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  • 1
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Print: 17.1957 – 350.1975 (Location: A43, Archiv 16)
    Corporation: Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 〈Hanover, NH〉
    Print ISSN: 0501-5812
    Topics: Geosciences
    Acronym: CRREL RR
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  • 2
    Call number: ZSP-202-346
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 346
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Abstract. - Preface. - USA CRREL project and personnel involvement. - Part I. Introduction. - Background. - Literature review. - Part II. CRREL investigations from 1970 - 1974. - Initial literature survey (1970). - Oil detection kit development. - Survey of Cape Simpson, Alaska, natural crude oil seepages (1970). - Haines-Fairbanks military pipeline investigations (1971-1973). - Barrow investigations (1970-1974). - Fairbanks and Fox investigations. - Germination studies. - Physiological studies. - Dispersant studies. - Microbiological investigations. - Field investigations of accidental petroleum losses. - Part III. Recent related literature. - Part IV. Conclusions and recommendations. - USA CRREL reports, publications and presentations on Alaska oil spill research. - Literature cited.
    Description / Table of Contents: Knowledge concerning the biological effects of oil pollution on arctic and subarctic terrestrial ecosystems is limited. USA CRREL research personnel conducted investigations from 1970 through 1974 to expand information in this field. Objectives were to: 1) define the ecosystems most sensitive to the presence of crude oil or its refined products, 2) quantify and understand the injury response, and 3) establish time frames for manifestation of damage and natural restorative processes in arctic and subarctic regions. This was accomplished through: 1) surveys of natural oil seepages and past accidential spills in the Arctic and Subarctic, 2) initiation of controlled oil spills and 3) detailed laboratory investigations. Results demonstrated that terrestrial oil spills will to some degree be detrimental to both arctic and subarctic plant communities. Degree and longevity of damage will be influenced primarily by the magnitude of the spill, season of occurrence and existing soil moisture content. Rapid recovery of plant communities subjected to spills will occur only if root systems remain relatively unaffected. Damage will be more extensive and long-term when root systems are saturated with oil. Effects of damage will be manifested gradually over several seasons being influenced by winter stresses. Variation does exist in plant species susceptibility. Carex aquatilis, a predominant sedge of the arctic, is markedly resistant to crude oil damage. In the taiga Picea mariana is very susceptible. Plant recovery can be enhanced through the application of fertilizer. Fertilization, in addition to its direct effect on plant nutrition, will stimulate microbial decomposition of crude oil.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: vii, 66 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 346
    Language: English
    Location: AWI Archive
    Branch Library: AWI Library
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  • 3
    Call number: ZSP-202-337
    In: Research report
    Description / Table of Contents: Contents: Introduction. - Surface ice observations. - Imagery interpretation. - Side-looking airborne radar. - Infrared. - Conclusions. - Literature cited.
    Description / Table of Contents: Ice conditions during mid-January 1974 in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and in the estuaty as far upstream as Rimouski are described utilitizing side-looking airborne radar, infrared and photographic imagery. The interpretations were verified by simultaneous surface observations on the ice by investigators operating from the CSS Dawson. The ice examined was undergoing rapid drift and deformation and showed a wide variety of thin ice (0-40 cm) features formed under the influence of strong winds and currents. These observations should serve as a guide in interpreting ice conditions in similar areas where ground truth data are not available.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: 41 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 337
    Language: English
    Branch Library: AWI Library
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  • 4
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-202-308
    In: Research report
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Introduction. - Sea ice as a material. - Experimental procedures. - Results and analysis. - Conclusion. - Literature cited. - Appendix A. Error analysis. - Abstract.
    Description / Table of Contents: An investigation is made into the determination of the relationship between the extinction coefficient and the salinity of sea ice. A HeNe laser is used to propagate a beam of red light, of wavelength 6328Å, through a series of ice samples at -20°C. The optical extinction coefficients were calculated and plotted against the measured salinities. The results of the experiment indicated an exponential relationship between extinction coefficient and salinity. The relationship may be described by the equation: y = 2.41 + 0.001 exp (1.19x) where y is the extinction coefficient and x is the salinity.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 15 Seiten , Illutrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 308
    Language: English
    Branch Library: AWI Library
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  • 5
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-202-300
    In: Research report
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Introduction. - Sampling. - Byrd Station. - Plateau Station. - Camp Century. - lnge Lehmann. - Grain-crystal relations. - Analytical techniques. - Thin sections. - Crystal size measurements. - Results and discussion. - Literature cited. - Appendix A: Crystal size as a function of depth and age in the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets. - Abstract.
    Description / Table of Contents: The growth of ice crystals as a function of depth and time in polar firn and glacier ice has been investigated at a number of locations in Antarctica and Greenland. Thin sections of snow and ice were used to measure crystal size variations which showed, in all cases, that crystal size increases essentially linearly with the age of samples. Crystal growth rates are strongly temperature dependent. At Camp Century, Greenland, where the firn temperature is -24°C, crystals grow approximately 23 times faster than at Plateau Station, Antarctica, where the in situ temperature is -57°C. Extrapolation of the existing data indicates that crystal growth rates in polar firn and ice could be expected to vary by about two orders of magnitude over the temperature range -60°C to -15°C. Examination of the changes in the pore-crystal structure relationships to a dpeth of 100 m at Camp Century shows that these changes closely resemble those occuring in the full-scale isothermal sintering of powder compacts.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 19 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 300
    Language: English
    Branch Library: AWI Library
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  • 6
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, N.H. : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-202-349
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, 349
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Abstract. - Preface. - Introduction. - Test locations. - Post Pond. - Mascoma Lake. - Winter freeze-up. - Ice cover properties. - Stratigraphy. - Microstructure. - Porosity. - Impurity content. - Flexural strength. - Test sites. - Beam test procedure. - Beam dimensions. - Beam temperatures. - Beam strengths. - Results. - Post Pond, Site PB, 12 February 1974. - Post Pond, Site PC, 21 February 1974. - Mascoma Lake, Site MD, 25 February 1974. - Mascoma Lake, Site MD, 26 February 1974. - Mascoma Lake, Site MD, 1 March 1974. - Post Pond, Site PA, 4 March 1974. - Post Pond, Site PA, 7 March 1974. - Post Pond, Site PA, 8 March 1974. - Post Pond, Site PB, 12 March 1974. - Post Pond, Midway between Sites PB and PC, 15 March 1974. - Post Pond, Midway between Sites PA and PB, 26 March 1974. - Post Pond, Midway between Sites PA and PB, 29 March 1974. - Post Pond, Midway between Sites PA and PB, 3 April 1974. - Conclusions. - Literature cited.
    Description / Table of Contents: In-place cantilever beam tests on Post Pond and Mascoma Lake ice yielded a maximum flexural strength of 7.1 kg/cm^2. The minimum strength, unrelated to failure along pre-existing cracks in the ice, was 2.9 kg/cm^2. The majority of tests were performed in the push-down mode after it was discovered that beams tested in the pull-up mode, which places the bottom surface in tension, frequently broke prematurely along cracks in the bottom of the ice. Premature failures of this kind usually occurred at stresses of 2-3 kg/cm^2. Data further demonstrate that the intrinsic strength of lake ice decreases significantly as the surface air temperature goes to 0°C. Ice that has just become isothermal, but has not yet begun to candle, has a strength of about 4 kg/cm^2; ice that has been subjected to prolonged periods of above-freezing air temperatures generally fails at about 3 kg/cm^2. Tests also show that cold unrecrystallized snow-ice is as strong as the underlying lake ice. Tests of the effect of crystalline structure indicate that ice composed of crystals with their c-axes horizontal is measurably stronger than ice in which the crystals are oriented with their c-axes vertical.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: v, 28 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory 349
    Language: English
    Location: AWI Archive
    Branch Library: AWI Library
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  • 7
    Call number: ZSP-202-326
    In: Detecting structural heat losses with mobile infrared thermography / R.H. Munis, S.J. Marshall and M.A. Bush, Part I
    In: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command, 326
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Preface. - Introduction. - Principle of the IR scanner. - Advantages of mobile infrared thermography. - Discussion of field measurements. - Recommendations for future work on thermography of buildings. - Other potential applications of infrared thermography of buildings. - Appendix A: Thermograms of northern exposure of USA CRREL building. - Appendix B: Sample thermograms of heat loss survey at Pease Air Force Base. -Appendix C: Sample thermograms of heat loss survey at Dartmouth College. - Abstract.
    Description / Table of Contents: A method to assess quickly the insulation effectiveness of buildings using mobile infrared thermography has been developed at USA CRREL. In contrast to the infrared thermography done in Sweden, this method concentrates on obtaining useful data by measuring the outside surface temperature of structures. This report outlines the basic principles involved in these measurements, and discusses field measurements and the inherent advantages of infrared thermography. Typical thermograms are presented in the appendixes.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 13 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 326
    Language: English
    Location: AWI Archive
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  • 8
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-202-295
    In: Research report
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Introduction. - Physical basis of microwave moisture sensing. - Physics of transmission and reflection. - General behavior of reflection and transmission of electromagnetic waves through media of finite thicknesses. - Water-content determination by reflection or transmission measurements on micro-waves. - Outlook for microwave moisture sensors. - Future studies. - Bibliography. - Appendix A. Computer program. - Abstract.
    Description / Table of Contents: Microwave instrumentation is used for nondestructive measurement of the water content of materials. The basis of all microwave moisture sensors is that the dielectric constants of material that contains water are a strong function of water content. The microwave moisture sensors based on a reflection or transmission principle are shown to have the disadvantage of requiring that a calibration be made for each sample thickness. Several alternative routes for developing reliable microwave moisture sensors are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 17 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 295
    Language: English
    Branch Library: AWI Library
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  • 9
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Materiel Command, Terrestrial Sciences Center, Cold Regions Research & Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-202-245
    In: Research report
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Preface. - Abstract. - Introduction. - Snow crystals in Greenland. - Microspherules. - Microspherules in snow and ice-fog crystals. - Concentration and radii of spherules. - Discussion and conclusions. - Literature cited.
    Description / Table of Contents: Spherules found in snow crystals, ice-fog crystals, fallout particles, and fly ash were studied with an electron microscope using the electron diffraction method. The central part of the residues of 1004 specimens of natural snow crystals from Greenland, the United States, and Japan were examined; 14 spherules 0.1 to 1.5? in radius were found among them. The residues of 658 artificial ice-fog crystals formed from water vapor in flue gases of coal-burning electric power plants at Fairbanks, Alaska, were also examined; nine spherules were found. Spherules similar to those found in ice-fog residues were found in furnace-produced fly ash fallout at Fairbanks, Alaska. Electron and optical microscope examination of spherules found in Greenland snow reveals a size distribution of the form dN/d(log r) = Cr-ß where ß approximately 3. The properties of spherules and the mean mass of snow crystals from Greenland are described. The electron microscope study indicated that less than 0.7% of the 1004 snow crystals contained spherules of possible extraterrestrial origin, and that snow crystals are formed mainly on clay mineral particles by heterogeneous nucleation.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iv, 10 Seite , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 245
    Language: English
    Location: AWI Archive
    Branch Library: AWI Library
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  • 10
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    Hanover, NH : Corps of Engineers, U.S. Army, Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
    Call number: ZSP-202-293
    In: Research report
    Description / Table of Contents: CONTENTS: Introduction. - What is a spline function?. - 1. Determination of a cubic spline. - 2. Effect of end conditions. - 3. Some properties of cubic splines. - Application to a lake temperature observation. - 1. Observed temperatures. - 2. Integral residuals of the observed temperatures. - 3. Theoretical temperature distributions. - Conclusion. - Literature cited.
    Description / Table of Contents: Numerical differentiation by use of classical interpolation formulas yields a diversity of results. Consistent numerical differentiation can be performed by using a spline function as an interpolating function. As an application, temperature observed in a lake is numerically differentiated as a function of time and of depth by use of cubic splines. The deviation of the actual heat transfer mechanism from vertical heat conduction can thus be detected. The reliability of numerical differentiation by spline functions is manifest in this example.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 18 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: Research report / Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory, CRREL, US Army Material Command 293
    Language: English
    Branch Library: AWI Library
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