ALBERT

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Ice fog from cooling ponds Evaporation Relative humidity and cold air Ice fog suppression Air movement Plastic films Rafts Injection wells Cooling towers Chemical films Reinforced film experiments Meteorological data collection Floating reinforcement grid Application of the hexadecanol film Hexadecanol, octadecanol mixes Ethylene glycol monobutyl ether Laboratory tests of suppression effectiveness Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Design for an automatic thin chemical film applicationsystem Appendix B. Meteorological data

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors Introduction Types of pipelines and cables Potential hazards to pipelines and cables Areas of concern Waterdepth Sea ice Icebergs and ice islands Submarine permafrost Ice gouging Seabed erosion by water jets Protection methods Protection of unburied pipes and cables Protection by burial Backhoe digging Wireline equipment Plowing and ripping from the surface Plowing and ripping by self-propelled seabed vehicles Bucket ladder dredges Suction dredging Conventional cutterhead dredges Low pressure water jetting Bottom-traveling cutterhead dredges Explosive methods Novel methods Disc saws, wheel ditchers and milling drums Ladder trenchers and chain saws Repetitive impulse devices High pressure water jets Flame jets and plasma torches Electrical discharge and electromagnetic radiation Chemical methods Conclusions Literature cited

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Background Experimental design Similitude considerations The model Model operation Results Velocity Fence height Porosity Model correlation Summary and conclusions Recommeqdations for future work Literature cited Appendix A

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstrac Preface Introduction Analysis of stress Geometry of the Mohr circle Stress characteristic directions Analysis of strain rate Constitutive equations Strain-rate characteristic directions Constitutive geometry Strain-rate tensor The dyadic expression Plastic work rate Coordinate transformation Example The stress solution Velocity equations in the a-characteristic curvilinear coordinates The constant speed solution Velocity equations in the constant density region Solution in the first constant-density subregion Solution in the second constant-density subregion Solution in the passive region Conclusion Literature cited

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Derivation of the power reflection coefficient-depth variation Possible sources of dielectric constant variation with depth in ice sheets Ice density variations Effect of macroscopic impurity layers Effect of microscopic impurtty layers Changes in inclusion geometry Effect of crystal orientation changes Physical properties of the Cape Folger core Density-depth profile Air bubble-geometry depth profile Crystal orientation-depth profile Radio-echo sounding data Results and conclusions Literature cited

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Page Abstract Preface Conversion factors: U.S. customary to metric (SI) units of measurement Background Objectives Profiling system Approach Profiling method Data reduction and interpretation Results Conclusions Recommendations Literature cited Appendix A. Comparison of ground and aerial data

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface List of symbols Introduction I. Initiation of ice jams by partial surface obstructions A. Introductory remarks B. Experimental apparatus and procedure C. Dimensional analysis D. Presentation of results and discussion ΙΙ. Thickness of ice jams due to accumulation and transport of ice floes A. Introductory remarks B. Experimental apparatus and procedures C. Presentation of results E. Conclusion III. Compressive strength of floating fragmented ice covers A. Introductory remarks B. Experimental setup and procedure C. Presentation of results and discussion D. Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Experimental results on ice jam initiation Appendix B: Effect of surface tension on submergence velocity of ice floes Appendix C: Experimental results for ice jam thickness study Appendix D: Experimental results on compressive strength of fragmented ice cover

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Test procedure Test program Test samples Number of test for determining strength index Effect of temperature Effect of sample length Effect of load point size Tests on snow Discussion Recommendations Literature cited

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors: US, customary to metric (SI) units of measurement Introduction Infrared camera Core samples State House State House Annex State Library Legislative Office Building Public Health Complex Highway Garage Fish and Game Offlces Supreme Court John O. Morton Building Department of Health and Welfare Laboratory Economics of roof reinsulation Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors: U.S. customary to metric units of measurements Introduction The freezing proeess Icing observations Geographical distribution of icing and contributing meteorological conditions Extreme icing conditions Extremes of icc accumulation Prediction of icing occurrences Prediction of icing intensity and rate Control methods Measurement of icing rate Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited Appendix A. Maps of icing occurrence and rate Appendix B. Data for computing ship icing rates Appendix C. Estimation of ice accumulation

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Historical literature review Relationships between midwinter temperature and freezing season Mean freezing index 4 Average January air temperature U.S. comparative study Correlation of AJAT and duration of freezing season Relationships between average January air temperature and snow conditions U.S. relationships German relationships Mapping of average January air temperatures Analysis of observed AJ AT data Development of detailed maps Application and discussion Examples Influence of vegetation Literature cited Appendix A. interpretation of snow cover by satellite Appendix B. Contour, station elevation and Aj AT maps for East and West Germany

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Experimental procedure Grain growth Stressed particle contacts Fluid pressure Packing geometry Temperature distribution and heat flow Fluid and impurity flows Results The liquid film Conclusions Literature cited

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors: U.S. customary to metric units of measurement Introduction Background Previous investigations Analytical procedures Results and discussion Shoreline changes: High-water line Shoreline changes: Cliff recession Volumetric changes Nodal zone location and direction of littoral transport Error evaluation Summary and conclusions Future research Selected bibliography Appendix A: Maps of shoreline with overlays for 1938, 1952, 1971 and 1974 Appendix B: Supplementary data for estimating shoreline change

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Test sites and ice cover properties Beam testing Results Discussion Conclusions Literature cited

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors: U.S. customary to metric (SI) units of measurement Introduction Theory Solution by superposition Solution by Fourier integral Solution by Fourier series Application and results Literature cited Appendix A: Bearing capacity of river ice for military vehicles Appendix B: Vehicle specifications Appendix C: Fortran II computer program

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction The protected membrane roof Winter construction considerations Construction costs Conclusion

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Introduction Background Objective and procedure Theory of plane surface waves Waveguide design and characteristics Physical apparatus Frequency characteristics Spatial distribution of Ey above the guide Guide wave length Surface wave interaction with a slab discontinuity Experiments with a trough Discussion and conclusions Literature cited

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction The problem The solution Method of numerical integration Ramp/steady loading Curve fitting to time lapse deflections Asymptotic deflection Deflection profiles Acknowledgement Literature cited Appendix I. Analytical background Appendix II. Computer programs, ramp time profiles and steady time profiles

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Segregation freezing Analysis Heat conduction in the nascent ice layer Water flow in the unfrozen soil Heat transfer in the unfrozen soil Energy balance at the segregation-freezing front Numerical computation Literature cited Appendix A. Essence of Portnov’s method Appendix B. Frost-heaving without air available

Anmerkung: Contents 1 Introduction 1.1 Purpose 1.2 Some terminology 1.3 Electrical analogues 1.4 State determined systems 1.5 Simulation languages 2 Exponential growth 2.1 Analytical and numerical integration 2.2 Simulation 2.3 Time constant and time interval of integration 2.4 Integration method and time interval 3 The growth of yeast 3.1 Description of the system 3.2 Relational diagrams 3.3 Simulation 3.4 Logistic growth 4 Interference of plants 4.1 Replacement series 4.2 Density of sowing 4.3 Simulation of plant interference 4.4 Further modelling aspects 4.4.1 The INDEX and MACRO feature 4.4.2 The INITIAL and DYNAMIC section 5 Growth and competition of Paramecium 5.1 Description of the system 5.2 A simulation program 5.3 Preliminary estimation of parameters 5.4 Final determination of parameters 5.5 Stochastic aspects 5.6 The programming of probability functions 6 Modelling of development, dispersion and diffusion 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Physiological age and development stage 6.3 Demographic models 6.3.1 Age-classes 6.3.2 Errors of approximation 6.3.3 The matrix method 6.4 Germination models 6.4.1 Boxcar train without dispersion 6.4.2 Boxcar train with constant relative dispersion 6.4.3 Boxcar train with controlled dispersion 6.4.4 Refinements 6.5 The flow of heat in soils 7 Growth and development of Helminthosporium maydis 7.1 Introduction 7.2 The weather 7.3 Appearance and growth of lesions 7.4 Sporophore or stalk formation 7.5 Sporulation of green stalks 7.6 Sporulation of dried stalks 7.7 Dispersal of spores 7.8 Germination of spores and penetration of germtubes 7.9 Timing, initialization and output organization 7.10 Results and sensitivity analyses 8 Population models for fruit-tree red spider miteand predatory mites 8.1 Fruit-tree red spider mite 8.2 Predatory mite, Amblyseius potentillae 8.3 Relations between predator and prey 8.4 Preference as a competitive process 8.5 Verification 9 Solutions of the exercises References Appendix A Appendix B Index

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors: U.S. customary to metric (SI) Units of measurement Introduction Test procedure Pavement types Deicing chemicals Description of tests Discussion Literature cited Appendix A: Test results Appendix B: Portland cement concrete materials data

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors Introduction Descriptions of road test sections Test equipment and procedures Field repetitive plate bearing tests Data analysis General Layered-elastic analysis of the pavement systems Statistical analysis Flexural analysis Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Resilient surface deflections for the test points

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Comparison of winters Ship effects Measured forces Sequential breaking of the structure Discussion Conclusions Recommendations Literature cited Appendix A. Force level fluctuations in west ice boom, 20 January 1977

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Conversion factors: Metric (SI) to U.S. customary units of measurement Introduction Selection of experimental approach Previous investigations of effect of freeze-thaw on soil deform ability Selection of laboratory test method Selection of method of field validation tests Field repeated-load plate-bearing tests Test pavements, soils and materials Test procedures and results Resilient modulus of subgrade calculated from field tests Mathematical model Characterization of asphalt concrete Characterization of frozen silt Calculated resilient modulus of silt within the zone of freezing Laboratory repeated-load triaxial tests Specimens, equipment and testing procedures Apparatus Procedures Resilient properties calculated from laboratory tests Calculation methods Asphalt concrete - test results Asphalt concrete - statistical analysis and discussion Silt - test results Silt - statistical analysis Discussion and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Repeated-load plate-bearing test results Appendix B. Laboratory repeated-load triaxial test results Appendix C. Regression equation coefficients for resilient modulus and Poisson’s ratio from repeated-load triaxial test data on asphalt concrete and silt Appendix D. Detailed procedures for repeated-load triaxial testing

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Previous work Methods and results Methods of analysis Salinity-chlorophyll a associations Discussion Comparison of ice and water column standing crops Estimated mass of ice associated chl. a Mechanism of ice algae formation in the Weddell Sea Differences between the biological environments of fast and drifting pack ice Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Species variations - ice and water column

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction 1. The problem 2. Abstract of the result Part I. Fundamental solutions 3. Fuchsian type solutions 4. Contour integral solution 5. Integration of the integral solution 6. Fundamental solutions for α = 1 7. Fundamental solutions for α = 0 8. Eigenvalues for α = 0 9. Fundamental solutions for α 〉 1 Part II. Asymptotic expansions 10. Asymptotic expansion for 0 〈 α ⩽1 11. Asymptotic expansion for 1 ≦ α ≦ 2 12. Asymptotic expansion for 2 ≦ α ≦ ∞ Part III. Eigenvalues 13. Range of eigenvalues 14. Eigenvalues for the free-edge condition 15. Eigenvalues for the clamped-edge and simple-edge conditions 16. Deflection Acknowledgement Literature cited Appendix A. Analytical continuation at the singular point Appendix B. Tensorial transformations Appendix C. Comparison of the semi-infinite plate buckling with the asymptotic buckling

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors: U.S.customary to metric units of measurement Introduction Freeze-thaw system Construction materials Controlled environment test section Outdoor sections Temperature monitoring instrumentation Repetitive plate bearing test apparatus Test results and analyses Conclusions Literature cited

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Locale and techniques Observations Vertical variations in crystal orientation Regional variations in crystal orientation Summary of observations Causes Initial ice skim Earth’s magnetic field Currents Conclusions and consequences Literature cited

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Summary Introduction Problem General review of the subject Experimental apparatus General considerations Water reservoir Test chamber assembly Pumping system Electrical control system Experimental procedure Experimental results Discussion and comparison of results Conclusions Literature cited

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Sources and properties of tabular icebergs Sources Characteristics of ice shelves near the ice front Characteristics of tabular icebergs Towing Geophysical and engineering considerations Tug characteristics Handling and processing Cutting and boring with thermal devices Penetration with electrothermal devices Electrothermal cutting Making vertical cuts by pre-split blasting Primary fragmentation by blasting Primary fragmentation by mechanical sawing Comminuting ice with machines Slurry pipelines Conclusion Literature cited

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Experimental procedure Snow collection Spectrophotometric methods Data analysis Potential sources of error Presentation of results Continuous-scan measurements Comparison of sequential bandpass and continuous-scan measurements Theoretical calculations Discussion of results Differences in amplitude of reflectance measurements Irregularities in the shape of spectral reflectance curves The true spectral reflectance of snow in the ultraviolet region Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Absolute reflectance values of pressed BaSO4 powder

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Foreword Introduction Terminology Forces on individual cutters Torque force and tool force Forces on the rotor axis Tractive thrust and down thrust Alternative tool force formulations Vehicle traction Power/weight ratio Weight and balance Force, torque, speed and power Specific energy Efficiency and performance index Power density Power requirements for ejection of cuttings Hydrodynamic resistance in underwater cutting

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Theory Limiting span of an arch Flow of pack ice through converging channels Stoppage of flow Applications St. Lawrence Amundsen Gulf Bering Strait Conclusion References

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Foreword Introduction Terminology Principles of cutting Forces acting on a single cutter Theoretical Ideas on cutting Experimental data on cutting forces Effect of chipping depth on tool forces Effect of rake angle on tool forces Effect of relief angle on cutting forces Effect of side rake on tool forces Effect of base angle or face profile on tool forces Effect of rounding at the cutting edge Effect of tool width on cutting forces Tool compliance and force fluctuations Effect of tool speed on cutting forces Effect of rock properties on cutting forces Tool interaction and kerf spacing Effect of multiple pass cutting on tool forces Effect of tool wear on cutting forces Development of wear Energetics of cutting Energetics of parallel-motion tools Variation of specific energy with chipping depth for a single tool Effect of rake angle on specific energy Effect of relief angle on specific energy Effect of side rake on specific energy Effect of base angle or face profile on specific energy Effect of tip radius on specific energy Effect of tool width on specific energy Effect of tool speed on specific energy Variation of specific energy with rock properties Effect of kerf spacing on specific energy Effect of multiple pass cutting on specific energy Effect of tool wear on specific energy General summary Literature cited Appendix Α. Additional data for ice Appendix Β. Conversion factors: U.S. customary and metric units of measurement

Anmerkung: Erscheinungsjahr in Vorlageform:1995

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Site description Background and objectives Project history Approach General Aircraft imagery and sensor data LANDSAT imagery Ground truth data Results and discussion Remote sensing techniques Conventional techniques Comparison of results Conclusions Advantages and disadvantages Applications Recommendations Literature cited

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction and statement of problem Review of relevant analyses and tests Determination of the largest ice force on an isolated structure Preliminary remarks The buckling analysis of a floating wedge Proposed method to determine Literature cited

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Page Abstract Preface Summary Nomenclature Introduction Water movement through snow Vertical percolation Lateral flow Flat roofs Sloping roofs Rainfall intensity-duration effects Miscellaneous effects Radial flow to drains Flow along gutters on snow-covered roofs Snow structure Basal layer Conclusion Literature citied Appendix A. Computer program calculating roof loads from rain-on-snow

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Summary Introduction Ice thickness and quantity Chronology of the 1975 Chena River breakup Checkpoint 3 Checkpoint 4 Checkpoint 5 Checkpoint 6 Checkpoint A Checkpoint 7 Checkpoint C Checkpoint D Checkpoint 8 Checkpoint 10 Checkpoint 11 Checkpoint 12 Spring flooding and debris The 1976 Chena River breakup Breakup in other years Summary and conclusions Appendix A. Sequential photographs of 1975 breakup at checkpoints 3-12

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Conversion factors: U.S. customary to metric units of measurement Introduction Description of experiment Apparatus Test procedure Experimental results Summary of experimental tests Influence of coolant water flow rates Approximation of the rate of melting Comparison of experimental and computed results Comparative analysis of the model sinks Approximation of the heat transfer coefficient Conclusions and recommendations Literature cited Appendix A. Experimental data, heat sink Model II Appendix B. Heat sink scaling and similarity relationships Appendix C. Derivation of the relationships for the heat transfer coefficient, Reynolds and Nusselt numbers Appendix D. Determination of freezing rates and refrigeration loads Appendix E. Approximation of stresses in the heat sink tank

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Conversion factors: U.S.customary to metric (SI) units of measurement Introduction Location of test sites Fairbanks Anchorage Hanover, N.H. Test program Instrumentation Effectiveness Therma lefficiency Heat balance within the roof Comparisons with conventional systems Conclusions Effectiveness of the test roof Thermal efficiency Heat balance within the roof Applicability Recommendations Literature cited Appendix A. Temperature and heat flow measurements, Anchorage and Fairbanks, Alaska, and Hanover, New Hampshire Appendix B. Thermal efficiencies of the test roof, Anchorage and Fairbanks, Alaska, and Hanover, New Hampshire Appendix C. January 1973 and August 1972 comparisons of protected membrane and conventional built-up membrane systems at Hanover, New Hampshire

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Sampling and analytical procedures Results Discussion Conclusions Literature cited

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface List of symbols Summary Introduction Recent ice research in Denmark General Structures with vertical faces Wedges with inclined faces Recording of the strength of natural ice Artificial ice — properties and manufacture General Composition of material Order of mixing ingredients Rupture theory Theoretical approach Initial contact Forces acting on wedge Maximum force and actual force Principal stress equations 8Dynamic equations Intermittent nature of force Theoretical curve Verifiction of theory by model tests Description Width of rupture channel Plotting of results Engineering application Comparison with Korahavin’s results Recommendations for future research References Appendix A

Anmerkung: Inhalt Vorwort 1. Beiträge zu den geologisch orientierten Arbeitsgruppen 4, 7, 9 1.1. OLSZAK, G.: Zur strukturellen Umformung der Erdkruste bei der Entwicklung regionaler tektonischer Elemente 1.2. PAECH, H.-J.: Kurzer Tätigkeitsbericht über geologische Arbeiten in der westlichen Antarktis (Shackleton Range) 1.3. JUBITZ, K.-B.: Die Entwicklung des Amadeus-Beckens in Zentralaustralien - Beckendynamik im Bereich alter Tafeln 1.4. TESCHKE, H.-J.: Sarmato-Turan-Lineament 1.5. SCHROEDER, E.: Probleme der Entwicklung und des Baues der Varisziden in Mitteleuropa und im Gebiet der UdSSR 1.6. SOHROEDER, E.: Beiträge zur vergleichenden Analyse tektonischer Strukturen im Variszikum des Südurals und Mitteleuropas 1.7. SCHWAB, G.; BENEK, R.; BRÜCKNER, W.; JUBITZ, K.-B.; LUDWIG, A.; MEIER, R.; NÖLDEKE, W.; STOLL, A.; TESCHKE, H.-J.: Beckendynamik der Norddeutsch-Polnischen Senke - Paläomobilität im Bereich einer jungen Tafel (Fortschrittsbericht) 1.8. JUBITZ, K.-B.; TESCHKE, H.-J.: Das IGCP-Projekt 86 "SW-Rand der Osteuropäischen Tafel" und seine Beziehungen zum Geodynamik-Projekt 1.9. KRAUSS, M.: Ein Beitrag zur paläotektonischen Abgrenzung, Gliederung und Entwicklung des westlichen Teils der Osteuropäischen Plattform während des Paläozoikum (Gebiet Dänemark - Baltikum) 1.10. LÜTZNER, H.: Sedimentation, Vulkanismus und Tektonik der variazischen Innenmolasse im Thüringer Wald - Studien zur Paläomobilität im Übergangsstockwerk zwischen Geosynklinal- und Tafeletappe im Gebiet der DDR 1.11. LÄCHELT, S.: Geologisch-tektonisch-magmatische Entwicklung und metallogenetische Prozesse 1.12. KRAMER, W.: Zu einigen basischen magmatischen Formationen im Gebiet der DDR und deren geotektonischer sowie metallegenetischer Bedeutung 1.13. RÖSLER, H.J.; WERNER, C.-D.: Variazische Initialmagmatite Mitteleuropas 1.14. BENEK, R.: Vulkanit-Formationen als Indikatoren der Krustenfelderung bzw. unterschiedlichen Mobilitätsverhaltens 1.15. BANKWITZ, P.: Überblick über Magmatismus und Metamorphose im Altpaläozoikum Mittel- und Westeuropas 1.16. LÄCHELT, S.: Beziehungen zwischen der Blocktektonik, dem Magmatismus und der endogenen Metallogenie im mitteleuropäischen Raum 1.17. PAECH, H.-J.: Zum Ablauf tektogener Deformationen im mitteleuropäischen Variszikum 1.18. BANKWITZ, P.; BANKWITZ, E.; FRISCHBUTTER, A.: Zur Tektonik des Präkambriums der Elbezone und ihres Rahmens 1.19. BENEK, R.; FRISCHBUTTER, A.; NEUMANN, W.: Methodische Arbeiten im Kristallin des Baikal-Riftes 1.20. NEUMANN, W.: Paläogeographie und Paläotektonik des Nossen-Wilsdruffer Schiefergebirges (Saxothuringikum im Bereich des Zentralsächsischen Lineamentes) 1.21. LUDWIG, A.O.: Paläogeographie und Paläotektonik des Saxen von Mitteleuropa 1.22. MEIER, R.: Halogenese und Beckendynamik 1.23. BANKWITZ, P.; BANKWITZ, E.: Geologische Interpretation rezenter Krustenbewegungen Osteuropas 1.24. LUDWIG, A.O.: Zum gegenwärtigen Stand der Quartärforschung im südlichen Ostseeraum - Paläogeographie, Neotektonik, Aussagen zur Paläotektonik 1.25. ELLENBBRG, J.; FALK, F.; GRUMBT, E.; LÜTZNER, H.: Methodik der Untersuchungen von Molassen 1.26. NEUMANN, W.: Geologisches Modell zur Interpretation des tiefenseismischen NW - SE-Profils zwischen Granulit- und Erzgebirge 2. Beiträge zu der geophysikalisch-geodätisch orientierten Arbeitsgruppe 5 2.1. BÖLSCHE, J.; KRESSER, K.-D.: Erste Ergebnisse reflexionsseismischer Tiefenerkundung auf einem Profil von 30 km Länge im Süden der DDR 2.2. GRÄSSL, S.; HURTIG, E.; GRÜNTHAL, G.: Untersuchungen zum Bau der Erdkruste mit Hilfe seismischer Dreikomponentenregistrierungen 2.3. SCHULZE, A.: Untersuchungen zur Auflösung von Interferenzstrukturen seismischer Wellen mit Hilfe von Polarisationsfiltern 2.4. GROSSER, H.: Einfluß der Geometrie seismischer Punktwellen auf den Spektralinhalt des Wellenfeldes 2.5. STILLER, H.; WAGNER, F.C.; VOLLSTÄDT, H.: Die Geschwindigkeiten elastischer Wellen im klüftigen Gestein und in Erdbebengebieten 2.6. GRÜNTHAL, G.; HURTIG, E.: Zur .makroseismischen Auswertung des Friaul-Erdbebens vom 6. Mai 1976 auf dem Territorium der DDR 2.7. NEUNHÖFER, H.: Observation of microearthquakes in the Vogtland region since 1962 2.8. MAAZ, R.: Zur Statistik von Erdbeben 2.9. ELSTNER, CL.; HARNISCH, G.; ALTMANN, W.: Präzisionsgravimetrische Messungen auf der W - E-Linie der DDR 1970-76 2.10. FISCHER, H.; NEUBERT, R.: Instrumentelle Entwicklungen auf dem Gebiet der Laser-Satellitenentfernungsmessung 2.11. MONTAG, H.; GENDT, G.: Zur Untersuchung geodynamischer Parameter mit Hilfe von Satellitenbeobachtungen 2.12. JOCHMANN, H.: Betrachtungen zur Variation einiger Parameter der Polbewegung 2.13. HÖPFNER, J.: Untersuchungen von Amplituden- und Phasenänderungen der CHANDLER-, Jahres- und Halbjahreswelle 2.14. ARNOLD, K.: Einige Betrachtungen zum Auftreten und zur Bedeutung von Lateralinhomogenitäten der Dichte im Erdinneren 2.15. WALZER, U.: Report on mantle convection 2.16. SEIPOLD, U.: Messungen der thermischen Eigenschaften von Gesteinen unter extremen Bedingungen 2.17. ULLMANN, W.: Thermische Zustandsgleichung und GRÜNEISEN-Parameter zur Erforschung des tiefen Erdinneren 2.18. DITTFELD, H.-J.: Experimentelle Aussagen zum dynamischen Effekt des flüssigen Erdkerns 2.19. KOWALLE, G.: Untersuchung zur Dämpfung seismischer Wellen im Erdkern 2.20. DONNER, F. ; GÖTHE, W.; KNOTHE, C.; OELSNER, C.; PORSTENDORFER, G.:Beiträge der Tiefenelektromagnetik, Tiefenseismik und Geothermie zum Geodynamik-Projekt 2.21. HURTIG, E.; STROMEYER, D.: Temperatur-Tiefenverteilung und Viskosität im oberen Erdmantel unter Europa 2.22. OELSNER, C.: Eine Wärmestromanomalie im Gebiet von Freiberg (Sachsen) (in memorian Ferdinand Reich) 2.23. STROMEYER, D.: Studien zur Inversion geothermischer Daten 2.24. MAYER, P.: Einige Ergebnisse magnetisoher Messungen· im Nordatlantik 2.25. MENNING, M.: Tektonische Untersuchungen mit Hilfe der paläomagnetischen Bearbeitung von Bohrkernen 2.26. ROTHER, K.; WIEGANK, F.: Zur Interpretation paläomagnetischer Daten von Europa 2.27. MUNDT, W.: Zum Nachweis lokaler Säkularvariationsanomalien im Gebiet der DDR 2.28. MUNDT, W.; PORSTENDORFER, G.: Mögliche Zusammenhänge zwischen einer elektrischen Leitfähigkeitsanomalie im Erdmantel und anomalen magnetischen Säkularvariationen in Mitteleuropa 2.29. RITTER, E.: Zum Problem geoelektrischer Leitfähigkeitsanomalien und Tiefenbau von Kruste und oberem Mantel 2.30. HARWARDT, H.: Aufbau einer Strainmeteranlage in der Untertagestation Tiefenort 2.31. HARNISCH, G.: Zur Autokorrelationsfunktion der rezenten vertikalen Krustenbewegungen 2.32. THURM, H.; BANKWITZ, P.; HARNISCH, G.: Rezente horizontale Deformationen der Erdkruste im Südostteil der Deutschen Demokratischen Republik 2.33. KAUTZLEBEN, H.: Zur geophysikalischen Interpretation der planetaren Dynamik der Erde 3. Ergänzende Literatur 3.1. Untersuchung zur Geologie und Geophysik von Meeresböden (WG 4) 3.2. Rezente Erdkrustenbewegungen (WG 5) 3.3. Beziehungen zwischen Metamorphose und Tektonik (WG 9) 4. Autorenverzeichnis , Beiträge teilweise in deutscher, teilweise in englischer Sprache

Anmerkung: Inhaltsverzeichnis Vorbemerkung Teilnehmerverzeichnis Vorträge 0. Meteorologische Einflüsse auf geodätische Messungen / Bahnert, G. 1.1 Terrestrische Refraktion und vertikale Temperaturverteilung über dem Inlandeis Antarktikas / Helbig, A. 1.2. Refraktionsschwankung und Turbulenz / Meier, S. 1.3. Opyt opredelenija pulsacii pokazatelja prelomlenija, c usredneniem izmerenij vo vremeni / Tikasz, E. 1.4. Fisičeskie osnovy slučajnych izmenenij uglov optičeskoj refrakcii v zemnoj atmosfere / Alekaeev, A. u.a. 1.5. Issledovanie refrakcii optičeskich voln v prizemnom sloe atmosfery / Alekseev, A. u.a. 2.1. Der Refraktionseinfluß auf Visuren bis 250 m Länge / Bahnert, G. 2.2. Trigonometrisches Nivellement im Testnetz der TH Praha / Hauf, M. 2.3. Bestimmung der Refraktion bei dem trigonometrischen Nivellement / Blazek, R. 2.4. Refraktionseinfluß auf trigonometrische Nivellements hoher Präzision / Milev, G. 2.5. Bestimmung der Refraktion bei der dreidimensionalen Triangulation insbesondere im Gebirge / Hradilek, L. 2.6. Neuere Untersuchungen in Refraktionsforschungen in Ungarn / Horvath, K. 2.7. Geodeziko-meteorologičeskij metod opredelenija bokovoj refrakcii / Djankov, I. 2.8. Issledovanija vlijanija fluktuacij sobstvennogo izlučenija lazerov i atmosfery na točnost' dispersionnogo metoda izmerenija refrakcii / Suškov, A. 2.9. Issledovanie vozmožnosti ispolzovanija predvestnika dlja oslablenija vlijanija atmosfery na geodezičeskie izmerenija / Galkin, J., Genike, A. 2.10. Brechungsindexschwankungen und die Interferenzerscheinung im Väisälä-Interferometer / Rauhut, J. 2.11. Zur Brechungsindexbestimmung mittels selbstregistrierender Luftrefraktometer auf der Standardbasis Potsdam / Kühne, K. 2.12. Erfassung des Refraktionseinflusses bei geodätischen Interferenzlängenmessungen mittels der Luftdispersion / Schüler, R. 3.1. Theoretische und experimentelle Untersuchungen zur Ermittlung des vertikalen Tagesganges der bodennahen Refraktion zur Ableitung von Einsatzkriterien für Laserleitstrahlsysteme / Hübner, E. 3.2. Erfahrungen über die erreichbare Fluchtungsgenauigkeit mit Lasergeräten im Gelände / Freitag, P., Zschiesche, K. 3.3. Studium der Vibration und der Refraktion durch den Laser / Tlusty, J. 3.4. Beitrag zum Einfluß des systematischen Anteils der Luftturbulenz auf die Richtungsstabilität eines He-Ne-Laserstrahles in Erdbodennähe / Hübner, E. Empfehlungen , Beiträge zum Teil in deutscher, zum Teil in russischer Sprache , Text zum Teil in kyrillischer Schrift

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface List of symbols Introduction Objectives Background Problems in describing the response of snow to an applied stress Methods of determining the dynamic behavior of materials Review of previous studies on snow Experimental measurements on snow Summary of snow experiments Theoretical studies Confirmation of the theory Discussion Applications Recommendations Summary Literature cited Appendix A. Selected data from Wisotski and Snyder (1966) Appendix B. Pressure data from Livingston (1964)

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Background Development of testing technique Test specimens Tensile testing Compression testing Experimental results Tensile tests Compression tests Discussion Conclusions Suggestions for further work Literature cited Appendix A: Additional information on seed grains Appendix B: Thin-sectioning procedure Appendix C: Displacement transducer calibration

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Conversion of metric units Introduction Review of existing models Accumulation models Ablation models Using existing models for studying mobility Proposed snowpack model for mobility studies Model components Implementation of the model Developing input data Conclusions Literature cited

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Location of study Study methods Ice thickness Ice-cover composition Surface air temperatures Freeze-up and ice-out characteristics Results and discussion Ice-growth record Freezing-degree-day records Ice-growth predictions Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Ice-growth records Appendix B: Measured and computed ice-growth curves

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Metric conversion table Introduction Data base Conversion factor Ground load effects Exposure effects Thermal effects Slope effects Expected value relationship Comparison with existing codes and standards Comparison with relationships proposed in new ANSI standard Summary and conclusions Literature cited Appendix A. Roof snow load case history reports Appendix B. Roofs in the snow load case study data base Appendix C. Ground and roof snow load data Appendix D. Conversion factors from the 1982 ANSI standard

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Physical diffusion and dispersion in open channel flow Modeling approach Description of the diffusion wave flow routing model Analysis of the numerical model Modified equation and Hirt analyses of diffusion wave model von Neumann analysis of the diffusion wave model Linear case studies Accuracy considerations of the numerical solution Field studies Apalachia Dam tailwater Norris Dam tailwater Conclusions Literature cited

Anmerkung: Contents of Part 2 Hecht, K. Gerber, R. Otto: Studies on the drying of paints by means of 14C-labelled compounds K. Wagner, F. Brutschin, I. Ritter, T. Gritsch, H. Zimmermann, H. Borchert: Investigations by the aid of radioisotope methods on the technology of the production of carbon and silicon carbide materials K. Gloe, P. Mühl: Determination of metal extraction process parameters using tracer technique W. Migdał, W. Łada, K. Malec-Czechowska: Studies on liquid-liquid extraction of noble metals using radiotracers L. Petryka, K. Przewłocki: Radiotracer investigations of benefication copper ore in the industrial flotation process Z. Bazaniak, J. Palige: Determination of Cu recovery degree from slags in shaft process by means of radiotracers R. Burek, J .K. Zurawicz: On the optimization of concentration measurements in heterogeneous materials based on β-backscatter measurements B. Heinrich: Analysis of carbon content in crude brown coal by inelastic scattering of neutrons and the method of time correlated associated particles P. Urbańaki, D. Wagner, M. Jankowska, E. Kowalska: Determination of calcium and iron and measurements of ash content in the brown coal H.-W. Thümmel: Some considerations relating to the prediction of the efficiency of radiometric methods for the continuous ash content determination of coal L. Wawrzonek: Monitor of ash content of coal with X-ray source I. Pavlicsek, V. Stenger, A. Veres: Apparatus for gamma activation analysis I. Végvári, I. Juhász: Determination of PbO content of lead-glass samples on the ground of gamma-absorption E. Schöntube, H.-J. Große: Aerosol ionization gas analysis as a monitoring for waste halothane in the atmosphere of operating theatre S. Mothes, P. Popp, G. Oppermann, W.-D. Herberg: Measurement of fluorocarbons with the ECD P. Popp, E. Schöntube, G. Oppermann: The usability of radiation ionization detectors for the determination of N2O concentrations in the air of operating theatres P. Popp, G. Arnold, G. Oppermann: A hydrocarbon-sensitized argon ionization detector for the detection of inorganic compounds R. Szepke, W. Lisieski, J. Harasimczuk: Automatic dust monitor AMIZ G. Vormum: Sealed sources - problems of design, measurement and quality control L. Gąsiorowski: New trends in developments of ratioisotope gauges in Poland G. Brunner: Direct chemical information from special radio tracers as well as from outer X-ray excitation J. Hirling: Experience and future trend in industrial application of nuclear methods in Hungary I. N. Ivanov, O. K. Nikolaenko, Yu. V. Phecktistov, V. L. Chulkin: Use of short-lived nuclides in activation analysis Kl.-P. Rudolph, J. Flachowsky, A. Lange: Trace element determination in semiconducter selenium by neutron activation analysis (NAA) W. Lisieski, J. Mirowicz: Some industrial applications of instruments with neutron sources R. Dybczyński, H. Maleszewaka, S. Sterliński, Z. Szopa, M. Wasek: Some problems in neutron activation determination of gold and silver in ores and concentrates of copper industry L. Jankowski: Cost-benefit aspects of radioisotope application in industry B. Manouchev, T. Boschkova, L. Tsankov, V. Gurev, I. Kojucharov, G. Grozev: On the possibilities of the direct gamma-spectremetry in natural waters P. Morgenstern, D. Müller, W. Riedel: A parallel grid proportional scintillation counter for the X-ray region from 3 to 20 keV with regard to high count rates N. A. Anders, V. S. Isaev, V. I. Filatov, B. E. Kolesnikov, D. Müller, P. Morgenstern, W. Riedel, V. P. Varvaritsa: X-ray fluroescence analyzer of light elements with proportional scintillation counter D. Müller, P. Morgenstern, W. Riedel, W. Warwariza, B. E. Kolesnikow, N. A. Anders, W. J. Filatov: General considerations concerning the use of the X-ray analyzer "RALE" in industry

Anmerkung: Contents of Part 3 P. Popp, J. Leonhardt: Characterization of coulometric and hypercoulometric ECD mode of operation D. Hinneburg, H.-J. Grosse, J. Leonhardt, P. Popp: Calculation of current-voltage characteristics of electron-capture detectors A.G. Rozno, V.V. Gromov: Study of volume electric charge in radioactive dielectrics by the method of "acoustic sounding" Iv. N. Pandev, M.G. Christova, St.D. Stefanov, N.V. Gentchev, St.T. Bakardjiev, D.T. Genov, Ch.D. Christov: Portable gamma-irradiator - modified model P. Hargittai, V. Stenger: Planning of dose-rate distribution of radiation fields by computer M. Remer: DOSKMF2 - A contribution to the computer-aided design of dose rate distributions A. Heger, H. Dorschner, W. Schumann, D. Pleul: Characterization of the radiation field and control of the optimal electron beam accelerator operation for industrial processes V. Prenerov, K. Shivarov, P. Ivanov: Programme for radiation protection by using portable defectoscopes in industrial building T. Geßner, K. Irmer: Nuclear radiation detectors using high resistivity neutron transmutation doped silicon H.-G. Könnecke, D. Luther: The influence of airing systems on the residence time in biological clarification plants J. Dermietzel, C. Wienhold, H. Grundmann, A. Staschok, J. Koch, E. Bordes: Tracer studies on carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide formation in liquid phase oxidation of p-xylene W. Smułek: Use of technical mixtures of carboxylic acids to the extraction of silver H. Förster: Determination of oxide film thickness on aluminium using 14-MeV neutron activation and BET method H. Jaskólska, L. Waliś, C. Janusz: Investigations of the monocrystallization process of neodymium doped YAG using radiotracers H. Wagler: Substoichiometric determination of Pd-II-traces with dithizone and problems of determination P. Tábor, L. Molnár, D. Nagymihá!yi: Radioisotope gauge for automatic control of cottonwool package H.-W. Thummel, G. Körner, D. Fritzsche: Compensation for thickness variations in determining the bulk material composition on conveyor belts using combined scatter-transmission and thickness measuring methods D. Fritzsche, W. Dolak: Radiometric determination of ash content of raw lignites M. Braune: A simplified mathematical model for scattered transmission of X-rays in raw brown coal P. S. Kamenov, E. I. Vapirev, S. I. Ormandjiev: A new type of nuclear weighing device for transporter belts W. Smulek, M. Borkowski: Separation of reduced molybdenum from fission products. The Mo - HN03 - HDEHP system J. Komosiński, M. Radwan: Selected problems of radioisotope technique for wear investigation of precise elements Dr. A. Várkonyi: The thin layer activation for industry G. Hartmann, P. Kulicke: Wear testing in power stations J. Kraś, Z. Banasik: The radioisotopes in wear investigation of combustion engines H.-D. Grohmann: Short-time measurements of wear on surface activated rails G.M. Ter-Akopian, E.A. Sokol, Fam Ngok Chyong, M.P. Ivanov, L.P. Chelnokov, V.I. Smirnov, V.A. Gorshkov: Neutron multiplicity detector for the study of rare nuclear decay events L. Gąsiorowski, P. Mroziński, K. Sobkowicz, F. Zrudelny: Implementation of Intel 8080 - based microcomputer system in the radioisotope measurements control instrumentation W. Birkholz, M. Steinert: Evaluation of autoradiograms using a microcomputer F. Myšák, M. Krejči, J. Hakl, E. Smrkovský: Study of boron diffusion in high temperature Ni-base alloys by means of solid state track detectors W. Birkholz, H.-Ch. Treutler, K. Freyer, M. Geisler, J. Dubnack: Autoradiography of gallium in silicon H.C. Treutler, K. Freyer: On quantitative autoradiography of semiconductor basic material A.S. Shtan': Radiation evaluation techniques and facilities used for quality assurance of fuel elements and fuel assemblies for nuclear power plants D. Babić, A. Šafranj, V. Marković: Radiation degradation of poly-propylene-molecular weight and melt viscosity change A. Ciszek: Modern irradiation processes equipment-accelerators and their applications G. Kummer: Identification of signals by means of the decision theory N.S. Batchvarov, I.D. Vankov, L.P. Dimitrov, Ch.D. Shukov, P.A. Pavlov: Betareflektometer SR-77

Anmerkung: Contents: Figures. - Tables. - Preface. - Illustrations. - 1. Introduction. - 1.1 Background. - 1.2 Scope of the text. - 1.3 World vegetation types. - 1.3.1 Vegetation formations and zones. - 1.3.2 Zonobiomes. - 1.3.3 Exoclimates. - 1.3.4 The Canadian vegetation classification system. - 1.3.5 Ecozones. - 1.3.6 Floristic realms. - 1.3.7 Plant species nomenclature. - 1.4 Soil classification and soil systems. - 1.5 Climatic parameters. - 1.5.1 The role of climate. - 1.5.2 Moisture indices. - 1.5.3 Climate diagrams. - 1.6 Plant strategies. - 1.6.1 Competition. - 1.6.2 Hydrature and moisture regulation. - 1.6.3 Life forms. - 1.6.4 Leaf morphology and adaptation. - 1.7 Biomass and net primary productivity. - 2. Tundra 2.1 Tundra distribution. - 2.2 Climate. - 2.3 Soils. - 2.4 Tundra in North America. - 2.4.1 Ecoclimatic sub-provinces and regions. - 2.4.2 High and mid-Arctic. - 2.4.3 Low Arctic. - 2.5 Tundra in other Northern Hemisphere locations. - 2.5.1 Arctic Tundra. - 2.5.2 Typical Tundra. - 2.5.3 Southern Tundra. - 2.5.4 Tundra on Arctic Islands. - 2.6 Tundea in the Southern Hemisphere. - 2.6.1 The Antarctic Subregion. - 2.6.2 The Sub-Antarctic Subregion. - 2.7 Alpine Tundra. - 2.7.1 Temperate-latitude alpine Tundra. - 2.7.2 Low-latitude (equatorial) alpine Tundra. - 2.8 Primary production and phytomass in Tundra. - 3. Forest-Tundra or Boreal-Tundra Ecotone. - 3.1 Definitions. - 3.2 Distribution. - 3.3 Climate. - 3.4 Soils. - 3.5 Forest-Tundra in Canada. - 3.5.1 Ecoclimatic sub-provinces. - 3.5.2 The shrub subzone (Northern Forest-Tundra). - 3.5.3 The forest subzone (Southern Forest Tundra). - 3.6 Eurasian Forest-Tundra. - 3.7 Primary production and phytomass in forest-Tundra. - 4. Boreal Forest (Taiga) and Mixed Forest Transition. - 4.1 Distribution. - 4.2 Climate. - 4.3 Soils. - 4.4 Boreal forest in North America. - 4.4.1 Open Lichen Woodland. - 4.4.2 Northern Coniferous Forest. - 4.4.3 Mixed-Forest (Boreal-Broadleaf ecotone). - 4.4.4 Mixed-Forest transition to grassland (Northern Mixedwoods). - 4.5 Eurasian Boreal. - 4.5.1 The European Boreal. - 4.5.2 The Siberian Boreal. - 4.5.3 Northwest Pacific Fringe Boreal. - 4.6 Primary production and phytomass in boreal forest. - 5. Prairie (Steppe). - 5.1 Distribution. - 5.2 Climate. - 5.2.1 North America. - 5.2.2 Climate in Eurasia and elsewhere. - 5.3 Soils. - 5.4 Prairie in North America. - 5.4.1 The Canadian Prairie. - 5.4.2 Prairie in the USA. - 5.5. Eurasian Steppe. - 5.6 Southern Hemisphere Grasslands. - 5.6.1 The High Veldt. - 5.6.2 The Pampas/Campos Grasslands. - 5.7 Primary production and biomass. - 6. Cordilleran Environments in Western North America. - 6.1 Canada's Cordilleran ecoclimatic provinces. - 6.1.1 Distribution. - 6.1.2 Climate. - 6.1.3 Soils. - 6.1.4 Pacific Coastal Mesothermal Forest. - 6.1.5 Pacific Coastal Subalpine Forest. - 6.1.6 Cordilleran Forest Region. - 6.1.7 Cordilleran Cold Steppe and Savanna Forst. - 6.1.8 Canadian Cordilleran Subalpine Forest. - 6.1.9 Alpine Tundra and Boreal Forest. - 6.2 The Cordilleran Region in the USA. - 6.2.1 Distribution. - 6.2.2 Northwest Coast Conifer-Hardwood Forests. - 6.2.3 Montane Pine Forests. - 6.2.4 Sagebrush and Grasslands. - 6.2.5 Interior Hemlock-Douglas-Fir-Larch. - 6.2.6 Subalpine Forest. - 6.3 Primary Production and Phytomass. - 7. Temperate Deciduous Forests. - 7.1 Distribution. - 7.2 Climate. - 7.3 Soils. - 7.4 Temperate Deciduous Forest in North America. - 7.4.1 Canada. - 7.4.2 United States of America. - 7.4.3 Southern Mexico and South America. - 7.5 Europe. - 7.5.1 Atlantic Deciduous Forest. - 7.5.2 Central European Deciduous Forest. - 7.5.3 East European Deciduous Forest. - 7.6 Asia. - 7.7 Southern Hemisphere. - 7.8 Primary Production and Phytomass. - 8. Wetlands. - 8.1 Introduction. - 8.2 Climate. - 8.3 Soils. - 8.4 Canadian Wetland Classification. - 8.4.1 Canadian Wetland Classification System. - 8.4.2 Wetland classes. - 8.4.3 Wetland forms and types. - 8.5 Canadian Wetlands. - 8.5.1 Arctic Wetlands. - 8.5.2 Subarctic Wetlands. - 8.5.3 Boreal Wetlands. - 8.5.4 Prairie Wetlands. - 8.5.5 Temperate Wetlands. - 8.5.6 Oceanic Wetlands. - 8.5.7 Mountain Wetlands. - 8.6 Wetlands in the USA. - 8.7 Eurasian Wetlands. - 8.7.1 European Wetlands. - 8.7.2 Asian Wetlands. - 8.8 Central and South American Wetlands. - 8.9 African Wetlands. - 8.10 Austromalesian and Pacific Wetlands. - 8.11 Phytomass and Primary Production. - 9. Conclusion. - Appendix: Biomials and their local names as used in the text. - Bibliography. - Index.

Anmerkung: Inhaltsverzeichnis Summary, Rezjume 1. Einleitung 2. Das Bewegungsverhalten von Eismassen, seine Untersuchung und Modellierung 2.1. Zum Modellbegriff 2.2. Typische Eismassen und ihr Bewegungsverhalten 2.2.1. Zur Theorie der Eisbewegung 2.2.2. Gletscher 2.2.3. Schelfeis und Eiskappe 2.3. Die Ermittlung von Eisbewegungen durch geodätische Verfahren 2.3.1. Die Vorplanung der Messungen 2.3.2. Die Durchführung der Messungen 2.3.3. Reduktion der Beobachtungen 2.3.4. Berechnung der Eisbewegungen 2.4. Das trendbehaftete vektorielle Zufallsfeld - Modell zur Beschreibung des Geschwindigkeitsfeldes einer Eismasse - in der Theorie stochastischer Prozesse 2.4.1. Definition des Vektorfeldes 2.4.2. Das Geschwindigkeitsfeld einer Eismasse - trendbehaftetes vektorielles Zufallsfeld 2.4.3. Definition eines vektoriellen Zufallsfeldes 2.4.4. Wahrscheinlichkeitsdichte und Verteilungsfunktion 2.4.5. Die Momente und die Korrelationsfunktionen 2.4.6. Vektorielle Zufallsfelder mit Hormalverteilungsgesetz 2.4.7. Homogene und isotrope vektorielle Zufallsfelder 2.4.8. Das Ergodenproblem 3. Das Konzept der Kollokation und seine Anwendung auf die Bearbeitung von Eisbewegungsmessungen 3.1. Zur Theorie der Kollokation 3.1.1. Das Kollokationsmodell von Moritz [40] 3.1.2. Nichtlineare Prädiktion nach Grafarend [12] 3.1.3. Kollokation von Vektorgrößen 3.2. Analyse und Bearbeitung des Datenmaterials 3.2.1. Die Trendbestimmung 3.2.2. Die Analyse des Zufallsfeldes 3.3. Das Kollokationsmodell bei der Bearbeitung von Eisbewegungsmessungen 3.3.1. Zuordnung und Interpretation der Größen 3.3.2. Zur zeitlichen Variation des Geschwindigkeitsfeldes einer Eismasse 3.3.3. Kollokation mit den ursprünglichen reduzierten Beobachtungen 4. Praktische Untersuchungen 4.1. Geschwindigkeitsquerprofile des Fedtschenko-Gletschers (Pamir) 4.2. Geschwindigkeitslängsprofil des Kongsvegen-Gletschers (Spitzbergen) 4.3. Geschwindigkeitslängsprofil des Hays-Gletschers (Antarktika) 4.4. Geschwindigkeitsquerprofil des Ross-Schelfeises (Antarktika) 4.5. Vergleich mit früheren Untersuchungen zur Abschätzung von Geschwindigkeitskorrelationen natürlicher Eismassen 5. Zusammenfassung 6. Literaturverzeichnis , Zusammenfassung in englischer und russischer Sprache

Anmerkung: Contents Foreword Preface Contributors I Introduction 1 The Development of Climate Research / by ANTONIO NAVARRA 1.1 The Nature of Climate Studies 1.1.1 The Big Storm Controversy 1.1.2 The Great Planetary Oscillations 1.2 The Components of Climate Research 1.2.1 Dynamical Theory 1.2.2 Numerical Experimentation 1.2.3 Statistical Analysis 2 Misuses of Statistical Analysis in Climate Research / by HANS VON STORCH 2.1 Prologue 2.2 Mandatory Testing and the Mexican Hat 2.3 Neglecting Serial Correlation 2.4 Misleading Names: The Case of the Decorrelation Time 2.5 Use of Advanced Techniques 2.6 Epilogue II Analyzing The Observed Climate 3 Climate Spectra and Stochastic Climate Models / by CLAUDE FRANKIGNOUL 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Spectral Characteristics of Atmospheric Variables 3.3 Stochastic Climate Model 3.4 Sea Surface Temperature Anomalies 3.5 Variability of Other Surface Variables 3.6 Variability in the Ocean Interior 3.7 Long Term Climate Changes 4 The Instrumental Data Record: Its Accuracy and Use in Attempts to Identify the "CO2 Signal" / by PHIL JONES 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Homogeneity 4.2.1 Changes in Instrumentation, Exposure and Measuring Techniques 4.2.2 Changes in Station Locations 4.2.3 Changes in Observation Time and the Methods Used to Calculate Monthly Averages 4.2.4 Changes in the Station Environment 4.2.5 Precipitation and Pressure Homogeneity 4.2.6 Data Homogenization Techniques 4.3 Surface Climate Analysis 4.3.1 Temperature 4.3.2 Precipitation 4.3.3 Pressure 4.4 The Greenhouse Detection Problem 4.4.1 Definition of Detection Vector and Data Used 4.4.2 Spatial Correlation Methods 4.5 Conclusions 5 Interpreting High-Resolution Proxy Climate Data - The Example of Dendr о climatology / by KEITH R. BRIFFA 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Background 5.3 Site Selection and Dating 5.4 Chronology Confidence 5.4.1 Chronology Signal 5.4.2 Expressed Population Signal 5.4.3 Subsample Signal Strength 5.4.4 Wider Relevance of Chronology Signal 5.5 "Standardization" and Its Implications for Judging Theoretical Signal 5.5.1 Theoretical Chronology Signal 5.5.2 Standardization of "Raw" Data Measurements 5.5.3 General Relevance of the "Standardization" Problem 5.6 Quantifying Climate Signals in Chronologies 5.6.1 Calibration of Theoretical Signal 5.6.2 Verification of Calibrated Relationships 5.7 Discussion 5.8 Conclusions 6 Analysing the Boreal Summer Relationship Between World wide Sea-Surface Temperature and Atmospheric Variability / by M. NEIL WARD 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Physical Basis for Sea-Surface Temperature Forcing of the Atmosphere 6.2.1 Tropics 6.2.2 Extratropics 6.3 Characteristic Patterns of Global Sea Surface Temperature: EOFs and Rotated EOFs 6.3.1 Introduction 6.3.2 SST Data 6.3.3 EOF method 6.3.4 EOFs p^→1 - p^→3 6.3.5 Rotation of EOFs 6.4 Characteristic Features in the Marine Atmosphere Associated with the SST Patterns p^→2, p ^→3 and p^→2R in JAS 6.4.1 Data and Methods 6.4.2 Patterns in the Marine Atmosphere Associated with EOF p^→2 6.4.3 Patterns in the Marine Atmosphere Associated with EOF p^→3 6.4.4 Patterns in the Marine Atmosphere Associated with Rotated EOF p^→2R 6.5 JAS Sahel Rainfall Links with Sea-Surface Temperature and Marine Atmosphere 6.5.1 Introduction 6.5.2 Rainfall in the Sahel of Africa 6.5.3 High Frequency Sahel Rainfall Variations 6.5.4 Low Frequency Sahel Rainfall Variations 6.6 Conclusions III Simulating and Predicting Climate 7 The Simulation of Weather Types in GCMs : A Regional Approach to Control-Run Validation / by KEITH R. BRIFFA 7.1 Introduction 7.2 The Lamb Catalogue 7.3 An "Objective" Lamb Classification 7.4 Details of the Selected GCM Experiments 7.5 Comparing Observed and GCM Climates 7.5.1 Lamb Types 7.5.2 Temperature and Precipitation 7.5.3 Relationships Between Circulation Frequencies and Temperature and Precipitation 7.5.4 Weather-Type Spell Lengths and Storm Frequencies 7.6 Conclusions 7.6.1 Specific Conclusions 7.6.2 General Conclusions 8 Statistical Analysis of GCM Output / by CLAUDE FRANKIGNOUL 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Univariate Analysis 8.2.1 The i-Test on the Mean of a Normal Variable 8.2.2 Tests for Autocorrelated Variables 8.2.3 Field Significance 8.2.4 Example: GCM Response to a Sea Surface Temperature Anomaly 8.3 Multivariate Analysis 8.3.1 Test on Means of Multidimensional Normal Variables 8.3.2 Application to Response Studies 8.3.3 Application to Model Testing and Intercomparison 9 Field Intercomparison / by ROBERT E . LIVEZEY 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Motivation for Permutation and Monte Carlo Testing 9.2.1 Local vs. Field Significance 9.2.2 Test Example 9.3 Permutation Procedures 9.3.1 Test Environment 9.3.2 Permutation (PP) and Bootstrap (BP) Procedures 9.3.3 Properties 9.3.4 Interdependence Among Field Variables 9.4 Serial Correlation 9.4.1 Local Probability Matching 9.4.2 Times Series and Monte Carlo Methods 9.4.3 Independent Samples 9.4.4 Conservatism 9.5 Concluding Remarks 10 The Evaluation of Forecasts / by ROBERT E. LIVEZEY 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Considerations for Objective Verification 10.2.1 Quantification 10.2.2 Authentication 10.2.3 Description of Probability Distributions 10.2.4 Comparison of Forecasts 10.3 Measures and Relationships: Categorical Forecasts 10.3.1 Contingency and Definitions 10.3.2 Some Scores Based on the Contingency Table 10.4 Measures and Relationships: Continuous Forecasts 10.4.1 Mean Squared Error and Correlation 10.4.2 Pattern Verification (the Murphy-Epstein Decomposition) 10.5 Hindcasts and Cross-Validation 10.5.1 Cross-Validation Procedure 10.5.2 Key Constraints in Cross-Validation 11 Stochastic Modeling of Precipitation with Applications to Climate Model Downscaling / by DENNIS LETTENMAIER 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Probabilistic Characteristics of Precipitation 11.3 Stochastic Models of Precipitation 11.3.1 Background 11.3.2 Applications to Global Change 11.4 Stochastic Precipitation Models with External Forcing 11.4.1 Weather Classification Schemes 11.4.2 Conditional Stochastic Precipitation Models 11.5 Applications to Alternative Climate Simulation 11.6 Conclusions IV Pattern Analysis 12 Teleconnections Patterns / by ANTONIO NAVARRA 12.1 Objective Teleconnections 12.2 Singular Value Decomposition 12.3 Teleconnections in the Ocean-Atmosphere System 12.4 Concluding Remarks 13 Spatial Patterns: EOFs and CCA / by HANS VON STORCH 13.1 Introduction 13.2 Expansion into a Few Guess Patterns 13.2.1 Guess Patterns, Expansion Coefficients and Explained Variance 13.2.2 Example: Temperature Distribution in the Mediterranean Sea 13.2.3 Specification of Guess Patterns 13.2.4 Rotation of Guess Patterns 13.3 Empirical Orthogonal Functions 13.3.1 Definition of EOFs 13.3.2 What EOFs Are Not Designed for 13.3.3 Estimating EOFs 13.3.4 Example: Central European Temperature 13.4 Canonical Correlation Analysis 13.4.1 Definition of Canonical Correlation Patterns 13.4.2 CCA in EOF Coordinates 13.4.3 Estimation: CCA of Finite Samples 13.4.4 Example: Central European Temperature 14 Patterns in Time : SSA and MSSA / by ROBERT VAUTARD 14.1 Introduction 14.2 Reconstruction and Approximation of Attractors 14.2.1 The Embedding Problem 14.2.2 Dimension and Noise 14.2.3 The Macroscopic Approximation 14.3 Singular Spectrum Analysis 14.3.1 Time EOFs 14.3.2 Space-Time EOFs 14.3.3 Oscillatory Pairs 14.3.4 Spectral Properties 14.3.5 Choice of the Embedding Dimension 14.3.6 Estimating Time and Space-Time Patterns 14.4 Climatic Applications of SSA 14.4.1 The Analysis of Intraseasonal Oscillations 14.4.2 Empirical Long-Range Forecasts Using MSSA Predictors 14.5 Conclusions 15 Multivariate Statistical Modeling : POP-Model as a First Order Approximation / by JIN-SONG VON STORCH 15.1 Introduction 15.2 The Cross-Covariance Matrix and the Cross-Spectrum Matrix 15.3 Multivariate AR(1) Process and its Cross-Covariance and Cross-Spectrum Matrices 15.3.1 The System Matrix A and its POPs 15.3.2 Cross-Spectrum Matrix in POP-Basis: Its Matrix Formulation 15.3.3 Cross-Spectrum Matrix in POP-Basis: Its Diagonal Components 15.3.4

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Test arrangements Ice properties Crushing patterns Maximum ice force vs velocity Dynamic aspect ratio effect and crushing strength Measured ice force frequencies Calculated ice force frequencies Accelerations, velocities and displacements Damping Ice-induced negative damping Limit cycles Buckling load Conclusions Literature cited

Anmerkung: Contents Abstract Preface Introduction Natural ice sheets Choosing an ice control structure Flexible structures Ice booms Frazil collector lines Fence booms Rigid or semirigid structures Pier-mounted booms Stone groins Artificial islands Removable gravity structures Timber cribs Weirs Pilings and dolphins Structures built for other purposes Hydroelectric dams Wicket dams Light piers and towers Bridge piers Breakwaters Ice control not using Structures Channel improvements Ice sheet tying Ice sheet bridges Conclusions Literature cited Appendix A: Ice control structure

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Introduction Stream bank erosional processes Permafrost and related factors Permafrost and erosion General Erosional processes Bank zone processes Bluff zone processes Factors affecting perm afrost erodibility Exposure to currents and wind waves Texture and stratigraphy Ice content, distribution and type Slope aspect Coriolis force Timing and depth of thaw Water level and temperature Vegetation Ice and snow cover Groundwater Rates and timing of erosion and recession Overall effects of permafrost Recommendations for research Literature cited Appendix A : Processes of stream bank modifications

Anmerkung: CONTENTS Abstract Preface Nomenclature Introduction Constitutive relationships Equations of motion Uniform flow Nonuniform flow Ice transport: Uniform flow Symmetric channel Asymmetric channel Ice transport: Nonuniform flow Further considerations Basis for model improvement Conclusions Literature cited