometry Strain-rate tensor The dyadic expression Plastic work rate Coordinate transformation Example The stress solution Velocity equations in the a-characteristic curvilinear coordinates The constant speed solution Velocity equations in the constant density region Solution in the first constant-density subregion Solution in the second constant-density subregion Solution in the passive region Conclusion Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Segregation freezing Analysis Heat conduction in the nascent ice layer Water flow in the unfrozen soil Heat transfer in the unfrozen soil Energy balance at the segregation-freezing front Numerical computation Literature cited Appendix A. Essence of Portnov’s method Appendix B. Frost-heaving without air available

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Theory Limiting span of an arch Flow of pack ice through converging channels Stoppage of flow Applications St. Lawrence Amundsen Gulf Bering Strait Conclusion References

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Foreword Introduction Terminology Forces on individual cutters Torque force and tool force Forces on the rotor axis Tractive thrust and down thrust Alternative tool force formulations Vehicle traction Power/weight ratio Weight and balance Force, torque, speed and power Specific energy Efficiency and performance index Power density Power requirements for ejection of cuttings Hydrodynamic resistance in underwater cutting

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Conversion factors: U.S. customary to metric units of measurement Introduction Description of experiment Apparatus Test procedure Experimental results Summary of experimental tests Influence of coolant water flow rates Approximation of the rate of melting Comparison of experimental and computed results Comparative analysis of the model sinks Approximation of the heat transfer coefficient Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited Appendix A. Experimental data, heat sink Model II Appendix B. Heat sink scaling and similarity relationships Appendix C. Derivation of the relationships for the heat transfer coefficient, Reynolds and Nusselt numbers Appendix D. Determination of freezing rates and refrigeration loads Appendix E. Approximation of stresses in the heat sink tank

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Summary Introduction Problem General review of the subject Experimental apparatus General considerations Water reservoir Test chamber assembly Pumping system Electrical control system Experimental procedure Experimental results Discussion and comparison of results Conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors: U.S. customary to metric units of measurements Introduction The freezing proeess Icing observations Geographical distribution of icing and contributing meteorological conditions Extreme icing conditions Extremes of icc accumulation Prediction of icing occurrences Prediction of icing intensity and rate Control methods Measurement of icing rate Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited Appendix A. Maps of icing occurrence and rate Appendix B. Data for computing ship icing rates Appendix C. Estimation of ice accumulation

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Foreword Introduction Terminology Principles of cutting Forces acting on a single cutter Theoretical Ideas on cutting Experimental data on cutting forces Effect of chipping depth on tool forces Effect of rake angle on tool forces Effect of relief angle on cutting forces Effect of side rake on tool forces Effect of base angle or face profile on tool forces Effect of rounding at the cutting edge Effect of tool width on cutting forces Tool compliance and force fluctuations Effect of tool speed on cutting forces Effect of rock properties on cutting forces Tool interaction and kerf spacing Effect of multiple pass cutting on tool forces Effect of tool wear on cutting forces Development of wear Energetics of cutting Energetics of parallel-motion tools Variation of specific energy with chipping depth for a single tool Effect of rake angle on specific energy Effect of relief angle on specific energy Effect of side rake on specific energy Effect of base angle or face profile on specific energy Effect of tip radius on specific energy Effect of tool width on specific energy Effect of tool speed on specific energy Variation of specific energy with rock properties Effect of kerf spacing on specific energy Effect of multiple pass cutting on specific energy Effect of tool wear on specific energy General summary Literature cited Appendix Α. Additional data for ice Appendix Β. Conversion factors: U.S. customary and metric units of measurement

Note: Contents Introduction Use of the deep-freeze as a cold laboratory Growing single crystals Creep tests Conclusions References cited

Note: Contents Abstract Preface Conversion factors for U.S. customary and SI units Introduction Access within the Caribou-Poker Creeks Research Watershed Trail access Helicopter access Road access Alternative approaches Long-term recorders Telemetry systems Remote sensing Relative costs A desirable system Selected bibliography

Note: Contents Abstract Preface Summary Nomenclature Introduction Analysis Melting period Freezing period Calculation Conclusion Literature cited Appendix A: Justification of using eq 8 for the calculation of heat transfer coefficient h

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Ice fog from cooling ponds Evaporation Relative humidity and cold air Ice fog suppression Air movement Plastic films Rafts Injection wells Cooling towers Chemical films Reinforced film experiments Meteorological data collection Floating reinforcement grid Application of the hexadecanol film Hexadecanol, octadecanol mixes Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether Laboratory tests of suppression effectiveness Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Design for an automatic thin chemical film applicationsystem Appendix B. Meteorological data

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Historical literature review Relationships between midwinter temperature and freezing season Mean freezing index 4 Average January air temperature U.S. comparative study Correlation of AJAT and duration of freezing season Relationships between average January air temperature and snow conditions U.S. relationships German relationships Mapping of average January air temperatures Analysis of observed AJ AT data Development of detailed maps Application and discussion Examples Influence of vegetation Literature cited Appendix A. interpretation of snow cover by satellite Appendix B. Contour, station elevation and Aj AT maps for East and West Germany

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Description of study Sample preparation Test equipment and procedure Test sample characteristics Discussion of results Data presentation format Effect of water content and mixture density Effect of water content and initial snow density Effect of deformation rate Effect of water content and rate of deformation on specific energy Summary Literature cited Appendix A. Derivation of equations Appendix B. Load-deformation traces

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors Introduction Types of pipelines and cables Potential hazards to pipelines and cables Areas of concern Waterdepth Sea ice Icebergs and ice islands Submarine permafrost Ice gouging Seabed erosion by water jets Protection methods Protection of unburied pipes and cables Protection by burial Backhoe digging Wireline equipment Plowing and ripping from the surface Plowing and ripping by self-propelled seabed vehicles Bucket ladder dredges Suction dredging Conventional cutterhead dredges Low pressure water jetting Bottom-traveling cutterhead dredges Explosive methods Novel methods Disc saws, wheel ditchers and milling drums Ladder trenchers and chain saws Repetitive impulse devices High pressure water jets Flame jets and plasma torches Electrical discharge and electromagnetic radiation Chemical methods Conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Comparison of winters Ship effects Measured forces Sequential breaking of the structure Discussion Conclusions Recommendations Literature cited Appendix A. Force level fluctuations in west ice boom, 20 January 1977

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Site description Background and objectives Project history Approach General Aircraft imagery and sensor data LANDSAT imagery Ground truth data Results and discussion Remote sensing techniques Conventional techniques Comparison of results Conclusions Advantages and disadvantages Applications Recommendations Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Test procedure Test program Test samples Number of test for determining strength index Effect of temperature Effect of sample length Effect of load point size Tests on snow Discussion Recommendations Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Sources and properties of tabular icebergs Sources Characteristics of ice shelves near the ice front Characteristics of tabular icebergs Towing Geophysical and engineering considerations Tug characteristics Handling and processing Cutting and boring with thermal devices Penetration with electrothermal devices Electrothermal cutting Making vertical cuts by pre-split blasting Primary fragmentation by blasting Primary fragmentation by mechanical sawing Comminuting ice with machines Slurry pipelines Conclusion Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors: US, customary to metric (SI) units of measurement Introduction Infrared camera Core samples State House State House Annex State Library Legislative Office Building Public Health Complex Highway Garage Fish and Game Offlces Supreme Court John O. Morton Building Department of Health and Welfare Laboratory Economics of roof reinsulation Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Sampling and analytical procedures Results Discussion Conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface List of symbols Summary Introduction Recent ice research in Denmark General Structures with vertical faces Wedges with inclined faces Recording of the strength of natural ice Artificial ice — properties and manufacture General Composition of material Order of mixing ingredients Rupture theory Theoretical approach Initial contact Forces acting on wedge Maximum force and actual force Principal stress equations 8Dynamic equations Intermittent nature of force Theoretical curve Verifiction of theory by model tests Description Width of rupture channel Plotting of results Engineering application Comparison with Korahavin’s results Recommendations for future research References Appendix A

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Introduction Ice thickness and quantity Chronology of the 1975 Chena River breakup Checkpoint 3 Checkpoint 4 Checkpoint 5 Checkpoint 6 Checkpoint A Checkpoint 7 Checkpoint C Checkpoint D Checkpoint 8 Checkpoint 10 Checkpoint 11 Checkpoint 12 Spring flooding and debris The 1976 Chena River breakup Breakup in other years Summary and conclusions Appendix A. Sequential photographs of 1975 breakup at checkpoints 3-12

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Foreword Terminology Trajectories of fixed tools Trajectories of roller cutters and indenters Speed of fixed cutting tools Speed of rolling disc cutters Speed and geometry of "wide" roller cutters Skidding rollers "Spiked" rollers Epicyclic or planetary mechanisms Chipping depth and penetration rate Chip production and cutting removal rate Balancing cutting and clearing rates in flight augers Tool relief angles - kinematic considerations Tool rake angles Distribution and spacing of cutting tools Radial tool spacing Angular tool spacing Spacing in the axial direction Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Conversion factors for U.S. customary and SI units Introduction Theory Examples Discussion Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Introduction Experimental work SCR samples CAG samples CMS samples UAG samples SI samples Optical system Equipment Procedure Photographic work Large cracks and fissures Small damage to the surface Small damage to the buIk Results Damage as a function of the position x of the focal point; n(x) Damage as a function of the number of irradiations #; n(#) Damage as a function of crystallographic orientation ĉ; n (ĉ); p (ĉ) Damage as a function of surface structure Damage as a function of age A; n (A) Damage as a function of wavelength λ; p(λ) Systematic study of damage as a function of W, t, m and s; n(W, t, m, s) Analysis Fracture in ice Mechanisms for optically generated damage in transparent dielectrics Discussion of the results Summary and conclusions Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Introduction Climate Site selection Instrumentation, measurements and calibration Installation of automatic water temperature recording system Visual observations and ice structure St. Albans Shelburne Analysis Temperature comparison Water temperature measuring system Changes in water temperature Wind Degree-days of freezing Prediction of ice formation Bubbler system Conclusions Recommendations Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Page Abstract Preface Introduction Definition of revegetation Definition of restoration Objectives Some revegetation considerations Site conditions Nutrient regime Plant adaptations Native species vs introduced species Methods Seedbed preparation Seeding methods Timing of seeding Seed mixes Fertilization Agronomic grasses and legumes Selection criteria Laboratory evaluation Field evaluation Effect of revegetation methods Site conditions Maintenance of herbaceous cover Introduced woody species Native species — succession Significance of disturbance Primary succession Secondary succession Herbaceous native species Selection Laboratory evaluation Field evaluation Effect of revegetation methods Woody native species Selection Laboratory evaluation Field evaluation Native species and agronomic species, in combination Recommendations for research Summary Bibliography Appendix: Species tested

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Description of study Sample preparation Test equipment and procedure Discussion of results Stress-density relationship Stress-deformation relationship Summary and conclusions Microstructural examination of artifically compacted snow Analytical techniques Results and discussion Conclusions Literature cited Appendix: Photographs of oscilloscope traces

Note: CONTENTS Page Abstract Preface Introduction Experimental Materials Apparatus Procedure Results Discussion PE solvent soak and swelling PE solvent soak and puncture Film puncture rate effect Bending orientation Comparative tables and graphs Puncture and temperature Bending and temperature Test result vs thickness and weight General considerations Conclusion and recommendations Literature cited Appendix Detailed data tables Denier explanation

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Data collection and processing Analysis General Variations in ridging Ridge height distributions Occurrence of high ridges The tail of the distribution Extreme values Applications to offshore design Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Tabulated ice ridge data

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Equipment Data collection and reduction Data analysis and interpretation Point penetration resistance and material properties Lithologic and temperature profiles Casing penetration resistance Applications Shallow foundations Deep foundations Foundations in permafrost Correlations with laboratory tests Conclusions Selected bibliography Appendix A: Description of penetrometer and test procedures Appendix B: Point resistance and skin friction data

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Background Experimental design Similitude considerations The model Model operation Results Velocity Fence height Porosity Model correlation Summary and conclusions Recommeqdations for future work Literature cited Appendix A

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction and statement of problem Review of relevant analyses and tests Determination of the largest ice force on an isolated structure Preliminary remarks The buckling analysis of a floating wedge Proposed method to determine Literature cited

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors: U.S. customary to metric units of measurement Introduction Background Previous investigations Analytical procedures Results and discussion Shoreline changes: High-water line Shoreline changes: Cliff recession Volumetric changes Nodal zone location and direction of littoral transport Error evaluation Summary and conclusions Future research Selected bibliography Appendix A: Maps of shoreline with overlays for 1938, 1952, 1971 and 1974 Appendix B: Supplementary data for estimating shoreline change