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  • 1
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Study of water drainage from columns of snow (1979)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
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    Call number: ZSP-201-79/1
    In: CRREL Report, 79-1
    Description / Table of Contents: Experiments were conducted to study the flow of water through columns of homogeneous, repacked snow. The gravity flow theory of water flow through snow was verified, although possibly there is some dependence of the relative permeability on the state of metamorphism of the snow. Also, at very large values of saturation there may be some additional flow in saturated channels.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 13 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 79-1
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9017
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Symbols Introduction Test procedure Theory Evaluation of the experimental results Example evaluation Results and discussion Literature cited Appendix A. Measured and computed discharge
    Location: AWI Archive
    Branch Library: AWI Library
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Messungen der Temperaturkoeffizienten des Robertson-Berger Sunburn Meters und des Eppley UV-Radiometers (1986)
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 36 (1986), S. 357-363 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Summary The temperature coefficient of detectors for solar UV-radiation measurements is of great interest, as differences in temperature up to 50 °C may arise. Thus, the dependence of the sensitivity on temperature was measured for a Robertson-Berger Sunburn meter and an Eppley UV-radiometer applying solar radiation and radiation of a xenon-lamp. In both conditions of irradiation, the sensitivity of the Eppley UV-radiometer decreased by 4%/10 °C. In contrast, the sensitivity of the Robert son-Be rger Sunburn meter increased by 8%/10 °C when solar radiation was used, and decreased by 2%/10 °C when the xenon-lamp was used. The reason for this discrepancy is the difference between the spectra of the sun and the xenon-lamp in relation with the temperature dependence of the spectral sensitivity of the Robertson-Berger Sunburn meter. These results are confirmed by model calculations.
    Notes: Zusammenfassung Bei Messungen der solaren Strahlung können Temperaturdifferenzen des Detektors bis zu 50 °C auftreten und daher ist die Kenntnis der Temperaturkoeffizienten der verwendeten Detektoren von großer Bedeutung. Für das Robertson-Berger Sunburn Meter und das UV-Radiometer der Firma Eppley wurden die Temperaturkoeffizienten im Bereich −10 °C bis + 20 °C vor Sonne und unter Verwendung einer Xenonlampe bestimmt. Während die Messungen für das UV-Radiometer der Firma Eppley in beiden Fällen eine Abnahme der Empfindlichkeit um ca. 4%/10 °C lieferten, sind die Temperaturkoeffizienten des Robertson-Berger Sunbum Meters sehr unterschiedlich, vor Sonne + 8%/10 °C und unter Verwendung der Xenonlampe −2%/10 °C. Der Grund dafür ist der spezielle Verlauf der spektralen Empfindlichkeit des Robertson-Berger Sunbum Meters in Abhängigkeit von der Temperatur und die unterschiedliche spektrale Intensität von Sonne und Xenonlampe. Eine Modellrechnung bestätigt den Einfluß der spektralen Intensitätsverteilung auf den Temperaturkoeffizienten des Detektors.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02263139
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Seasonal variations of erythema dose at two alpine stations in different altitudes (1985)
    Springer
    Meteorology and atmospheric physics 35 (1985), S. 389-397 
    Details
    ISSN: 1436-5065
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geography , Physics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zusammenfassung Es werden vergleichende Messungen der erythemwirksamen Dosis der solaren UV-B-Strahlung und der Globalstrahlung an 2 Stationen im alpinen Bereich diskutiert (Jungfraujoch —3576 m, Innsbruck 577 m). Die erythemwirksame Dosis wurde mit einem Robertson-Berger Sunburn UV-Meter gemessen. Im jahres- und tageszeitlichen Verlauf ergeben sich charakteristische Unterschiede zwischen erythemwirksamer Dosis und Globalstrahlung. Daraus resultiert ein nichtlinearer Zusammenhang zwischen erythemwirksamer Dosis und Globalstrahlung, was sich auch in einem größeren Höheneffekt der erythemwirksamen Dosis (23.7%/1000 m) im Vergleich zu jenem für die Globalstrahlung auswirkt (9%/1000 m). Als maximale Tagessummen im jahreszeitlichen Verlauf wurden für die erythemwirksame Dosis 30 Sunburn Units/d am Jungfraujoch und 17.5 Sunburn Units/d in Innsbruck gemessen. Als maximale Mittagswerte im Sommer erhält man 4 Sunburn Units/h am Jungfraujoch und 2.7 Sunburn Units/h in Innsbruck.
    Notes: Summary Measurements of erythema dose of solar UV-B radiation and global radiation at two Alpine stations are discussed (Jungfraujoch 3576 m a.s.l., Innsbruck 577 m a.s.l.). Erythema dose was measured with a Robertson-Berger Sunburn UV-meter. Significant differences between the seasonal as well as diurnal courses of erythema dose and global radiation are observed. Hence, a non-linear relation between erythema dose and global radiation results. Consequently, a more pronounced dependence on altitude exist for erythema dose (23.7%/1000 m) compared to global radiation (9%/1000 m). Maximum daily totals of erythema dose were 30 Sunburn units/d at Jungfraujoch and 17.5 Sunburn units/d in Innsbruck. In summer maximum values at noon were 4 Sunburn units/h at Jungfraujoch and 2.7 Sunburn units/h in Innsbruck.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF02334491
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Biological effectiveness of solar UV radiation in humans (1993)
    Springer
    Cellular and molecular life sciences 49 (1993), S. 747-753 
    Details
    ISSN: 1420-9071
    Keywords: Solar UV radiation ; UV-induced biological effects ; action spectra ; stratospheric ozone
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Notes: Abstract Solar UVB radiation is prejudicial to the health of humans in a number of ways. Erythema and photodermatoses are acute reactions of the skin; keratitis and conjunctivitis are acute reactions of the eye. Various types of skin cancer, accelerated aging of the skin, and cataract formation in the crystalline lens are reactions that appear with great latency. UV radiation can also cause damage to the immune system and DNA. For the period 1981–1991, an increase in erythemal effective UVB radiation of +(7±4)% per decade was measured in a non-pulluted high mountain area (Jungfraujoch, 3576m a.s.l., Switzerland). This increase is related to a decrease in stratospheric ozone. The effects on human health are discussed. A 10% ozone reduction increases non-melanoma skin cancer by 26% and cataract by 6 to 8%.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF01923543
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effects of cloudiness on global and diffuse UV irradiance in a high-mountain area (1994)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied climatology 50 (1994), S. 23-30 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-4483
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary At the high-mountain station Jungfraujoch (3576 m a.s.l., Switzerland), measurements of the radiation fluxes were made during 16 periods of six to eight weeks by means of a Robertson—Berger sunburn meter (UVB data), an Eppley UVA radiometer and an Eppley pyranometer. Cloudiness, opacity and altitude of clouds were recorded at 30-minute intervals. A second set of instruments was employed for separate measurement of the diffuse radiation fluxes using shadow bands. The global and diffuse UVA- and UVB radiation fluxes change less with cloudiness than the corresponding total radiation fluxes. When the sun is covered by clouds, the global UVA- and UVB radiation fluxes are also affected less than the global total radiation flux. The roughly equal influence of cloudiness on the UVA- and UVB radiation fluxes suggests that the reduction is influenced more by scattering than by ozone. Also, the share of diffuse irradiance in global irradiance is considerably higher for UVA- and UVB irradiance than for total irradiance. At 50° solar elevation and 0/10 cloudiness, the share is 39% for UVB irradiance, 34% for UVA irradiance and 11% for total irradiance. The increased aerosol turbidity after the eruptions of El Chichon and Pinatubo has caused a significant increase in diffuse total irradiance but has not produced any significant changes in diffuse UVA- and UVB irradiances.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00864899
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Solar UV-A and UV-B radiation fluxes at two Alpine stations at different altitudes (1992)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied climatology 46 (1992), S. 39-44 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-4483
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary Daily totals of UV-A and UV-B radiation fluxes and global radiation were measured since 1981 at Jungfraujoch (3576 m) a.s.l.) and in Innsbruck (577 m a.s.l.) in their seasonal course. The altitude effect of annual totals yields 19%/1000 m (UV-B), 11%/1000 m (UV-A) and 9%/1000 m (global radiation) with reference to Innsbruck station. The ratio of the daily totals of UV-B/global radiation shows a significant seasonal course with the maximum in summer, whereas the ratio of the daily totals of UV-A/global radiation shows no significant seasonal variation. The biological effective doses of erythema reaction, delayed tanning and immediate tanning by UV-A and UV-B radiant exposure are reported in the seasonal course at Jungfraujoch and in Innsbruck.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00866446
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Measurements of the spectral aerosol optical depth using a sun photometer (1997)
    Springer
    Theoretical and applied climatology 57 (1997), S. 95-101 
    Details
    ISSN: 1434-4483
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Notes: Summary A sun photometer fitted with 9 narrowband interference filters from 368 nm to 1024 nm was used to determine the aerosol optical depth at 8 measuring stations in Europe. Of the 9 filters, 4 were not included in the standard equipment of the sun photometer. Given the temporal instabilities of the calibration factors of these 4 filters, meaningful results for the aerosol optical depth can be achieved only if calibration and measurements follow each other closely. Calibration was performed using the Langley plot method. For wavelengths 〈 500 nm, the measured aerosol optical depths were compared with the results of a high resolution spectrometer. Broadband aerosol optical depths, centred at 427 nm, were determined with an actinometer and were also used for comparison. Generally, there was good agreement of the results. To characterize the aerosol optical depths, the Ångström parametersα andβ were used. The individual measuring stations showed a clustered distribution ofα andβ values.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/BF00867980
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  • 8
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    Biological effectiveness of solar UV radiation in humans (1993)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 1993-09-01
    Print ISSN: 0014-4754
    Topics: Biology , Medicine
    Published by Springer
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  • 9
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    A comparison of ultraviolet radiation measured at an arctic and an alpine site (1991)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 1991-01-01
    Print ISSN: 0038-092X
    Electronic ISSN: 1471-1257
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Physics
    Published by Elsevier
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  • 10
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    Semi-empirical method for the conversion of spectral UV global irradiance data into actinic flux (2004)
    Elsevier
    Details
    Publication Date: 2004-08-01
    Print ISSN: 1352-2310
    Electronic ISSN: 1873-2844
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Elsevier
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