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  • 1
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Washington, D.C. : Mineralogical Society of America
    Associated volumes
    Call number: M 94.0163 / Regal 11 ; 11/M 02.0104
    In: Reviews in mineralogy
    Description / Table of Contents: This volume of was prepared in conjunction with the Mineralogical Society of America Short Course on Amphiboles and Other Hydrous Pyriboles, Fall, 1981. Had it not been split into two volumes, 9A and 9B, it would have resembled in some respects the Manhattan telephone directory (it is hoped, however, that the content is more readable and relevant to the geological sciences). The length of this collection of papers appears to result from a combination of phenomena. The amphiboles themselves must accept most of the blame: their structural complexity and resulting chemical variability and diversity of petrologic behavior preclude brief description. In addition, while some of these papers are relatively brief summaries of the published literature that easily and quickly can be consumed by students, others are exhaustive (and lengthy) discourses that may not be digestible in one sitting by even the most dedicated amphibole researcher. Finally, it appears that some geologists, probably with justification, love amphiboles so much that they would never have stopped writing had there been no publication deadline. The extremely short time between the preparation of papers and publication of Reviews in Mineralogy and the authors' intimate knowledge of their fields ensure that the papers reflect the very latest in research results. The rapid production of the "Reviews," however, inevitably results in a few errors that might be caught in a more leisurely publication process; the editors apologize for any such errors that are included in this volume. In addition, the sequence of presentation of papers reflects not only the editors' notions of order in the amphibole universe, but also somewhat the order in which papers were received. Although a collection of reviews of this sort cannot claim to give exhaustive coverage to all aspects of a topic, it is hoped that the papers presented here do review most of the important areas of active amphibole research. The papers have been split in a somewhat arbitrary fashion into Volume 9A, Amphiboles and Other Hydrous Pyriboles - Mineralogy, and Volume 9B, Amphiboles: Petrology and Experimental Phase Relations. Everyone is encouraged to purchase both volumes, however, because there is a hefty dose of petrology in 9A (witness the paper by Thompson, for example) and not a little mineralogy in 9B.
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: xii, 372 S.
    Edition: 2nd print.
    ISBN: 0-939950-10-3 , 978-0-939950-10-2
    ISSN: 1529-6466
    Series Statement: Reviews in mineralogy 9A
    Classification:
    Mineralogy
    Language: English
    Note: Chapter 1. Crystal Chemistry of the Amphiboles by Frank C. Hawthorne, p. 1 - 102 Chapter 2. Amphibole Spectroscopy by Frank C. Hawthorne, p. 103 - 140 Chapter 3. An Introduction to the Mineralogy and Petrology of the Biopyriboles by James B. Thompson, Jr., p. 141 - 188 Chapter 4. Non-Classical Pyriboles and Polysomatic Reactions in Biopyriboles by David R. Velben, p. 189 - 236 Chapter 5. Amphibole Asbestos Mineralogy by Tibor Zoltai, p. 237 - 278 Chapter 6. The Geologic Occurrences and Health Hazards of Amphibole and Serpentine Asbestos by Malcolm Ross, p. 279 - 324 Chapter 7. Subsolidus Reactions and Microstructures in Amphiboles by Subrata Ghose, p. 325 - 372
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  • 2
    Monograph available for loan
    Monograph available for loan
    Washington, D.C. : Mineralogical Society of America
    Associated volumes
    Call number: 11/M 94.0164 ; 11/M 02.0105
    In: Reviews in mineralogy
    Description / Table of Contents: Although it includes some discussion of chemically complex reactions and the chemographic relationships among amphiboles and other rockforming minerals, most of Volume 9A of Reviews in Mineralogy treats amphiboles and other hydrous pyriboles as isolated systems. In contrast, Volume 9B is dedicated more to an exploration of the social life of amphiboles and the amphibole personality in real rocks and in the experimental petrology laboratory. The chemical complexity of amphibole, which Robinson et al., refer to as "a mineralogical shark in a sea of unsuspecting elements," permits amphiboles to occur in a very wide variety of rock types, under a large range of pressure and temperature conditions, and in association with an impressive number of other minerals. The description of amphibole petrology and of petrologists' attempts to understand amphibole phase relations are therefore not simple matters, as the length of this volume suggests. Although they do not cover every type of amphibole occurrence, it is hoped that the papers in this volume will provide the amphibole student and researcher with an up-to-date summary of the most important aspects of amphibole petrology. Volume 9B, Amphiboles: Petrology and Experimental Phase Relations, was begun in 1981 in preparation for the Short Course on Amphiboles and Other Hydrous Pyriboles presented at Erlanger, Kentucky, October 29 - November 1, 1981, prior to the annual meetings of the Geological Society of America and associated societies. Unfortunately, only the first chapter was in manuscript form at the time of the short course, and publication was delayed by one year.
    Type of Medium: Monograph available for loan
    Pages: ix, 390 S.
    ISBN: 0-939950-11-1 , 978-0-939950-11-9
    ISSN: 1529-6466
    Series Statement: Reviews in mineralogy 9B
    Classification:
    Mineralogy
    Language: English
    Note: Chapter 1. Phase Relations of Metamorphic Amphiboles: Natural Occurrence and Theory by Peter Robinson, Frank S. Spear, John C. Schumacher, Jo Laird, Cornelis Klein, Bern ardW. Evans, and Barry L. Doolan, p. 1 - 228 Chapter 2. Experimental Studies of Amphibole Stability by M. Charles Gilbert, Rosalind T. Helz, Robert K. Popp, and Frank S. Spear, p. 229 - 354 Chapter 3. Amphiboles in the Igneous Environment by David R. Wones and M. Charles Gilbert, p. 355 - 390
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Sedimentology 28 (1981), S. 0 
    ISSN: 1365-3091
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: The near-surface structure produced by laboratory aeolian bombardment of Brazilian quartz has been studied with transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Thin specimens of the abraded surface were prepared by a one-sided ion etching technique, and control specimens of unabraded material were prepared by standard ion etching methods. The abraded sample exhibited a vastly larger number of defects than the unabraded specimen. The abraded sample contained areas with very little surface disruption, presumably where pieces of material up to several tens of microns in diameter had broken away. Other areas of the abraded surface were extremely disrupted, with open and closed microcracks spaced from a few tens of angstroms to a few microns apart. Electron diffraction indicated significant rotation among submicron blocks bounded by the fractures. These observations suggest that surface disruption occurs primarily by a mechanism involving brittle fracture, rather than plastic deformation.This study demonstrates the feasibility of studying the effects of abrasion on near-surface structure with TEM. The degree and scale of fracturing also suggest a mechanism for forming submicron particles in quantity during aeolian abrasion.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    [s.l.] : Nature Publishing Group
    Nature 334 (1988), S. 516-518 
    ISSN: 1476-4687
    Source: Nature Archives 1869 - 2009
    Topics: Biology , Chemistry and Pharmacology , Medicine , Natural Sciences in General , Physics
    Notes: [Auszug] Banks13'14 used specimens from intrusive rocks near the porphyry copper deposits at Ray and Esperanza (Arizona) to study the geochemistry of Cu in biotite: he showed that Cu is concentrated in altered regions of biotites using the petrographic microscope, scanning electron microscopy and electron ...
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 105 (1990), S. 491-501 
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Coarse-grained muscovite, biotite, and chlorite from the Lawler Peak granite, Yavapai County, Arizona, have been studied with electron microprobe analysis, powder X-ray diffraction, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), electron diffraction, and analytical TEM methods. All three sheet silicates exhibit multiple polytypes and an abundance of stacking faults and dislocations. Chlorite formed by subsolidus replacement of biotite. Muscovite also may have formed by replacement of biotite and other minerals, but there is no clear microstructural evidence to support either a primary or secondary origin for the coarse-grained muscovite. X-ray and electron diffraction reveal that the muscovite consists of two separate phases, which give rise to splitting of diffraction maxima. TEM experiments suggest that the two components resulted from exsolution, which produced two symmetry-related sets of irrationally oriented lamellae with a wavelength averaging about 10 nm. Exsolution occurred in both 1M and 2M1 muscovite. Although the lamellae are too small to analyze directly, the muscovite bulk composition and structural data are consistent with the separation of celadonitic and muscovite components.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 124 (1996), S. 291-301 
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) results show there is a series of periodically and nonperiodically interstratified structures composed of berthierine and chlorite layers in low-temperature “chlorite” that is one of the alteration products of granulite-facies Archean ironstone from the eastern border of the Beartooth Mountains, Montana. An antiphase domain structure suggests that the interstratified structures are intermediate transformation products formed by reaction from berthierine (serpentine structure) to chlorite. Periodically interstratified structures consisting of chlorite (C) and serpentine-like (S) (or berthierine) layers include (CS), (CCS), (CCCS), (CCCCS), and (CCCCCCS). The layer sequences in interstratified chlorite-berthierine are indicative of the reaction mechanisms that produce the interstratified structures (e.g., crystallization from solution or solid-state transformation). The reaction from berthierine to chlorite is crystallographically much like a cell-preserved phase transformation, even though it is highly reconstructive. Berthierine can be considered a polymorph of the Fe-rich chlorite mineral chamosite, with berthierine as the los-temperature phase. Interstratification and integrowths in the chlorite-berthierine series may be common phenomena in low-temperature layer silicates resembling chlorite. Although such relations are difficult to recognize from chemical analyses or powder X-ray diffraction patterns, they can be observed readily with TEM method.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 106 (1990), S. 110-123 
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Olivine crystals in basaltic andesites which crop out in the Abert Rim, south-central Oregon have been studied by high-resolution and analytical transmission electron microscopy. The observations reveal three distinct assemblages of alteration products that seem to correspond to three episodes of olivine oxidation. The olivine crystals contain rare, dense arrays of coherently intergrown Ti-free magnetite and inclusions of a phase inferred to be amorphous silica. We interpret this first assemblage to be the product of an early subsolidus oxidation event in the lava. The second olivine alteration assemblage contains complex ordered intergrowths on (001) of forsterite-rich olivine and laihunite (distorted olivine structure with Fe3+ charge balanced by vacancies). Based on experimental results for laihunite synthesis (Kondoh et al. 1985), these intergrowths probably formed by olivine oxidation between 400 and 800°C. The third episode of alteration involves the destruction of olivine by low-temperature hydrothermal alteration and weathering. Elongate etch-pits and channels in the margins of fresh olivine crystals contain semi-oriented bands of smectite. Olivine weathers to smectite and hematite, and subsequently to arrays of oriented hematite crystals. The textures resemble those reported by Eggleton (1984) and Smith et al. (1987). We find no evidence for a metastable phase intermediate between olivine and smectite (“M” — Eggleton 1984). The presence of laihunite exerts a strong control on the geometry of olivine weathering. Single laihunite layers and laihunite-forsteritic olivine intergrowths increase the resistance of crystals to weathering. Preferential development of channels between laihunite layers occurs where growth of laihunite produced compositional variations in olivine, rather than where coherency-strain is associated with laihunite-olivine interfaces.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 112 (1992), S. 178-195 
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Transmission and analytical electron microscopy (TEM/AEM) of glaucophane from glaucophane + Ca-amphibole-bearing blueschist and eclogite from two Vermont localities (Ecologite Brook and Tillotson Peak) and one California locality (Cazadero) has revealed the first evidence from exsolution for the miscibility gap between sodie and calcic amphiboles. The Tillotson Peak samples and the Cazadero samples contain coarsegrained glaucophane—actinolite pairs, while the Eclogite Brook samples contain coexisting glaucophane and actinolitic hornblende. Ca-rich glaucophanes contain abundant fine-scale lamellae of Ca-rich amphibole. These lamellae are usually oriented near (100) and $$\overline 2 01$$ . High-resolution TEM (HRTEM) images show them to be coherent. The exsolution lamellae are so narrow, beyond the resolution of AEM, that their true Ca contents are obscured by analytical contributions from the surrounding host. The AEM data suggest that the lamellae are either winchite or actinolite, depending on the true Ca concentration. In most cases, the exsolution lamellae have very curved interfaces and show variable orientation. This is attributed to the close similarity of unit-cell parameters for the two amphiboles. Three-dimensional optimal phase-boundary calculations using EPLAG (Fleet 1982) show that the observed “100” and “ $$\overline 2 01$$ ” orientations are consistent with the minimization of area strain between the two lattices along the interface. Some samples show evidence for incipient exsolution in the form of homogeneously distributed, fine-scale precipitates. These results suggest that Ca-rich glaucophanes from other glaucophane—actinolite assemblages may be exsolved at the TEM scale. The coexisting amphiboles from Eclogite Brook also have been studied using the electron microprobe (EMP). The compositional gap defined by the Eclogite Brook pairs is consistent with previously reported results, but shows a wider break along the glaucophane—actinolite pseudobinary join, suggesting very limited solid solution up to temper-atures of about 500–550°C. The glaucophanes are relatively poor in Ca, except for one anomalous grain containing Ca-amphibole lamellae. Ferric iron, estimated by normalization to fixed cation numbers, is strongly partitioned into the actinolitic hornblende and the glaucophanes are very poor in the riebeckite component.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 123 (1996), S. 390-405 
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract  Eleven samples from high-pressure/low-temperature (HP/LT) shales and shale-matrix melange from four areas in the Diablo Range were studied using electron microprobe (EMP), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and analytical electron microscopy (AEM) to provide information about white K-mica evolution and about the controls on illite “crystallinity” (IC) in these areas. The data indicate that: (1) compositional gradients from phengitic to muscovitic compositions occur along the long axis, perpendicular to c*, of white K-mica crystals; (2) compositional gradients parallel to c* were not observed, and thus coherent scattering domains along c* are homogeneous; (3) white K-mica crystals with compositions close to muscovite generally contain fewer planar defects and have larger defect-free distances than those with more phengitic compositions; (4) muscovitic white K-mica is less common than phengitic white K-mica. In the literature, grain growth has often been described to occur by the process of Ostwald ripening. Ostwald ripening is defined as an isochemical process and involves the reduction of surface free energy due to simultaneous dissolution and growth by transferring material from smaller particles to larger ones. However, in the present case: (1) coherent scattering domain boundaries often are created by intragranular faults such as dislocations, intergrown smectite layers (and other polysomatic defects), or incoherent layer rotations, which interrupt the 1.0 nm periodicity; (2) recrystallization from phengite to muscovite involves chemical changes. This implies that crystal growth can not be described by the term Ostwald ripening. Therefore, grain growth of white K-mica from the Diablo Range is described as a function of several processes that result in (1) reduction of surface free energy; (2) reduction of strain energy; (3) minimization of the Gibbs free energy due to change in composition. During growth of muscovitic white K-mica, planar defects become less abundant, and the defect-free distance (=coherent scattering domain size parallel to c*) increases. Strain energy decreases. Log-normal frequency distributions of coherent white K-mica scattering domains were found for three samples. The mode of these data coincides with the number of unit cells parallel to c* as calculated from the Scherrer equation. Thus, IC values from shales and shale matrix melange from the Diablo Range are the result of a physical mixture of numerous small phengitic coherent scattering domains and smaller numbers of slightly larger muscovitic coherent scattering domains. This implies that IC from the Diablo Range does not directly reflect maximum temperatures achieved by these rocks. It follows that IC data from terranes with a metamorphic evolution similar to that of the Diablo Range must be interpreted with caution.
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Springer
    Contributions to mineralogy and petrology 108 (1991), S. 298-304 
    ISSN: 1432-0967
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Geosciences
    Notes: Abstract Partially turbid alkali feldspars from hydrothermally altered Tertiary granites on the Isle of Skye (the Red Hills granites) were studied using light microscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopies, and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy. Limpid cores and turbid rims of individual crystals were compared to determine the causes of the turbidity. The limpid cores were cryptoperthitic, with lamellar widths of 0.1–0.3 μm. In contrast, the turbid rims contained K-rich and Narich areas coarsened to 〉0.5 μm. Turbid regions contained abundant inclusions, whereas limpid regions did not. Two generations of turbidity were recognized. Feldspars from the Beinn an Dubhaich granite, a granite with near-normal values for 18O/16O possessed limpid cores surrounded by turbid rims that cast a reddish-brown hue in transmitted light. When viewed in darkfield light microscopy, the regions with the reddish-brown turbidity were blue. This is consistent with the hypothesis that the cloudy appearance of these turbid regions arises from the scattering of light by micrometerto submicrometer-sized inhomogeneities in refractive index caused by fluid-filled cavities. Feldspars from the Loch Ainort granite, a granite with low values for 18O/16O possessed limpid and reddish-brown-turbid cores surrounded by turbid rims that cast a blackish hue in transmitted light. Ion thinning of the turbid areas produced an abundance of small holes (≤1–2 μm) apparently the remains of fluid inclusions. Transmission electron microscopy revealed that some holes from regions of reddish-brown turbidity contained non-feldspar material, including halite and metal-rich phases of various compositions. In contrast, blackish turbid regions contained cavities filled with alteration products, such as kaolinite. Hence, the feldspars from granites on the Isle of Skye apparently record interactions with at least two fluids: a saline fluid (possibly a late-stage magmatic fluid) and a meteoric fluid.
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