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Ice fog suppression using reinforced thin chemical films (1978)

MacFadden, Terry T. [VerfasserIn] ; Collins, Charles M. [VerfasserIn]

Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory

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Call number: ZSP-201-78/26

In: CRREL Report, 78-26

Description / Table of Contents: Ice fog suppression experiments on the Fort Wainwright Power Plant cooling pond were conducted during the winters of 1974-76. Baseline information studies occupied a sizable portion of the available ice fog weather in 1974-75. Then hexadecanol was added to the pond and dramatically improved visibility by reducing fog generated from water vapor released by the pond at -14 C. Although this temperature was not low enough to create ice fog, the cold vapor fog created was equally as devastating to visibility in the vicinity of the pond. During the winter of 1975-76, suppression tests were continued using films of hexadecanol, mixes of hexadecanol and octadecanol, and ethylene glycol monobutyl ether (EGME). Suppression effectiveness at colder temperatures was stuided and limits to the techniques were probed. A reinforcing grid was constructed that prevented breakup of the film by wind and water currents. Lifetime tests indicated that EGME degrades much more slowly than either hexadecanol or the hexadecanol-octadecanol mix. The films were found to be very effective fog reducers at warmer temperatures but still allowed 20% to 40% of normal evaporation to occur. The vapor thus produced was sufficient to create some ice fog at lower temperatures, but this ice fog occurred less frequently and was more quickly dispersed than the thick fog that was present before application of the films.

Type of Medium: Series available for loan

Pages: iv, 27 Seiten , Illustrationen

Series Statement: CRREL Report 78-26

URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9456

Language: English

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Ice fog from cooling ponds Evaporation Relative humidity and cold air Ice fog suppression Air movement Plastic films Rafts Injection wells Cooling towers Chemical films Reinforced film experiments Meteorological data collection Floating reinforcement grid Application of the hexadecanol film Hexadecanol, octadecanol mixes Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether Laboratory tests of suppression effectiveness Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Design for an automatic thin chemical film applicationsystem Appendix B. Meteorological data

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2

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Ice breakup on the Chena River 1975 and 1976 (1977)

MacFadden, Terry T. [VerfasserIn] ; Collins, Charles M. [VerfasserIn]

Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory

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Call number: ZSP-201-77/14

In: CRREL Report, 77-14

Description / Table of Contents: The breakup of the Chena River was observed and documented during the spring of 1975 and 1976. This study attempted to determine the potential for damage to the proposed Chena River flood control dam from ice and debris during breakup. Results of this study were compared to those of a 1974 companion study. In 1975, ice thickness were determined to be 15% thinner than in 1974 and ice volume was 33% smaller. No major ice floes were observed in 1975 and no significant flooding occurred, although the approaches to a bridge at the damsite were eroded by debris and high water immediately after breakup. The 1976 breakup was milder than that of 1975. Minor flooding in the lower river was caused by jamming of a few large ice pieces, but no property damage resulted.

Type of Medium: Series available for loan

Pages: v, 44 Seiten , Illustrationen

Series Statement: CRREL Report 77-14

URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9513

Language: English

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Introduction Ice thickness and quantity Chronology of the 1975 Chena River breakup Checkpoint 3 Checkpoint 4 Checkpoint 5 Checkpoint 6 Checkpoint A Checkpoint 7 Checkpoint C Checkpoint D Checkpoint 8 Checkpoint 10 Checkpoint 11 Checkpoint 12 Spring flooding and debris The 1976 Chena River breakup Breakup in other years Summary and conclusions Appendix A. Sequential photographs of 1975 breakup at checkpoints 3-12

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3

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Snow pads used for pipeline construction in Alaska, 1976 : construction, use and breakup (1980)

Johnson, Philip R. [VerfasserIn] ; Collins, Charles M. [VerfasserIn]

Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory

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Call number: ZSP-201-80/17

In: CRREL Report, 80-17

Description / Table of Contents: Construction pads made of snow were used to build two sections of the Trans Alaska Pipeline and a small gas pipeline during the winter of 1975-76. Construction during the winter has become increasingly common in the Arctic. Surface travel and the use of heavy construction equipment on the unprotected tundra have been severely restricted, even during the winter, so the use of temporary winter roads and construction pads built of snow and ice has been advocated and is being adopted. The three snow construction pads mentioned above were the first snow roads and construction pads used on a large scale in Alaska. Snow roads and construction pads have two objectives: to protect the underlying vegetation and upper layers of the ground, and to provide a hard, smooth surface for travel and the operation of equipment. Several types have been built, and a brief discussion is given of their history and classification systems. The three snow construction pads used in construction of the Trans-Alaska Pipeline and the small gas pipeline in 1975-76 were visited and observed while in use. The Globe Creek snow pad, about 50 miles north of Fairbanks, was built primarily of manufactured snow hauled to the site and watered. With very high densities this pad withstood heavy traffic and use by heavy construction equipment except on one steep slope. There, the use of tracked vehicles and vehicles without front wheel drive disaggregated the snow on and near the surface so that vehicles without front wheel drive were unable to climb the hill. The Toolik snow pad, just north of the Brooks Range, was built of compacted snow and proved capable of supporting the heaviest traffic and construction equipment. The fuel gasline snow pad ran from the northern Brooks Range to the Arctic Coast and also proved capable of supporting the necessary traffic. Both the Toolik snow pad and the fuel gasline snow pad failed in very early May because of unseasonably warm and clear weather before the associated construction projects were completed. However, the three snow pads must be considered successful. Common problems were the lack of snow, slopes, unseasonably warm spring weather, and inexperience on the part of contractors and construction personnel.

Type of Medium: Series available for loan

Pages: v, 28 Seiten , Illustrationen

Series Statement: CRREL Report 80-17

URL: https://apps.dtic.mil/dtic/tr/fulltext/u2/a090521.pdf

Language: English

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction History of snow and ice roads Classification of snow and ice roads Snow pads used by Alyeska during the winter of 1975-1976 The Globe Creek snow pad The Toolik snow pad The gasline snow pad Summary and conclusions Literature cited

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4

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The fate and effects of crude oil spilled on subarctic permafrost terrain in interior Alaska (1980)

Johnson, Larry [VerfasserIn] ; Sparrow, Elena B. [VerfasserIn] ; Jenkins, T. F. [VerfasserIn] ; [et al.]

Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory

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Call number: ZSP-201-80/29

In: CRREL Report, 80-29

Description / Table of Contents: This study was conducted to determine the short- and long-term physical, chemical and biological effects of spills of hot Prudhoe Bay crude oil on permafrost terrain near Fairbanks, Alaska. Two experimental oil spills, one in winter and one in summer, of 7570 liters (2000 gallons) were made at a forest site. The winter-spill oil moved within the surface moss layer beneath the snow. The summer-spill oil moved primarily below the moss in the organic soil. The oil moved faster and further downslope in the summer spill. Oil in the winter spill stopped during the first day but remobilized and flowed further downslope in the spring. The total area affected by the summer spill was nearly one and one-half times as large as that affected by the winter spill. The initial heat of the spilled oil had little measurable thermal effect on the soil. However, thaw depth significantly increased following two full thaw seasons. The greatest increases occurred beneath oil blackened surfaces. Evaporation of volatile components is the most significant weathering process in the first two years. Volatiles evaporated faster from surface oil than from oil carried deeper into the soil profile. Microbial degradation has not been observed. The indigenous soil microbial populations responded differently to winter and summer oil applications, ranging from inhibition to stimulation, with stimulation appearing to predominate. Vegetation showed both immediate and long-term damage. Damage was greatest near the top of the slope and in areas with surface oil. Deciduous species showed damage faster than evergreen species.

Type of Medium: Series available for loan

Pages: vii, 67 Seiten , Illustrationen

Series Statement: CRREL Report 80-29

URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9307

Language: English

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Introduction Methods Site description Oil application Physical characterization Thermal characterization Oil and oily soil characterization Soil microbiological methodology Vegetation Results and discussion Oil movement Effects on permafrost Compositional changes Microbiological responses Oil effects on vegetation Conclusions Recommendations Literature cited Appendix A Physical and thermal information Appendix B Chemical information Appendix C Microbiological information

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5

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Morphology, hydraulics and sediment transport of an ice-covered river : field techniques and initial data (1986)

Lawson, Daniel E. [VerfasserIn] ; Chacho, Edward F. Jr. [VerfasserIn] ; Brockett, Bruce E. [VerfasserIn] ; [et al.]

Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory

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Call number: ZSP-201-86/11

In: CRREL Report, 86-11

Description / Table of Contents: This initial study of the ice-covered Tanana River, near Fairbanks, Alaska, attempted to 1) establish field methods for systematic and repetitive quantitative analyses of an ice-covered river's regime, 2) evaluate the instruments and equipment for sampling, and 3) obtain the initial data of a long-term study of ice cover effects on the morphology, hydraulics and sediment transport of a braided river. A methodology was established, and detailed measurements and samplings, including profiling by geophysical techniques, were conducted along cross sections of the river. A small, portable rotary drill rig equipped with a 356-mm (14-in.) ice auger was used to cut large diameter holes in the ice cover for through-the-ice measurements. Portable heat sources and a heated shelter were required to continuously thaw and dry equipment for the repetitive measurements. Measurements included ice cover thickness, water level, water depth, temperature, flow velocity, suspended load and bed load, frazil ice distribution and bed material composition. Remotely gathered data included apparent resistivity and subsurface radar profiling. The various techniques, sampling gear and problems encountered during use in the subfreezing cold are described in detail in this report.

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Pages: v, 49 Seiten , Illustrationen

Series Statement: CRREL Report 86-11

URL: http://hdl.handle.net/11681/9318

Language: English

Note: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Study objectives and field locale Study site Equipment Vehicles Drilling equipment Sampling equipment Geophysical equipment Shelter and icing control Surveying equipment Miscellaneous equipment Field techniques and methodology Logistics Drilling procedures Data collection Geophysical analyses Experiences summary Morphology, transport and hydraulic data Mid-winter physical characteristics Hydraulic characteristics Sediment transport Late winter physical characteristics Seasonal morphology Geophysical data interpretation Spatial morphology Frazil ice characteristics Discussion and conclusions Recommendations Equipment Research Literature cited

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Monitoring sediment infilling at the Ship Creek Reservoir, Fort Richardson, Alaska, using GPR (2003)

Hunter, Lewis E. ; Ferrick, Michael G. ; Collins, Charles M.

In: Geological Society Special Publication 211: 199-206.

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Publication Date: 2003-01-01

Description: The Ship Creek Reservoir serves as the municipal water supply for Fort Richardson, Elmendorf Air Force Base, and Anchorage, the largest city in Alaska. The reservoir is located at the base of a [~]4.8 km-long canyon along the flanks of the Chugach Mountains, where it is fed by a 234 km2 unglaciated drainage basin. High sediment production within the watershed results in rapid infilling of the reservoir and a need for periodic dredging. During March 2001, we conducted a ground penetrating radar (GPR) survey of the reservoir to document the current state of sedimentation and to evaluate sediment trap designs. These data are presented here as a case study in which the utility of GPR for evaluating sediment infilling in a shallow reservoir is evaluated The survey was conducted from a 45 cm-thick ice cover in the lower reservoir that thinned to about 6 cm at a distance of 220 m above the dam. A total of 49 radar profiles were collected from the ice cover and an additional 10 profiles were collected on a gravel bar in the upper parts of the reservoir. Water depth near the dam was about 6 m and sediment in that reach forms a blanket deposit. More hummocky and asymmetric bed topography was found away from the dam, apparently controlled by palaeochannel geometry and bedrock sills. GPR profiles collected on the gravel bar document a sedimentary wedge that thickens downvalley and toward the southern edge of the reservoir, apparently the palaeothalweg of Ship Creek. Transverse profiles across the bar indicate that an average of about 2 m of sediment can be removed across this reach, with 3 m or more being available adjacent to the active channel. This survey indicates that infilling of the entire reservoir had reached a level approaching that of the pre-1995 dredging. Analysis of sediment-yield data and basin geometry showed that a weir built across the reservoir approximately 215 m from the dam would produce a trap capable of storing 60% to 70% of that currently held in the reservoir. Sediment trapped within this portion can be excavated using standard machinery, providing a more cost-effective alternative to periodic dredging.

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White Phosphorus Contamination of an Active Army Training Range (2014)

Walsh, Marianne E. ; Walsh, Michael R. ; Collins, Charles M. ; [et al.]

Springer

In: Water, Air, & Soil Pollution. 2014; 225(6): 2001. Published 2014 May 27. doi: 10.1007/s11270-014-2001-2.

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Publication Date: 2014-05-27

Print ISSN: 0049-6979

Electronic ISSN: 1573-2932

Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering

Published by Springer

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Remediation methods for white phosphorus contamination in a coastal salt marsh (1999)

WALSH, MICHAEL R. ; WALSH, MARIANNE E. ; COLLINS, CHARLES M.

Cambridge University Press

In: Environmental Conservation. 1999; 26(2): 112-124. Published 1999 Mar 01. doi: 10.1017/s0376892999000168.

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Publication Date: 1999-03-01

Description: With the closure of many military bases worldwide and a closer scrutiny of practices on remaining bases, the environmental impact of the military is now an important consideration in the operation of bases. Many previously-unknown environmental problems related to chemicals are surfacing. White phosphorus, a chemical commonly used as an obscurant, is a chemical previously thought to be innocuous after use. In 1990, however, it was linked to the deaths of thousands of waterfowl at the Eagle River Flats impact area on Ft Richardson near Anchorage, Alaska, USA, and shortly after, a series of remedial investigations was initiated. This paper describes three of the remedial methods currently under investigation, namely enhanced in-situ remediation, pond draining through ditching or pumping, and dredging. These three approaches are best applied in different environments, but they can be used together or in conjunction with other strategies. Their impacts on the environment will vary as well.Experience with these remediation strategies has proven very useful in determining the direction that the clean-up effort at Eagle River Flats (ERF) should take. Dredging, an effective means of removing contaminated sediments for off-site remediation, has been shown to be too slow and expensive at the ERF because unexploded ordnance is present. Enhanced natural remediation is effective under favourable climatological conditions in areas that experience intermittent flooding, but desaturation of the sediments is critical to its effectiveness. Pond draining by blasting a ditch effectively removes waterfowl feeding habitat, but attenuation of the contaminant is inhibited because the ditch increases flooding frequency, and the habitat alteration is permanent. Pond pumping, where feasible, has shown great potential for the desaturating of wide areas of ERF, enabling the natural attenuation mechanism to progress. Further investigation will be necessary to confirm these initial conclusions and determine the overall effectiveness of all three methodologies. Methods developed over the course of this work may be applied to other remediation projects where in-situ volatilization can occur and limited disturbance of wetlands is critical.

Print ISSN: 0376-8929

Electronic ISSN: 1469-4387

Topics: Biology