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  • 1
    Series available for loan
    Series available for loan
    A literature review on decontaminating groundwater sampling devices : organic pollutants (1995)
    Hanover, NH : U.S. Army Cold Regions Research and Engineering Laboratory
    Associated volumes
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    Call number: ZSP-201-95/14
    In: CRREL Report, 95-14
    Description / Table of Contents: Current protocols for decontaminating devices used to sample groundwater for organic contaminants are re­viewed. Most of the methods given by regulatory agencies provide little scientific evidence that justify the recommended protocols. In addition, only a few studies that actually compared various decontamination proto­cols could be found in the open literature, and those studies were limited in their scope. Various approaches for decontamination and criteria that are important in determining how effectively a surface could be decontami­nated are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Series available for loan
    Pages: iii, 15 Seiten , Illustrationen
    Series Statement: CRREL Report 95-14
    URL: https://cdm16021.contentdm.oclc.org/digital/collection/p266001coll1/id/6067
    URL: https://hdl.handle.net/11681/9194
    Language: English
    Note: CONTENTS Preface Introduction Sorption and desorption of organic contaminants Decontamination methods Aqueous cleaning methods Cleaning or rinsing with organic solvents Chemical neutralization methods Current protocols to decontaminate groundwater sampling devices Variations in methodology Special instructions for cleaning pumps Effectiveness of various decontamination methods Low-temperature considerations Conclusions Literature cited
    Location: AWI Archive
    Branch Library: AWI Library
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Modeling the Equilibrium Partitioning of Organic Contaminants between PTFE, PVC, and Groundwater (1994)
    s.l. : American Chemical Society
    Environmental science & technology 28 (1994), S. 1229-1233 
    Details
    ISSN: 1520-5851
    Source: ACS Legacy Archives
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/es00056a008
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Decontaminating Materials Used in Ground Water Sampling Devices: Organic Contaminants (2000)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water monitoring & remediation 20 (2000), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6592
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: In these studies, the efficiency of various decontamination protocols was tested on small pieces of materials commonly used in ground water sampling devices. Three materials, which ranged in ability to sorb organic solutes, were tested: stainless steel (SS), rigid polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). The test pieces were exposed to two aqueous test solutions: One contained three volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and one nitroaromatic compound, and the other contained four pesticides. Also, three types of polymeric tubing were exposed to pesticide solutions. Generally, the contact times were 10 minutes and 24 hours for sorption and desorption.The contaminants were removed from the nonpermeable SS and the less-sorptive rigid PVC test pieces simply by washing with a hot detergent solution and rinsing with hot water. Additional treatment was required for the PTFE test pieces exposed to the VOCs and for the low-density polyethylene (LDPE) tubing exposed to the pesticide test solution. Solvent rinsing did not improve removal of the three VOCs from the PTFE and only marginally improved removal of the residual pesticides from the LDPE. However, a hot water and detergent wash and rinse followed by oven drying at approximately 105°C was effective for removing the VOCs from the PTFE and substantially reduced pesticide contamination from the LDPE.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.2000.tb00252.x
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Sampling Trace-Level Organic Solutes with Polymeric Tubing Part 2. Dynamic Studies (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water monitoring & remediation 18 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6592
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: This is the second part of a study conducted to determine whether polymeric sampling tubing can affect organic analyte concentrations during a sampling event. In this part of the study, we looked for sorption and desorption of tricholoroethylene (TCE) and leaching of organic constituents in water pumped through five types of polymeric tubing. The materials tested were a rigid fluoropolymer, a flexible fluoropolymer, low-density polyethylene (LDPE), and two plasticized polypropylene tubings. The effects of tubing length and flow rate were examined.The least sorptive tubings, both initially and at equilibrium, were the fluoropolymers. However, in some instances the LDPE tubing had little effect on TCE concentrations. This was when a slow flow rate was used to sample relatively shallow wells (50 feet [15 m] or less) or when a faster flow rate (1 L/min) was used to sample wells that are less than 500 feet (152 m). Further testing is recommended using more sorptive analytes.Using high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), we were unable to detect any constituents leaching from any of the tubings used in these studies, even when a slow flow rate was used. However, desorption of sorbed analytes is a concern for all the tubings tested, including the rigid fluoropolymer.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.1998.tb00611.x
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Effect of Concentration on Sorption of Dissolved Organics by PVC, PTFE, and Stainless Steel Well Casings (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water monitoring & remediation 14 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6592
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: This report examines sorption of low ppb levels of organic solutions by polytetra- fluoroethylene (PTFE), rigid polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and stainless steel 304 and 316 well casings. Nineteen organics were selected, including several munitions and chlorinated solvents. Compounds were selected to offer a range of physical properties, such as solubility in water, octanol/water partition coefficient, and molecular structure. When these results were compared with the results from a similar study conducted at ppm levels, the rate and extent of sorption by PTFE and PVC were the same as seen previously for almost all analytes. There were no losses of any compounds associated with stainless steel. At these low levels (ppm and ppb), the rate of diffusion within the polymer (PVC and PTFE) is independent of concentration. Only with PTFE are the rates rapid enough to be of concern when monitoring for some contaminants in ground water. Tetrachloroethylene was the compound PTFE sorbed the most rapidly. The study showed that PVC well casings are suitable for monitoring low levels (ppm and ppb) of organics.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.1994.tb00475.x
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Effects of Ground Water Sampling Devices on Water Quality: A Literature Review (1994)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water monitoring & remediation 14 (1994), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6592
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: This paper reviews both field and laboratory studies that tested or compared the ability of various types of sampling devices to deliver representative ground water samples. Several types of grab samplers, positive displacement devices, and suction-lift devices were evaluated, Gas-lift and inertial-lift pumps were also evaluated. This study found that most of these devices can. under certain circumstances, alter the chemistry of ground water samples, das-lift pumps, older types of submersible centrifugal pumps, and suction-lift devices are not recommended when sampling for sensitive constituents such as volatile organics and inorganics, or inorganics that are subject to oxidation/precipitation reactions. In general, of the devices reviewed in this paper, bladder pumps gave the best recovery of sensitive constituents. However, better performance could be achieved for several devices if improved operational guidelines were developed by additional testing, especially at lower flow rates. Clearly, further research is warranted. Future studies should focus on pumping rate, flow control mechanisms, and dedication or decontamination of sampling devices.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.1994.tb00108.x
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Suitability of Polyvinyl Chloride Well Casings for Monitoring Munitions in Ground Water (1986)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water monitoring & remediation 6 (1986), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6592
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: A number of samples of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) well casings used for ground water monitoring that varied in schedule, diameter or manufacturer were placed in contact with low concentrations of aqueous solutions of TNT, RDX, HMX and 2,4-DNT for 80 days. Analysis indicated that there was more loss of TNT and HMX with the PVC casing than with the glass controls, but that the amount lost was, for the most part, equivalent among different types. A second experiment was performed to determine if these losses were due to sorption or if biodegradation was involved. Several different ground water conditions were simulated by varying salinity, initial pH and dissolved oxygen content. The only case where there was an in-creased loss of any substance due to the presence of PVC casing was with the TNT solution under non-sterile conditions. The extent of loss was small, however, considering the length of the equilibration period. This increased loss is thought to be associated with increased microbial degradation rather than sorption. Several samples of PVC casing were also leached with ground water for 80 days. No detectable interferences were found by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Therefore, it is concluded that PVC well casings are suitable for monitoring ground water for the presence of these munitions.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.1986.tb00955.x
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Comparison of Fiberglass and Other Polymeric Well Casings Part II. Sorption and Leaching of Trace-Level Organics (1998)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water monitoring & remediation 18 (1998), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6592
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: This paper contains the results of a laboratory study that was designed to compare sorption of low (mg/L) concentrations of 11 organic solutes by six polymeric materials (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene [ABS], fluorinated ethylene propylene [FEP], fiberglass-reinforced epoxy [FRE] and fiberglass-reinforced plastic [FRP], polyvinyl chloride [PVC], and poly-tetrafluoroethylene [PTFE]).During this six-week study, ABS sorbed analytes much more rapidly and to a greater extent than did the other materials, and PVC and FRE sorbed analytes more slowly and to a lesser extent than the other materials tested.As the study progressed, an increasing number of spurious peaks were found in the high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) chromatograms of some of our samples, indicating that leaching of some consituents had occurred. By the end of the study, there were 11 additional peaks in the ABS samples, five in the FRP samples, and one in the FRE samples. Analysis by purge and trap gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) of those samples and of well water samples that were exposed to the casings for 500 hours revealed the identity of some of the leached constituents; acrylonitrile and styrene (components of ABS), chloroform and ethylbenzene (an intermediate in the production of styrene) from the ABS pipe, and toluene, 1,1,1-trichloroethane, and ethylbenzene from the FRP casing.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.1998.tb00621.x
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Discussion of “The Effect of Latex Gloves and Nylon Cord on Ground Water Sample Quality” by Judy L. Canova and Michael G. Muthig, Ground Water Monitoring Review, v. 11, no. 3, p. 98, Spring 1991. (1991)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water monitoring & remediation 11 (1991), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6592
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.1991.tb00405.x
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Influence of Casing Materials on Trace-Level Chemicals in Well Water (1990)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Ground water monitoring & remediation 10 (1990), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6592
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Four well casing materials — polyvinyl chloride (PVC), polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE), and stainless steel 304 (SS 304) and 316 (SS 316) — were examined to determine their suitability for monitoring inorganic and organic constituents in well water.The inorganic study used a factorial design to test the effect of concentration of mixed metals (arsenic [As], chromium [Cr], lead [Pb], and cadmium [Cd]), pH, and organic carbon. Sample times were 0.5, 4, 8, 24, and 72 hours. Except for slow loss of Pb, PTFE well casings had no significant effect on the concentration of metals in solution. For the other casings, changes in analyte concentration often exceeded 10 percent in eight hours or less and, thus, could bias analyses of samples taken from wells constructed with these materials. Specifically, PVC casings sorbed Pb and leached Cd; SS 316 casings sorbed As and Pb and leached Cd; and SS 304 casings sorbed As, Cr, and Pb and leached Cd. Both stainless steel casing materials showed markedly poorer performance than the PVC casings.The well casings were also tested for sorption/desorption of 10 organic substances from the following classes: chlorinated alkehes, chlorinated aromatics, nitroaromatics and nitramines. Sample times were 0, 1, 8, 24, and 72 hours, seven days, and six weeks. There were no detectable losses of analytes in any of the sample solutions containing stainless steel well casings. Significant loss of some analytes was observed in sample solutions containing plastic casings, although losses were always more rapid with the PTFE casings than with PVC. Chlorinated organic substances were lost most rapidly. For samples containing PTFE casings, losses of some of these compounds were rapid enough (〉10 percent in eight hours) to be of concern for ground water monitoring. Losses of hydrophobic organic constituents in samples containing PTFE casings were correlated with the compound's octanol/water partition coefficient.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.1990.tb00346.x
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