ALBERT

Note: Contents: 1 Introduction. - 2 What is science?. - 3 Choices, choices, choices. - 4 The adviser and thesis committee. - 5 Questions drive research. - 6 Giving direction to our work. - 7 Turning challenges into opportunities. - 8 Ethics of research. - 9 Using the scientific literature. - 10 Communication. - 11 Publishing a paper. - 12 Time management. - 13 Writing proposals. - 14 The scientific career. - 15 Applying for a job. - 16 Concluding remarks. - Appendix A. Futher reading. - Appendix B. A sample curriculum. - Appendix C. The Refer and BibTeX format. - References. - About the authors. - Index.

Note: Contents Preface 1 Data Analysis in Earth Sciences 1.1 Introduction 1.2 Collecting Data 1.3 Types of Data 1.4 Methods of Data Analysis Recommended Reading 2 Introduction to MATLAB 2.1 MATLAB in Earth Sciences 2.2 Getting Started 2.3 The Syntax 2.4 Data Storage 2.5 Data Handling 2.6 Scripts and Functions 2.7 Basic Visualization Tools Recommended Reading 3 Univariate Statistics 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Empirical Distributions Measures of Central Tendency Measures of Dispersion 3.3 Example of Empirical Distributions 3.4 Theoretical Distributions Uniform Distribution Binomial or Bernoulli Distribution Poisson Distribution Normal or Gaussian Distribution Logarithmic Normal or Log-Normal Distribution Student's t Distribution Fisher's F Distribution Χ2 or Chi-Squared Distribution 3.5 Example ofTheoretical Distributions 3.6 Thet-Test 3.7 TheF-Test 3.8 The Χ2-Test Recommended Reading 4 Bivariate Statistics 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Pearson's Correlation Coefficient 4.3 Classical Linear Regression Analysis and Prediction 4.4 Analyzing the Residuals 4.5 Bootstrap Estimates of the Regression Coefficients 4.6 Jackknife Estimates of the Regression Coefficients 4.7 Cross Validation 4.8 Reduced Major Axis Regression 4.9 Curvilinear Regression Recommended Reading 5 Time-Series Analysis 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Generating Signals 5.3 Blackman-Tukey Autospectral Analysis 5.4 Blackman-Tukey Crossspectral Analysis 5.5 Interpolating and Analyzing Unevenly-Spaced Data 5.6 Evolutionary Blackman-Tukey Powerspectrum 5.7 Lomb-Scargle Powerspectrum 5.8 Wavelet Powerspectrum 5.9 Nonlinear Time-Series Analysis (by N. Marwarn) Phase Space Portrait Recurrence Plots Recommended Reading 6 Signal Processing 6.1 Introduction 6.2 Generating Signals 6.3 Linear Time-Invariant Systems 6.4 Convolution and Filtering 6.5 Comparing Functions for Filtering Data Series 6.6 Recursive and Nonrecursive Filters 6.7 Impulse Response 6.8 Frequency Response 6.9 Filter Design 6.10 Adaptive Filtering Recommended Reading 7 Spatial Data 7.1 Types of Spatial Data 7.2 The GSHHS Shoreline Data Set 7.3 The 2-Minute Gridded Global Elevation Data ETOPO2 7.4 The 30-Arc Seconds Elevation Model GTOPO30 7.5 The Shuttle Radar Topography Mission SRTM 7.6 Gridding and Contouring Background 7.7 Gridding Example 7.8 Comparison of Methods and Potential Artifacts 7.9 Statistics of Point Distributions Test for Uniform Distribution Test for Random Distribution Test for Clustering 7.10 Analysis of Digital Elevation Models (by R. Gebbers) 7.11 Geostatistics and Kriging (by R. Gebbers) Theorical Background Preceding Analysis Variography with the Classical Variogram Kriging Discussion of Kriging Recommended Reading 8 Image Processing 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Datastorage 8.3 Importing, Processing and Exporting Images 8.4 Importing, Processing and Exporting Satellite Images 8.5 Georeferencing Satellite Images 8.6 Digitizing from the Screen Recommended Reading 9 Multivariate Statistics 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Principal Component Analysis 9.3 Independent Component Analysis (by N. Marwan) 9.4 Cluster Analysis Recommended Reading 10 Statistics on Directional Data 10.1 Introduction 10.2 Graphical Representation 10.3 Empirical Distributions 10.4 Theoretical Distributions 10.5 Test for Randomness of Directional Data 10.6 Test for the Significance of a Mean Direction 10.7 Test for the Difference of Two Sets of Directions Recommended Reading General Index

Note: Contents: 1. Introduction. 2. RC Filter. 3. General linear time invariant systems. 4. The seismometer. 5. The sampling process. 6. Analog-to-digital conversion. 7. From infinitely continuous to finite discrete. 8. The digital anti-alias filter. 9. Inverse and simulation filtering of digital seismograms. 10. The measurement of wavelet parameters from digital seismograms. References. Appendix: Solution to problems.

Note: Chapter 1. Classification and Structures of the Micas by S. W. Bailey, p. 1 - 12 Chapter 2. Crystal Chemistry of the True Micas by S. W. Bailey, p. 13 - 60 Chapter 3. The Brittle Micas by Stephen Guggenheim, p. 61 - 104 Chapter 4. Electrostatic Energy Models of Micas by R. F. Giese, Jr., p. 105 - 144 Chapter 5. Spectroscopy of Micas by George R. Rossman. p. 145 - 182 Chapter 6. Optical Properties of Mica Under the Polarizing Microscope by Ray E. Wilcox, p. 183 - 200 Chapter 7. Experimental Phase Relations of the Micas by David A. Hewitt and David R. Wones, p. 201 - 256 Chapter 8. Paragenesis, Crystallochemical Characteristics, and Geochemical Evolution of Micas in Granitic Pegmatites by Petr Cerny and Donald M. Burt, p. 257 - 298 Chapter 9. Micas in Igneous Rocks by J. Alexander Speer, p. 299 - 356 Chapter 10. Micas in Metamorphic Rocks by Charles V. Guidotti, p. 257 - 468 Chapter 11. F-OH and Cl-OH Exchange in Micas with Applications to Hydrothermal Ore Deposits by James L. Munoz, p. 469 - 494 Chapter 12. Illite by Jan Sordori and Dennis D. Eberl, p. 495 - 544 Chapter 13. Glauconite and Celadonite Minerals by I. Edgar Odom, p. 545 - 572 Appendix: X-Ray Power Patterns of Micas p. 573 - 584

Note: Meet the Authors ... vi --- Preface ... xiii --- The Modern Theory and Practice of Geology --- The Earth System ... 1 --- The Scientific Method ... 2 --- Earth's Shape and Surface ... 3 --- The Geologic Record ... 4 --- Peeling the Onion: Discovery of a Layered Earth ... 6 --- Earth as a System of Interacting Components ... 10 --- An Overview of Geologic Time ... 14 --- Plate Tectonics: The Unifying Theory ... 18 --- The Discovery of Plate Tectonics ... 19 --- The Mosaic of Plates ... 22 --- Rates and History of Plate Motions ... 30 --- The Grand Reconstruction ... 35 --- Mantle Convection: The Engine of Plate Tectonics ... 37 --- The Theory of Plate Tectonics and the Scientific Method ... 42 --- Basic Geologic Processes --- Earth Materials: Minerals and Rocks ... 44 --- What Are Minerals? ... 45 --- The Atomic Structure of Matter ... 46 --- Chemical Reactions ... 47 --- Chemical Bonds ... 49 --- The Atomic Structure of Minerals ... 49 --- Rock-Forming Minerals ... 52 --- Physical Properties of Minerals ... 56 --- What Are Rocks? ... 62 --- Igneous Rocks ... 63 --- Sedimentary Rocks ... 64 --- Metamorphic Rocks ... 66 --- The Rock Cycle: Interactions Between the Plate Tectonic and Climate Systems ... 66 --- Minerals Occur in Rocks as Valuable Resources ... 68 --- Earth Issues: Sulfide Minerals React to Form Acid Waters on Earth and Mars ... 57 --- Igneous Rocks: Solids from Melts ... 76 --- How Do Igneous Rocks Differ from One Another? ... 78 --- How Do Magmas Form? ... 83 --- Where Do Magmas Form? ... 85 --- Magmatic Differentiation ... 85 --- Forms of Magmatic Intrusions ... 88 --- Igneous Activity and Plate Tectonics ... 91 --- Sedimentation: Rocks Formed by Surface Processes ... 100 --- Sedimentary Rocks Are Produced by Surface Processes in the Rock Cycle ... 102 --- Sedimentary Basins: The Sinks for Sediments ... 106 --- Sedimentary Environments ... 108 --- Sedimentary Structures ... 111 --- Burial and Diagenesis: From Sediment to Rock ... 114 --- Classification of Siliciclastic Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks ... 116 --- Classification of Chemical and Biological Sediments and Sedimentary Rocks ... 119 --- Earth Policy: Darwin's Coral Reefs and Atolls ... 124 --- Metamorphism: Modification of Rocks by Temperature and Pressure ... 130 --- Metamorphism and the Earth System ... 132 --- Causes of Metamorphism ... 133 --- Types of Metamorphism ... 134 --- Metamorphic Textures ... 136 --- Regional Metamorphism and Metamorphic Grade ... 141 --- Plate Tectonics and Metamorphism ... 144 --- Deformation: Modification of Rocks by Folding and Fracturing ... 150 --- Mapping Geologic Structure ... 152 --- How Rocks Deform ... 154 --- Basic Deformation Structures ... 156 --- Styles of Continental Deformation ... 163 --- Unraveling Geologic History ... 165 --- Earth and Planets Through Geologic Time --- Clocks in Rocks: Timing the Geologic Record ... 168 --- Reconstructing Geologic History from the Stratigraphic Record ... 170 --- Geologic Time Scale: Relative Ages ... 178 --- Measuring Absolute Time with Radioactive Clocks ... 180 --- Geologic Time Scale: Absolute Ages ... 183 --- Timing the Earth System ... 184 --- Earth Issues: The Grand Canyon Sequence and Regional Correlation of Strata ... 176 --- Early History of the Terrestrial Planets ... 188 --- Origin of the Solar System ... 190 --- Early Earth: Formation of a Layered Planet ... 192 --- Diversity of the Planets ... 195 --- What's in a Face? The Age and Complexion of Planetary Surfaces ... 197 --- Mars Rocks! ... 204 --- Exploring the Solar System and Beyond ... 210 --- Evolution of the Continents ... 214 --- The Tectonics of North America ... 216 --- Tectonic Provinces Around the World ... 221 --- How Continents Grow ... 224 --- How Continents Are Modified ... 226 --- The Formation of Cratons ... 235 --- The Deep Structure of Continents ... 236 --- Geobiology: Life Interacts with the Earth ... 240 --- The Biosphere as a System ... 242 --- Microbes: Nature's Tiny Chemists ... 246 --- Geobiological Events in Earth's History ... 254 --- Astrobiology: The Search for Extraterrestrial Life ... 265 --- Earth Issues: The Mother of all Mass Extinctions: Whodunit? ... 264 --- Internal Geosystems --- Volcanoes ... 270 --- Volcanoes as Geosystems ... 272 --- Lavas and Other Volcanic Deposits ... 273 --- Eruptive Styles and Landforms ... 277 --- Geosystem Interactions ... 282 --- The Global Pattern of Volcanism ... 284 --- Volcanism and Human Affairs ... 288 --- Earth Policy: Mount St. Helens: Dangerous but Predictable ... 292 --- Earthquakes ... 296 --- What Is an Earthquake? ... 298 --- Studying Earthquakes ... 301 --- Earthquakes and Patterns of Faulting ... 309 --- Earthquake Destructiveness ... 313 --- Can Earthquakes Be Predicted? ... 320 --- Earth Issues: The Great Indian Ocean Tsunami of 2004 ... 312 --- Earth Issues: Seven Steps to Earthquake Safety ... 319 --- Exploring: Earth's Interior ... 324 --- Exploring the Interior with Seismic Waves ... 325 --- Layering and Composition of the Interior ... 328 --- Earth's Internal Heat and Temperature ... 332 --- The Three-Dimensional Structure of the Mantle ... 338 --- Earth's Magnetic Field and the Geodynamo ... 337 --- Earth Issues: The Uplift of Scandinavia: Nature's Experiment with Isostasy ... 331 --- Earth Issues: The Geoid: Shape of Planet Earth ... 338 --- Surficial Geosystems --- The Climate System ... 346 --- Components of the Climate System ... 348 --- The Greenhouse Effect ... 352 --- Climate Variability ... 355 --- The Carbon Cycle ... 362 --- Twentieth-Century Warming: Human Fingerprints of Global Change ... 366 --- Earth Issues: Vostok and GRIP: Ice-Core Drilling in Antarctica and Greenland ... 358 --- Earth Issues: El Nino: The Wayward Child ... 360 --- Weathering, Erosion, and Mass Wasting: Interface Between Climate and Tectonics ... 370 --- Weathering, Erosion, Mass Wasting, and the Rock Cycle ... 372 --- Controls on Weathering ... 372 --- Chemical Weathering ... 373 --- Physical Weathering ... 378 --- Soil: The Residue of Weathering ... 381 --- Mass Wasting ... 384 --- Classification of Mass Movements ... 388 --- Understanding the Origins of Mass Movements ... 395 --- The Hydrologic Cycle and Groundwater ... 400 --- Flows and Reservoirs ... 402 --- Hydrology and Climate ... 404 --- The Hydrology of Runoff ... 406 --- Groundwater ... 408 --- Water Resources from Major Aquifers ... 415 --- Erosion by Groundwater ... 417 --- Water Quality ... 418 --- Water Deep in the Crust ... 421 --- Earth Issues: Water Is a Precious Resource: Who Should Get It? ... 404 --- Earth Issues: When Do Groundwaters Become Nonrenewable Resources? ... 416 --- Stream Transport: From Mountains to Oceans ... 426 --- Stream Valleys, Channels, and Floodplains ... 428 --- Drainage Networks ... 432 --- Where Do Channels Begin? How Running Water Erodes Solid Rock ... 435 --- How Stream Waters Flow and Transport Sediment ... 437 --- Deltas: The Mouths of Rivers ... 440 --- Streams as Geosystems ... 443 --- Earth Issues: The Development of Cities on Floodplains ... 432 --- Winds and Deserts ... 452 --- Wind as a Flow of Air ... 454 --- Wind as a Transport Agent ... 455 --- Wind as an Agent of Erosion ... 458 --- Wind as a Depositional Agent ... 460 --- The Desert Environment ... 464 --- Earth Issues: Martian Dust Storms and Dust Devils ... 457 --- Coastlines and Ocean Basins ... 472 --- Basic Differences Between Ocean Basins and Continents ... 474 --- Coastal Processes ... 474 --- Shorelines ... 485 --- Sea Level Change as a Measure of Global Warming ... 488 --- Continental Margins ... 491 --- The Deep Oceans ... 494 --- Ocean Sedimentation ... 500 --- Earth Policy: The Great New Orleans Flood ... 480 --- Earth Issues: Preserving Our Beaches ... 490 --- Glaciers: The Work of Ice ... 504 --- Ice as a Rock ... 506

Note: Contents Acknowledgments Chapter 1. Introduction 1.1 Discovery 1.2 General Introduction 1.3 Just for Fun — An Isotope Biography of Mr. Polychaete Chapter 2. Isotope Notation and Measurement Overview 2.1 The Necessary Minimum for Ecologists 2.2 Why Use the 5 Notation? 2.3 Why Is 8 a Good Substitute for % Heavy Isotope? 2.4 8 and the Ratio-of-Ratios 2.5 Chapter Summary Chapter 3. Using Stable Isotope Tracers Overview 3.1 Isotope Circulation in the Biosphere 3.2 Landscape Ecology and Isotope Maps 3.3 Community Ecology and Invasive Species in Food Webs 3.4 Life History Ecology and Animal Migrations 3.5 Plants, Microbes, and Scaling Up 3.6 Chapter Summary Chapter 4. Isotope Chi ("I Chi") Overview 4.1 Chocolate Isotopes 4.2 Oxygen in the Sea 4.3 Equations for Isotope Chi ("I Chi") 4.4 Building an I Chi Gain-Loss Model, Step by Step 4.5 Errors in I Chi Models 4.6 Exact Equations for I Chi Models 4.7 Cows in a Pasture 4.8 Chapter Summary Chapter 5. Mixing Overview 5.1 Isotope Mixing in Food Webs 5.2 Isotope Sourcery 5.3 Mixing Mechanics 5.4 Advanced Mixing Mechanics 5.5 Mixing Assumptions and Errors or the Art and Wisdom of Using Isotope Mixing Models 5.6 River Sulfate and Mass-Weighted Mixing 5.7 A Special Muddy Case and Mixing Through Time 5.8 The Qualquan Chronicles and Mixing Across Landscapes 5.9 Dietary Mixing, Turnover, and a Stable Isotope Clock 5.10 Chapter Summary Chapter 6. Isotope Additions Overview 6.1 Addition Addiction 6.2 The Golden Spike Award for Isotopes 6.3 Chapter Summary Chapter 7. Fractionation Overview 7.1 Fractionation Fundamentals 7.2 Isotopium and Fractionation in Closed Systems 7.3 A Strange and Routine Case 7.4 A Genuine Puzzle — Fractionation or Mixing? 7.5 Cracking the Closed Systems 7.6 Equilibrium Fractionation, Subtle Drama in the Cold 7.7 A Supply/Demand Model for Open System Fractionation 7.8 Open System Fractionation and Evolution of the Earth's Sulfur Cycle 7.9 Open System Legacies 7.10 Conducting Fractionation Experiments 7.11 Chapter Summary Chapter 8. Scanning the Future Overview 8.1 The Isotope Scanner 8.2 Mangrove Maude 8.3 The Beginner's Advantage—Imagine! 8.4 Chapter Summary Appendix. Important Isotope Equations and Useful Conversions Index Supplemental Electronic Materials on the Accompanying CD A. Chapter 1 Color Figures and Cartoon Problems B. Chapter 2 Color Figures and Cartoon Problems Technical Supplement 2A: Measuring Spiked Samples Technical Supplement 2B: Ion Corrections Technical Supplement 2C: The Ratio Notation and The Power of 1 C. Chapter 3 Color Figures and Cartoons Problems D. Chapter 4 Color Figures and Cartoons Problems I Chi Spreadsheets E. Chapters 5 Color Figures and Cartoons Problems I Chi Spreadsheets F. Chapter 6 Color Figure and Cartoon Problems I Chi Spreadsheet Technical Supplement 6A: How Much Isotope Should I Add? Technical Supplement 6B: Noisy Data and Data Analysis with Enriched Samples G. Chapter 7 Color Figures and Cartoons Problems I Chi Spreadsheets Technical Supplement 7A: A Chemist's View of Isotope Effects Technical Supplement 7B: Derivations of Closed System Isotope Equations H. Chapter 8 Color Figures and Cartoons Problems I. All Problems for Chapters 1-8 J. All Answers to Problems for Chapters 1-8 K. All Figures and Cartoons L. All I Chi Spreadsheets M. A Reading List

Note: Contents Recent research developments / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:xi-xii, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.01 --- A. H. F. Robertson and J. E. Dixon: Introduction: aspects of the geological evolution of the Eastern Mediterranean / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:1-74, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.02 --- 1. Palaeotethys --- Editor’s introduction / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:75-76, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.03 --- A. M. C. Şengör, Y. Yılmaz, and O. Sungurlu: Tectonics of the Mediterranean Cimmerides: nature and evolution of the western termination of Palaeo-Tethys / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:77-112, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.04 --- Olivier Monod and Ergün Akay: Evidence for a Late Triassic-Early Jurassic orogenic event in the Taurides / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:113-122, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.05 --- I. E. Kerey: Facies and tectonic setting of the Upper Carboniferous rocks of Northwestern Turkey / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:123-128, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.06 --- E. Demirtaşh: Stratigraphic evidence of Variscan and early Alpine tectonics in Southern Turkey / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:129-145, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.07 --- 2. Neoththys --- Levant and North African offshore: Editor’s introduction / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:147-149, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.08 --- M. Delaune-Mayere: Evolution of a Mesozoic passive continental margin: Baër-Bassit (NW Syria) / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:151-159, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.09 --- G. Sestini: Tectonic and sedimentary history of the NE African margin (Egypt—Libya) / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:161-175, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.10 --- Gdaliahu Gvirtzman and Tuvia Weissbrod: The Hercynian Geanticline of Helez and the Late Palaeozoic history of the Levant / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:177-186, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.11 --- Z. Garfunkel and B. Derin: Permian-early Mesozoic tectonism and continental margin formation in Israel and its implications for the history of the Eastern Mediterranean / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:187-201, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.12 --- Yehezkeel Druckman: Evidence for Early-Middle Triassic faulting and possible rifting from the Helez Deep Borehole in the coastal plain of Israel / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:203-212, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.13 --- Abdulkader M. Abed: Emergence of Wadi Mujib (Central Jordan) during Lower Cenomanian time and its regional tectonic implications / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:213-216, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.14 --- F. Hirsch: The Arabian sub-plate during the Mesozoic / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:217-223, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.15 --- Michel Delaloye and Jean-Jacques Wagner: Ophiolites and volcanic activity near the western edge of the Arabian plate / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:225-233, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.16 --- 3. Neotethys: Turkey --- Editor’s introduction / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:235-240, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.17 --- A. Poisson: The extension of the Ionian trough into southwestern Turkey / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:241-249, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.18 --- A. H. F. Robertson and N. H. Woodcock: The SW segment of the Antalya Complex, Turkey as a Mesozoic-Tertiary Tethyan continental margin / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:251-271, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.19 --- J. W. F. Waldron: Structural history of the Antalya Complex in the ‘Isparta angle’, Southwest Turkey / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:273-286, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.20 --- A. B. Hayward: Miocene clastic sedimentation related to the emplacement of the Lycian Nappes and the Antalya Complex, S.W. Turkey / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:287-300, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.21 --- Hubert Whitechurch, Thierry Juteau, and Raymond Montigny: Role of the Eastern Mediterranean ophiolites (Turkey, Syria, Cyprus) in the history of the Neo-Tethys / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:301-317, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.22 --- Ingrid Reuber: Mylonitic ductile shear zones within tectonites and cumulates as evidence for an oceanic transform fault in the Antalya ophiolite, S.W. Turkey / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:319-334, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.23 --- Pınar O. Yılmaz: Fossil and K-Ar data for the age of the Antalya complex, S W Turkey / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:335-347, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.24 --- L. E. Ricou, J. Marcoux, and H. Whitechurch: The Mesozoic organization of the Taurides: one or several ocean basins? / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:349-359, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.25 --- A. Michard, H. Whitechurch, L. E. Ricou, R. Montigny, and E. Yazgan: Tauric subduction (Malatya-Elazıǧ provinces) and its bearing on tectonics of the Tethyan realm in Turkey / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:361-373, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.26 --- G. Aktaş and A. H. F. Robertson: The Maden Complex, SE Turkey: evolution of a Neotethyan active margin / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:375-402, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.27 --- Cahit Helvaci and William L. Griffin: Rb-Sr geochronology of the Bitlis Massif, Avnik (Bingöl) area, S.E. Turkey / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:403-413, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.28 --- Ömer T. Akıncı: The Eastern Pontide volcano-sedimentary belt and associated massive sulphide deposits / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:415-428, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.29 --- A. I. Okay and N. Özgül: HP/LT metamorphism and the structure of the Alanya Massif, Southern Turkey: an allochthonous composite tectonic sheet / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:429-439, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.30 --- Teoman N. Norman: The role of the Ankara Melange in the development of Anatolia (Turkey) / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:441-447, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.31 --- Ayla Tankut: Basic and ultrabasic rocks from the Ankara Melange, Turkey / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:449-454, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.32 --- A. I. Okay: Distribution and characteristics of the north-west Turkish blueschists / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:455-466, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.33 --- N. Görür, F.Y. Oktay, İ. Seymen, and A. M. C. Şengör: Palaeotectonic evolution of the Tuzgölü basin complex, Central Turkey: sedimentary record of a Neo-Tethyan closure / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:467-482, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.34 --- J. P. Lauer: Geodynamic evolution of Turkey and Cyprus based on palaeomagnetic data / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:483-491, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.35 --- 4. Neotethys: Greece and the Balkans --- Editor’s introduction / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:493-498, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.36 --- Robert Hall, M. G. Audley-Charles, and D. J. Carter: The significance of Crete for the evolution of the Eastern Mediterranean / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:499-516, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.37 --- Michel Bonneau: Correlation of the Hellenide nappes in the south-east Aegean and their tectonic reconstruction / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 17:517-527, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.017.01.38 --- M. Okrusch, P. Richter

Note: Chapter 1. Chemistry, Structure, and Nomenclature of Feldspars by Paul H. Ribbe, p. 1 - 20. Chapter 2. Aluminum-Silicon Order in Feldspars: Domain Textures and Diffraction Patterns by Paul H. Ribbe, p. 21 - 56. Chapter 3. Lattice Parameters, Composition, and Al/Si Order in Alkali Feldspars by Herbert Kroll and Paul H. Ribbe, p. 57 - 100. Chapter 4. Lattice Parameters and Determinative Methods for Plagioclase and Alkali Feldspars by Herbert Kroll, p. 101 - 120. Chapter 5. Optical Properties of Feldspars by David B. Stewart and Paul H. Ribbe, p. 121 - 140. CHapter 6. Subsolidus Phase Relations in the Alkali Feldspars with Emphasis on Coherent Phases by Richard A. Yund and Jan Tullis, p. 141 - 176. Chapter 7. Microstructure, Kinetics and Mechanisms of Alkali Feldspar Exsolution by Richard A. Yund, p. 177 - 202. Chapter 8. Diffusion in Feldspars by Richard A. Yund, p. 203 - 222. Chapter 9. Phase Equilibria of Plagioclase by Joeseph V. Smith, p. 223 - 240. Chapter 10. Exsolution Textures in Ternary and Plagioclase Feldspars; Interference Colors by Paul H. Ribbe, p. 241 - 270. Chapter 11. Color in Feldspars by Anne M. Hofmeister and George R. Rossman, p. 271 - 280. Chapter 12. Some Chemical Properties of Feldspars by Joseph V. Smith, p. 281 - 296. Chapter 13. Deformation of Feldspars by Jan Tullis, p. 297 - 324. Appendix. Guides to indexing Feldspar Powder Patterns p. 325 - 342.

Note: Vorwort/Preface part I: Development and spatial position of molasses and their region of accumulation Lützner, H.; Vass, D.: Subdivision and stages of development of Variscan and Alpine molasses (on the base of the example of Central European Variscides and West Carpathians) Vass, D.; Krystek, I.; Stranik, Zd.: Tectonic activity in time of formation of Main and Late molasses in Czechoslovakian West Carpathians Vozarova, A.; Vozar, J.: Subdivision and stages of development of Variscan molasse of the Czechoslovakian West Carpathians Schwab, G.: The transition between molasse stage and platform cover in the Variscan Central Europe Волочкоич, К.Л. : Верхнепалеозойские орогенные комплексы и структуры Южного Тянь-Шаня (Late Paleozoic orogenic complexes and structures of Southern Tjan-Schan) Леонов, Ю.Г. ; Щерба, И.Г. : Некоторые особенности верхенекайнозойских моласс в зпиплатформенной активизации юга Средней Азии (Some features of Upper Cenozoic molasee in area of epi-platform reactivation in southern Middle Asia) Щерба, И.Г. : Характерный механизм образовация олистостромов в эпоху горообразования (Typical mechanism of olistostrome formation in orogenic epochs) Леонов, Ю.Г. : Корреляция тектонических движений в орогенных областях (областях молассообразования) и за их пределами (Correlation of tectonic movements within and outside of orogene regions (regions of molasse formation) part II: Geological development of block-tectonics in the region of Elbe-Lineament, especially in the territory of G.D.R. Bankwitz, P.; Frischbutter, A.; Bankwitz, E.: Structure and tectonic development of Elbe-zone Ludwig, A.O.: Die strukturelle Entwicklung des NW-Abschnittes des Elbe-Lineaments und Vergleich mit dem anschließenden SE-Abschnitt im Gebiet der DDR (The structural development of the NW-part of Elbe-lineament and comparison with the south-eastern part on the territory of G.D.R.) Benek, R.: Über Beziehungen des permosilesischen Vulkanismus zum Bruchmuster, speziell zum Elbe-Lineament (On relations of Permo-Silesian volcanism to the fault pattern, especially to the Elbe-lineament) Stackebrandt, W.: Zum tektonischen Charakter der Harznordrandstörung (On tectonic character of Northern Harz border fault system) Janssen, Chr.: Analyse der Spannungsverteilung im Tafeldeckgebirge des Subherzynen Beckens und angrenzender Gebiete (Investigations of distribution of paleostress in platform cover of Subhercyn basin and adjacent regions) Fusan, O.; Kvitkovič, J.; Plancǎr, J.: Bau und Dynamik einiger Blöcke der Westkarpaten (Structure and dynamics of several tectonic blocke of the West Carpathians) Николаев, В.Г.: Консолидированная земная кора паннонского бассейна (The consolidation of earth's crust in the Pannonian Basin)

Note: Mainland Europe --- K. Weber: Variscan events: early Palaeozoic continental rift metamorphism and late Palaeozoic crustal shortening / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 14:3-22, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.014.01.02 --- R. Meissner, M. Springer, and E. Flüh: Tectonics of the Variscides in North-Western Germany based on seismic reflection measurements / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 14:23-32, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.014.01.03 --- Wolfgang Franke: Late events in the tectonic history of the Saxothuringian zone / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 14:33-45, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.014.01.04 --- J. P. Burg, Ph. Matte, A. Leyreloup, and J. Marchand: Inverted metamorphic zonation and large-scale thrusting in the Variscan Belt: an example in the French Massif Central / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 14:47-61, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.014.01.05 --- Jean-Michel Quenardel and Patrick Rolin: Palaeozoic evolution of the Plateau d’Aigurande (NW Massif Central, France) / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 14:63-70, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.014.01.06 --- S. C. Matthews: Northern margins of the Variscides in the North Atlantic region: comments on the tectonic context of the problem / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 14:71-85, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.014.01.07 --- Britain --- M. P. Coward and S. Smallwood: An interpretation of the Variscan tectonics of SW Britain / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 14:89-102, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.014.01.08 --- B. E. Leveridge, M. T. Holder, and G. A. Day: Thrust nappe tectonics in the Devonian of south Cornwall and the western English Channel / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 14:103-112, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.014.01.09 --- T. J. Chapman, R. L. Fry, and P. T. Heavey: A structural cross-section through SW Devon / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 14:113-118, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.014.01.10 --- J. W. F. Edwards: Interpretations of seismic and gravity surveys over the eastern part of the Cornubian platform / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 14:119-124, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.014.01.11 --- Robert M. Shackleton: Thin-skinned tectonics, basement control and the Variscan front / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 14:125-129, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.014.01.12 --- Russell S. Arthurton: The Ribblesdale fold belt, NW England—a Dinantian-early Namurian dextral shear zone / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 14:131-138, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.014.01.13 --- M. F. Critchley: Variscan tectonics of the Alston block, northern England / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 14:139-146, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.014.01.14 --- Ireland --- David J. Sanderson: Structural variation across the northern margin of the Variscides in NW Europe / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 14:149-165, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.014.01.15 --- M. A. Cooper, D. Collins, M. Ford, F. X. Murphy, and P. M. Trayner: Structural style, shortening estimates and the thrust front of the Irish Variscides / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 14:167-175, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.014.01.16 --- M. D. Max and J. P. Lefort: Does the Variscan front in Ireland follow a dextral shear zone? / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 14:177-183, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.014.01.17 --- D. W. Coller: Variscan structures in the Upper Palaeozoic rocks of west central Ireland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 14:185-194, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.014.01.18 --- North America --- N. Rast: The Alleghenian orogeny in eastern North America / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 14:197-217, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.014.01.19 --- Jean-Pierre Lefort and Richard T. Haworth: Geophysical evidence for the extension of the Variscan front on to the Canadian continental margin: geodynamic and palaeogeographic consequences / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 14:219-231, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.014.01.20 --- Sharon Mosher and Nicholas Rast: The deformation and metamorphism of Carboniferous rocks in Maritime Canada and New England / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 14:233-243, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.014.01.21 --- R. P. Wintsch and J.-P. Lefort: A clockwise rotation of Variscan strain orientation in SE New England and regional implications / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 14:245-251, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.014.01.22 --- J. A. Brewer: Clues to the deep structure of the European Variscides from crustal seismic profiling in North America / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 14:253-263, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.014.01.23

Note: Vorwort Hovorka, D.; Pitoňák, P.; Spišiak, J.: Mesozoic basalts of the Malé Karpaty Mts. (the Western Carpathians) - Their significance for the tectonic interpretation of the Variscan granodiorite massif Savu, H.; Udrescu, C.: The prealpine basic and ultramaphic rocks from Romania Pilot, J.: Zu einigen isotopengeochemischen Ergebnissen und Problemen basischer Magmatite Mitteleuropas Виноградова, В.И., Буякайте, М.И.: Изотопный состав стронция в породах Войквро-Сыньинского офиолитового массива Полярного Урала Колчева, К., Желязкова-панайотова, М.: Ультрабазиты и связанное с ним хром-никельмагнетитовое оруденение в районе гор. Ардино (Центральные Родопы, Болгария) Зоненшайн, Л.П.: Сравнение базальтого ложа прошлых и современных океанов Добрецов, Н.Л.: Условня образования пироповых перидотитов и зклогоюитов в кристаллическом Фундаменте Богемского массива и его аналогов Werner, C.-D.: Ophiolites and initialites - a comparing reflection Haupt, M.; Kramer, W.; Noack, C.: Beiträge zum initialen Magmatismus des Saxothuringikums (Vogtländisches Synklinorium) Collective of authors: Final remarks on field work and sessions of the Problem Commission IX, Subcommission 2, in 1981 under the theme 'Ophiolithes and initialites of northern border of the Bohemian massif' Erläuterung der Tafeln

Note: Chapter 1. Classification of Silicates by Friedrich Liebau, p. 1 - 24 Chapter 2. Silicate Garnets by R. Patrick Meagher, p. 25 - 66 Chapter 3. Zircon by J. Alexander Speer, p. 67 - 112 Chapter 4. The Actinide Orthosilicates by J. Alexander Speer, p. 113 - 136 Chapter 5. Titanite (Sphene) by Paul H. Ribbe, p. 137 - 154 Chapter 6. Chloritoid by Paul H. Ribbe. p. 155 - 170 Chapter 7. Staurolite by Paul H. Ribbe, p. 171 - 188 Chapter 8. Kyanite, Andalusite and Other Aluminum Silicates by Paul H. Ribbe, p. 189 - 214 Chapter 9. Topaz by Paul H. Ribbe, p. 215 - 230 Chapter 10. The Humite Series and Mn-Analogs by Paul H. Ribbe, p. 231 - 274 Chapter 11. Olivines and Silicate Spinels by Gordon E. Brown, Jr., p. 275 - 382 Chapter 12. Miscellaneous Orthosilicates by J. Alexander Speer and Paul H. Ribbe, p. 383 - 428 Chapter 13. Orthosilicates with SiO4 Polymerized to Other Tetrahedral Polyanions by J. Alexander Speer and Paul H. Ribbe, 429 - 450

Note: Chapter 1. Rate Laws of Chemical Reactions by Antonio C. Lasaga, p. 1 - 68 Chapter 2. Dynamic Treatment of Geochemical Cycles: Global Kinetics by Antonio C. Lasaga, p. 69 - 110 Chapter 3. Kinetics of Weathering and Diagenesis by Robert A. Berner, p. 111 - 134 Chapter 4. Transition State Theory by Antonio C. Lasaga, p. 135 - 170 Chapter 5. Irreversible Thermodynamics in Petrology by George W. Fisher and Antonio C. Lasaga, p. 171 - 210 Chapter 6. Diffusion in Electrolyte Mixtures by David E. Anderson, p. 211 - 260 Chapter 7. The Atomistic Basis of Kinetics: Defects in Minerals by Antonio C. Lasaga, p. 261 - 320 Chapter 8. Kinetics of Crystallization of Igneous Rocks by R. James Kirkpatrick, p. 321 - 398

Note: Chapter 1. Phase Relations of Metamorphic Amphiboles: Natural Occurrence and Theory by Peter Robinson, Frank S. Spear, John C. Schumacher, Jo Laird, Cornelis Klein, Bern ardW. Evans, and Barry L. Doolan, p. 1 - 228 Chapter 2. Experimental Studies of Amphibole Stability by M. Charles Gilbert, Rosalind T. Helz, Robert K. Popp, and Frank S. Spear, p. 229 - 354 Chapter 3. Amphiboles in the Igneous Environment by David R. Wones and M. Charles Gilbert, p. 355 - 390

Note: Chapter 1. Introduction by Charles T. Prewitt, p. 1 - 4 Chapter 2. Crystal Chemistry of Silicate Pyroxenes by Maryellen Cameron and James J. Papike, p. 5 - 92 Chapter 3. Pyroxene Spectroscopy by George R. Rossman, p. 93 - 116 Chapter 4. Subsolidus Phenomena in Pyroxene by Peter R. Buseck, Gordon L. Nord, Jr., and David R. Veblen, p. 117 - 212 Chapter 5. Pyroxene Phase Equilibria at Low Pressure by J. Stephen Huebner, p. 213 - 288 Chapter 6. Phase Equilibria of Pyroxenes at Pressure 〉1 Atmosphere by Donald H. Lindsley, p. 289 - 308 Chapter 7. Phase Equilibria at High Pressure of Pyroxenes Containing Monovalent and Trivalent Ions by Tibor Gasparik and Donald H. Lindsley, p. 309 - 340 Chapter 8. Thermodynamics of Pyroxenes by J. E. Grover, p. 341 - 418 Chapter 9. The Composition Space of Terrestrial Pyroxenes - Internal and External Limits by Peter Robinson, p. 419 - 494 Chapter 10. Pyroxene Mineralogy of the Moon and Meteorites by James J. Papike, p. 495 - 525

Note: Processes --- Richard V. Fisher: Submarine volcaniclastic rocks / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 16:5-27, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.016.01.02 --- Eizo Yamada: Subaqueous pyroclastic flows: their development and their deposits / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 16:29-35, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.016.01.03 --- Steven Carey and Haraldur Sigurdsson: A model of volcanogenic sedimentation in marginal basins / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 16:37-58, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.016.01.04 --- Andrew D. Saunders and John Tarney: Geochemical characteristics of basaltic volcanism within back-arc basins / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 16:59-76, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.016.01.05 --- J. A. Pearce, S. J. Lippard, and S. Roberts: Characteristics and tectonic significance of supra-subduction zone ophiolites / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 16:77-94, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.016.01.06 --- Western Pacific Region --- E. C. Leitch: Marginal basins of the SW Pacific and the preservation and recognition of their ancient analogues: a review / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 16:97-108, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.016.01.07 --- J. W. Cole: Taupo-Rotorua Depression: an ensialic marginal basin of North Island, New Zealand / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 16:109-120, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.016.01.08 --- K. B. Lewis and H. M. Pantin: Intersection of a marginal basin with a continent: structure and sediments of the Bay of Plenty, New Zealand / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 16:121-135, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.016.01.09 --- D. S. Cronan, R. Hodkinson, S. A. Moorby, G. P. Glasby, K. Knedler, and J. Thomson: Hydrothermal and volcaniclastic sedimentation on the Tonga-Kermadec Ridge and in its adjacent marginal basins / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 16:137-149, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.016.01.10 --- H. Colley and W. H. Hindle: Volcano-tectonic evolution of Fiji and adjoining marginal basins / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 16:151-162, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.016.01.11 --- I. E. Smith and J. S. Milsom: Late Cenozoic volcanism and extension in Eastern Papua / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 16:163-171, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.016.01.12 --- P. M. Sychev and A. Y. Sharaskin: Heat flow and magmatism in the NW Pacific back-arc basins / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 16:173-181, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.016.01.13 --- South America & Antarctica --- G. Åberg, L. Aguirre, B. Levi, J. O. Nyström, and L. Aguirre: Spreading-subsidence and generation of ensialic marginal basins: an example from the early Cretaceous of central Chile / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 16:185-193, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.016.01.14 --- D. S. Bartholomew and J. Tarney: Crustal extension in the Southern Andes (45–46°S) / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 16:195-205, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.016.01.15 --- B. C. Storey and D. I. M. Macdonald: Processes of formation and filling of a Mesozoic back-arc basin on the island of South Georgia / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 16:207-218, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.016.01.16 --- G. W. Farquharson, R. D. Hamer, and J. R. Ineson: Proximal volcaniclastic sedimentation in a Cretaceous back-arc basin, northern Antarctic Peninsula / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 16:219-229, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.016.01.17 --- Lower Palaeozoic --- D. Roberts, T. Grenne, and P. D. Ryan: Ordovician marginal basin development in the central Norwegian Caledonides / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 16:233-244, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.016.01.18 --- B. P. Kokelaar, M. F. Howells, R. E. Bevins, R. A. Roach, and P. N. Dunkley: The Ordovician marginal basin of Wales / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 16:245-269, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.016.01.19 --- B. E. Lorenz: Mud-magma interactions in the Dunnage Mélange, Newfoundland / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 16:271-277, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.016.01.20 --- Guoqiang Pan: The Late Precambrian and early Palaeozoic marginal basin of South China / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 16:279-284, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.016.01.21 --- Zhijin Zhang: Lower Palaeozoic volcanism of northern Qilianshan, NW China / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 16:285-289, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.016.01.22 --- B. P. Kokelaar, M. F. Howells, R. E. Bevins, and R. A. Roach: Volcanic and associated sedimentary and tectonic processes in the Ordovician marginal basin of Wales: a field guide / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 16:291-322, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1984.016.01.23

Note: Contents: Preface to First Edition. - Preface to Second Edition. - Preface to Third Edition. - Acknowledgments. - Part I The Periglacial Domain. - 1 Introduction. - 1.1 The Periglacial Concept. - 1.2 Disciplinary Considerations. - 1.2.1 The Growth of Geocryology. - 1.2.2 The Changing Nature of Quaternary Science. - 1.2.3 Modern Periglacial Geomorphology. - 1.3 The Growth of Periglacial Knowledge. - 1.4 The Periglacial Domain. - 1.5 The Scope of Periglacial Geomorphology. - 1.5.1 Permafrost-Related Processes and Landforms. - 1.5.2 Azonal Processes and Landforms. - 1.5.3 Paleo-Environmental Reconstruction. - 1.5.4 Applied Periglacial Geomorphology. - Advanced Reading. - Discussion Topics. - 2 Periglacial Landscapes?. - 2.1 Introduction. - 2.2 Proglacial, Paraglacial or Periglacial?. - 2.3 Unglaciated Periglacial Terrain. - 2.3.1 Beaufort Plain, Northwest Banks Island, Arctic Canada. - 2.3.2 Barn Mountains, Northern Interior Yukon Territory, Canada. - 2.4 Relict Periglacial Landscapes. - 2.4.1 Chalk Uplands, Southern England and Northern France. - 2.4.2 Pine Barrens, Southern New Jersey, Eastern USA. - 2.5 Conclusions. - Advanced Reading. - Discussion Topics. - 3 Periglacial Climates. - 3.1 Boundary Conditions. - 3.2 Periglacial Climates. - 3.2.1 High Arctic Climates. - 3.2.2 Continental Climates. - 3.2.3 Qinghai-Xizang (Tibet) Plateau. - 3.2.4 Alpine Climates. - 3.2.5 Climates of Low Annual Temperature Range. - 3.2.6 Antarctica: A Special Case. - 3.3 Ground Climates. - 3.3.1 The n-Factor. - 3.3.2 The Thermal Offset. - 3.4 Periglacial Climates and the Cryosphere. - Advanced Reading. - Discussion Topics. - Part II Present-Day Periglacial Environments. - 4 Cold-Climate Weathering. - 4.1 Introduction. - 4.2 Ground Freezing. - 4.2.1 The Freezing Process. - 4.2.2 Ice Segregation. - 4.2.3 The Frozen Fringe. - 4.2.4 Frost Heave. - 4.3 Freezing and Thawing. - 4.4 The Ground-Temperature Regime. - 4.4.1 The Seasonal Regime. - 4.4.2 Short-Term Fluctuations. - 4.5 Rock (Frost?) Shattering. - 4.5.1 Frost Action and Ice Segregation. - 4.5.2 Frost Weathering Models. - 4.5.3 Insolation Weathering and Thermal Shock. - 4.5.4 Discussion and Perspective. - 4.6 Chemical Weathering. - 4.6.1 General. - 4.6.2 Solution and Karstification. - 4.6.3 Salt Weathering. - 4.7 Cryogenic Weathering. - 4.8 Cryobiological Weathering. - 4.9 Cryopedology. - 4.9.1 Cryosols. - 4.9.2 Soil Micromorphology. - Advanced Reading. - Discussion Topics. - 5 Permafrost. - 5.1 Introduction. - 5.1.1 Definition. - 5.1.2 Moisture and Ice within Permafrost. - 5.2 Thermal and Physical Properties. - 5.2.1 The Geothermal Regime. - 5.2.2 Physical Properties. - 5.2.3 Thermal Properties. - 5.3 How Does Permafrost Aggrade?. - 5.3.1 General Principles. - 5.3.2 The Illisarvik Drained-Lake Experiment. - 5.4 Distribution of Permafrost. - 5.4.1 Latitudinal Permafrost. - 5.4.2 Alpine (Mountain) Permafrost. - 5.4.3 Montane Permafrost of Central Asia and China. - 5.5 Relict Permafrost. - 5.5.1 Sub-Sea Permafrost. - 5.5.2 Relict (Terrestrial) Permafrost. - 5.6 Permafrost Hydrology. - 5.6.1 Aquifers. - 5.6.2 Hydrochemistry. - 5.6.3 Groundwater Icings. - 5.7 Permafrost and Terrain Conditions. - 5.7.1 Relief and Aspect. - 5.7.2 Rock Type. - 5.7.3 Vegetation. - 5.7.4 Snow Cover. - 5.7.5 Fire. - 5.7.6 Lakes and Surface Water Bodies. - 5.8 The Active Layer. - 5.8.1 The Transient Layer. - 5.8.2 The Stefan Equation. - 5.8.3 Active-Layer Thermal Regime. - Advanced Reading. - Discussion Topics. - 6 Surface Features of Permafrost. - 6.1 Introduction. - 6.2 Thermal-Contraction-Crack Polygons. - 6.2.1 Coefficients of Thermal Expansion and Contraction. - 6.2.2 Ice, Sand, and Soil Wedges. - 6.2.3 Development of the Polygon Net. - 6.2.4 Polygon Morphology. - 6.2.5 Controls Over Cracking. - 6.2.6 Climatic Significance. - 6.3 Organic Terrain. - 6.3.1 Palsas. - 6.3.2 Peat Plateaus. - 6.4 Rock Glaciers. - 6.4.1 Creeping Permafrost. - 6.4.2 Types and Distribution. - 6.4.3 Origin. - 6.5 Frost Mounds. - 6.5.1 Perennial-Frost Mounds. - 6.5.2 Hydraulic (Open) System Pingos. - 6.5.3 Hydrostatic (Closed) System Pingos. - 6.5.4 Other Perennial-Frost Mounds. - 6.5.5 Seasonal-Frost Mounds. - 6.5.6 Hydrolaccoliths and Other Frost-Induced Mounds. - 6.6 Active-Layer Phenomena. - 6.6.1 Bedrock Heave. - 6.6.2 Needle Ice. - 6.6.3 Cryoturbation and Frost Heave. - 6.6.4 Frost Sorting. - 6.6.5 Patterned Ground. - Advanced Reading. - Discussion Topics. - 7 Ground lce. - 7.1 Introduction. - 7.2 Classification. - 7.2.1 Pore Ice. - 7.2.2 Segregated Ice. - 7.2.3 Intrusive Ice. - 7.2.4 Vein Ice. - 7.2.5 Other Types of Ice. - 7.3 Ice Distribution. - 7.3.1 Amounts. - 7.3.2 Distribution with Depth. - 7.3.3 Ice in Bedrock. - 7.3.4 Ice in Unconsolidated Sediments. - 7.4 Cryostratigraphy and Cryolithology. - 7.4.1 Cryostructures, Cryotextures, and Cryofacies. - 7.4.2 Epigenetic and Syngenetic Cryostructures. - 7.4.3 Thaw Unconformities. - 7.4.4 Ice Crystallography. - 7.4.5 Ice Geochemistry. - 7.4.6 Cryostratigraphy and Past Environments. - 7.5 Ice Wedges. - 7.5.1 Epigenetic Wedges. - 7.5.2 Syngenetic Wedges. - 7.5.3 Anti-Syngenetic Wedges. - 7.6 Massive Ice and Massive-Icy Bodies. - 7.6.1 Nature and Extent. - 7.6.2 Intra-Sedimental Ice. - 7.6.3 Buried Glacier Ice. - 7.6.4 Other Mechanisms. - Advanced Reading. - Discussion Topics. - 8 Thermokarst. - 8.1 Introduction. - 8.2 Causes of Thermokarst. - 8.2.1 General. - 8.2.2 Specific. - 8.3 Thaw-Related Processes. - 8.3.1 Thermokarst Subsidence. - 8.3.2 Thermal Erosion. - 8.3.3 Other Processes. - 8.4 Thermokarst Sediments and Structures. - 8.4.1 Involuted Sediments. - 8.4.2 Retrogressive-Thaw-Slumps and Debris-Flow Deposits. - 8.4.3 Ice-Wedge Pseudomorphs and Composite-Wedge Casts. - 8.4.4 Ice, Silt, Sand, and Gravel Pseudomorphs. - 8.5 Ice-Wedge Thermokarst Relief. - 8.5.1 Low-Centered Polygons. - 8.5.2 High-Centered Polygons. - 8.5.3 Badland Thermokarst Relief. - 8.6 Thaw Lakes and Depressions. - 8.6.1 Morphology. - 8.6.2 Growth and Drainage. - 8.6.3 Oriented Thaw Lakes. - 8.7 Thermokarst-Affected Terrain. - 8.7.1 The Lowlands of Central and Northern Siberia. - 8.7.2 The Western North American Arctic. - 8.8 Human-Induced Thermokarst. - 8.8.1 Causes. - 8.8.2 Case Studies. - Advanced Reading. - Discussion Topics. - 9 Hillslope Processes and Slope Evolution. - 9.1 Introduction. - 9.2 Slope Morphology. - 9.2.1 The Free-Face Model. - 9.2.2 Rectilinear Debris-Mantled Slopes. - 9.2.3 Convexo-Concavo Debris-Mantled Slopes. - 9.2.4 Pediment-Like Slopes. - 9.2.5 Stepped Profiles. - 9.3 Mass Wasting. - 9.4 Slow Mass-Wasting Processes. - 9.4.1 Solifluction. - 9.4.2 Frost Creep. - 9.4.3 Gelifluction. - 9.4.4 Solifluction Deposits and Phenomena. - 9.5 Rapid Mass Wasting. - 9.5.1 Active-Layer-Detachment Slides. - 9.5.2 Debris Flows, Slushflows, and Avalanches. - 9.5.3 Rockfall. - 9.6 Slopewash. - 9.6.1 Snow-Bank Hydrology. - 9.6.2 Surface and Subsurface Wash. - 9.7 Frozen and Thawing Slopes. - 9.7.1 Permafrost Creep. - 9.7.2 Thermokarst and Thaw Consolidation. - 9.7.3 Stability of Thawing Slopes. - 9.8 Cold-Climate Slope Evolution. - 9.8.1 Cryoplanation. - 9.8.2 Slope Replacement and Richter Denudation Slopes. - 9.8.3 Rapidity of Profile Change. - 9.8.4 Summary. - Advanced Reading. - Discussion Topics. - 10 Azonal Processes and Landforms. - 10.1 Introduction. - 10.2 Fluvial Processes and Landforms. - 10.2.1 Major Rivers. - 10.2.2 Freeze-Up and Break-Up. - 10.2.3 Basin Hydrology. - 10.2.4 Sediment Flow, Surface Transport, and Denudation. - 10.2.5 Fluvio-Thermal Erosion. - 10.2.6 Channel Morphology. - 10.2.7 Valley Asymmetry. - 10.3 Eolian Processes and Sediments. - 10.3.1 Wind Abrasion. - 10.3.2 Wind Deflation. - 10.3.3 Niveo-Eolian Sediments. - 10.3.4 Loess-Like Silt. - 10.3.5 Sand Dunes and San

Note: Chapter 1. Introduction to Fluid Inclusions p. 1 - 10 Chapter 2. The Origin of Inclusions p. 11 - 46 Chapter 3. Changes in Inclusions after Trapping p. 47 - 78 Chapter 4. Nondestructive Methods of Determination of Inclusion Composition p. 79 - 108 Chapter 5. Destructive Methods of Determination of Inclusion Composition p. 109 - 148 Chapter 6. Inclusion Sample Selection, Preparation, Petrography, and Photography p. 149 - 180 Chapter 7. Inclusion Measurements -- Heating, Cooling Decrepitation and Crushing p. 181 - 220 Chapter 8. Interpretation and Utilization of Inclusion Measurements -- Compositional Data on Liquid and Gas Inclusions p. 221 - 250 Chapter 9. Interpretation and Utilization of Inclusion Measurements -- Temperature, Pressure and Density at Trapping p. 251 - 290 Chapter 10. Interpretation and Utilization of Inclusion Measurements -- Metastability p. 291 - 304 Chapter 11. Sedimentary Environments p. 305 - 336 Chapter 12. Low- to Medium-Grade Metamorphic Environments p. 337 - 360 Chapter 13. Medium- to High-Grade Metamorphic Environments p. 361 - 380 Chapter 14. Intrusive Rock and Pegmatitic Environments p. 381 - 412 Chapter 15. Ore Deposition Environments p. 413 - 472 Chapter 16. Extrusive Rock and Volcanic Environments p. 473 - 502 Chapter 17. Upper Mantle Environments p. 503 - 532 Chapter 18. Extraterrestrial Environments p. 533 - 570 Chapter 19. Future of Inclusion Studies p. 571 - 584