ALBERT

Note: Zugleich: Dissertation, Christian-Albrechts-Universität zu Kiel, 1999 , INHALTSVERZEICHNIS 1. Einleitung 1.1 Kenntnisstand und offene Fragen 1.2 Fragestellung und Ziele dieser Arbeit 2. Umweltbedingungen in den Arbeitsgebieten 2.1 Hydrographie, Eisverhältnisse und NAO 2.2 Zur Variation von Wassertiefe und Breite der Dänemarkstraße und zur Vereisung Islands während des letzten Glazials 3. Methoden 3.1 Auswahl der Kernstationen 3.2 Probennahme und Analysen (Übersicht) 3.3 Zur Rekonstruktion von Paläobedingungen im Oberflächenwasser Zur Aussage stabiler Isotopenverhältnisse in planktischen Foraminiferen Zur Messung stabiler Isotopenverhältnisse Zur Massenspektrometrie Zur Rekonstruktion von Oberflächentemperaturen Alkane und Alkohole als Maß für Staubeintrag Eistranspmtiertes Material und vulkanische Aschen 3.4 Zur Rekonstruktion von Paläobedingungen im Zwischen-/ Tiefenwasser Häufigkeit von Cibicides- und anderen benthischen Arten (inkl. Taxonomie) Stabile Isotopenverhältnisse in benthischen Foraminiferen 3.5 AMS 14C-Datierungen Probenreinigung 3. 6 Hauptelementanalysen von vulkanischen Asche-Leithorizonten 3. 7 Geomagnetische Meßgrößen und magnetische Suszeptibiltät 3.8 Techniken zur Spektralanalyse 4. Methodische Ergebnisse 4.1 Zum Einfluß der Probenreinigung auf δ18O-/ δ13C-Werte 4.2 Probleme bei der langfristigen Reproduzierbarkeit von δ18O-Zeitreihen 4.3 Einfluß der Korngröße und Artendefinition planktischer Foraminiferen auf SST-Rekonstruktionen in hohen Breiten 4.4 Vergleich der stabilen Isotopenwerte von Cibicides lobatulus und Cibicidoides wuellerstorfi 5. Stratigraphische Grundlagen und Tiefenprofile der Klimasignale 5.1 Stratigraphische Korrelation zwischen parallel-gekernten GKG- und SL-/KL-Profilen 5.2 Flanktische δ18O-/ δ13C-Kurven, 14C-Alter und biostratigraphische Fixpunkte Westliches Islandbecken Kern PS2644 Kern PS2646 Kern PS2647 Kern 23351 Vøring-Plateau Kern 23071 Kern 23074 5.3 Benthische δ18O-/ δ13C-Werte in Kern PS2644 5.4 Siliziklastische Sedimentkomponenten: Eistransportiertes Material Westliches Islandbecken Kern PS2644 Kern PS2646 Kern PS2647 Vøring-Plateau Kern 23071 Kern 23074 5.5 Vulkanische Glasscherben in Kern PS2644: Wind- und Eiseintrag 5.6 Geochemie und Alter einzelner Tephralagen als Leithorizonte Westliches Islandbecken Kern PS2644 Kern PS2646 Kern PS2647 Vøring-Plateau Kern 23071 Kern 23074 5.7 Magnetische Suszeptibilität in den Kernen PS2644, PS2646 und PS2647 Kern PS2644 Kern PS2646 und PS2647 5.8 Geomagnetische Feldintensität und Richtungsänderungen in Kern PS2644 5.9 Variation von Planktonfauna und -flora Westliches Islandbecken: Kern PS2644 Kern PS2646 und PS2647 Vøring-Plateau: Kern 23071 und 23074 5.10 Benthische Foraminiferen in Kern PS2644 6. Entwicklung von Temperatur und Salzgehalt nördlich der Dänemark-Straße 6.1 Variation der Oberflächentemperatur nach Planktonforaminiferen 6.2 Variation der Oberflächentemperatur nach Uk37 6.3 Variation der Oberflächensalinität 7. Die Feinstratigraphie von Kern PS2644 als Basis für eine Eichung der 14C-Altersskala 22 - 55 ka 7.1 Korrelation zwischen den Klimasignalen in Kern PS2644 und der GISP2-Klimakurve zum Kalibrieren der 14C-Alter und Erstellen eines Altersmodells Tephrachronologische Marker Korrelationsparameter und -regeln Sonderfälle/ Probleme bei der Korrelation 7.2 Alters-stratigraphische Korrelation der Klimakurven von Kern 23071 und 23074 7.3 Variation der Altersanomalien zwischen 20 und 55 14C-ka 7.4 Variabilität des planktischen 14C-Reservoiralters in Schmelzwasserbeeinflußten Seegebieten Variation der planktischen 14C-Alter unmittelbar an der Basis von Heinrich-Ereignis 4 Unterschiede zwischen planktischen und benthischen 14C-Altern in der westlichen Islandsee. Zur Erklärung der inversen Altersdifferenzen 7.5 Differenz zwischen 14C- und Kalenderalter: Zeitliche Variation unter Einfluß des Erdmagnetfeldes - Modell und Befund 7.6 Sedimentationsraten der Kerne 23071, 23074 und PS2644 nach dem GISP2-Altersmodell Vøring-Plateau: Kerne 23071 und 23074 Südwest-Islandsee: Kern PS2644 8. Klimaoszillationen im Europäischen Nordmeer in der Zeit und Frequenzdomäne 8.1 "Der Einzelzyklus" in den Klimakurven von Kern PS2644 8.2 Zur Veränderlichkeit der Warm- und Kaltextreme sowie Zyklenlänge Besonderheiten in der Zyklenlänge Variation der Kalt-(Stadiale) Variation der Interstadiale 8.3 Periodizitäten der Klimasignale im Frequenzband der D.-Oe.-Zyklen. Der D.-Oe.-Zyklus von 1470 J., seine Multiplen und harmonischen Schwingungen Weitere Frequenzen: 1000-1150 Jahre- und 490- 510 Jahre-Zyklizitäten Höhere Frequenzen im Bereich von Jahrhunderten und Dekaden 8.4 Phasenbeziehungen und (örtliche) Steuemngsmechanismen der Dansgaard-Oeschger-Zyklen 9. Schlußfolgerungen Danksagung Literaturverzeichnis Anhang

Note: Zugleich: Dissertation, Freie Unversität Berlin, [ca. 1963] , INHALTSVERZEICHNIS PROBLEMSTELLUNG UND ZIELSETZUNG 1. BEMERKUNGEN ZUM BEOBACHTUNGSGELÄNDE UND ZUM BEOBACHTUNGSMATERIAL 1.1 Das Beobachtungsgelände 1.2 Das Beobachtungsmaterial 2. HOMOGENITÄTSBETRACHTUNGEN 2.1 Temperatur 2.2 Niederschlag 2.3 Wind 2.4 Sonnenschein und Bewölkung 3. TEMPERATURVERHÄLTNISSE 3.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 3.2 Tageswerte 3.3 Pentadenwerte 3.4 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 3.5 Interdiurne Veränderlichkeit 3.6 Der tägliche Gang 3.7 Vorkommen bestimmter Schwellenwerte 3.71 Frost- und Eistage 3.72 Sommer- und Tropentage 4. DER WASSERGEHALT DER LUFT 4.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 4.2 Tageswerte 4.3 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 4.4 Interdiurne Veränderlichkeit 4.5 Der tägliche Gang 5. BEWÖLKUNGSVERHÄLTNISSE 5.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 5.2 Tageswerte 5.3 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 5.4 Der tägliche Gang 5.5 Heitere und trübe Tage 5.6 Nebel 6. SONNENSCHEIN 6.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 6.2 Tageswerte 6.3 Der tägliche Gang 7. NIEDERSCHLAGSVERHÄLTNISSE 7.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 7.2 Niederschlagsbereitschaft 7.3 Tageswerte 7.4 Der tägliche Gang 7.5 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 7.6 Niederschlags- und Trockenperioden 7.7 Niederschlag und Wind· 7.8 Schneeverhältnisse 7.81 Schneefall und Schneedecke 7.82 Schneehöhe 7.9 Gewitter 8. WINDVERHÄLTNISSE 8.1 Windrichtung 8.2 Windgeschwindigkeit 8.21 Der jährliche Gang 8.22 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 8.23 Sturmtage und Windstillen 8.24 Der tägliche Gang 9.ZUSAMMENFASSUNG VERZEICHNIS DER TEXTTABELLEN VERZEICHNIS DER ABBILDUNGEN LITERATURVERZEICHNIS TABELLENANHANG

Note: Zugleich: Dissertation, Freie Unversität Berlin, [ca. 1963] , INHALTSVERZEICHNIS PROBLEMSTELLUNG UND ZIELSETZUNG 1. BEMERKUNGEN ZUM BEOBACHTUNGSGELÄNDE UND ZUM BEOBACHTUNGSMATERIAL 1.1 Das Beobachtungsgelände 1.2 Das Beobachtungsmaterial 2. HOMOGENITÄTSBETRACHTUNGEN 2.1 Temperatur 2.2 Niederschlag 2.3 Wind 2.4 Sonnenschein und Bewölkung 3. TEMPERATURVERHÄLTNISSE 3.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 3.2 Tageswerte 3.3 Pentadenwerte 3.4 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 3.5 Interdiurne Veränderlichkeit 3.6 Der tägliche Gang 3.7 Vorkommen bestimmter Schwellenwerte 3.71 Frost- und Eistage 3.72 Sommer- und Tropentage 4. DER WASSERGEHALT DER LUFT 4.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 4.2 Tageswerte 4.3 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 4.4 Interdiurne Veränderlichkeit 4.5 Der tägliche Gang 5. BEWÖLKUNGSVERHÄLTNISSE 5.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 5.2 Tageswerte 5.3 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 5.4 Der tägliche Gang 5.5 Heitere und trübe Tage 5.6 Nebel 6. SONNENSCHEIN 6.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 6.2 Tageswerte 6.3 Der tägliche Gang 7. NIEDERSCHLAGSVERHÄLTNISSE 7.1 Monats- und Jahreswerte 7.2 Niederschlagsbereitschaft 7.3 Tageswerte 7.4 Der tägliche Gang 7.5 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 7.6 Niederschlags- und Trockenperioden 7.7 Niederschlag und Wind· 7.8 Schneeverhältnisse 7.81 Schneefall und Schneedecke 7.82 Schneehöhe 7.9 Gewitter 8. WINDVERHÄLTNISSE 8.1 Windrichtung 8.2 Windgeschwindigkeit 8.21 Der jährliche Gang 8.22 Häufigkeitsbetrachtungen 8.23 Sturmtage und Windstillen 8.24 Der tägliche Gang 9.ZUSAMMENFASSUNG VERZEICHNIS DER TEXTTABELLEN VERZEICHNIS DER ABBILDUNGEN LITERATURVERZEICHNIS TABELLENANHANG

Note: Contents Preface Contributors PART I AN OVERVIEW OF THE DIVERSITY OF BACTERIOPHAGES 1 Structural and Genomic Diversity of Bacteriophages / Bert Ely, Jacob Lenski, and Tannaz Mohammadi 2 The Diversity of Bacteriophages in the Human Gut / Amanda Carroll-Portillo, Derek M. Lin, and Henry C. Lin 3 Breaking the Ice: A Review of Phages in Polar Ecosystems / Mara Elena Heinrichs, Gonçalo J. Piedade, Ovidiu Popa, Pacifica Sommers, Gareth Trubl, Julia Weissenbach, and Janina Rahlff 4 The Diversity of Bacteriophages in Hot Springs / Timothy J. Marks and Isabella R. Rowland PART II ISOLATION OF BACTERIOPHAGES 5 Isolation of Bacteriophages from Soil Samples in a Poorly Equipped Field Laboratory in Kruger National Park / Ayesha Hassim and Kgaugelo Edward Lekota 6 Purification and Up-Concentration of Bacteriophages and Viruses from Fecal Samples / Frej Larsen, Rasmus Riemer Jakobsen, Xiaotian Mao, Josue Castro-Mejia, Ling Deng, and Dennis S. Nielsen 7 Isolation of Enterococcus Bacteriophages from Municipal Wastewater Samples Using an Enrichment Step / Cory Schwarz and Jacques Mathieu 8 Phage DNA Extraction, Genome Assembly, and Genome Closure / Justin Boeckman, Mei Liu, Jolene Ramsey, and Jason Gill PART III ENUMERATION OF BACTERIOPHAGES 9 Enumeration of Bacteriophages by Plaque Assay / Diana Elizabeth Waturangi 10 Detection and Quantification of Bacteriophages in Wastewater Samples by Culture and Molecular Methods/ Laura Sala-Comorera, Maite Muniesa, and Lorena Rodríguez-Rubio 11 Flow Virometry: A Fluorescence-Based Approach to Enumerate Bacteriophages in Liquid Samples / Elena A. Dlusskaya and Rafik Dey 12 A Metagenomics Approach to Enumerate Bacteriophages in a Food Niche / Kelsey White, Giovanni Eraclio, Gabriele Andrea Lugli, Marco Ventura, Jennifer Mahony, Fabio Dal Bello, and Douwe van Sinderen PART IV CHARACTERIZATION OF BACTERIOPHAGES 13 Bioinformatic Analysis of Staphylococcus Phages: A Key Step for Safe Cocktail Development / Soledad Telma Carrasco and He´ctor Ricardo Morbidoni 14 Use of Localized Reconstruction to Visualize the Shigella Phage Sf6 Tail Apparatus / Chun-Feng David Hou, Fenglin Li, Stephano Iglesias, and Gino Cingolani 15 Bacteriophage–Host Interactions and Coevolution / Diana M. Álvarez-Espejo, Dácil Rivera, and Andrea I. Moreno-Switt 16 Unraveling Physical Interactions of Clostridioides difficile with Phage and Phage-Derived Proteins Using In Vitro and Whole-Cell Assays / Wichuda Phothichaisri, Tanaporn Phetruen, Surang Chankhamhaengdecha, Tavan Janvilisri, Puey Ounjai, Robert P. Fagan, and Sittinan Chanarat 17 Phage Transduction of Staphylococcus aureus / Melissa-Jane Chu Yuan Kee and John Chen PART V APPLICATION OF BACTERIOPHAGES AND BACTERIOPHAGE-DERIVED COMPONENTS 18 The Next Generation of Drug Delivery: Harnessing the Power of Bacteriophages / Alaa A. A. Aljabali, Mohammad B. M. Aljbaly, Mohammad A. Obeid, Seyed Hossein Shahcheraghi, and Murtaza M. Tambuwala 19 Construction of Nonnatural Cysteine-Cross-Linked Phage Libraries / Brittney Chau, Kristi Liivak, and Jianmin Gao 20 Application of Deep Sequencing in Phage Display / Vincent Van Deuren, Sander Plessers, Rob Lavigne, and Johan Robben 21 The Application of Bacteriophage and Photoacoustic Flow Cytometry in Bacterial Identification / Robert H. Edgar, Anie-Pier Samson, and John A. Viator 22 Propagation, Purification, and Characterization of Bacteriophages for Phage Therapy / Katarzyna Kosznik-Kwaśnicka, Gracja Topka, Jagoda Mantej, Łukasz Grabowski, Agnieszka Necel, Grzegorz Węgrzyn, and Alicja Węgrzyn 23 Overcoming Bacteriophage Resistance in Phage Therapy / Elina Laanto 24 Bacteriophage Virus-Like Particles: Platforms for Vaccine Design / Ebenezer Tumban Index

Note: Dissertation, Universität Potsdam, 2024 , Content Preface Acknowledgements Summary Zusammenfassung Abbreviations 1. Introduction 1.1. Peatlands 1.1.1. Peatland development and peat bog succession 1.1.2. Characteristic peatlands of the northern hemisphere 1.1.3. Anthropogenic threats of northern peatlands 1.1.4. Peat bog restoration 1.2. Peatland bryophytes 1.2.1. Brown mosses 1.2.2. Sphagnum mosses 1.3. Moss microbiota 1.3.1. Moss-associated bacteria 1.3.2. Moss-associated archaea 1.3.3. Endophytic prokaryotic communities 1.4. Biotic and abiotic influences on moss-associated microorganisms 1.5. Objectives 1.6. Study sites 1.6.1. High Arctic peatlands of Svalbard (SV) 1.6.2. Polygonal Tundra of Samoylov (SA) 1.6.3. Palsa Bogs of Neiden (NEI) 1.6.4. Kettle Bog Peatlands of Mueritz National Park (MUE) 2. Material and Methods 2.1. Sampling scheme overview 2.2. Sampling of pore water 2.3. Sampling of moss plantlets 2.4. Analysis of pore water chemistry 2.5. Cell wall analysis 2.5.1. Cation exchange capacity (CEC) 2.5.2. Holocellulose (HC) 2.5.3. Lignin and Lignin-like polymers (LLP) 2.5.4. Bulk moss litter analysis 2.6. Moss surface sterilisation and separation of putative epiphytic and endophytic microbial communities 2.7. DNA extraction and sequencing 2.8. Sequence analyses and bioinformatics 2.9. Statistical analyses 2.10. Potential methane production and oxidation assays 2.10.1. Surface sterilisation prior to activity tests 2.10.2. Methane production 2.10.3. Methane oxidation 3. Results 3.1. Peatland bulk and pore water characteristics 3.2. Diversity and structure of natural peatland microbial communities 3.3. Environmental drivers of moss-associated microbial communities 3.4. Microbial taxa associated with brown mosses and Sphagnum mosses 3.4.1. Moss-associated bacteria 3.4.2. Moss-associated archaea 3.4.3. Bacterial and archaeal core communities 3.4.4. Acetobacteraceae as dominant taxon of the bacterial core community 3.5. Sphagnum bacteriomes of disturbed, rewetted and pristine temperate kettle bog 3.6. Potential moss-associated methane production and methane oxidation rates 3.6.1. Moss-associated methane production 3.6.2. Moss-associated methane oxidation 4. Discussion 4.1. Environmental influences on moss-associated bacterial communities 4.2. Moss-associated archaeal communities and their environmental drivers 4.3. Distinct patterns of endophytic bacteria 4.4. The core microbiota and their possible role for peatland succession 4.5. The potential role of Acetobacteraceae for Sphagnum host mosses and bog ecosystems 4.6. Moss-associated microbial communities of the methane cycle and their potential metabolic activity 4.7. Diversity and structure of Sphagnum bacteriomes from pristine, disturbed and rewetted kettle bogs 5. Conclusion 6. Critical remarks and outlook 6.1. Critical remarks 6.2. Outlook Bibliography Supplementary

Note: Dissertation, Universität Potsdam, 2024 , Table of contents ABSTRACT ZUSAMMENFASSUNG ABBREVIATIONS AND NOMENCLATURE CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION 1.1 SCIENTIFIC BACKGROUND 1.1.1 ARCTIC GROUND 1.1.2 THE PHENOMENON OF PERMAFROST 1.1.3 ARCTIC NON - PERMAFROST AREAS 1.1.4 HYPOTHESIS 1.2 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES 1.3 METHODS 1.3.1 FIELD METHODS AND SAMPLING APPROACH 1.3.2 STUDY AREA SELECTION 1.3.3 LABORATORY METHODS 1.4 THESIS ORGANISATION CHAPTER 2: LARGE HERBIVORES ON PERMAFROST – A PILOT STUDY OF GRAZING IMPACTS ON PERMAFROST SOIL CARBON STORAGE IN NORTHEASTERN SIBERIA 2.1 ABSTRACT 2.2 I NTRODUCTION 2.3 STUDY AREA 2.4 METHODS 2.4.1 FIELD SAMPLING APPROACH 2.4.2 LABORATORY WORK 2.4.3 DATA ANALYSIS AND EXTERNAL DATA 2.5 RESULTS 2.5.1 VEGETATION ASSESSMENT 2.5.2 SEASONAL THAW DEPTH 2.5.3 CARBON PARAMETERS (TOC, TOC/TN RATIOS , AND Δ13 C RATIOS ) 2.5.4 GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION AND WATER CONTENT 2.5.5 STATISTICS AND CORRELATION ANALYSIS 2.6 DISCUSSION 2.6.1 EFFECTS OF GRAZING ON VEGETATION STRUCTURE AND PERMAFROST THAW 2.6.2 CARBON ACCUMULATION UNDER GRAZING IMPACT 2.6.3 METHODOLOGICAL LIMITATIONS OF THE PILOT STUDY 2.7 CONCLUSION 2.8 DATA AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 2.9 AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONS 2.10 FUNDING 2.11 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 2.12 CONFLICT OF INTERESTS CHAPTER 3: IMPACTS OF REINDEER ON SOIL CARBON STORAGE IN THE SEASONALLY FROZEN GROUND OF NORTHERN FINLAND: A PILOT STUDY 3.1 ABSTRACT 3.2 I NTRODUCTION 3.3 STUDY AREA 3.4 METHODS 3.4.1 FIELD WORK 3.4.2 LABORATORY ANALYSIS 3.4.3 DATA ANALYSIS AND CALCULATIONS 3.5 RESULTS 3.5.1 CORE DESCRIPTIONS 3.5.2 VEGETATION 3.5.3 CARBON PARAMETERS 3.5.6 COMPARATIVE DATA ANALYSIS 3.6 DISCUSSION 3.6.1 REINDEER IMPACT ON SOIL CARBON STORAGE 3.6.2 REINDEER IMPACT ON VEGETATION 3.6.3 REINDEER IMPACT ON GROUND CHARACTERISTICS 3.6.4 SOC DENSITY AND STOCKS ACROSS THE KUTUHARJU STATION AREA 3.6.5 METHODOLOGICAL LIMITATIONS OF THE PILOT STUDY DESIGN 3.6.6 IMPLICATIONS OF THE PILOT STUDY FOR FUTURE RESEARCH 3.7 CONCLUSION 3.8 DATA AVAILABILITY 3.9 AUTHOR CONTRIBUTION 3.10 COMPETING INTERESTS 3.11 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 3.12 FUNDING TABLE 3-1 TABLE 3-2 TABLE 3-3 CHAPTER 4: LIPID BIOMARKER SCREENING TO TRACE RECENT LARGE HERBIVORE INFLUENCE ON SOIL CARBON IN PERMAFROST AND SEASONALLY FROZEN ARCTIC GROUND 4.1 ABSTRACT 4.2 I NTRODUCTION 4.3 STUDY AREA 4.4 METHODS 4.4.1 SAMPLING APPROACH 4.4.2 LABORATORY ANALYSIS 4.4.3 LIPID BIOMARKER INDICES 4.4.4 STATISTICS 4.5 RESULTS 4.5.1 TOC 4.5.2 C/N RATIO 4.5.3 STABLE CARBON ISOTOPE RATIO 4.5.4 ABSOLUTE N- ALKANE CONCENTRATION 4.5.5 AVERAGE CHAIN LENGTH 4.5.6 CARBON PREFERENCE INDEX 4.5.7 HIGHER - PLANT ALCOHOL INDEX 4.5.8 STATISTICAL RESULTS 4.6 DISCUSSION 4.6.1 EFFECTS OF GRAZING INTENSITY ON BIOMARKER SIGNALS 4.6.2 EFFECTS OF GROUND THERMAL REGIME ON SOIL OM DEGRADATION 4.6.3 I MPACT OF HERBIVORY ON PERMAFROST OM STORAGE 4.7 CONCLUSION 4.8 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 4.9 COMPETING INTERESTS 4.10 AUTHOR CONTRIBUTION 4.11 FUNDING 4.12 DATA AVAILABILITY CHAPTER 5: SYNTHESIS 5.1 ECOSYSTEM CHANGES UNDER THE IMPACT OF LARGE HERBIVORES 5.2 GRAZING EFFECTS ON SOIL ORGANIC MATTER DECOMPOSITION 5.3 F EASIBILITY OF UTILISING HERBIVORY IN THE ARCTIC 5.4 RESEARCH IMPLICATIONS FOR SUCCESSFUL PLANNING AND USE OF ARCTIC HERBIVORY REFERENCES 93 FINANCIAL AND TECHNICAL SUPPORT APPENDIX 1 APPENDIX I ORGANIC CARBON CHARACTERISTICS IN ICE - RICH PERMAFROST IN ALAS AND YEDOMA DEPOSITS , CENTRAL YAKUTIA, SIBERIA APPENDIX II WHAT ARE THE EFFECTS OF HERBIVORE DIVERSITY ON TUNDRA ECOSYSTEMS ? A SYSTEMATIC REVIEW (ABSTRACT) APPENDIX III SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL TO CHAPTER 2: LARGE HERBIVORES ON PERMAFROST – A PILOT STUDY OF GRAZING IMPACTS ON PERMAFROST SOIL CARBON STORAGE IN NORTHEASTERN SIBERIA APPENDIX IV SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL TO CHAPTER 3: IMPACTS OF REINDEER ON SOIL CARBON STORAGE IN THE SEASONALLY FROZEN GROUND OF NORTHERN FINLAND : A PILOT STUDY APPENDIX V SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL TO CHAPTER 4: A PILOT STUDY OF LIPID BIOMARKERS TO TRACE RECENT LARGE HERBIVORE INFLUENCE ON SOIL CARBON IN PERMAFROST AND SEASONALLY ROZEN ARCTIC GROUND APPENDIX VI SUPPLEMENTARY MATERIAL TO APPENDIX IV: ORGANIC CARBON CHARACTERISTICS IN ICE - RICH PERMAFROST IN ALAS AND YEDOMA DEPOSITS , CENTRAL YAKUTIA, SIBERIA ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS - DANKSAGUNG

Note: Dissertation, Universität Potsdam, 2023 , Contents 1. Introduction 2. Boundary Layers Types of the Atmosphere 2.1. The Convective Boundary Layer (CBL) 2.2. The Neutral Boundary Layer (NBL) 2.3. The Stable Boundary Layer (SBL) 3. The Closure problem 4. Model description 4.1. Applied model versions 4.2. Governing equations 4.3. Horizontal grid 4.4. Vertical grid 4.5. Lateral boundaries 4.6. Parametrizations 4.6.1. Radiation scheme 4.6.2. Microphysics 4.6.3. Mellor-Yamada scheme 4.6.4. Smagorinsky scheme 4.6.5. Sea ice scheme 4.7. Difference to classical LES Models 5. Experimental Setup 6. MOSAiC Measurements 6.1. ARM Meteorological tower 6.2. Radiosondes 7. Model evaluation for the central Arctic 7.1. Impact of the horizontal resolution 7.1.1. Under cold, light wind conditions 7.1.2. Under stormy conditions 7.2. Impact of the sea-ice scheme 7.3. Impact of the lower boundary conditions 7.4. Impact of the parametrization schemes under cold, light wind conditions 7.4.1. Near-surface variables 7.4.2. Vertical profiles 7.4.3. Surface fluxes 7.4.4. Boundary Layer Height 7.5. Impact of the parametrization schemes under stormy conditions 7.5.1. Near-surface variables 7.5.2. Vertical profiles 7.5.3. Surface fluxes 7.5.4. Boundary Layer height 8. Discussion and Summary Acknowledgements Appendix

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Note: Title description Full Access10 May 2023 About this title - A Global Synthesis of the Ordovician System: Part 1 D. A. T. Harper, B. Lefebvre, I. G. Percival, and T. Servais https://doi.org/10.1144/SP532 Introduction Full Access10 March 2023 The Ordovician System: Key concepts, events and its distribution across Europe David A. T. Harper, Bertrand Lefebvre, Ian G. Percival, and Thomas Servais https://doi.org/10.1144/SP532-2023-8 Conceptualizing the Ordovician Period Open Access24 January 2023 A short history of the Ordovician System: from overlapping unit stratotypes to global stratotype sections and points David A. T. Harper, Tõnu Meidla, and Thomas Servais https://doi.org/10.1144/SP532-2022-285 Open Access15 December 2022 Ordovician biostratigraphy: index fossils, biozones and correlation Daniel Goldman, Stephen A. Leslie, Yan Liang, and Stig M. Bergström https://doi.org/10.1144/SP532-2022-49 Open Access9 January 2023 Ordovician cyclostratigraphy and astrochronology Matthias Sinnesael https://doi.org/10.1144/SP532-2022-31 Full Access3 March 2023 Ordovician tephra distribution, tephrochronology and geochronology Patrick I. McLaughlin, Leon Normore, Bryan K. Sell, and Jahandar Ramezani https://doi.org/10.1144/SP532-2022-267 Full Access28 February 2023 Ordovician plate tectonic and palaeogeographical maps Christopher R. Scotese https://doi.org/10.1144/SP532-2022-311 Full Access10 March 2023 Changing palaeobiogeography during the Ordovician Period Thomas Servais, David A. T. Harper, Björn Kröger, Christopher Scotese, Alycia L. Stigall, and Yong-Yi Zhen https://doi.org/10.1144/SP532-2022-168 Full Access20 January 2023 Seawater signatures of Ordovician climate and environment Seth A. Young, Cole T. Edwards, Leho Ainsaar, Anders Lindskog, and Matthew R. Saltzman https://doi.org/10.1144/SP532-2022-258 Full Access15 December 2022 The Ordovician ocean circulation: a modern synthesis based on data and models Alexandre Pohl, Elise Nardin, Thijs R. A. Vandenbroucke, and Yannick Donnadieu https://doi.org/10.1144/SP532-2022-1 Open Access10 November 2022 Terrestrialization in the Ordovician Charles H. Wellman, Borja Cascales-Miñana, and Thomas Servais https://doi.org/10.1144/SP532-2022-92 The Ordovician System in Europe Open Access8 February 2023 A synopsis of the Ordovician System in its birthplace – Britain and Ireland Stewart G. Molyneux, David A. T. Harper, Mark R. Cooper, Steven Philip Hollis, Robert J. Raine, Adrian W. A. Rushton, M. Paul Smith, Philip Stone, Mark Williams, ... https://doi.org/10.1144/SP532-2022-235 Open Access18 January 2023 The Ordovician of Scandinavia: a revised regional stage classification Arne Thorshøj Nielsen, Per Ahlberg, Jan Ove R. Ebbestad, Øyvind Hammer, David Alexander Taylor Harper, Anders Lindskog, Christian Mac Ørum Rasmussen, and Svend Stouge https://doi.org/10.1144/SP532-2022-157 Open Access18 November 2022 Ordovician of the Eastern Baltic palaeobasin and the Tornquist Sea margin of Baltica Tõnu Meidla, Leho Ainsaar, Olle Hints, and Sigitas Radzevičius https://doi.org/10.1144/SP532-2022-141 Full Access6 December 2022 Stratigraphy and Sedimentary Record of the Ordovician System in Poland: a Review Wiesław Trela https://doi.org/10.1144/SP532-2022-109 Full Access14 February 2023 The Ordovician of France and neighbouring areas of Belgium and Germany Bertrand Lefebvre, J. Javier Álvaro, Josep Maria Casas, Jean-François Ghienne, Alain Herbosch, Alfredo Loi, Eric Monceret, Jacques Verniers, Muriel Vidal, Daniel Vizcaïno, and Thomas Servais https://doi.org/10.1144/SP532-2022-268 Full Access24 November 2022 The Ordovician of Sardinia (Italy): from the ‘Sardic Phase’ to the end-Ordovician glaciation, palaeogeography and geodynamic context Alfredo Loi, Fabrizio Cocco, Giacomo Oggiano, Antonio Funedda, Muriel Vidal, Annalisa Ferretti, Francesco Leone, Sebastiano Barca, Stefano Naitza, Jean-François Ghienne, and Gian Luigi Pillola https://doi.org/10.1144/SP532-2022-121 Full Access8 February 2023 Ordovician of the Bohemian Massif Petr Kraft, Ulf Linnemann, Michal Mergl, Jana Bruthansová, Lukáš Laibl, and Gerd Geyer https://doi.org/10.1144/SP532-2022-191 Full Access16 January 2023 A global view on the Ordovician stratigraphy of southeastern Europe Annalisa Ferretti, Hans Peter Schönlaub, Valeri Sachanski, Gabriella Bagnoli, Enrico Serpagli, Gian Battista Vai, Slavcho Yanev, Miloš Radonjić, Constantin Balica, Luca Bianchini, ... https://doi.org/10.1144/SP532-2022-174

Note: Contents Acknowledgements Legend for the cover image Chiarella, D., Archer, S. G., Howell, J. A., Jackson, C. A.-L., Kombrink, H. and Patruno, S. / Cross-border subsurface geology in the Atlantic Margin and the Barents Sea: an introduction Tectonic evolution Libak, A., Torabi, A. and Alaei, B. / Normal fault geometric attribute variations with lithology: examples from the Norwegian Barents Sea Anell, I., Indrevær, K. and Serck, C. S. / Influence of structural highs on Triassic deposition on the western Barents Shelf Kristensen, T. B., Rotevatn, A., Marvik, M., Henstra, G. A., Gawthorpe, R. L. and Ravnås, R. / Quantitative analysis of fault-and-fold growth in a transtensional basin: the Sørvestsnaget Basin, Western Barents Sea Trice, R., Hiorth, C. and Holdsworth, R. / Fractured basement play development on the UK and Norwegian rifted margins Millett, J. M., Manton, B. M., Zastrozhnov, D., Planke, S., Maharjan, D., Bellwald, B., Gernigon, L., Faleide, J. I., Jolley, D. W., Walker, F., Abdelmalak, M. M., Jerram, D. A., Myklebust, R., Kjølhamar, B. E., Halliday, J. and Birch-Hawkins, A. / Basin structure and prospectivity of the NE Atlantic volcanic rifted margin: cross-border examples from the Faroe–Shetland, Møre and Southern Vøring basins Stratigraphic, sedimentological and reservoir characterization Jones, G. E. D., Welbon, A. I. F., Mohammadlou, H., Sakharov, A., Ford, J., Needham, T. and Ottesen, C. / Complex stratigraphic fill of a small, confined syn-rift basin: an Upper Jurassic example from offshore mid-Norway Chiarella, D. and Joel, D. / Stratigraphic and sedimentological characterization of the Late Cretaceous post-rift intra Lange Sandstones of the Gimsan Basin and Grinda Graben (Halten Terrace, Norwegian Sea) Walker, F., Schofield, N., Millett, J., Jolley, D., Hole, M. and Stewart, M. / Paleogene volcanic rocks in the northern Faroe–Shetland Basin and Møre Marginal High: understanding lava field stratigraphy Klausen, T. G., Müller, R., Poyatos-Moré, M., Olaussen, S. and Stueland, E. / Tectonic, provenance and sedimentological controls on reservoir characteristics in the Upper Triassic–Middle Jurassic Realgrunnen Subgroup, SW Barents Sea Riis, F. and Wolff, A. / Use of pore pressure data from the Norwegian Continental Shelf to characterize fluid-flow processes in geological timescales Hunt, G. A., Williams, R., Charnock, M. A., Moss, A., Meltveit, J. and Florescu, D. / Geological and petrophysical applications of imaging infrared spectroscopy for mineralogical analysis of core and cuttings: examples from the North Sea, Norwegian Sea and Barents Sea Index

Note: About this title - Ice Ages, Climate Dynamics and Biotic Events: the Late Pennsylvanian World S. G. Lucas, W. A. DiMichele, S. Opluštil, and X. Wang https://doi.org/10.1144/SP535 Introduction Full Access24 March 2023 An introduction to ice ages, climate dynamics and biotic events: the Late Pennsylvanian world Spencer G. Lucas, William A. DiMichele, Stanislav Opluštil, and Xiangdong Wang https://doi.org/10.1144/SP535-2022-334 Timescale Full Access16 February 2023 Timescale for the Kasimovian Stage Xiangdong Wang, Keyi Hu, and Ying Li https://doi.org/10.1144/SP535-2022-260 The Cantabrian Stage Open Access23 January 2023 The challenge of relating the Kasimovian to west European chronostratigraphy: a critical review of the Cantabrian and Barruelian substages of the Stephanian Stage John A. Knight, Christopher J. Cleal, and Carmen Álvarez-Vázquez https://doi.org/10.1144/SP535-2022-189 Full Access16 February 2023 The Cantabrian Substage should be abandoned: revised chronostratigraphy of the Middle–Late Pennsylvanian boundary W. John Nelson, Spencer G. Lucas, and Scott D. Elrick https://doi.org/10.1144/SP535-2022-252 Full Access21 March 2023 Pennsylvanian-age plant macrofossil biostratigraphy in tropical Pangaea: uniformitarianism, catastrophes and the ‘Cantabrian’ problem Hermann W. Pfefferkorn https://doi.org/10.1144/SP535-2022-282 Geological context Full Access8 March 2023 Pennsylvanian glacial cycles in western Gondwana: an overview Roberto Iannuzzi, Mercedes M. di Pasquo, Fernando F. Vesely, Claiton M. S. Scherer, Luiz S. Andrade, Thammy Mottin, and Carrel Kifumbi https://doi.org/10.1144/SP535-2022-342 Full Access8 March 2023 A Carboniferous apex for the late Paleozoic icehouse N. Griffis, R. Mundil, I. Montañez, D. Le Heron, P. Dietrich, and R. Iannuzzi https://doi.org/10.1144/SP535-2022-256 Full Access10 January 2023 North American Midcontinent Pennsylvanian cyclothems and their implications Philip H. Heckel https://doi.org/10.1144/SP535-2022-182 Full Access16 February 2023 A global perspective of soil-forming conditions during the Late Pennsylvanian: potential stochastic forcing by geosphere–biosphere carbon pools Erik L. Gulbranson and Neil J. Tabor https://doi.org/10.1144/SP535-2022-279 Open Access9 January 2023 Dust and loess as archives and agents of climate and climate change in the late Paleozoic Earth system Gerilyn S. Soreghan, Nicholas G. Heavens, Lily S. Pfeifer, and Michael J. Soreghan https://doi.org/10.1144/SP535-2022-208 Full Access11 January 2023 Middle–Late Pennsylvanian tectonosedimentary, climatic and biotic records in basins of Europe, NW Turkey and North Africa: an overview Stanislav Opluštil and Joerg W. Schneider https://doi.org/10.1144/SP535-2022-215 Palaeobotany Full Access25 January 2023 Kasimovian floristic change in tropical wetlands and the Middle–Late Pennsylvanian Boundary Event William A. DiMichele, Cortland F. Eble, Hermann W. Pfefferkorn, Scott D. Elrick, W. John Nelson, and Spencer G. Lucas https://doi.org/10.1144/SP535-2022-228 Full Access27 February 2023 Vegetational change during the Middle–Late Pennsylvanian transition in western Pangaea Sandra Schachat, Andrés Baresch, Thu Bui, Howard J. Falcon-Lang, Dan S. Chaney, W. John Nelson, Scott D. Elrick, Hans Kerp, Spencer G. Lucas, and William A. DiMichele https://doi.org/10.1144/SP535-2022-281 Open Access1 March 2023 Physiological selectivity and plant–environment feedbacks during Middle and Late Pennsylvanian plant community transitions Jonathan Paul Wilson, Gabriel Oppler, Elizabeth Reikowski, Jessica Smart, Charles Marquardt, and Brian Keller https://doi.org/10.1144/SP535-2022-204 Invertebrate palaeontology Full Access15 December 2022 Evolutionary patterns in Late Pennsylvanian conodonts James E. Barrick, Nicholas J. Hogancamp, and Steven J. Rosscoe https://doi.org/10.1144/SP535-2022-139 Full Access20 January 2023 Biostratigraphy and biofacies of the Kasimovian conodonts from the Shanglong section, South China Keyi Hu, Xiangdong Wang, and Yuping Qi https://doi.org/10.1144/SP535-2022-173 Full Access23 December 2022 Ecological and evolutionary responses of terrestrial arthropods to Middle–Late Pennsylvanian environmental change Michael P. Donovan, Sandra R. Schachat, and Pedro M. Monarrez https://doi.org/10.1144/SP535-2022-209 Vertebrate palaeontology Full Access17 January 2023 Middle to Late Pennsylvanian tetrapod evolution: the Kasimovian bottleneck Spencer G. Lucas https://doi.org/10.1144/SP535-2022-216

Note: Contents Foreword Prologue Earth’s Freezer: Introduction to Permafrost Frozen grounds: Permafrost in the Arctic Permafrost in profile: Landscape features Frozen in time: The history of permafrost An icy balance: Arctic permafrost physiography What lies within: Organic carbon in permafrost When ice grows up: Pingo Canadian Landmark Drilling down: Learning the secrets of permafrost Portrait: Annett Bartsch Un/settled: Life on frozen ground Frozen States I: Russian Federation Portrait: Vyacheslav Shadrin Frozen States II: North America Portrait: Jessi Pascal Frozen States III: Nordic region Portrait: Palle Jeremiassen Awakening Giant: Permafrost and Climate Change Warming up, warming down: Increasing ground temperatures The chill is gone: Thickening of the active layer Disappearing act: Declining permafrost extent Microorganisms, macro effects: Permafrost carbon cycle Faster, deeper, stronger I: Speed of thaw in North America Faster, deeper, stronger II: Speed of thaw in Scandinavia and the Russian Federation Crossing the threshold: Future scenarios of carbon release Portrait: Dmitry Streletskiy Moving Grounds: Permafrost Changes Frost and flora: The role of vegetation in permafrost landscapes Fire on ice: Peat, permafrost, and fire State of matter: Water, snow, and permafrost The rivers run through it: Arctic rivers, deltas and hydrology Along the edge of the world: Arctic coastal classification Wear and tear: Erosion of Arctic permafrost coasts Eating into the landscape: Retrogressive thaw slumps Portrait: Angus Alunik Losing ground: Projected rates of Arctic coastal erosion Beneath the waves: Changes in subsea permafrost Arctic Ripples: Impacts of Permafrost Thaw Feeling the heat: Permafrost thaw impacts on infrastructure Risky business I: North American Arctic and Kalaallit Nunaat (Greenland) Risky business II: The Russian Federation and Scandinavian Arctic Terra infirma I: Coastal infrastructure in Yamalo-Nenets Portrait: Susanna Gartler Terra infirma II: Reinforcing runways in Paulatuk Terra infirma III: Keeping cold food cold in Alaska Terra infirma IV: Urban planning in Ilulissat Nothing in isolation: Health and wellness and permafrost Portrait: Gwen Healey Akearok Toxic grounds: Contaminants and environmental health Coming back to life: Reemerging pathogens Frozen assets I: The formal economy Frozen assets II: Traditional and subsistence activities Cultural homeland: Alaas landscapes in Yakutia Holding Tight: Adaptation to Permafrost Thaw Bumpy road ahead: Transportation infrastructure and permafrost Undermined: Mining infrastructure and permafrost Keeping the light on: Energy infrastructure and permafrost No time to waste: Waste management and permafrost Modern history: Preserving Svalbard’s cultural heritage Portrait: Ingrid Rekkavik Going South: Permafrost in Other Areas A planetary perspective: Permafrost outside the Arctic Frozen giants: Permafrost in the mountains The view from the top: The Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau, Hindu Kush Himalaya, and Andes Europe’s frozen heart: Permafrost in the Alps The ends of the Earth I: Permafrost in Antarctica The ends of the Earth II: Antarctic Peninsula The ends of the Earth III: Queen Maud Land, Victoria Land, and the McMurdo Dry Valleys Over the Horizon Authors and contributors Acknowledgments Artist spotlight: Olga Borjon-Privé (Oluko) Artist spotlight: Katie Orlinsky Glossary Acronyms References

Note: About this title - Quaternary Geoarchaeology of India N. Tiwari, V. Singh, and S. B. Mehra https://doi.org/10.1144/SP515 Introduction Full Access22 December 2022 An introduction to Quaternary geoarchaeology of India Nupur Tiwari, Vivek Singh, and Shashi B. Mehra https://doi.org/10.1144/SP515-2022-218 Landscape geoarchaeology Full Access16 July 2021 Acheulian artefacts and tephra from Upland Western Maharashtra (Deccan Volcanic Province), Peninsular India Sushama G. Deo, Andre Baptista, and Sharad N. 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Mehra https://doi.org/10.1144/SP515-2020-205 Palaeolithic assemblages associated with Youngest Toba Tuff deposits from the upper Gundlakamma River basin, Andhra Pradesh, India Full Access20 January 2022 Devara Anil, Ajithprasad Pottentavida, and Vrushab Mahesh https://doi.org/10.1144/SP515-2020-187 Late Pleistocene microlithic industries in the Ayodhya Hills, Purulia, West Bengal: insights from geoarchaeological exploration Full Access1 July 2021 Bishnupriya Basak, Sujit Dasgupta, and Ashis K. Paul https://doi.org/10.1144/SP515-2020-181 Understanding geo-archaeology in Trans-Himalaya: a case study based on lithic assemblages from Dzamathang, Spiti Valley, Himachal Pradesh, India Full Access30 November 2021 Ekta Singh, Raman Patel, and Rakesh Chandra Bhatt https://doi.org/10.1144/SP515-2020-108 New evidence of Neolithic industries from the West Garo Hills, northeastern India Full Access28 November 2022 Tosabanta Padhan https://doi.org/10.1144/SP515-2020-203 Applications in geoarchaeology Full Access20 December 2022 New field observations on the Quaternary geology and vertebrate palaeontological occurrences in the Narsinghpur region of Narmada valley (central India) Ravish Lal, Tosabanta Padhan, Bharti Jangra, Parth R. Chauhan, Shivam Sahu, and Rajeev Patnaik https://doi.org/10.1144/SP515-2020-243 Prehistoric landscapes, humans and ostriches: highlighting geoarchaeological issues in the Tapi Basin of Maharashtra (west-central India) – a multidisciplinary approach Full Access11 October 2021 Prabhin Sukumaran, Hong-Chun Li, Jih-Pai Lin, and Parth R. Chauhan https://doi.org/10.1144/SP515-2020-206 Microlithic occurrences associated with sediments dated to terminal Pleistocene–Late Holocene in the central Narmada Basin, Madhya Pradesh, India Full Access9 November 2022 Nupur Tiwari, P. Morthekai, K. Krishnan, and Parth R. Chauhan https://doi.org/10.1144/SP515-2022-153 Late Holocene climate variability and its impact on cultural dynamics in central India Full Access22 August 2022 Diptimayee Behera, Praveen K. Mishra, Pandurang Sabale, Sharmila Bhattacharya, and Ambili Anoop https://doi.org/10.1144/SP515-2020-220 New insights into the geological evolution of palaeorivers and their relationship to the Indus Civilization and Early Historic settlements on the plains of Haryana, NW India Full Access4 November 2021 Apurva Alok, N. C. Pant, Kaushik Das, Y. Tsutsumi, C. A. Petrie, Pankaj Kumar, Sundeep Chopra, H. S. Saini, and Abul Amir Khan https://doi.org/10.1144/SP515-2020-161 Reviews Chrono-contextual issues at open-air Pleistocene vertebrate fossil sites of central and peninsular India and implications for Indian palaeoanthropology Full Access23 September 2022 Parth R. Chauhan https://doi.org/10.1144/SP515-2021-29 Interrelation between Palaeolithic and faunal remains in the central Narmada Valley, India Full Access27 September 2022 Bharti Jangra and Vivek Singh https://doi.org/10.1144/SP515-2022-105 Scratching the surface(s): examining the complexity of geological contexts for the Palaeolithic of the Sonar Basin, Madhya Pradesh Full Access9 March 2022 Yezad Pardiwalla https://doi.org/10.1144/SP515-2020-234 A review of Palaeolithic sites associated with gravel deposits in India Full Access22 April 2022 Anubhav Preet Kaur https://doi.org/10.1144/SP515-2020-196 Human–environment interactions during the mid-late Holocene and the Anthropocene – lessons from NW Indian plains and Bengal Delta Full Access26 October 2021 Yama Dixit and Sravani Biswas https://doi.org/10.1144/SP515-2020-122 Geoarchaeology in India in the 21st Century: an Outsider's Perspective Full Access3 June 2021 Robin Dennell https://doi.org/10.1144/SP515-2020-202 Retraction Late Quaternary sediments dated to between 12.5 and 2.3 ka and associated microlithic occurrences in the central Narmada Basin, Madhya Pradesh, India Full Access14 July 2021 Nupur Tiwari, P. 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Note: Dissertation, Universität Potsdam, 2023 , CONTENTS 1 SCIENTIFIC BACKGROUND AND RESEARCH QUESTIONS 1.1 Extreme events and attribution 1.2 Arctic climate change and mid-latitude linkages 1.3 Research questions 2 FOUNDATIONS 2.1 Atmospheric basics 2.1.1 Governing equations 2.1.2 Zonal wind and temperature profiles 2.1.3 Atmospheric waves and instabilities 2.1.4 Large-scale variability patterns and blocking 2.2 Atmospheric circulation regimes 2.2.1 Dynamical concepts 2.2.2 Regime computation 2.2.3 Regime number 2.3 Arctic climate change 2.3.1 Recent trends in Arctic sea ice and temperatures 2.3.2 Surface fluxes and energy balance in Arctic regions 2.3.3 Polar amplification mechanisms 2.3.4 Arctic-mid-latitude linkages 2.4 Weather and climate extremes 2.4.1 Recent trends 2.4.2 Dynamical driver of temperature extremes 3 DATA AND METHODS 3.1 ERA5 reanalysis 3.2 Model experiments 3.2.1 The atmospheric general circulation model ECHAM6 3.2.2 Polar Amplification Intercomparison Project data 3.3 Methods 3.3.1 Statistical significance 3.3.2 Extreme definition 4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 4.1 Mean circulation in ERA5 and ECHAM6 experiments 4.1.1 Climatological mean states in ERA5 and the reference simulation 4.1.2 Climatological responses in ECHAM6 sensitivity experiments 4.2 Circulation regimes and sea ice-induced frequency changes 4.2.1 Regime structures in ERA5 and ECHAM6 experiments 4.2.2 Regime frequency changes in ERA 4.2.3 Regime frequency changes in ECHAM6 experiments 4.3 Changes in Northern Hemispheric temperature extremes induced by sea ice loss 4.3.1 Extreme occurrence frequency changes 4.3.2 Temperature return level changes 4.4 Links between circulation regimes and extremes over Europe 4.4.1 Winter temperature extremes 4.4.2 Summer heat extremes 4.4.3 Winter wind extremes 4.5 Decomposition of sea ice-induced frequency changes in European winter extremes 4.5.1 Midwinter cold extremes along a SCAN storyline 4.5.2 January warm extremes along a ATl- storyline 4.5.3 February warm extremes along a NAO+ storyline 4.5.4 Comparison with futSST 4.5.5 January wind extremes along a ATL- storyline 4.6 Circulation Analogue-based approach for summer season 4.6.1 ERA5 event definitions 4.6.2 Reference flows and analogues in ERA5 4.6.3 Circulation analogues in ECHAM6 experiments 4.6.4 Decomposition of sea ice-induced changes in European heat extremes 5 CONCLUSION 5.1 Summary 5.2 Final discussion and outlook Appendix A METHODS A.1 Principal Component Analysis A.2 𝑘-Means clustering A.2.1 Algorithm A.2.2 Computation of circulation regimes A.3 Taylor diagram A.4 Regression model for describing ERA5 regime frequency changes A.4.1 General setup A.4.2 Multinomial Logistic Regression A.4.3 Linear predictor A.5 Definition and calculation of return levels A.5.1 Block maxima approach and Generalized Extreme Value distribution A.5.2 Return level estimation A.6 Framework for conditional extreme event attribution Appendix B ADDITIONAL FIGURES B.1 Circulation regimes and sea ice-induced frequency changes B.2 Changes in Northern Hemispheric temperature extremes induced by sea ice loss B.3 Links between circulation regimes and extremes over Europe B.3.1 Conditioned vs. unconditioned ERA5 and wind extreme probabilities B.3.2 Wind and synoptic-scale activity anomalies B.4 Decomposition of sea ice-induced frequency changes in European winter extremes B.5 Circulation Analogue-based approach for summer season B.6 Miscellaneous B.6.1 Recent Arctic sea ice trends B.6.2 futSST forcing field B.6.3 Fluxes over sea ice and ocean surfaces in ECHAM6 BIBLIOGRAPHY

Note: Dissertation, Universität Potsdam, 2024 , Contents 1 Introduction 1.1 The Arctic sea-ice cover 1.1.1 Sea ice in the coupled Arctic climate system 1.1.2 Recent changes of the Arctic sea ice 1.2 The atmosphere as driver of sea-ice variability 1.2.1 Large-scale circulation patterns 1.2.2 Role of cyclones 1.3 Thesis structure and research questions 2 Theory and methods 2.1 Synoptic cyclones 2.1.1 Related fundamentals of atmospheric dynamics 2.1.2 Cyclone activity in the Arctic 2.2 Cyclone tracking and cyclone occurrence mask 2.3 Dynamic and thermodynamic sea-ice variability related to cyclones 3 New insights into cyclone impacts on sea ice in the Atlantic sector of the Arctic Ocean in winter 3.1 Abstract 3.2 Introduction 3.3 Data and methods 3.3.1 Database and cyclone identification 3.3.2 Quantification of cyclone impacts on SIC 3.4 Cyclone impacts on SIC 3.4.1 Effects of different time scales and regions 3.4.2 Effects of SIC conditions and cyclone depth 3.4.3 Spatial variability of SIC response to cyclones 3.4.4 Relation to near-surface wind and surface energy budget 3.5 Signature of ’New Arctic’ conditions 3.6 Conclusions 3.7 Supplementary material 4 Impact of three intense winter cyclones on the sea ice cover in the Barents Sea: A case study with a coupled regional climate model 4.1 Abstract 4.2 Introduction 4.3 Data and methods 4.3.1 HIRHAM–NAOSIM simulation 4.3.2 Supplementary evaluation data 4.3.3 Dynamic and thermodynamic contributions to sea-ice changes 4.4 Results 4.4.1 Cyclone cases 4.4.2 Cyclone impacts on SEB 4.4.3 Cyclone impacts on sea-ice concentration (SIC) 4.4.4 Cyclone impacts on sea-ice thickness (SIT) 4.4.5 Context to other cyclone cases during the MOSAiC winter 4.5 Discussion and conclusions 4.6 Supplementary material 5 Cyclone impacts on sea ice concentration in the Atlantic Arctic Ocean: Annual cycle and recent changes 5.1 Abstract 5.2 Introduction 5.3 Data and methods 5.4 Changes in cyclones and traversed sea ice 5.5 Cyclone impacts on SIC 5.5.1 Annual cycle in the old Arctic 5.5.2 Changes in the new Arctic 5.5.3 Regional changes in autumn 5.6 Conclusions 5.7 Supplementary material 6 Conclusions and Outlook 6.1 What is the statistical impact of cyclone passages on sea-ice concentration (SIC) in the Atlantic Arctic Ocean? 6.2 What are the individual contributions of dynamic and thermodynamic processes to sea-ice changes related to cyclones? 6.3 Do the SIC impacts of cyclones change in a warming Arctic and what are the related mechanisms? 6.4 Ways forward Appendix: Cyclones modulate the control of the North Atlantic Oscillation on transports into the Barents Sea Bibliography

Note: Dissertation, Universität Potsdam, 2024 , Table of Contents Summary Deutsche Zusammenfassung 1 Introduction 1.1 Arctic ecosystems under global warming 1.2 The plant-associated microbiome 1.3 Drivers of soil development 1.4 Ancient DNA to unravel past ecosystems 1.4.1 Lake sediments as archives of past community changes 1.4.2 Metabarcoding for targeting specific communities 1.4.3 Shotgun sequencing for broader overview 1.5 Thesis objective 1.6 Thesis outline and author contributions 2 Manuscript I 2.1 Abstract 2.2 Introduction 2.3 Materials and Methods 2.3.1 Primer design and evaluation In silico analyses Evaluation of lake sediment core DNA for analyses of fungal paleoecology 2.4 Results Primer design and evaluation Evaluation of lake sediment core DNA for fungal paleoecology 2.4.1 Taxonomic resolution across the cores 2.4.2 Comprehensiveness: Rarefaction and accumulation curves 2.4.3 Amplicon length and GC content to assess bias through degradation 2.4.4 General taxonomic composition of fungi in Siberian lake sediment cores Diversity of fungal paleocommunities from lake CH12 2.5 Discussion 2.5.1 Preservation biases and potential contamination 2.5.2 Characteristics of the optimized sedaDNA ITS1 metabarcoding assay 2.5.3 Potential of lake sediment fungal DNA for paleoecology 2.6 Author contributions 2.7 Acknowledgements 2.8 Conflict of interest 2.9 References 3 Manuscript II 3.1 Abstract 3.2 Introduction 3.3 Geographic setting and study sites 3.4 Materials and Methods 3.4.1 Sampling 3.4.2 DNA extraction and amplification 3.4.3 Bioinformatic analysis 3.4.4 Assessment of negative controls and contamination 3.4.5 Statistical analysis and visualization 3.5 Results 3.5.1 Fungi: sedaDNA sequencing results and overall patterns of alpha diversity and taxonomic composition 3.5.2 Vegetation: sedaDNA sequencing results and overall patterns of alpha diversity and taxonomic composition 3.5.3 Site-specific plant-fungus covariation 3.5.3.1 Fungus and plant covariation in arctic Siberia from MIS3 to the Holocene 3.5.3.2 Quantitative relationships between fungi and plant richness and composition 3.6 Discussion 3.6.1 Fungus and plant diversity along a spatiotemporal gradient in Siberia 3.6.2 Changes in ecosystem functioning over a spatiotemporal gradient 3.6.3 Implications of our results for ecosystem functioning and future research avenues 3.7 Conclusions Funding Availability of data and material Author contribution Declaration of competing interest Acknowledgements 3.8 References 4 Manuscript III 4.1 Abstract 4.2 Introduction 4.3 Results and Discussion 4.3.1 Compositional changes of plants, fungi, and bacteria in ancient metagenomic datasets 4.3.2 Long-term soil development: a trajectory or environmentally driven processes? 4.3.3 Bioweathering supported by lichens and mycorrhiza 4.3.4 Turnover in carbon, nitrogen, and sulphur cycling 4.3.5 Tracing podzolization 4.4 Implications and conclusions 4.5 Material and methods 4.5.1 Geographical setting and study site 4.5.2 X-ray fluorescence scanning of the sediment core 4.5.3 Core sub-sampling 4.5.4 DNA extraction 4.5.5 Single stranded DNA library build 4.5.6 Bioinformatic pipeline for the analysis of the sequencing results 4.5.7 Data analysis 4.5.8 Analysis of the ancient patterns 4.5.9 Statistical analysis of the dataset Acknowledgements 4.6 References Declarations 5 Discussion and synthesis 5.1 Long-term rhizosphere establishment in tundra and taiga areas 5.1.1 SedaDNA as a proxy for soil microbiome 5.1.1.1 Fungal DNA metabarcoding 5.1.1.2 Targeting soil communities with shotgun sequencing 5.1.1.3 Comparison between metabarcoding and shotgun sequencing for the soil microbiome 5.1.2 Fungi-vegetation interaction changes over time 5.1.3 Soil development on a temporal gradient 5.2 Conclusion and future perspectives 6 References 7 Appendix 7.1 Appendix to manuscript I 7.2 Appendix to manuscript II 7.3 Appendix to manuscript III 7.4 Manuscript IV 7.4.1 Abstract 7.4.2 Introduction 7.4.3 Geographical setting and study sites 7.4.4 Material & Methods 7.4.4.1 Sub-sampling of the sediment cores 7.4.4.2 DNA extraction 7.4.4.3 Single stranded DNA library built 7.4.4.4 Bioinformatic pipeline for the analysis of the sequencing data 7.4.4.5 Data analysis 7.4.4.6 Statistical analysis of the datasets 7.4.5 Results 7.4.5.1 Compositional changes of representative plant taxa alongside dynamics in fungal ecologies and bacterial element cycling in ancient metagenomic datasets 7.4.5.2 Impact of abiotic and biotic drivers on soil establishment across geographical locations 7.4.5.3 Relative positive correlations of functional soil taxa with plants across the locations 7.4.5.4 Assessment of the plant taxon-specific microbiome across the locations 7.4.6 Discussion 7.4.6.1 Site-specific soil development 7.4.6.2 Differences in the bedrock 7.4.6.3 Correlation between the lake biota 7.4.6.3.1 General Trends in positively correlated rhizosphere taxa 7.4.6.3.2 Plant taxa specific microbiome 7.4.7 Implications and future directions 7.4.8 References 7.4.9 Supplement to manuscript IV Acknowledgements Eidesstattliche Erklärung Damage pattern analysis – Auflagen Doktorarbeit Summary Main References

Note: Dissertation, Universität Potsdam, 2023 , TABLE OF CONTENTS Acknowledgements Summary Zusammenfassung 1 General introduction 1.1 A changing world 1.1.1 Global changes of anthropogenic origin 1.1.2 Amplified crisis in the high latitudes 1.2 The past is the key to the future 1.2.1 The Quaternary glacial and interglacial stages 1.2.2 The Beringia study case 1.3 Investigating past biodiversity 1.3.1 Traditional tools 1.3.2 Newest sedaDNA proxies 1.4 Motivation and aims of the thesis 1.5 Structure of the thesis 1.6 Author’s contributions 2 Manuscript I 2.1 Abstract 2.2 Introduction 2.3 Materials and Methods 2.3.1 Geographical settings 2.3.2 Fieldwork and subsampling 2.3.3 Core splicing and dating 2.3.4 Sediment-geochemical analyses 2.3.5 Pollen analysis 2.3.6 Molecular genetic preparation 2.3.7 Processing of sedaDNA data 2.3.8 Statistical analysis and visualization 2.4 Results 2.4.1 Age model 2.4.2 Sediment-geochemical core composition 2.4.3 Pollen stratigraphy 2.4.4 sedaDNA composition 2.4.5 Comparison between pollen and sedaDNA 2.4.6 Taxa richness investigation 2.5 Discussion 2.5.1 Proxy validation 2.5.2 Vegetation compositional changes in response to climate inferred from pollen and sedaDNA records 2.5.3 The steppe-tundra of the Late Pleistocene 2.5.4 The disrupted Pleistocene-Holocene transition 2.5.5 The boreal forest of the Holocene 2.5.6 Changes in vegetation richness through the Pleistocene/Holocene transition inferred from the sedaDNA record 2.6 Conclusion Data availability statement Funding References 3 Manuscript II 3.1 Abstract 3.2 Introduction 3.3 Material and Method 3.3.1 Site description and timeframe 3.3.2 Sampling, DNA extraction and PCR 3.3.3 Filtering and cleaning dataset 3.3.4 Identification of taxa – species signal 3.3.5 Resampling 3.3.6 Assessment of the species pool stability 3.3.7 Quantification of extinct and extirpated taxa 3.3.8 Characterisation of species and candidate species 3.4 Results 3.4.1 Changes in the composition and species pool at the Pleistocene - Holocene transition 3.4.2 Decrease in the regional plant species richness between the Pleistocene and the Holocene 3.4.3 Identification of loss taxa events 3.4.4 Characterisation of lost taxa 3.5 Discussion 3.5.1 Biotic and abiotic changes in the ecosystem - a cocktail for extinction 3.5.2 Identification and quantification of potential plant taxa loss 3.5.3 Characterisation of potential taxa loss 3.5.4 Limits of the method 3.5.5 Conclusions and perspectives Funding References 4 Manuscript III 4.1 Abstract 4.2 Introduction 4.3 Material & Methods 4.3.1 Fieldwork and subsampling 4.3.2 Chronology 4.3.3 Pollen analysis 4.3.4 Isolation of sedimentary ancient DNA 4.3.5 Metabarcoding approach 4.3.6 Shotgun approach 4.3.7 Bioinformatic processing 4.4 Results 4.4.1 General results of the three approaches: pollen, metabarcoding and shotgun sequencing 4.4.2 Plants (Viridiplantae) 4.4.3 Fungi 4.4.4 Mammals (Mammalia) 4.4.5 Birds (Aves) 4.4.6 Insects (Insecta) 4.4.7 Prokaryotes (Bacteria, Archaea) and Viruses 4.5 Discussion 4.5.1 Interglacial communities 4.5.2 Glacial communities 4.5.3 Potential and limitations of the sedaDNA shotgun approach applied to ancient permafrost sediments 4.6 Conclusions Data availability statement Funding References 5 Synthesis 5.1 Ecological changes between glacial and interglacial stages 5.1.1 Changes in the compositional structure 5.1.2 Loss of plant diversity 5.1.3 Potential drivers of change 5.2 High potential of sedaDNA for past biodiversity reconstruction 5.3 Conclusions and future perspectives Bibliography Appendices Appendix 1: Supplementary material for Manuscript I Appendix 2: Supplementary material for Manuscript II Appendix 3: Supplementary material for Manuscript III Appendix 4: Manuscript IV Eidesstattliche Erklärung

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Mitchell, Thor H. Hansteen, Julie C. Schindlbeck-Belo, and Armin Freundt https://doi.org/10.1144/SP520-2021-62 Marine carbonate sedimentation in volcanic settings Full Access30 November 2021 Stephen W. Lokier https://doi.org/10.1144/SP520-2020-251 Tephra layers in the marine environment: a review of properties and emplacement processes Open Access6 December 2021 Armin Freundt, Julie C. Schindlbeck-Belo, Steffen Kutterolf, and Jenni L. Hopkins https://doi.org/10.1144/SP520-2021-50 Environmental responses to eruptions: eruptions, climate and sedimentation Rapid changes from arid to humid conditions during the onset of the Paraná–Etendeka Igneous Province: can volcanic gas emissions from continental flood basalts affect the precipitation regime? Full Access24 September 2021 Vinicius Godoi Pereira da Cruz, Evandro Fernandes de Lima, Lucas de Magalhaes May Rossetti, and Natalia Gauer Pasqualon https://doi.org/10.1144/SP520-2020-176

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis Vorwort Kapitel 1 Dringlichst gesucht – Wege aus der Klimakrise Alarmstufe Rot für Mensch und Natur Lösungen für das Treibhausgas-Problem? CONCLUSIO: Die Klimakrise kennt nur eine Lösung: Treibhausgasneutralität Kapitel 2 Die Rolle des Ozeans im Kohlenstoffkreislauf der Erde Wie der Ozean Kohlendioxid aufnimmt CONCLUSIO: Kohlenstoffspeicher Ozean: Riesig, effizient und in Gefahr 67 Kapitel 3 Das ungenutzte Klimaschutzpotenzial der Ökosysteme an Land Wälder, Wiesen und Böden als Kohlenstoffspeicher CONCLUSIO: Lösungen, die viel zu selten umgesetzt werden Kapitel 4 Marine CDR-Verfahren: Forschung unter Zeit- und Erwartungsdruck Ein Ozean der Möglichkeiten oder gefährlicher Hype? Kapitel 5 Mehr Kohlenstoffeinlagerung in Wiesen und Wäldern des Meeres? Blue Carbon: Ein Lösungsansatz mit doppeltem Nutzen CONCLUSIO: Küstenökosysteme: Marine Kohlenstoffsenke mit unverzichtbaren Zusatzleistungen Kapitel 6 Künstlicher Auftrieb: Die Idee von der Begrünung des Ozeans Eine Anschubhilfe für die biologische Kohlenstoffpumpe CONCLUSIO: Künstlicher Auftrieb – Prädikat: „nur bedingt nützlich“ Kapitel 7 Gezielte Eingriffe in die Meereschemie Alkalinitätserhöhung: Verfahren in den Kinderschuhen CONCLUSIO: Alkalinitätserhöhung – theoretisch verstanden, im Feld jedoch kaum getestet Kapitel 8 Kohlendioxid verpressen tief unter dem Meer Gasspeicherung in Sandsteinschichten und Basaltgestein CONCLUSIO: Kohlendioxidspeicherung unter dem Meer: Ein umstrittenes Verfahren im Aufwind Kapitel 9 Leitprinzipien und Regeln für einen Einsatz mariner CDR-Verfahren Wie regelt man eine verstärkte CO2-Aufnahme des Meeres? CONCLUSIO: Regulierung möglicher CDR-Einsätze: Gebraucht werden klare Strategien und Vorschriften Gesamt-Conclusio Abkürzungen Quellenverzeichnis Mitwirkende Index Partner und Danksagung Abbildungsverzeichnis Impressum .

Note: INHALT Vorwort ERSTER TEIL Faszination Ozean Im Reich der Tiefe Astronaut auf Erden Die Stimme der Meere ZWEITER TEIL Am Abgrund der Meere Der Schatz von Helgoland Geisterjagd vor Rügen Am Limit DRITTER TEIL Der Weg nach vorn Unscheinbarer Superheld Grundreinigung Mut zur Hoffnung Dein Leben für den Ozean DANKSAGUNG DIE AUTOREN IMPRESSUM BILDNACHWEIS

Note: Contents 1 Using Lake Sedimentary DNA to Reconstruct Biodiversity Changes / Eric Capo, Cécilia Barouillet, and John P. Smol 2 The Sources and Fates of Lake Sedimentary DNA / Charline Giguet-Covex, Stanislav Jelavić, Anthony Foucher, Marina A. Morlock, Susanna A. Wood, Femke Augustijns, Isabelle Domaizon, Ludovic Gielly, and Eric Capo 3 The Sedimentary Ancient DNA Workflow / Peter D. Heintzman, Kevin Nota, Alexandra Rouillard, Youri Lammers, Tyler J. Murchie, Linda Armbrecht, Sandra Garcés-Pastor, and Benjamin Vernot 4 Bacterial and Archaeal DNA from Lake Sediments / Aurèle Vuillemin, Marco J. L. Coolen, Jens Kallmeyer, Susanne Liebner, and Stefan Bertilsson 5 Cyanobacterial DNA from Lake Sediments / Marie-Eve Monchamp and Frances R. Pick 6 Protist DNA from Lake Sediments / Cécilia Barouillet, Isabelle Domaizon, and Eric Capo 7 Diatom DNA from Lake Sediments / Katharina Dulias, Laura S. Epp, and Kathleen R. Stoof-Leichsenring 8 Aquatic Vegetation DNA from Lake Sediments / Aloïs Revéret, Inger G. Alsos, and Peter D. Heintzman 9 Aquatic Animal DNA from Lake Sediments / Irene Gregory-Eaves, Marie-Eve Monchamp, and Zofia E. Taranu 10 Terrestrial Plant DNA from Lake Sediments / Sandra Garcés-Pastor, Kevin Nota, Dilli P. Rijal, Sisi Liu, Weihan Jia, Maria Leunda, Christoph Schwörer, Sarah E. Crump, Laura Parducci, and Inger G. Alsos 11 Terrestrial Fauna and Hominin DNA from Sedimentary Archives / Tyler J. Murchie, Charline Giguet-Covex, Peter D. Heintzman, Viviane Slon, and Yucheng Wang 12 An Overview of Biodiversity and Network Modeling Approaches: Applications to Sedimentary DNA Records / Zofia E. Taranu, Irene Gregory-Eaves, and Marie-Eve Monchamp 13 Perspectives and Future Developments Within Sedimentary DNA Research / Luke E. Holman, Yi Wang, Rikai Sawafuji, Laura S. Epp, Kristine Bohmann, and Mikkel Winther Pedersen Glossary, Acronyms and Abbreviations Index

Note: Dissertation, Universität Potsdam, 2022 , Table of Contents Summary Deutsche Zusammenfassung Table of Contents 1 Introduction 1.1 Larix forests in a changing climate 1.2 The genus Larix 1.3 Larix distribution in the world and their dominance in northern Asia 1.4 Methods to study past species dynamics 1.4.1 Modern genetic marker studies 1.4.2 Lake sediments as archives of the past 1.4.3 Pollen and macrofossils 1.4.4 Metabarcoding of sedimentary ancient DNA 1.4.5 Metagenomic shotgun sequencing 1.4.6 Target enrichment by hybridization capture 1.5 Thesis Objectives 1.6 Thesis outline & author contributions 2 Manuscript I 2.1 Abstract 2.2 Introduction 2.3 Material and methods 2.3.1 Bioclimatic limits 2.3.2 Pollen, macrofossil, and DNA datasets 2.3.3 Ice sheets 2.4 Results 2.4.1 Bioclimatic limits of Larix and its distribution on permafrost 2.4.2 Glacial occurrence patterns of Larix 2.5 Discussion 2.5.1 Are differences in species bioclimatic limits responsible for disparity in Larix distribution across continents? 2.5.2 Do high latitude glacial refugia guarantee larch dominance? 2.5.3 What role does postglacial migration play in larch dominance? 2.5.4 Fire as an additional factor 2.5.5 Outlook 2.6 Conclusion 2.7 Acknowledgements 2.8 Author contributions 2.9 References 3 Manuscript II 3.1 Abstract 3.2 Introduction 3.3 Methods 3.3.1 Sample material 3.3.2 Laboratory work 3.3.3 Data analysis 3.4 Results 3.4.1 Overview of the shotgun and hybridization capture data sets 3.4.2 Ancient DNA authenticity 3.4.3 Retrieval of the Larix chloroplast genome 3.5 Discussion 3.5.1 Taxonomic classification—conservative approach results in low numbers of assignment 3.5.2 Target enrichment success—Larix reads increased by orders of magnitude along with other taxonomic groups 3.5.3 Complete retrieval of ancient Larix chloroplast genomes 3.5.4 Larix sibirica variants present over time 3.5.5 Larch forest decline over the last 7000 years 3.6 Conclusion 3.7 Acknowledgments 3.8 Author contributions 3.9 References 4 Manuscript III 4.1 Abstract 4.2 Introduction 4.3 Results & Discussion 4.3.1 Chloroplast and repetitive DNA enrichment in the sedaDNA samples 4.3.2 A wider pre-glacial distribution of L. sibirica 4.3.3 Larix gmelinii formed northern LGM refugia across Siberia 4.3.4 Postglacial colonization history - differences among larch species 4.3.5 Environment likely plays a more important role than biogeography 4.4 Conclusion 4.5 Material & methods 4.5.1 Sample material 4.5.2 Sequence data analysis 4.6 Data availability 4.7 Acknowledgments 4.8 Author contributions 4.9 References 5 Discussion and synthesis 5.1 Hybridization capture is a well-suited method to study ancient species dynamics 5.1.1 Advantages and limitations of shotgun sequencing 5.1.2 Successful hybridization capture enrichment using chloroplast DNA 5.1.3 Challenges in single-copy target enrichment 5.1.4 Limitations and potentials to improve sedaDNA capture studies 5.2 Factors promoting Asian larch dominance 5.3 Drivers of Larix species distribution 5.3.1 Implications for larch forests under climate warming 5.4 Conclusion 5.5 Outlook 6 References 7 Appendix 7.1 Appendix to manuscript I 7.2 Appendix to manuscript II 7.3 Appendix to manuscript III 7.3.1 Material and Methods 7.3.2 Additional Results & Discussions 7.3.3 References Acknowledgements Eidesstattliche Erklärung

Note: Dissertation, Potsdam, Universität Potsdam, 2022 , Contents Abstract Zusammenfassung Contents Abbreviations Motivation 1 Introduction 1.1 Scientific background 1.2 Study region 1.3 Aims and objectives 2 Materials and methods 3.1 Section 4 - Strong shrub expansion in tundra-taiga, tree infilling in taiga and stable tundra in central Chukotka (north-eastern Siberia) between 2000 and 2017 3.2 Section 5 - Recent above-ground biomass changes in central Chukotka (NE Siberia) combining field-sampling and remote sensing 3.3 Section 6 - Future spatially explicit tree above-ground biomass trajectories revealed for a mountainous treeline ecotone using the individual-based model LAVESI 4 Strong shrub expansion in tundra-taiga, tree infilling in taiga and stable tundra in central Chukotka (north-eastern Siberia) between 2000 and 2017 Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Materials and methods 2.1 Field data collection and processing 2.2 Landsat data, pre-processing and spectral indices processing 2.3 Redundancy analysis (RDA) and classification approaches 3 Results 3.1 General characteristics of the vegetation field data 3.2 Relating field data to Landsat spectral indices in the RDA model 3.3 Land-cover classification 3.4 Land-cover change between 2000 and 2017 4 Discussion 4.1 Dataset limitations and optimisation 4.2 Vegetation changes from 2000/2001/2002 to 2016/2017 Conclusions Acknowledgements Data availability statement References Appendix A. Detailed description of Landsat acquisitions Appendix B. MODIS NDVI time series from 2000 to 2018 Appendix C. Landsat Indices values for each analysed vegetation site Appendix D. Fuzzy c-means classification for interpretation of uncertainties for land-cover mapping Appendix E. Validation of land-cover maps Appendix F. K-means classification results Appendix G. Heterogeneity of natural landscapes and mixed pixels of satellite data Appendix H. Distribution of land-cover classes and their changes by study area 5 Recent above-ground biomass changes in central Chukotka (NE Siberia) combining field-sampling and remote sensing Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Materials and methods 2.1 Study region and field surveys 2.2 Above-ground biomass upscaling and change derivation 3 Results 3.1 Vegetation composition and above-ground biomass 3.2 Upscaling above-ground biomass using GAM 3.3 Change of above-ground biomass between 2000 and 2017 in the four focus areas 4 Discussion 4.1 Recent state of above-ground biomass at the field sites 4.2 Recent state of above-ground biomass upscaled for central Chukotka 4.3 Change in above-ground biomass within the investigated 15–16 years in central Chukotka 5 Conclusions Data availability statement Author contributions Competing interests Acknowledgements References Appendix A. Sampling and above-ground biomass (AGB) calculation protocol for field data 6 Future spatially explicit tree above-ground biomass trajectories revealed for a mountainous treeline ecotone using the individual-based model LAVESI Abstract 1 Introduction 2 Materials and methods 2.1 Study region 2.2 LAVESI model setup, parameterisation, and validation 2.2.4 LAVESI simulation setup for this study 2.2.5 Validation of the model’s performance 3 Results 3.1 Dynamics and spatial distribution changes of tree above-ground-biomass 3.2 Spatial and temporal validation of the contemporary larch AGB 4 Discussion 4.1 Future dynamics of tree AGB at a plot level 4.2 What are the future dynamics of tree AGB at the landscape level? 5 Conclusions Data availability Acknowledgements References Appendix B. Permutation tests for tree presence versus topographical parameters Appendix C. Landsat-based, field, and simulated estimations of larch above-ground biomass (AGB). 7 Synthesis 7.1 What changes in vegetation composition have happened from 2000 to 2017 in central Chukotka? 7.2 How have the above-ground biomass (AGB) distribution and rates changed from 2000 to 2017 in central Chukotka? 7.3 What are the spatial dynamics and rates of tree AGB change in the upcoming centuries in the northern tundra-taiga from 2020 to 3000 CE on the plot level and landscape level? References Acknowledgements

Note: Contents PART A Lucas, S. G., Schneider, J. W., Nikolaeva, S. and Wang, X. / The Carboniferous timescale: an introduction Carboniferous chronostratigraphy Lucas, S. G., Schneider, J. W., Nikolaeva, S. and Wang, X. / The Carboniferous chronostratigraphic scale: history, status and prospectus Alekseev, A. S., Nikolaeva, S. V., Goreva, N. V., Donova, N. B., Kossovaya, O. L., Kulagina, E. I., Kucheva, N. A., Kurilenko, A. V., Kutygin, R. V., Popeko, L. I. and Stepanova, T. I. / Russian regional Carboniferous stratigraphy González, C. R. and Díaz Saravia, P. / Proposed chronostratigraphic units for the Carboniferous and early Permian of the southwestern Gondwana margin Magnetostratigraphy Hounslow, M. W. / A geomagnetic polarity timescale for the Carboniferous Isotope stratigraphy Chen, J., Chen, B. and Montañez, I. P. 7 Carboniferous isotope stratigraphy Cyclostratigraphy Montañez, I. P. 7 Current synthesis of the penultimate icehouse and its imprint on the Upper Devonian through Permian stratigraphic record Marine biostratigraphy Vachard, D. and Le Coze, F. 7 Carboniferous smaller Foraminifera: convergences and divergences Ueno, K. 7 Carboniferous fusuline Foraminifera: taxonomy, regional biostratigraphy, and palaeobiogeographic faunal development Angiolini, L., Cisterna, G. A., Mottequin, B., Shen, S.-Z. and Muttoni, G. 7 Global Carboniferous brachiopod biostratigraphy Ausich, W. I., Kammer, T. W. and Mirantsev, G. V. 7 Carboniferous crinoids Wang, X.-D., Yang, S.-R., Yao, L., Sugiyama, T. and Hu, K.-yi 7 Carboniferous biostratigraphy of rugose corals Nikolaeva, S. V. / Carboniferous ammonoid genozones PART B Barrick, J. E., Alekseev, A. S., Blanco-Ferrera, S., Goreva, N. V., Hu, K., Lambert, L. L., Nemyrovska, T. I., Qi, Y., Ritter, S. M. and Sanz-López, J. 7 Carboniferous conodont biostratigraphy Ginter, M. / The biostratigraphy of Carboniferous chondrichthyans Non-marine biostratigraphy Eble, C. F. / Appalachian coal bed palynofloras: changes in composition through time and comparison with other areas Opluštil, S., Cleal, C. J., Wang, J. and Wan, M. / Carboniferous macrofloral biostratigraphy: an overview Schneider, J. W., Scholze, F., Ross, A. J., Blake, B. M. Jr and Lucas, S. G. / Improved blattoid insect and conchostracan zonation for the Late Carboniferous, Pennsylvanian, of Euramerica Amler, M. R. W. and Silantiev, V. V. / A global review of Carboniferous marine and non-marine bivalve biostratigraphy Lucas, S. G., Stimson, M. R., King, O. A., Calder, J. H., Mansky, C. F., Hebert, B. L. and Hunt, A. P. / Carboniferous tetrapod footprint biostratigraphy, biochronology and evolutionary events Lucas, S. G. / Carboniferous tetrapod biostratigraphy, biochronology and evolutionary events Index

Note: Contents Torvela, T., Chapman, R. and Lambert-Smith, J. / An introduction to Recent Advances in Understanding Gold Deposits: from Orogeny to Alluvium: the importance of multi-method approaches and developing a characterization Large-scale processes, models and multi-variate datasets Mortensen, J. K., Craw, D. and MacKenzie, D. J. / Concepts and revised models for Phanerozoic orogenic gold deposits Babedi, L., von der Heyden, B. P., Tadie, M. and Mayne, M. / Trace elements in pyrite from five different gold ore deposit classes: a review and meta-analysis Liu, Y., Zhao, Y., Xue, C., Yu, L., Chu, H. and Zhao, X. / The Changshagou gold deposit, Eastern Tianshan, NW China: orogenic gold mineralization overprinting a porphyry gold occurrence Mesquita, M. J., Gomes, M. E. B., Moreira, I. de C., Paes, R. A. S., Martins, H. E. da S., Matos, J. H., Ruggiero, A., Primo, G., Ducart, D. F., Poggi, L., Pimenta, V., de Laurentis, L. Z. and Kunifoshita, A. M. U. / Paleoproterozoic gold deposits at Alta Floresta Mineral Province, Brazil: two overprinted mineralizing events? Zhao, W., Zhao, X., Xue, C., Seltmann, R., Dolgopolova, A., Andersen, J. C., Cui, X. and Xing, L. / Thermochronological constraints on the exhumation history of the Carboniferous Katebasu gold deposit, western Tianshan gold belt, NW China Orogenic gold deposit case studies Combes, V., Eglinger, A., André-Mayer, A.-S., Teitler, Y., Heuret, A., Gibert, P. and Béziat, D. / Polyphase gold mineralization at the Yaou deposit, French Guiana Perret, J., André-Mayer, A.-S., Eglinger, A., Feneyrol, J., Voinot, A., Morlot, C., Barou, F., Teitler, Y., Seira, D. and Bosc, R. / Structural and geochemical ore-forming processes in deformed gold deposits: towards a multiscale and multimethod approach Smith, M., Banks, D., Ray, S. and Bowers, F. / Hypozonal gold mineralization in shear zone-hosted deposits driven by fault valve action and fluid mixing: the Nalunaq deposit, Greenland Alexandre, P. and Fayek, M. / Formation temperature and ages of the True North ‘orogenic’ gold deposit in Manitoba, Canada Gold in the surficial environment Chapman, R. J., Craw, D., Moles, N. R., Banks, D. A. and Grimshaw, M. R. / Evaluation of the contributions of gold derived from hypogene, supergene and surficial processes in the formation of placer gold deposits Chapman, R. J., Moles, N. R., Bluemel, B. and Walshaw, R. D. / Detrital gold as an indicator mineral Masson, F.-X., Beaudoin, G. and Laurendeau, D. / Multi-method 2D and 3D reconstruction of gold grain morphology in alluvial deposits: a review and application to the Rivière du Moulin (Québec, Canada) Combes, V., Teitler, Y., Eglinger, A., André-Mayer, A.-S., Heuret, A., Pochon, A., Cathelineau, M. and Gibert, P. / Diversity of supergene gold expressions and implications for gold targetting in an equatorial regolith (AMG’s Couriège Exploration Prospect, French Guiana) Leal, S., Lima, A. and Noronha, F. / Characterization of heavy mineral concentrates and detrital gold particles from the Bigorne granite-hosted gold deposit in the Iberian Variscan Belt Standish, C. D., Chapman, R. J., Moles, N. R., Walshaw, R. D. and Sheridan, J. A. / Archaeological applications of natural gold analyses Index

Note: Contents PART A Lucas, S. G., Schneider, J. W., Nikolaeva, S. and Wang, X. / The Carboniferous timescale: an introduction Carboniferous chronostratigraphy Lucas, S. G., Schneider, J. W., Nikolaeva, S. and Wang, X. / The Carboniferous chronostratigraphic scale: history, status and prospectus Alekseev, A. S., Nikolaeva, S. V., Goreva, N. V., Donova, N. B., Kossovaya, O. L., Kulagina, E. I., Kucheva, N. A., Kurilenko, A. V., Kutygin, R. V., Popeko, L. I. and Stepanova, T. I. / Russian regional Carboniferous stratigraphy González, C. R. and Díaz Saravia, P. / Proposed chronostratigraphic units for the Carboniferous and early Permian of the southwestern Gondwana margin Magnetostratigraphy Hounslow, M. W. / A geomagnetic polarity timescale for the Carboniferous Isotope stratigraphy Chen, J., Chen, B. and Montañez, I. P. 7 Carboniferous isotope stratigraphy Cyclostratigraphy Montañez, I. P. 7 Current synthesis of the penultimate icehouse and its imprint on the Upper Devonian through Permian stratigraphic record Marine biostratigraphy Vachard, D. and Le Coze, F. 7 Carboniferous smaller Foraminifera: convergences and divergences Ueno, K. 7 Carboniferous fusuline Foraminifera: taxonomy, regional biostratigraphy, and palaeobiogeographic faunal development Angiolini, L., Cisterna, G. A., Mottequin, B., Shen, S.-Z. and Muttoni, G. 7 Global Carboniferous brachiopod biostratigraphy Ausich, W. I., Kammer, T. W. and Mirantsev, G. V. 7 Carboniferous crinoids Wang, X.-D., Yang, S.-R., Yao, L., Sugiyama, T. and Hu, K.-yi 7 Carboniferous biostratigraphy of rugose corals Nikolaeva, S. V. / Carboniferous ammonoid genozones PART B Barrick, J. E., Alekseev, A. S., Blanco-Ferrera, S., Goreva, N. V., Hu, K., Lambert, L. L., Nemyrovska, T. I., Qi, Y., Ritter, S. M. and Sanz-López, J. 7 Carboniferous conodont biostratigraphy Ginter, M. / The biostratigraphy of Carboniferous chondrichthyans Non-marine biostratigraphy Eble, C. F. / Appalachian coal bed palynofloras: changes in composition through time and comparison with other areas Opluštil, S., Cleal, C. J., Wang, J. and Wan, M. / Carboniferous macrofloral biostratigraphy: an overview Schneider, J. W., Scholze, F., Ross, A. J., Blake, B. M. Jr and Lucas, S. G. / Improved blattoid insect and conchostracan zonation for the Late Carboniferous, Pennsylvanian, of Euramerica Amler, M. R. W. and Silantiev, V. V. / A global review of Carboniferous marine and non-marine bivalve biostratigraphy Lucas, S. G., Stimson, M. R., King, O. A., Calder, J. H., Mansky, C. F., Hebert, B. L. and Hunt, A. P. / Carboniferous tetrapod footprint biostratigraphy, biochronology and evolutionary events Lucas, S. G. / Carboniferous tetrapod biostratigraphy, biochronology and evolutionary events Index

Note: Contents Chang, S.-G. and Zheng, D. / Mesozoic biological events and ecosystems in East Asia: introduction Clues and evidence from vertebrate fossils Zhou, C.-F., Wang, X. and Wang, J. / First evidence for tooth–tooth occlusion in a ctenochasmatid pterosaur from the Early Cretaceous Jehol Biota Yang, T.-R. and Sander, P. M. / The reproductive biology of oviraptorosaurs: a synthesis Pei, R. and Xu, X. / New prospects on the cranial evolution of non-avialan paravian theropods based on geometric morphometrics Clues and evidence from invertebrate and plant fossils Zhang, Q., Zheng, D., Wang, B. and Zhang, H. / A review of Triassic insects in China Chen, J. / True hopper fossils (Fulgoromorpha and Cicadomorpha) in the Jurassic to Cretaceous of eastern Asia and their evolutionary implications Cui, D.-F., Hou, Y., Yin, P. and Wang, X. / A Jurassic flower bud from China Peng, J., Slater, S. M. and Vajda, V. / A Late Triassic vegetation record from the Huangshanjie Formation, Junggar Basin, China: possible evidence for the Carnian Pluvial Episode Liao, H. / Clam shrimp of the Middle–Late Jurassic Yanliao Biota in China Wang, H., Du, S., Yu, T., Li, S., Lu, H., Zhang, H., Cao, M. and Horne, D. J. / Ostracods from the Pingyi Basin (eastern China) and their significance for the K/Pg boundary Significant fossils from amber Zhang, Q. and Zhang, J. / New record of Zhangsolva Nagatomi and Yang, 1998 (Diptera, Zhangsolvidae) from mid-Cretaceous Burmese amber and its implications Yu, Y., Hu, G., Zhu, Y., Li, Y., Jiang, W., Rasnitsyn, A. P., Zhang, H. and Zhang, Q. / New material for Peleserphidae (Proctotrupoidea, Hymenoptera) in Mid-Cretaceous Burmese (Kachin) amber Yu, T. / New data on gastropod genus Hirsuticyclus (Caenogastropoda, Cyclophoridae) from mid-Cretaceous Kachin amber Jarzembowski, E. A., Zheng, D. and Zhao, X. / Is the beetle Omma (Insecta: Coleoptera) a living fossil? Zheng, D., Jarzembowski, E. A., Zhuo, D. and Nel, A. / Protohemiphlebiidae fam. nov., a stem hemiphlebioid damselfly from Cretaceous amber in Kachin Paleoenvironments and paleoecosystems Zhao, X., Zheng, D., Wang, H., Fang, Y., Xue, N. and Zhang, H. / Carbon cycle perturbation and mercury anomalies in terrestrial Oceanic Anoxic Event 1b from Jiuquan Basin, NW China Li, T., Yang, X.-J. and Zhu, Y.-B. / Estimates of late Albian atmospheric CO2 based on stomata of Pseudofrenelopsis from Jilin Province, NE China Wang, J., Zhou, C.-F., Jourdan, F. and Chang, S.-C. / Jehol fossils from the Jiaolai Basin of Shandong, North China: review and new perspectives Wang, J., Yuan, Y., Zhang, D. and Chang, S.-C. / Detrital zircon geochronology of Late Cretaceous successions in the Ganzhou Basin, South China: evidence of a major tectonic transition Index

Note: Contents Dedication Hunter, A. W., Álvaro, J. J., Lefebvre, B., Van Roy, P. and Zamora, S. / An introduction to the Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event: insights from the Tafilalt Biota, Morocco Geological and faunal context Lefebvre, B., Van Roy, P., Zamora, S., Gutiérrez-Marco, J. C. and Nohejlová, M. / The Late Ordovician Tafilalt Biota, Anti-Atlas, Morocco: A high-latitude perspective on the GOBE Álvaro, J. J., Benharref, M., Destombes, J., Gutiérrez-Marco, J. C., Hunter, A. W., Lefebvre, B., Van Roy, P. and Zamora, S. / Ordovician stratigraphy and benthic community replacements in the eastern Anti-Atlas, Morocco International fossil trade Gutiérrez-Marco, J. C. and García-Bellido, D. C. / The international fossil trade from the Paleozoic of the Anti-Atlas, Morocco Early Paleozoic faunas from the Anti-Atlas Gutiérrez-Marco, J. C., Pereira, S., García-Bellido, D. C. and Rábano, I. / Ordovician trilobites from the Tafilalt Lagerstätte: new data and reappraisal of the Bou Nemrou assemblage Budil, P. and Fatka, O. / Ordovician trilobites with soft parts in African West Gondwana, European peri-Gondwana and Avalonia: a review Colmenar, J., Villas, E. and Rasmussen, C. M. Ø. / A synopsis of Late Ordovician brachiopod diversity in the Anti-Atlas, Morocco Villas, E. and Colmenar, J. / Brachiopods from the Upper Ordovician of Erfoud (eastern Anti-Atlas, Morocco) and the stratigraphic correlation of the bryozoan-rich Khabt-el Hajar Formation Van Iten, H., Gutiérrez-Marco, J. C., Muir, L. A., Simões, M. G. and Leme, J. M. / Ordovician conulariids (Scyphozoa) from the Upper Tiouririne Formation (Katian), eastern Anti-Atlas Mountains, southern Morocco Ernst, A. / Upper Ordovician bryozoans of Morocco Gutiérrez-Marco, J. C., Muir, L. A. and Mitchell, C. E. / Upper Ordovician planktic and benthic graptolites and a possible hydroid from the Tafilalt Biota, southeastern Morocco Ebbestad, J. O. R., Polechová, M., Kröger, B. and Gutiérrez-Marco, J. C. / Late Ordovician molluscs of the central and eastern Anti-Atlas, Morocco Muir, L. A., Botting, J. P., Walker, S. N. A., Schiffbauer, J. D. and MacGabhann, B. A. / Onuphionella corusca sp. nov.: an early Cambrian-type agglutinated tube from Upper Ordovician strata of Morocco Echinoderm Lagerstätten Lefebvre, B., Nohejlová, M., Kašička, L. and Zicha, O. / New peri-Gondwanan occurrences of the Ordovician genus Diamphidiocystis (Echinodermata, Stylophora): implications for mitrocystitid palaeobiogeography and diversity Lefebvre, B., Nohejlová, M., Martin, E. L. O., Kašič ka, L., Zicha, O. and Gutiérrez-Marco, J. C. / New Middle and Late Ordovician cornute stylophorans (Echinodermata) from Morocco and other peri-Gondwanan areas Nohejlová, M. and Lefebvre, B. / Late Ordovician solutan echinoderms from the Western Tafilalt, Morocco Botting, J. P. / Late Ordovician crinoids from the Anti-Atlas region of Morocco Sumrall, C. D. and Zamora, S. / New Upper Ordovician edrioasteroids from Morocco Zamora, S. and Sumrall, C. D. / Hexedriocystis, an aberrant echinoderm from the Upper Ordovician of Morocco Zamora, S., Nardin, E., Esteve, J. and Gutiérrez-Marco, J. C. / New rhombiferan blastozoans (Echinodermata) from the Late Ordovician of Morocco Zamora, S. and Sumrall, C. D. / The first report of coronates (echinodermata) from Africa Index

Note: Contents Acknowledgements Asch, K., Kitazato, H. and Vallius, H. / From Continental Shelf to Slope: Mapping the Oceanic Realm: Introduction Vallius, H. T. V., Kotilainen, A. T., Asch, K. C., Fiorentino, A., Judge, M., Stewart, H. A. and Pjetursson, B. / Discovering Europe’s seabed geology: the EMODnet concept of uniform collection and harmonization of marine data Ryabchuk, D., Sergeev, A., Zhamoida, V., Budanov, L., Krek, A., Neevin, I., Bubnova, E., Danchenkov, A. and Kovaleva, O. / High-resolution geological mapping towards an understanding of post-glacial development and Holocene sedimentation processes in the eastern Gulf of Finland: an EMODnet Geology case study Breuer, S. and Asch, K. / A first approach to a Quaternary geomorphological map of the German seas Bøe, R., Rún Bjarnadóttir, L., Elvenes, S., Dolan, M., Bellec, V., Thorsnes, T., Lepland, A. and Longva, O. / Revealing the secrets of Norway’s seafloor – geological mapping within the MAREANO programme and in coastal areas O’Toole, R., Judge, M., Sacchetti, F., Furey, T., Mac Craith, E., Sheehan, K., Kelly, S., Cullen, S., McGrath, F. and Monteys, X. / Mapping Ireland’s coastal, shelf and deep-water environments using illustrative case studies to highlight the impact of seabed mapping on the generation of blue knowledge Terrinha, P., Medialdea, T., Batista, L., Somoza, L., Magalhães, V., González, F. J., Noiva, J., Lobato, A., Rosa, M., Marino, E., Brito, P., Neres, M. and Ribeiro, C. / Integrated thematic geological mapping of the Atlantic Margin of Iberia Gozhik, P. F. and Rokitsky, V. E. / The Pliocene deposits of the Black Sea Shelf east of the Danube River Delta Mil-Homens, M., Brito, P., Magalhães, V., Rosa, M., Neres, M., Silva, M., Salgueiro, E., Drago, T., Rodrigues, A. I., Guerra, M. T., Gaudêncio, M. J., Almeida, E., Silva, M., Freitas, M., Pinto, C. A., Bandarra, C. and Terrinha, P. / Integrated geophysical and sedimentological datasets for assessment of offshore borrow areas: the CHIMERA project (western Portuguese Coast) Battaglini, L., D’Angelo, S. and Fiorentino, A. / Collating European data on geological events in submerged areas: examples of correlation and interpretation from Italian seas Greene, H. G. and Barrie, J. V. / Faulting within the San Juan–southern Gulf Islands Archipelagos, upper plate deformation of the Cascadia subduction complex Arai, K. / Geological mapping of coastal and offshore Japan (by GSJ-AIST): collecting and utilizing the geological information Ikehara, K., Katayama, H., Sagayama, T. and Irino, T. / Geological controls on dispersal and deposition of river flood sediments on the Hidaka shelf, Northern Japan Furuyama, S., Sato, T., Arai, K. and Ozaki, M. / Tectonic evolution in the Early to Middle Pleistocene off the east coast of the Boso Peninsula, Japan Sato, T., Furuyama, S., Komatsubara, J., Ozaki, M. and Yamaguchi, K. / Bent incised valley formed in uplifting shelf facing subduction margin: case study off the eastern coast of the Boso Peninsula, central Japan Ohta, A., Imai, N., Tachibana, Y. and Ikehara, K. / Application of spatial distribution patterns of multi-elements in geochemical maps for provenance and transfer process of marine sediments in Kyushu, western Japan Oki, Y., Kitazato, H., Fujii, T. and Yasukawa, S. / Habitat mapping for human well-being: a tool for reducing risk in disaster-prone coastal environments and human communities Index

Note: Contents Krmíček, L. and Chalapathi Rao, N. V. / Lamprophyres, lamproites and related rocks as tracers to supercontinent cycles and metallogenesis Tappe, S., Shaikh, A. M., Wilson, A. H. and Stracke, A. / Evolution of ultrapotassic volcanism on the Kaapvaal craton: deepening the orangeite versus lamproite debate Kostrovitsky, S. I., Yakovlev, D. A., Sharygin, I. S., Gladkochub, D. P., Donskaya, T. V., Tretiakova, I. G., Dymshits, A. M., Sekerin, A. P. and Malkovets, V. G. / Diamondiferous lamproites of Ingashi field, Siberian craton Yakovlev, D. A., Kostrovitsky, S. I., Fosu, B. R. and Ashchepkov, I. V. / Diamondiferous kimberlites from recently explored Upper Muna Field (Siberian Craton): petrology, mineralogy and geochemistry insights Meshram, T., Mahapatro, S. N., Aravind, J. K., Dora, M. L., Baswani, S. R., Gopalakrishna, G., Meshram, R. R., Sesha Sai, V. V., Randive, K. and Dash, J. K. / Geochemistry and Sr–Nd isotopic studies of Paleoproterozoic (c. 2.3 Ga) meta-lamprophyre from the Rapuru area, Nellore Schist Belt, southern India: implications for back-arc basin magmatism and its relevance to the Columbia supercontinent assembly Pandey, A., Chalapathi Rao, N. V., Rahaman, W., Seth, V. and Sahoo, S. / Paleoproterozoic metaluminous syenites synchronous with the c. 2.21 Ga mafic dyke swarms from the Eastern Dharwar Craton, India: implications for alkaline magmatism associated with the breakup of supercraton Superia Kumar, A., Talukdar, D., Chalapathi Rao, N. V., Burgess, R. and Lehmann, B. / Mesoproterozoic 40Ar–39Ar ages of some lamproites from the Cuddapah Basin and Eastern Dharwar Craton, southern India: implications for diamond provenance of the Banganapalle Conglomerates, age of the Kurnool Group and Columbia tectonics Dora, M. L., Randive, K., Meshram, R., Meshram, T., Baswani, S. R., Korakoppa, M. and Malviya, V. P. / Petrogenesis of a calc-alkaline lamprophyre (minette) from Thanewasna, Western Bastar Craton, Central India: insights from mineral, bulk rock and in-situ trace element geochemistry Krmíček, L., Magna, T., Pandey, A., Chalapathi Rao, N. V. and Kynický, J. / Lithium isotopes in kimberlites, lamproites and lamprophyres as tracers of source components and processes related to supercontinent cycles Ulrych, J., Krmíč ek, L., Adamovič , J. and Krmíč ková, S. / The story of post-Variscan lamprophyres of the Bohemian Massif: from ultramafic (Upper Cretaceous–Paleocene) to alkaline (Eocene– Oligocene) types Casalini, M., Avanzinelli, R., Tommasini, S., Natali, C., Bianchini, G., Prelević, D., Mattei, M. and Conticelli, S. / Petrogenesis of Mediterranean lamproites and associated rocks: The role of overprinted metasomatic events in the post-collisional lithospheric upper mantle Spišiak, J., Vetráková, L., Chew, D., Ferenc, Š, Šimonová, V., Butek, J. and Mikuš, T. / Permian lamprophyres from the Western Carpathians: a review Chitalin, A. F., Baksheev, I. A., Nikolaev, Y. N., Djedjeya, G. T., Khabibullina, Y. N. and Müller, D. / Porphyry Cu–Au ± Mo mineralization hosted by potassic igneous rocks: implications from the giant Peschanka porphyry deposit, Baimka Trend (North East Siberia, Russia) Mahapatro, S. N., Renjith, M. L., Martha, R. K., Patel, R. K., Upadhyay, D. and Sarma, D. S. / Petrogenesis and U–Pb zircon dating of the Chaitma Alkaline Complex from the southern margin of the Central Indian Tectonic Zone: geodynamic implications Dongre, A., Dhote, P. S., Zamarkar, P., Sangode, S. J., Belyanin, G., Meshram, D. C., Patil, S. K., Karmakar, A. and Jain, L. / Short-lived alkaline magmatism related to the Réunion plume in the Deccan Large Igneous Province: inferences from petrology, 40Ar/39Ar geochronology and palaeomagnetism of lamprophyre from the Sarnu-Dandali Alkaline Igneous Complex Sharma, A., Sahoo, S., Chalapathi Rao, N. V., Belyatsky, B., Dhote, P. and Lehmann, B. / Petrology and Nd–Sr isotopic composition of alkaline lamprophyres from the Early to Late Cretaceous Mundwara Alkaline Complex, NW India: evidence of crystal fractionation, accumulation and corrosion in a complex magma chamber plumbing system Vijaya Kumar, J. and Randive, K. / Platinum group elements in lamprophyre, picrobasalt, gabbro and basalts of the Phenai Mata and nearby areas: implications for Fe–Ni–Cu–PGE mineralization in the Deccan Large Igneous Province Index

Note: Contents Characteristics of LIPs and their plumbing systems Srivastava, R. K., Ernst, R. E., Buchan, K. L. and de Kock, M. An overview of the plumbing systems of large igneous provinces and their significance Klausen, M. B. / Highly magmatic break-up LIP centres: revisiting the East Greenland volcanic rifted margin Precambrian LIPs and their plumbing systems Cundari, R., Hollings, P., Smyk, M. and Carl, C. / The geochemical evolution of the Logan Igneous Suite, Ontario, Canada: new insights from the Logan Basin and implications for the genesis of the Mesoproterozoic Midcontinent Rift System Davis, W. R., Collins, M. A., Rooney, T. O., Brown, E. L., Stein, C. A., Stein, S. and Moucha, R. / Geochemical, petrographic, and stratigraphic analyses of the Portage Lake Volcanics of the Keweenawan CFBP: implications for the evolution of main stage volcanism in continental flood basalt provinces Stepanova, A. V., Stepanov, V. S., Larionov, A. N., Salnikova, E. B., Samsonov, A. V., Azimov, P., Egorova, S. V., Babarina, I. I., Larionova, Y. O., Sukhanova, M. A., Kervinen, A. V. and Maksimov, O. A. / Relicts of Paleoproterozoic LIPs in the Belomorian Province, eastern Fennoscandian Shield: barcode reconstruction for a deeply eroded collisional orogen Peng, P., Xu, H., Wang, C., Su, X., Sun, F. and Wang, X. / Spatiotemporal evolution of large igneous provinces and their related rifts in the North China craton: role in craton breakup and destruction Pandit, M. K., Pivarunas, A. and Meert, J. G. / Geochemical and palaeomagnetic characteristics of the Vestfold Hills mafic dykes in the Prydz Bay region: implications of a Paleoproterozoic connection between East Antarctica and Proto-India Srivastava, R. K., Ernst, R. E., Söderlund, U., Samal, A. K., Pandey, O. P. and Gautam, G. C. / Existence of the Dharwar–Bastar–Singhbhum (DHABASI) megacraton since 3.35 Ga: constraints from the Precambrian large igneous province record Ahmad, T., Yousuf, I. and Chauhan, H. / Petrogenesis and tectonic settings of Proterozoic mafic magmatism from the northern Indian Shield and the Himalaya: possible role for interaction of mantle plume with the subcontinental lithospheric mantle Phanerozoic LIPs and their plumbing systems Pham, T. T., Shellnutt, J. G., Tran, T.-A. , Denyszyn, S. W. and Iizuka, Y. / Petrogenesis of silicic rocks from the Phan Si Pan–Tu Le region of the Emeishan large igneous province, northwestern Vietnam Morake, M. A., O’Kennedy, J. N. F., Knoper, M. W., de Kock, M., Kramers, J. D., Grantham, G. H., Belyanin, G. and Elburg, M. A. / The age and palaeomagnetism of Jurassic dykes, western Dronning Maud Land: implications for Gondwana breakup Oliveira, A. L., Hollanda, M. H. B. M., Siqueira, R. and Macêdo Filho, A. A. / Using a ‘speedy’ unspiked K–Ar methodology to investigate age patterns in giant mafic dyke swarms Singh, A. K., Oinam, G., Chung, S.-L., Bikramaditya, R. K., Lee, H.-Y. and Joshi, M. / Magmatism in the Siang window of the Eastern Himalayan Syntaxis, NE India: a vestige of Kerguelen mantle plume activity Cucciniello, C., Morra, V., Melluso, L. and Jourdan, F. / Constraints on duration, age and migration of the feeder systems of the Madagascan Flood Basalt Province from high-precision 40 Ar/39 Ar chronology Kale, V. S., Dole, G., Patil Pillai, S., Chatterjee, P. and Bodas, M. / Morphological types in the Deccan Volcanic Province, India: implications for emplacement dynamics of continental flood basalts Sonu, Kumar, A., Satyanarayanan, M., Pathak, V., Vedanti, N. and Shrivastava, J. P. / Chemical stratigraphy of subsurface lava flows from the Koyna (KBH1) core and correlation with the southwestern stratigraphy of the Deccan Traps Steiner, R. A., Rooney, T. O., Girard, G., Rogers, N., Ebinger, C. J., Peterson, L. and Phillips, R. K. / Initial Cenozoic magmatic activity in East Africa: new geochemical constraints on magma distribution within the Eocene continental flood basalt province LIPs and their economic potential Pirajno, F. / Mineral systems and their putative link with mantle plumes Reis, N. J., Teixeira, W., D’Agrella-Filho, M. S., Bettencourt, J. S., Ernst, R. E. and Goulart, L. E. A. / Large igneous provinces of the Amazonian Craton and their metallogenic potential in Proterozoic times Shellnutt, J. G., Pang, K.-N., Qi, L. and Bhat, G. M. / Platinum-group element geochemistry of the Panjal Traps: constraints on mantle melting and implications for mineral exploration Dey, A. and Mondal, S. K. / Origin of Fe–Ni–Cu (Co) sulfide and Fe–Ti oxide minerals in the c. 1.77 Ga dolerite dyke, Singhbhum Craton (eastern India) Choudhary, S., Sen, K. and Kumar, S. / Pyroxenite-hosted chalcopyrites from Sung Valley, Meghalaya, NE India: implications for the formation of both high- and low-temperature sulfides in plume-derived magma Index

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis Vorwort Faszination Eis Teil I - Eine dünne Hülle Heute -42 °C in der Arktis Ein Regenwald am Südpol Mit dem Wind um die Welt In der Wüste Teil II - Das Ende des Eises Expeditionen zu den Eisschilden unserer Erde Unterwegs auf dem Meereis der Arktis Das unsichtbare Eis der Erde Teil III - Ein neuer Ozean Die Weltreise der Enten The Day After Tomorrow Nur ein paar Zentimeter? Das Meer wird sauer Teil IV - Belebte Pole Unter dem Meer Unterwegs auf dünnem Eis Das große Kuscheln Der Klang des Ozeans Generation Zukunft Dank Nachtrag Quellen Bildnachweis

Note: Contents: Introduction / Valentí Rull, Christopher Stevenson Transpacific Voyaging and Settlement Ex Oriente Lux: Amerindian Seafaring and Easter Island Contact Revisited / Atholl Anderson Commensals/Domesticates on Rapa Nui: What Can Their Phylogeographic Patterns Tell Us About the Discovery and Settlement of the Island? / Vicki A. Thomson, Michael Herrera, Jeremy J. Austin Sweet Potato on Rapa Nui: Insights from a Monographic Study of the Genus Ipomoea / Pablo Muñoz-Rodríguez, John R. I. Wood, Robert W. Scotland Pre-European Contact Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas) at Rapa Nui: Macrobotanical Evidence from Recent Excavations in Rano Raraku Quarry, Rapa Nui / Jo Anne Van Tilburg, Jennifer M. Huebert, Sarah C. Sherwood, Casey R. Barrier Anakena Re-visited: New Perspectives on Old Problems at Anakena, Rapa Nui / Paul Wallin, Helene Martinsson-Wallin The Ancient Rapanui Culture A Behavioral Assessment of Refuge Caves (ana kionga) on Rapa Nui / Christopher Stevenson, José Miguel Ramrez-Aliaga, Juan Gongalves Borrega Vinapū Area Re-visited / Helene Martinsson-Wallin Undelivered Moai or Unidentified Monument? / Nicolas Cauwe, Morgan De Dapper Platforms in Motion: A Genealogical Architecture / Nicolas Cauwe Climatic and Environmental Change Climatology of Rapa Nui (Isla de Pascua, Easter Island) / Raymond S. Bradley, William J. D’Andrea, Henry F. Diaz, Liang Ning Prehistoric Paleoecology of Easter Island / Valentí Rull Geological and Climatic Features, Processes and Interplay Determining the Human Occupation and Habitation of Easter Island / Alberto Sáez, Olga Margalef, Laura Becerril, Christian Herrera, James Goff, Sergi Pla-Rabes et al. Deforestation and Extinctions The Flora and Vegetation of Easter Island: Past and Present / Georg Zizka, Alexander Zizka Palms for the Archaeologist / Daniel W. Ingersoll Jr., Kathleen B. Ingersoll, Fred W. Stauffer Spatio-Temporal Patterns of Deforestation, Settlement, and Land Use on Easter Island Prior to European Arrivals / Peter Steiglechner, Agostino Merico Economic Causes and Consequences of Deforestation on Easter Island / James A. Brander Palm Forest to Gardens and Grassland: A Study of Environmental and Geomorphological Changes of the Te Niu, Rapa Nui Landscape / Joan A. Wozniak Collapse or Resilience? Environmental Change and Cultural Continuity: Extraordinary Achievements of the Rapanui Society after Deforestation / Andreas Mieth, Annette Kühlem, Burkhard Vogt, Hans-Rudolf Bork Ecology Limits Population, But Interaction with Culture Defines It: Carrying Capacity on Rapa Nui / Cedric O. Puleston, Thegn N. Ladefoged Population Principles, Climate Change, and the “Collapse” of the Rapa Nui Society / Mauricio Lima, Eugenia M. Gayo, Sergio A. Estay, Nils Chr. Stenseth Claims and Evidence in the Population History of Rapa Nui (Easter Island) / Carl P. Lipo, Robert J. DiNapoli, Terry L. Hunt European Contact The Human Giants of Easter Island (Rapa Nui) / Jan J. Boersema Synthesis Towards a Holistic Approach to Easter Island’s Prehistory / Valentí Rull, Christopher Stevenson

Note: Contents Part I Introduction The Arctic Region and Its Inhabitants / Anastasia Emelyanova A Holistic Approach to One Health in the Arctic / Arleigh Reynolds, Susan Kutz, Tessa Baker Seasonal Animal Migrations and the Arctic: Ecology, Diversity, and Spread of Infectious Agents / Øystein Varpe, Silke Bauer Part II Major Health Threats to Arctic Animals and People Climate Change in Northern Regions / Bob van Oort, Marianne Tronstad Lund, Anouk Brisebois Loss of Untouched Land / Roland Pape Arctic Ecosystems, Wildlife and Man: Threats from Persistent Organic Pollutants and Mercury / Christian Sonne, Robert James Letcher, Bjørn Munro Jenssen, Rune Dietz Oil Spills in the Arctic / Sadie K. Wright, Sarah Allan, Sarah M. Wilkin, Michael Ziccardi Nuclear Radiation / Birgitta Åhman Part III Arctic Zoonoses: Diseases Transmitted from Animals to Man Rabies in the Arctic / Karsten Hueffer, Morten Tryland, Svetlana Dresvyanikova Brucellosis in the Arctic and Northern Regions / Xavier Fernandez Aguilar, Ingebjørg H. Nymo, Kimberlee Beckmen, Svetlana Dresvyanikova, Irina Egorova, Susan Kutz Anthrax in the North / Karsten Hueffer, Svetlana Dresvyanikova, Irina Egorova Cystic and Alveolar Echinococcosis Caused by Echinococcus canadensis and E. multilocularis in the Arctic / Temitope U. Kolapo, Antti Oksanen, Rebecca Davidson, Emily J. Jenkins Toxoplasmosis in Northern Regions / Émilie Bouchard, Pikka Jokelainen, Rajnish Sharma, Heather Fenton, Emily J. Jenkins Trichinella spp. in the North / Rajnish Sharma, Edoardo Pozio, Émilie Bouchard, Emily J. Jenkins Cryptosporidiosis and Giardiosis in the Arctic: Increasing Threats in a Warmer World? / Lucy J. Robertson, John J. Debenham Erysipelas in Arctic and Northern Regions / Fabien Mavrot, O. Alejandro Aleuy, Taya Forde, Susan J. Kutz Tularemia in the Arctic / Cristina M. Hansen, Svetlana Dresvyannikova Orthohantaviruses in the Arctic: Present and Future / Frauke Ecke, Magnus Magnusson, Barbara A. Han, Magnus Evander Zoonotic Marine Helminths: Anisakid Nematodes and Diphyllobothriid Cestodes / Heather Fenton Parapoxvirus Infections in Northern Species and Populations / Morten Tryland Part IV Harvesting the Arctic: Potential Health Threats for Arctic People Hunting with Lead Ammunition: A One Health Perspective / Jon M. Arnemo, Boris Fuchs, Christian Sonne, Sigbjørn Stokke Traditional Conservation Methods and Food Habits in the Arctic / Raphaela Stimmelmayr, Gay Sheffield Part V Working with Arctic Communities Wildlife Health Surveillance in the Arctic / Sylvia L. Checkley, Matilde Tomaselli, Nigel Caulkett Dogs and People: Providing Veterinary Services to Remote Arctic Communities / Tessa Baker, Laurie Meythaler-Mullins, Arleigh Reynolds, Susan Kutz Semi-Domesticated Reindeer, Health, and Animal Welfare / Morten Tryland

Note: Table of Contents Abstract Zusammenfassung Samenvatting Acknowledgements List of Figures List of Tables List of Abbreviations 1 Introduction 1.1 Motivation 1.2 Aims and research questions 1.3 Scientific background 1.3.1 The Arctic in a changing climate 1.3.2 Northern Hemisphere permafrost region 1.3.3 Permafrost degradation 1.3.3.1 Thermokarst development 1.3.3.2 Retrogressive thaw slumps 1.3.4 Organic matter in permafrost deposits 1.4 Material and methods 1.4.1 Study sites 1.4.2 Main laboratory methods 1.5 Thesis structure 1.6 Overview of publications 1.6.1 Publication “n-Alkane Characteristics of Thawed Permafrost Deposits Below a Thermokarst Lake on Bykovsky Peninsula, Northeastern Siberia” 1.6.2 Publication “Greenhouse gas production and lipid biomarker distribution in Yedoma and Alas thermokarst lake sediments in Eastern Siberia” 1.6.3 Publication “Organic matter characteristics of a rapidly eroding permafrost cliff in NE Siberia (Lena Delta, Laptev Sea region)” 1.6.4 Publication “Molecular biomarkers in Batagay megaslump permafrost deposits reveal clear differences in organic matter preservation between glacial and interglacial periods” 1.6.5 Contributions to complementary research 2 Bykovsky Peninsula 2.1 Abstract 2.2 Introduction 2.3 Study area 2.4 Material and methods 2.4.1 Field work 2.4.2 Laboratory analyses 2.4.2.1 Biomarker analysis 2.4.2.2 Biomarker indices 2.5 Results 2.5.1 Bulk sediment 2.5.1.1 Long core PG2412 2.5.1.2 Short core PG2420 2.5.2 Hydrochemistry 2.5.3 n-Alkane distributions 2.6 Discussion 2.6.1 Depositional history at the study site 2.6.1.1 Unit I - Early Weichselian fluvial sedimentation 2.6.1.2 Unit II – Yedoma deposition in wetland landscapes dominated by low-centered polygons 2.6.1.3 Unit III/Unit A – Yedoma deposition under cold-dry conditions during the Late Weichselian 2.6.1.4 Unit IV/Unit B – Holocene thermokarst lake formation and lacustrine sedimentation 2.6.2 Organic matter degradation 2.7 Conclusion 2.8 Acknowledgements 3 Yukechi Alas 3.1 Abstract 3.2 Introduction 3.3 Methods and materials 3.3.1 Study area 3.3.2 Field work 3.3.3 Laboratory analyses 3.3.3.1 Organic carbon content 3.3.3.2 Lipid biomarkers 3.3.4 Incubations 3.3.5 Statistical analysis 3.4 Results 3.4.1 Organic matter characteristics 3.4.1.1 Alas lake sediment core YU-L7 3.4.1.2 Yedoma lake sediment core YU-L15 3.4.2 Greenhouse gas production 3.4.2.1 Alas lake sediment core YU-L7 3.4.2.2 Yedoma lake sediment core YU-L15 3.4.2.3 Carbon mineralization 3.4.3 Statistical correlation and regression 3.5 Discussion 3.5.1 Organic matter degradation potential 3.5.1.1 Organic carbon quantity 3.5.1.2 Organic matter preservation and talik formation 3.5.1.3 Presence of methanogenic communities 3.5.2 Greenhouse gas production 3.5.2.1 Carbon dioxide production 3.5.2.2 Methane production 3.5.3 GHG links with other parameters and outlook 3.6 Conclusion 3.7 Acknowledgements 4 Sobo-Sise cliff 4.1 Abstract 4.2 Introduction 4.3 Study area 4.4 Methods 4.4.1 Fieldwork 4.4.2 Sedimentological organic matter parameters 4.4.3 Lipid biomarkers 4.4.3.1 Extraction and fraction separation 4.4.3.2 GC-MS measurements and compound quantification 4.4.4 Biomarker indices 4.4.4.1 Average Chain Length 4.4.4.2 Carbon Preference Index 4.4.4.3 Higher Plant Fatty Acids 4.4.5 Data analysis 4.5 Results 4.5.1 Sedimentological organic matter parameters 4.5.2 Biomarkers 4.5.2.1 n-Alkanes 4.5.2.2 Fatty acids 4.5.3 Clustering 4.6 Discussion 4.6.1 Terrestrial depositional environment 4.6.1.1 Organic matter source 4.6.1.2 Organic matter quality 4.6.2 Implications and outlook 4.7 Conclusion 4.8 Acknowledgements 5 Batagay thaw slump 5.1 Abstract 5.2 Introduction 5.3 Study site 5.4 Methods 5.4.1 Sample collection 5.4.2 Laboratory analyses 5.5 Results 5.5.1 Detected biomolecules 5.5.2 Lower Ice Complex 5.5.3 Lower Sand Unit 5.5.4 Woody Layer 5.5.5 Upper Ice Complex - Yedoma 5.5.6 Holocene Cover 5.6 Discussion 5.6.1 Biogeochemical legacy of glacial periods 5.6.2 Biogeochemical legacy of interglacial periods 5.6.3 Modern organic matter mobilization in the Batagay megaslump 5.7 Conclusion 5.8 Acknowledgements 6 Synthesis 6.1 Lipid biomarkers to characterize permafrost organic matter 6.1.1 Organic matter source 6.1.2 Organic matter quality 6.2 Mobilization of organic matter in thawing permafrost 6.2.1 Methane production vs. emission 6.2.2 Using the data in models 6.2.3 Transport of OM into aquatic systems 6.3 Recommendations for future research References Appendix A Supporting information for Chapter 2 Appendix B Supporting information for Chapter 3 Appendix C Supporting information for Chapter 4 Appendix D Supporting information for Chapter 5

Note: Contents Acknowledgements Archer, S. G., Kombrink, H., Patruno, S., Chiarella, D., Jackson, C. A.-L. and Howell, J. A. / Cross-border petroleum geology in the North Sea: an introduction General North Sea Patruno, S., Kombrink, H. and Archer, S. G. / Cross-border stratigraphy of the Northern, Central and Southern North Sea: a comparative tectono-stratigraphic megasequence synthesis Kombrink, H. and Patruno, S. / The integration of public domain lithostratigraphic data into a series of cross-border North Sea well-penetration maps Quirk, D. G. and Archer, S. G. / Exploration play statistics in the Southern North Sea region of The Netherlands and UK Quirk, D. G. and Archer, S. G. / Exploration play statistics in the central–northern North Sea region of UK–Norway–Denmark Roberts, P., Jordan, O., Steen, Ø., Leppard, C., Janssen, J. S., Baudia, E., Ramm, A. and Helgesen, G. / One North Sea fairway analysis: revealing opportunities through data integration across scales Myers, K., Rouillard, P. and Zanella, E. / Exploration performance in the UK and Norwegian North Sea Quirk, D. G., Underhill, J. R., Gluyas, J. G., Howe, M. J., Wilson, H. A. M. and Anderson, S. A / low-carbon future for The North Sea Basin Paleozoic Boscolo Gallo, A., Kilhams, B., de Keijzer, M. and Nicolai, C. / Can thin coals be resolved in seismic data? An example of the challenges for Carboniferous (Visean to Westphalian) source-rock definition across the Elbow Spit Platform (Netherlands) and the Mid North Sea High (UK) through well synthetic modelling Doornenbal, J. C., Kombrink, H., Bouroullec, R., Dalman, R. A. F., De Bruin, G., Geel, C. R., Houben, A. J. P., Jaarsma, B., Juez-Larré, J., Kortekaas, M., Mijnlieff, H. F., Nelskamp, S., Pharaoh, T. C., Ten Veen, J. H., Ter Borgh, M., Van Ojik, K., Verreussel, R. M. C. H., Verweij, J. M. and Vis, G.-J. / New insights on subsurface energy resources in the Southern North Sea Basin area Daniels, S. E., Tucker, M. E., Mawson, M. J., Holdsworth, R. E., Long, J. J., Gluyas, J. G. and Jones, R. R. / Nature and origin of collapse breccias in the Zechstein of NE England: local observations with cross-border petroleum exploration and production significance, across the North Sea Scisciani, V., Patruno, S., D’Intino, N. and Esestime, P. / Paleozoic basin reactivation and inversion of the underexplored Northern North Sea platforms: a cross-border approach Mesozoic Archer, S. G., McKie, T., Andrews, S. D., Wilkins, A. D., Hutchison, M., Young-Ziolkowski, N., Osunde, C., Matheson, J., Thackrey, S., Lang, M., Sola, B., Mouritzen, C., Perrell, C., Greenwood, M., Mauritzen, E. and Tenepalli, S. / Triassic mudstones of the Central North Sea: cross-border characterization, correlation and their palaeoclimatic significance Gray, E., Hartley, A. and Howell, J. / The influence of stratigraphy and facies distribution on reservoir quality and production performance in the Triassic Skagerrak Formation of the UK and Norwegian Central North Sea Orre, L. T. E. and Folkestad, A. / Depositional environments of the Early to Middle Triassic northern North Sea in a syn-rift to a post-rift setting Galluccio, L., Foote, N., Bertouche, M., Kostic, B. and James, A. / Preliminary assessment of dolomite stringers in the Upper Jurassic Farsund Formation as a potential unconventional hydrocarbon reservoir Cenozoic Pernin, N., Feuilleaubois, L., Bird, T. and Reiser, C. / Identifying and de-risking near-field opportunities through reliable pre-stack broadband attributes: examples from the Paleocene North Sea (UK–Norway) injectites play Karstens, J., Müller, P., Berndt, C. and Patruno, S. / Deep-seated focused fluid migration as indicator for hydrocarbon leads in the East Shetland Platform, North Sea Province Medvedev, S., Hartz, E. H., Schmid, D. W., Zakariassen, E. and Varhaug, P. / Influence of glaciations on North Sea petroleum systems Index

Note: Dissertation, Universität Potsdam, 2022 (kumulative Dissertation) , TABLE OF CONTENTS Abstract Zusammenfassung Allgemeinverständliche Zusammenfassung List of Figures List of Tables Funding Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1 Scientific Background 1.1.1 Arctic Climate Change 1.1.2 The Arctic Nearshore Zone 1.1.3 Ocean Color Remote Sensing 1.2 Objectives 1.3 Study Area 1.4 Methods 1.4.1 Field Sampling 1.4.2 Data Processing 1.4.3 Satellite Imagery Processing 1.5 Thesis Structure 1.6 Author Contributions Chapter 2 Long-Term High-Resolution Sediment and Sea Surface Temperature Spatial Patterns in Arctic Nearshore Waters retrived using 30-year Landsat Archive Imagery 2.1 Abstract 2.2 Introduction 2.3 Material and Methods 2.3.1 Regional Setting 2.3.2 Landsat Images Acquisition and Processing 2.3.3 Landsat Turbidity Retrieval 2.3.4 Transects in the nearshore zone 2.3.5 Wind Data 2.4 Results 2.4.1 Brightness Temperature 2.4.2 Surface Reflectance and Turbidity Mapping 2.4.3 Gradients in the nearshore zone 2.5 Discussion 2.6 Conclusion Appendix A Chapter 3 The Arctic Nearshore Turbidity Algorithm (ANTA) - A Multi Sensor Turbidity Algorithm for Arctic Nearshore Environments 3.1 Abstract 3.2 Introduction 3.3 Methods 3.3.1 Regional setting 3.3.2 In-situ sampling 3.3.3 Optical data processing 3.3.4 Algorithm tuning 3.3.5 Satellite imagery processing 3.4 Results and Discussion 3.4.1 Turbidity and SPM 3.4.2 ANTA performance 3.4.3 Comparison with the Dogliotti et al., (2015) algorithm 3.4.4 Test and transfer of the ANTA 3.5 Conclusion Chapter 4 Drivers of Turbidity and its Seasonal Variability in the Nearshore Zone of Herschel Island Qikiqtaruk (western Canadian Arctic) 4.1 Abstract 4.2 Introduction 4.3 Methods 4.3.1 Study Area 4.3.2 Satellite Imagery 4.3.3 In-situ data 4.3.4 Reanalysis data 4.4 Results and Discussion 4.4.1 Time Series Analysis 4.4.2 Drivers of turbidity 4.5 Conclusion Chapter 5 Synthesis 5.1 Applicability of Remote Sensing Algorithms in the Arctic Nearshore Zone 5.2 Drivers of Nearshore Turbidity 5.3 Spatial Variations of Nearshore Turbidity 5.4 Challenges and Outlook List of Acronyms Bibliography Danksagung

Note: Dissertation, Universität Potsdam, 2023 (publikationsbasierte Dissertation) , CONTENTS 1 Introduction 1.1 Introduction to climate reconstructions 1.1.1 Radiocarbon as a tracer of time 1.1.2 Environmental information stored in snow 1.2 Challenges of climate reconstructions 1.2.1 The particle flux 1.2.2 Modifications after the initial deposition 1.2.3 Sampling and measurement uncertainty 1.3 Objectives and overview of the thesis 1.4 Author contributions to the Manuscripts 2 Age-heterogeneity in marine sediments revealed by three-dimensional high-resolution radio-carbon measurements 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Methods 2.2.1 Study approach 2.2.2 Core setup and sampling 2.2.3 Estimation of the sediment accumulation rate 2.2.4 Estimation of the sediment mixing strength 2.2.5 Estimation of the net sediment displacement 2.2.6 Visual assessment of mixing 2.3 Results 2.3.1 Radiocarbon measurements 2.3.2 Sediment accumulation rate 2.3.3 Sediment mixing estimates 2.3.4 Spatial structure of sediment mixing 2.3.5 Components of age uncertainty 2.4 Discussion 2.4.1 Spatial scale of sediment heterogeneity 2.4.2 Potential implications for palaeo-reconstructions 2.4.3 Suggested 14C measurement strategy 2.5 Conclusions 2.6 Supplementary Material 2.6.1 Supplementary figures and tables 2.6.2 Supplementary table 3 Local-scale deposition of surface snow on the Greenland ice sheet 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Data and methods 3.2.1 Study site 3.2.2 SfM photogrammetry 3.2.3 Additional snow height and snowfall data 3.2.4 Estimation of surface roughness 3.3 Results 3.3.1 Relative snow heights from DEMs 3.3.2 Temporal snow height evolution 3.3.3 Day-to-day variations of snowfall 3.3.4 Changes in surface roughness 3.3.5 Implied internal structure of the snowpack 3.4 Discussion 3.4.1 Changes of surface structures 3.4.2 Implications for proxy data 3.4.3 Implications for snow accumulation 3.4.4 SfM as an efficient monitoring tool 3.5 Conclusions 3.6 Appendix 3.6.1 Additional information 3.6.2 Accuracy estimates and validation 3.6.3 Validation 3.6.4 Overall snow height evolution 3.6.5 Surface roughness 4 A snapshot on the buildup of the stable water isotopic signal in the upper snowpack at east-grip, Geenland ice sheet 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Methods and data 4.2.1 Study site 4.2.2 DEM generation 4.2.3 Isotope measurements 4.2.4 Simulation of the snowpack layering 4.2.5 Expected uncertainty 4.3 Results 4.3.1 Snow height evolution 4.3.2 Mean isotopic records 4.3.3 Combining isotopic data with snow height information 4.3.4 Observed vs. simulated composition 4.3.5 Changes in the isotope signal over time 4.4 Discussion 4.4.1 Evolution of the snow surface 4.4.2 Two-dimensional view of isotopes in snow 4.4.3 Buildup of the snowpack isotopic signal 4.5 Conclusion 5 General discussion and conclusions 5.1 Heterogeneity in sedimentary archives 5.1.1 Quantifying archive-internal heterogeneity 5.1.2 Relation between signal and heterogeneity 5.2 Methods to improve climate reconstructions 5.3 Implications for climate reconstructions 5.4 Concluding remarks Bibliography A the role of sublimation as a driver of climate signals in the water isotope content of surface snow: laboratory and field experimental results A.1 Introduction A.2 Methods A.2.1 Laboratory experimental methods A.2.2 Field experimental methods A.3 Results A.3.1 Laboratory experiments A.3.2 Field experiments A.4 Discussion A.5 Conclusions B Atmosphere-snow exchange explains surface snow isotope variability Acknowledgments Eidesstattliche Erklärung

Note: Dissertation, Universität Potsdam, 2021 , Table of Contents Acknowledgements Abstract Zusammenfassung List of figure List of tables List of abbreviation Chapter 1 1. Introduction 1.1 Research background 1.1.1 Response of mountain plant diversity to climate change 1.1.2 Response of Arctic vegetation composition and diversity to climate change 1.1.3 Understanding the critical mechanisms of community assembly are essential for sustaining ecosystem services 1.1.4 Pollen analysis as a traditional tool for representing palaeovegetation 1.1.5. Sedimentary ancient DNA (sedaDNA) is a useful tool for Quaternary ecology tracking 1.2 Study area 1.3 Aims and objectives 1.4 Structure of the thesis 1.4.1 Overview of the chapter 1.4.2 Author's contributions 1.4.3 Methods Chapter 2 2 Manuscript 1: Sedimentary ancient DNA reveals warming-induced alpine habitat loss threat to Tibetan Plateau plant diversity 2.1 Abstract 2.2 Introduction 2.3 Results and discussion 2.4 Methods 2.5 Acknowledgements · Chapter 3 3 Manuscript 2: Holocene vegetation and plant diversity changes in the north-eastern Siberian treeline region from pollen and sedimentary ancient DNA 3.1 Abstract 3.2 Introduction 3.3 Materials and methods 3.3.1 Study area 3.3.2 Lake sediment cores and subsampling 3.3.3 Dating 3.3.4 Pollen analysis 3.3.5 DNA extraction and amplification 3.3.6 Sequencing filtering and taxonomic assignment 3.3.7 Statistical analyses 3.4 Results 3.4.1 Chronology 3.4.2 SedaDNA and pollen assemblages 3.4.3 Gradient analysis and correlation analysis 3.5 Discussion 3 .5.1 Contributions of pollen and sedaDNA to vegetation reconstruction and taxon richness 3.5.2 Variation in Holocene vegetation composition in the Omoloy area, north-eastern Siberia 3.5.3 SedaDNA-based plant diversity changes within lake catchments of the Omoloy region 3.6 Conclusions 3.7 Acknowledgements Chapter 4 4 Manuscript 3: Vegetation reconstruction from Siberia and Tibetan Plateau using modern analogue technique - comparing sedimentary ancient DNA (sedaDNA) and pollen data 4.1 Abstract 4.2 Introduction 4.3 Materials and methods 4.3.1 Sites ofthe modern analogues 4.3.2 Sedimentary (ancient) DNA collection 4.3.3 Metabarcoding data processing and filtering 4.3.4 Pollen data collection 4.3.5 Numerical analysis 4.4 Results 4.4.1 Modern training-set, ROC curve analyses and AT results 4.4.2 Modern analogues for Lake Naleng and Omoloy lake II 4.4.3 Vegetation type reconstruction based on MAT 4.4.4 Projecting fossil samples in ordination space of modern assemblages 4.4.5 Comparing past and present intertaxa relationships 4.5 Discussion 4.5.1 Assessment of analogue quality using modem training-sets 4·5·2 Comparison of sed(a)DNA-based and pollen-based vegetation reconstruction for the Lake Naleng, Tibetan Plateau 4.5.3 Comparison of sedDNA based and pollen-based vegetation reconstruction for the Lake Omoloy, northern Siberia 4.6 Conclusions 4.7 Acknowledgements Chapter 5 5 Manuscript 4: Terrestrial-aquatic ecosystem links on the Tibetan Plateau inferred from sedaDNA shotgun sequencin 5.1 Abstract 5.2 Introduction 5.3 Results 5.4 Discussions 5.5 Methods 5.6 Acknowledgments Chapter 6 6 Synthesis 6.1 The ability of metabarcoding and metagenomic shotgun sequencing to reveal ecological community pattern 6.2 Driver of plant diversity change in high altitude and high latitudes 6.3 High-altitude and high-latitude vegetation type change 6.4 Past terrestrial and aquatic ecological change at ecosystem-scale 6.5 Conclusions and outlook Appendix 1 Appendix-1 Materials for Manuscript #1 1.1 Appendix discussion: Contamination in NTC6 2. Appendix-2 Materials for Manuscript #2 3. Appendix-3 Materials for Manuscript #3 4. Appendix-4 Materials for Manuscript #4 References Eidesstattliche Erklarung

Note: Dissertation, Universität Potsdam, 2021 , Contents List of abbreviations Acknowledgements Summary Zusammenfassung 1 Scientific background 1.1 Motivation 1.2 The arctic-boreal ecotone in time and space 1.2.1 Terrestrial plants composition and biodiversity 1.2.2. Lake macrophytes and diatoms 1.3 Sedimentary DNA metabarcoding as an ecologicalproxy 1.4 Study area 1.5 Objectives of the thesis 1.6 Methods 1.7 Thesis organizations 1.7.1 Manuscripts and chapters 1.7.2 Non-finalized research 1.7.2 Author contributions 2 Manuscript I: Genetic and morphological diatom composition in surface sediments from glacial and thermokarst lakes in the Siberian Arctic 2.1 Abstract 2.2 Introduction 2.3 Materials and methods 2.3.1 Sampling and collection of environmental data 2.3.2 Diatom genetic assessment 2.3.3 Raw sequence processing and taxonomic assignment 2.3.4 Morphological diatom identification 2.3.5 Statistical analyses 2.4 Results 2.4.1 Genetic-based diatom composition, diversityand diatom-environment relationship 2.4.2 Morphological-based diatom composition, diversity and diatom-environment relationship 2.4.3 Comparison of spatial diatom patterns obtained from the genetic and morphological approaches 2.5 Discussion 2.5.1 Genetic and morphological diatom composition and diversity 2.5.2 Diatom composition is affected by lake type and lake water parameters 2.6 Conclusions 2.7 Acknowledgments 3 Manuscript II: Plant sedimentary ancient DNA from Far East Russia covering the last 28 ka reveals different assembly rules in cold and warm climates 3.1 Abstract 3.2 Introduction 3.3 Methods 3.3.1 Study area 3.3.2 Sampling and dating 3.3.3 Genetic laboratory works 3.3.4 Processing the sequence data 3.3.5 Statistical analyses 3.4 Results 3.4.1 Overview of the sequencing data and taxonomic composition 3.4.2 Taxonomic alpha and beta diversity 3.4.3 Phylogenetic alpha and beta diversity 3.4.4 Relationship between taxonomic composition and phylogenetic diversity 3.5 Discussion 3.5.1 Vegetation history revealed by sedaDNA 3.5.2 Patterns oftaxonomic alpha diversity and their relationship to community composition 3.5.3 Relationship between richness and phylogenetic alpha and beta diversity 4 Manuscript III: Sedimentary DNA identifies modem and past macrophyte diversity and its environmental drivers in high latitude and altitude lakes in Siberia and China 4.1 Abstract 4.2 Introduction 4.3 Materialsand Methods 4.3.1 Field sampling of surface and core samples 4.3.2 Environmental data 4.3.3 Molecular genetic laboratory work 4.3.4 Bioinformatic analyses 4.3.5 Statistical analyses 4.4 Results 4.4.1 Macrophyte diversity in surface sediments inferred from sedDNA 4.4.2 Relationship of modem macrophyte richness and environmental variables 4.4.3 The relationship between modem macrophyte community and environmental variables 4.4.4 Past macrophyte richness and composition inferred from sedaDNA 4.4.5 Past macrophyte compositional changes and its environmental drivers 4.5 Discussion 4.5.1 Retrieval of aquatic plant diversity using the tmL P6 loop plant DNA metabarcode 4.5.2 Modem macrophyte diversity and its relation to environmental factors 4.5.3 Temporal macrophyte diversity as an indicator for past environmental change 4.6 Conclusion 5 Synopsis 5.1 Potential and limitations of sedimentary DNA in the applied study 5.1.1 Sedimentary DNA is a powerful proxy 5.1.2 Limitations in sedimentary DNA 5.2 Spatial patterns of vegetation, macrophytes and diatoms 5.2.1 Composition and diversity of vegetation 5.2.2 Composition and diversity of macrophytes 5.2.3 Composition and diversity of diatoms 5.3 Temporal patterns of vegetation, macrophytes and diatoms 5.3.1 Composition and diversity of vegetation 5.3.2 Composition and diversity of macrophytes 5.3.3 Composition and diversity of diatoms 5.4 Outlooks and conclusions Appendices Appendix 1 for Manuscript I Appendix 2 for Manuscript II Appendix 3 for Manuscript III References

Note: Inhaltsverzeichnis Mitarbeiter*innen des Beirats Danksagung Kästen Tabellen Abbildungen Akronyme Zusammenfassung 1 Einleitung 2 Land als Schlüssel zur Nachhaltigkeit – ein systemischer Blick 2.1 Landressourcen unter Druck: Nutzungskonkurrenzen, Übernutzung, Degradation 2.1.1 Ausmaß und Trends der Degradation terrestrischer Ökosysteme 2.1.2 Treiber von Landdegradation und Folgen 2.1.3 Land Degradation Neutrality als Ziel internationaler Nachhaltigkeitspolitik 2.2 Das Trilemma der Landnutzung 2.2.1 Die Klimakrise 2.2.2 Die Krise des Ernährungssystems 2.2.3 Die Biodiversitätskrise 2.3 Zukunftsvision für einen nachhaltigen Umgang mit Land 2.3.1 Ein nachhaltiger Umgang mit Land: systemisch, synergistisch, solidarisch 2.3.2 Die Transformation zu einem nachhaltigen Umgang mit Land gestalten 3 Mehrgewinnstrategien für einen nachhaltigen Umgang mit Land 3.1 Renaturierung: Landbasierte CO2-Entfernung synergistisch gestalten 3.1.1 CO2-Senken: Ausgangssituation 3.1.1.1 CO2-Entfernung aus der Atmosphäre: Konzept und Definition 3.1.1.2 Landbasierte Ansätze zur CO2-Entfernung: Technologien, Potenziale und Begleitwirkungen 3.1.1.3 Die Rolle von Methoden der CO2-Entfernung in Klimaschutzszenarien 3.1.2 Grundsätze zur nachhaltigen CO2-Entfernung: Unsicherheiten beleuchten, Risiken begrenzen, Mehrgewinne beflügeln 3.1.3 Mehrgewinnstrategie „Renaturierung degradierter terrestrischer Ökosysteme" 3.1.3.1 Renaturierung als Strategie zur Revitalisierung von Ökosystemfunktionen 3.1.3.2 Wiederaufforstung 3.1.3.3 Renaturierung von Graslandökosystemen 3.1.3.4 Renaturierung von Mooren 3.1.3.5 Renaturierung im Fokus internationaler Nachhaltigkeitspolitik 3.1.3.6 Umsetzung von Renaturierungsmaßnahmen 3.1.3.7 Folgerungen zu Renaturierung 3.1.4 Handlungsempfehlungen 3.1.4.1 Handlungsempfehlungen für Maßnahmen zur Entfernung von CO2 3.1.4.2 Handlungsempfehlungen zur Renaturierung degradierter Ökosysteme 3.1.5 Forschungsempfehlungen 3.1.5.1 Forschungsempfehlungen: CO2-Entfernung 3.1.5.2 Forschungsempfehlungen: Renaturierung 3.2 Schutzgebietssysteme ausweiten und aufwerten 3.2.1 Ökosystemschutz: Probleme und Mehrgewinne 3.2.2 Internationale Ziele für den Ökosystemschutz 3.2.3 Die Ausweitung und Aufwertung von Schutzgebietssystemen als Mehrgewinnstrategie 3.2.3.1 Schutzgebietssysteme als Instrumente des Ökosystem- und Biodiversitätsschutzes 3.2.3.2 Mehrgewinne in Schutzgebietssystemen 3.2.3.3 Zielerreichung und künftige Ziele 3.2.3.4 Schutzgebietssysteme unter Druck: Treiber, Handlungsbedarfe, Barrieren und Akteure 3.2.3.5 Fokus indigene Völker und lokale Gemeinschaften: Hüter*innen der Ökosysteme 3.2.3.6 Fokus Landschaft: vernetzte Schutzgebietssysteme in einem integrierten Landschaftsansatz 3.2.3.7 Fokus Finanzierung von Schutzgebietssystemen 3.2.4 Folgerungen 3.2.5 Handlungsempfehlungen 3.2.6 Forschungsempfehlungen 3.3 Landwirtschaftssysteme diversifizieren 3.3.1 Heutige Landwirtschaftssysteme stoßen an die Grenzen 3.3.1.1 Industrielle Landwirtschaft: Beispiel EU 3.3.1.2 Ertragsarme Subsistenzlandwirtschaft und persistierende Ernährungsunsicherheit: Beispiel Subsahara-Afrika 3.3.1.3 Wirkung des internationalen Agrarhandels auf Resilienz gegenüber Krisen und nachhaltige Entwicklung: Die Beispiele EU und Subsahara-Afrika 3.3.2 Mehrgewinnstrategien zur Diversifizierung von Landwirtschaftssystemen 3.3.2.1 Zielbild und Grundsätze 3.3.2.2 Ökologisierung der industriellen Landwirtschaft in der EU 3.3.2.3 Landwirtschaftliche Produktivität in Subsahara-Afrika nachhaltig steigern, Klimaanpassung und Ernährungssicherung erreichen 3.3.2.4 Ausrichtung des Agrarhandels auf Resilienz und Nachhaltigkeit 3.3.2.5 Ökologisierung versus Intensivierung und die Messung der Treibhausgase: Eine Einordnung 3.3.2.6 Komponenten der Mehrgewinnstrategien 3.3.3 Handlungsempfehlungen 3.3.3.1 Handlungsempfehlungen für die Ökologisierung der industriellen Landwirtschaft der EU und die GAP nach 2020 3.3.3.2 Handlungsempfehlungen für Subsahara-Afrika und für die Entwicklungszusammenarbeit 3.3.3.3 Handlungsempfehlungen zum Handel 3.3.4 Forschungsempfehlungen 3.3.4.1 Forschungsempfehlungen zur EU 3.3.4.2 Forschungsempfehlungen zur Landnutzung in Subsahara-Afrika 3.3.4.3 Forschungsempfehlungen zum Handel. 3.4 Die Transformation der tierproduktlastigen Ernährungsstile in den Industrieländern vorantreiben 3.4.1 Problemstellung: Das globale Ernährungssystem 3.4.1.1 Definition und Entwicklung des Ernährungssystems 3.4.1.2 Auswirkungen des Ernährungssystems 3.4.1.3 Ernährungsstile 3.4.1.4 Treiber für die Missstände im Ernährungssystem 3.4.2 Transformation des Ernährungssystems durch Transformation von Ernährungsstilen 3.4.2.1 Potenziale auf Seiten der Nachfrage 3.4.2.2 Zielbild: Mehrgewinn durch die Transformation tierproduktlastiger Ernährungsstile in den Industrieländern 3.4.3 Eine Frage des Bewusstseins? Von den vielfältigen Bedingungen der Entwicklung und Veränderung von Ernährungsstilen 3.4.3.1 Ernährungsstile und Konzerninteressen global betrachtet 3.4.3.2 Einflüsse auf die Entwicklung von Ernährungsstilen 3.4.3.3 Nahrungsaufnahme als soziale Situation 3.4.3.4 Brüche in der Ernährungsbiografie und Wertewandel im Ernährungsstil 3.4.3.5 Kontext und Ressourcen als mögliche Ansatzpunkte für Veränderung von Ernährungsstilen 3.4.3.6 Fazit: normative nachhaltige Orientierung in der Gemeinschaftsverpflegung als besonderer Transformationsauslöser 3.4.4 Ansatzpunkte zur Stärkung der Transformation von Ernährungsstilen 3.4.4.1 Steuerung mit Spielräumen zur Achtung von Eigenart 3.4.4.2 Transformation durch wahre Preise und nachhaltiges Angebot 3.4.4.3 Vielfältige Nuclei der Transformation 3.4.4.4 Transformationspotenzial durch Stärkung von Wissensressourcen (Siegel und Leitlinien) 3.4.4.5 Transformationsansätze in der Gemeinschaftsverpflegung: Hebung mehrfachen Transformationspotenzials 3.4.5 Handlungsempfehlungen 3.4.5.1 Nachhaltige Ernährung durch mit der Planetary Health Diet konforme Leitlinien konsequent zur Norm erheben 3.4.5.2 Den Trend zu tierproduktarmer Ernährung unterstützen und Ernährungsbiografien nachhaltig prägen 3.4.5.3 Konsument*innen darin unterstützen, nachhaltige Ernährungsstile zu praktizieren 3.4.5.4 „Gesunden Handel“ national und international fördern 3.4.6 Forschungsempfehlungen 3.4.6.1 Transformative Forschung zur Stärkung nachhaltiger Ernährungsstile 3.4.6.2 Bestehende Forschungsprogramme im Ernährungsbereich um nachhaltige Aspekte erweitern 3.5 Bioökonomie verantwortungsvoll gestalten und dabei Holzbau fördern 3.5.1 Probleme und Potenziale der verstärkten Nutzung biologischer Ressourcen 3.5.2 Zielbild und wichtige Handlungsfelder für eine nachhaltige Bioökonomie 3.5.2.1 Zielbild einer nachhaltigen Bioökonomie 3.5.2.2 Wichtige Handlungsfelder für eine nachhaltige Bioökonomie 3.5.3 Mehrgewinnstrategie Holzbau 3.5.3.1 Potenziale des Holzbaus als Ergänzung und Alternative zu konventionellen Bauweisen 3.5.3.2 Bestehende Instrumente zur Förderung des Holzbaus 3.5.4 Handlungsempfehlungen 3.5.4.1 Handlungsempfehlungen für Holzbau 3.5.4.2 Handlungsempfehlungen für Bioökonomie insgesamt 3.5.5 Forschungsempfehlungen 3.5.5.1 Forschungsempfehlungen zum Holzbau 3.5.5.2 Forschungsempfehlungen für Bioökonomie insgesamt 3.6 Zusammenspiel und Umsetzung von Mehrgewinnstrategien 3.6.1 Zusammenspiel zwischen Mehrgewinnstrategien: Beispiele 3.6.2 Umsetzung von Mehrgewinnstrategien im Kontext des integrierten Landschaftsansatzes 4 Transformative Governance für einen solidarischen Umgang mit Land 4.1 Pionier*innen des Wandels: Akteure zur Verantwortungsübernahme ermächtigen 4.1.1 Möglichkeiten und Grenzen eines nachhaltigen solidarischen Konsums 4.1.2 Pionier*innen des Wandels in wirkmächtigen Rollen 4.1.3 Empfehlungen zur Förderung von solidarischem Konsum und von Nischenakteuren in der Landwende 4.2 Gestaltender Staat: Rahmenbedingungen für den solidarischen Umgang mit Land schaffen 4.2.1 Nachhaltiges Verhalten belohnen, Umweltschäden bepreisen: Anreiz- und Preisinstrumente 4.2.2 Nachhaltigkeit einfordern: freiwillige und

Note: Dissertation, Universität Potsdam, 2021 , CONTENTS 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Motivation: Aerosol and cloud relevance to Arctic amplification 1.2 Theoretical background 1.2.1 Atmospheric aerosol 1.2.2 Aerosol in the Arctic 1.2.3 Cirrus clouds 1.3 Research questions 2 METHODS 2.1 lidar remote sensing techniqu 2.1.1 Elastic and Raman lidar equations 2.1.2 lidar signal corrections 2.1.3 Derivation of particle optical properties and related uncertainties 2.2 Lidar systems 2.2.1 Ground-based system KARL 2.2.2 Air-borne system AMALi 2.2.3 Space-borne system CALIOP 2.3 Ancillary instrumentation 2.3.1 Radiosondes 2.3.2 Sun-photometers 2.3.3 Radiation sensors 2.4 Modeling tools 2.4.1 Air mass backward trajectories 2.4.2 Aerosol microphysics retrieval algorithm 2.4.3 Radiative transfer model SCIATRAN 2.4.4 Multiple-scattering correction model 2.4.5 Simplified cloud radiative effect model 3 ARCTIC AEROSOL PROPERTIES AND RADIATIVE EFFECT (CASE STUDIES) 3.1 Aerosol in the upper troposphere (Spring) 3.1.1 Overview of aerosol observations and air mass origin 3.1.2 Modification of aerosol optical and microphysical properties 3.1.3 Aerosol radiative effect (ARE) 3.2 Sensitivities of the spring-time Arctic ARE 3.2.1 Sensitivity on aerosol related parameters 3.2.2 Sensitivity on ambient conditions 3.3 Aerosol in the lower troposphere (Winter) 3.3.1 Overview of remote sensing and in-situ measurements 3.3.2 Aerosol properties from the remote sensing perspective: KARL and CALIOP 3.3.3 Aerosol microphysical properties from in-situ and remote sensing perspectives 3.4 Discussion and Conclusions 4 DEVELOPMENT OF A CIRRUS CLOUD RETRIEVAL SCHEME 4.1 Fine-scale cirrus cloud detection 4.1.1 Selection of cirrus clouds 4.1.2 Wavelet Covariance Transform method 4.1.3 Revised detection method: Dynamic Wavelet Covariance Transform 4.2 Comparison of dynamic and static cirrus detection 4.3 Cirrus cloud optical retrievals 4.3.1 Existing cirrus optical retrievals: double-ended Klett and Raman 4.3.2 Temporal averaging within stationary periods 4.3.3 Revised optical retrieval: constrained Klett method 4.4 Comparison to established optical retrievals 4.5 How uncertainties in cirrus detection affect the optical retrievals? 4.6 Discussion 4.6.1 Limitations of cirrus retrieval schemes 4.6.2 Strengths of the revised retrieval scheme 4.7 Conclusions 5 LONG-TERM ANALYSIS OF ARCTIC CIRRUS CLOUD PROPERTIES 5.1 Overview of cirrus occurrence and meteorological conditions over Ny-Ålesund 5.2 Quality assurance of optical properties 5.2.1 Specular reflection effect 5.2.2 Investigation of extreme cirrus lidar ratio values 5.2.3 Multiple-scattering correction 5.3 Overview of cirrus optical properties over Ny-Ålesund 5.4 Inter-relations of cirrus properties 5.5 Dependence on meteorological conditions 5.5.1 Cirrus clouds in the tropopause 5.6 CRE estimation at TOA: sensitivity analysis 5.7 Conclusions 6 CONCLUSIONS AND OUTLOOK A CIRRUS DETECTION SENSITIVITIES a.1 Wavelet Covariance Transform - dilation sensitivity a.2 Wavelet Covariance Transform - wavelength dependency B CIRRUS OPTICAL CHARACTERIZATION SENSITIVITIES b.1 Reference value accuracy and limitations b.2 Inherent uncertainties of constrained Klett C MULTIPLE-SCATTERING CORRECTION FOR CIRRUS CLOUDS D SEASONAL CIRRUS PROPERTIES: DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS BIBLIOGRAPHY

Note: Contents Part I Arctic Climate and Greenland 1 Arctic Climate Change, Variability, and Extremes / John E. Walsh 2 Precipitation Characteristics and Changes / Hengchun Ye, Daqing Yang, Ali Behrangi, Svetlana L. Stuefer, Xicai Pan, Eva Mekis, Yonas Dibike, and John E. Walsh 3 Snow Cover - Observations, Processes, Changes, and Impacts on Northern Hydrology / Ross Brown, Philip Marsh, Stephen Déry, and Daqing Yang 4 Evaporation Processes and Changes Over the Northern Regions / Yinsheng Zhang, Ning Ma, Hotaek Park, John E. Walsh, and Ke Zhang 5 Greenland Ice Sheet and Arctic Mountain Glaciers / Sebastian H. Mernild, Glen E. Liston, and Daqing Yang Part II Hydrology and Biogeochemistry 6 Regional and Basin Streamflow Regimes and Changes: Climate Impact and Human Effect / Michael Rawlins, Daqing Yang, and Shaoqing Ge 7 Hydrologic Extremes in Arctic Rivers and Regions: Historical Variability and Future Perspectives / Rajesh R. Shrestha, Katrina E. Bennett, Daniel L. Peters, and Daqing Yang 8 Overview of Environmental Flows in Permafrost Regions / Daniel L, Peters, Donald J. Baird, Joseph Culp, Jennifer Lento, Wendy A. Monk, and Rajesh R. Shrestha 9 Yukon River Discharge Response to Seasonal Snow Cover Change / Daqing Yang, Yuanyuan Zhao, Richard Armstrong, Mary J. Brodzik, and David Robinson 10 Arctic River Water Temperatures and Thermal Regimes / Daqing Yang, Hoteak Park, Amber Peterson, and Baozhong Liu 11 Changing Biogeochemical Cycles of Organic Carbon, Nitrogen, Phosphorus, and Trace Elements in Arctic Rivers / Jonathan O'Donnell, Thomas Douglas, Amanda Barker, and Laodong Guo 12 Arctic Wetlands and Lakes-Dynamics and Linkages / Kathy L. Young, Laura Brown, and Yonas Dibike 13 River Ice Processes and Changes Across the Northern Regions / Daqing Yang, Hotaek Park, Terry Prowse, Alexander Shiklomanov, and Ellie McLeod Part III Permafrost and Frozen Ground 14 Permafrost Features and Talik Geometry in Hydrologic System / Kenji Yoshikawa and Douglas L. Kane 15 Ground Temperature and Active Layer Regimes and Changes / Lin Zhao, Cangwei Xie, Daqing Yang, and Tingjun Zhang 16 Permafrost Hydrology: Linkages and Feedbacks / Tetsuya Hiyama, Daqing Yang, and Douglas L. Kane 17 Permafrost Hydrogeology / Barret L. Kurylyk and Michelle A. Walvoord Part IV Ecosystem Change and Impact 18 Greenhouse Gases and Energy Fluxes at Permafrost Zone / Masahito Ueyama, Hiroki Iwata, Hideki Kobayashi, Eugénie Euskirchen, Lutz Merbold, Takeshi Ohta, Takashi Machimura, Donatella Zona, Walter C. Oechel, and Edward A. G. Schuur 19 Spring Phenology of the Boreal Ecosystems / Nicolas Delbart 20 Diagnosing Environmental Controls on Vegetation Greening and Browning Trends Over Alaska and Northwest Canada Using Complementary Satellite Observations / Youngwook Kim, John S. Kimball, Nicholas Parazoo, and Peter Kirchner 21 Boreal Forest and Forest Fires / Yongwon Kim, Hideki Kobayashi, Shin Nagai, Masahito Ueyama, Bang-Yong Lee, and Rikie Suzuki 22 Northern Ecohydrology of Interior Alaska Subarctic / Jessica M. Young-Robertson, W. Robert Bolton, and Ryan Toohey 23 Yukon River Discharge-NDVI Relationship / Weixin Xu and Daqing Yang Part V Cross-System Linkage and Integration 24 River Freshwater Flux to the Arctic Ocean / Alexander Shiklomanov, Stephen Déry, Mikhail Tretiakov, Daqing Yang, Dmitry Magritsky, Alex Georgiadi, and Wenqing Tang 25 River Heat Flux into the Arctic Ocean / Daqing Yang, Shaoqing Ge, Hotaek Park, and Richard L. Lammers 26 Cold Region Hydrologic Models and Applications / Hotaek Park, Yonas Dibike, Fengge Su, and John Xiaogang Shi 27 Regional Climate Modeling in the Northern Regions / Zhenhua Li, Yanping Li, Daqing Yang, and Rajesh R. Shrestha 28 High-Resolution Weather Research Forecasting (WRF) Modeling and Projection Over Western Canada, Including Mackenzie Watershed / Yanping Li and Zhenhua Li 29 Responses of Boreal Forest Ecosystems and Permafrost to Climate Change and Disturbances: A Modeling Perspective / Shuhua Yi and Fengming Yuan 30 Future Trajectory of Arctic System Evolution / Kazuyuki Saito, John E. Walsh, Arvid Bring, Ross Brown, Alexander Shiklomanov, and Daqing Yang Correction to: Arctic Hydrology, Permafrost and Ecosystems / Daqing Yang, and Douglas L. Kane

Note: Inhalt Vorwort Kapitel 1 Unsere Ozeane – Quelle des Lebens Kapitel Von der Bedeutung und der Endlichkeit der Meere Conclusio: Abschied von der Unendlichkeitsillusion Kapitel 2 Der Ozean im Klimawandel Die fatalen Folgen der Wärme Ein Angriff auf die Artenvielfalt Conclusio: Gradmesser Ozean Kapitel 3 Nahrung aus dem Meer Problemzone Fischerei Wachstumssektor Aquakultur Conclusio: Ein Nahrungslieferant am Limit Kapitel 4 Transporte über das Meer Die Schifffahrt am Scheideweg Conclusio: Eine Schlüsselbranche unter Druck Kapitel 5 Energie und Rohstoffe aus dem Meer Tiefseebergbau: Die Pläne nehmen Gestalt an Energiequelle Meer: Potenzial und Erwartungen Conclusio: Unsere Ozeane: voller Energie Kapitel 6 Die Verschmutzung der Meere Ein Problem gigantischen Ausmaßes Conclusio: Meere voller Müll und Schadstoffe Kapitel 7 Der Wettstreit um die genetische Vielfalt der Meere Wirkstoffe aus dem Meer Conclusio: Der Beginn einer goldenen Ära Kapitel 8 Anspruch und Wirklichkeit des Meeresmanagements Die Rechtsordnung der Ozeane Neue Ansätze des Meeresmanagement Der Ozean: Krisenschauplatz und Teil der Lösung Conclusio: Nachhaltiges Meeresmanagement – eine Herkulesaufgabe Gesamt-Conclusio Glossar Abkürzungen Quellenverzeichnis Mitwirkende Index Partner und Danksagung Abbildungsverzeichnis Impressum

Note: Contents Dedication Introduction Background and context Shumilovskikh, L., O’Keefe, J. M. K. and Marret, F. / An overview of the taxonomic groups of non-pollen palynomorphs Pound, M. J., O’Keefe, J. M. K. and Marret, F. / An overview of techniques applied to the extraction of non-pollen palynomorphs, their known taphonomic issues and recommendations to maximize recovery O’Keefe, J. M. K., Nuñez Otaño, N. B. and Virginia Bianchinotti, M. / Nomenclature: how do we designate NPP taxa? The major groups of NPPs Nuñez Otaño, N. B., Virginia Bianchinotti, M. and Saparrat, M. C. N. / Palaeomycology: a modern mycological view of fungal palynomorphs McCarthy, F. M. G., Pilkington, P. M., Volik, O., Heyde, A. and Cocker, S. L. / Non-pollen palynomorphs in freshwater sediments and their palaeolimnological potential and selected applications Andrews, L. O., Payne, R. J. and Swindles, G. T. / Testate amoebae as non-pollen palynomorphs in pollen slides: usefulness and application in palaeoenvironmental reconstruction Mudie, P. J., Marret, F., Gurdebeke, P. R., Hartman, J. D. and Reid, P. C. / Marine dinocysts, acritarchs and less well-known NPP: tintinnids, ostracod and foraminiferal linings, copepod and worm remains Application of NPPs to a variety of problems Gauthier, E. and Jouffroy-Bapicot, I. / Detecting human impacts: non-pollen palynomorphs as proxies for human impact on the environment van Asperen, E. N., Perrotti, A. and Baker, A. / Coprophilous fungal spores: non-pollen palynomorphs for the study of past megaherbivores Denison, C. N. / Stratigraphic and sedimentological aspects of the worldwide distribution of Apectodinium in Paleocene/Eocene Thermal Maximum deposits Wellman, C. H. and Ball, A. C. / Early land plant phytodebris Agić , H. and Cohen, P. A. / Non-pollen palynomorphs in deep time: unravelling the evolution of early eukaryotes Index

Note: Contents Dedication Bojar, A.-V., Pelc, A. and Lécuyer, C. / Stable isotope studies of the water cycle and terrestrial environments: introduction The water cycle Lécuyer, C., Bojar, A.-V., Daux, V. and Legendre, S. / Geographic variations in the slope of the δ2H–δ18O meteoric water line over Europe: a record of increasing continentality Nagavciuc, V., Bădăluță , C.-A. and Ionita, M. / The influence of the Carpathian Mountains on the variability of stable isotopes in precipitation and the relationship with large-scale atmospheric circulation Daux, V., Minster, B., Cauquoin, A., Jossoud, O., Werner, M. and Landais, A. / Oxygen and hydrogen isotopic composition of tap waters in France Marche, B. M., Rashid, H. and Parkinson, D.-R. / Correlation of seasonal precipitation isotopic profile with the modern climatological data: a case study from the western Newfoundland region of Canada Varlam, C., Duliu, O. G., Ionete, R. E. and Costinel, D. / Time series analysis of the δ2 H, δ18 O and dexcess values in correlation with monthly temperature, relative humidity and precipitation in Râmnicu Vâlcea, Romania: 2012–2018 Bojar, A.-V., Chmiel, S., Bojar, H.-P., Varlam, C. and Barbu, V. / Hydrological system in Quaternary clastic deposits, Mehedinţi County, Romania: isotope composition, chemistry and radiocarbon dating Bădăluț ă, C. A., Mihă ilă, D., Mihă ilă, D., Bădăluț ă, G. and Bistricean, P. I. 7 Stable isotopic and geochemical characterization of precipitation and riverine waters in the Eastern Carpathians and links with large-scale drivers Joshi, S. K., Rai, S. P. and Sinha, R. / Understanding groundwater recharge processes in the Sutlej-Yamuna plain in NW India using an isotopic approach Sironić, A., Bronić, I. K., Horvatinčić, N., Barešić, J., Borković, D., Vurnek, M. and Mikelić, I. L. / Carbon isotopes in dissolved inorganic carbon as tracers of carbon sources in karst waters of the Plitvice Lakes, Croatia Papp, D. C., Baciu, C., Turunen, K. and Kittilä, A. / Applicability of selected stable isotopes to study the hydrodynamics and contaminant transport within mining areas in Romania and Finland Terrestrial environments Bojar, A.-V., Lécuyer, C., Duliu, O. G., Bojar, H.-P. and Fourel, F. / Isotopic and time series investigations of recent stalagmites (1945–2018), Schlossberg tunnels, Graz, Austria: implications for climate change in Central Europe Cleary, D. M. and Onac, B. P. / Using ratios in cave guano to assess past environmental changes Tabor, N. J., Jahren, A. H., Wyman, L., Feseha, M., Todd, L. and Kappleman, J. / Stable isotope geochemistry of the modern Shinfa River, northwestern Ethiopian lowlands: a potential model for interpreting ancient environments of the Middle Stone Age Bayat, O., Karimi, A. and Amundson, R. / Stable isotope geochemistry of pedogenic carbonates in calcareous materials, Iran: a review and synthesis Dias Veras, J. D., de Souza Neto, J. A., Sial, A. N., Ferreira, V. P. and Neumann, V. H. de M. L. / Stable isotope and chemical stratigraphy of the Eocene Tambaba Formation: correlations with the Paleocene–Eocene Thermal Maximum event Yamamura, D., Suarez, C. A., Titus, A. L., Manlove, H. M. and Jackson, T. 7 Multiproxy approaches to investigating palaeoecology and palaeohydrology in the Upper Cretaceous Kaiparowits Formation, USA Suarez, M. B., Knight, J. A., Godet, A., Ludvigson, G. A., Snell, K. E., Murphy, L. and Kirkland, J. I. / Multiproxy strategy for determining palaeoclimate parameters in the Ruby Ranch Member of the Cedar Mountain Formation Suarez, C. A., Frucci, M. N., Tompkins, T. B. and Suarez, M. B. / Quantification of a North American greenhouse hydrological cycle: using oxygen isotopic composition of phosphate from Early Cretaceous (Aptian–Albian) turtles Index

Note: Contents Dedication Preface Background and importance Fitzpatrick, R. W. and Donnelly, L. J. / An introduction to forensic soil science and forensic geology: a synthesis Kobus, H. and Robertson, J. / The importance of forensic soil science and geology being connected to mainstream forensic science Search for burials Ruffell, A. and Barry, L. / The desktop study – an essential element of geoforensic search: homicide and environmental cases (west Belfast, Northern Ireland, UK) McKinley, J. and Ruffell, A. / Geographical Information Science (GIS), spatial sampling and sediment variability examined using a case of manslaughter Donnelly, L. J., Cassella, J., Pirrie, D., Dawson, L., Blom, G., Davidson, A., Arnold, P., Harrison, M. and Hope, C. / Analysis of soil following a police-led open area search and the recovery of a cold-case homicide grave Barone, P. M. and Di Maggio, R. M. / Dealing with different forensic targets: geoscientists at crime scenes Canata, R. E., Salvador, F. A. S., Borges, W. R., Ferreira, F. J. F., Seimetz, E. X., Pinto, I. and Barros, E. O. / The forensic application of ground-penetrating radar, Tekoha Jevy indigenous village, Paraná, Brazil Molina, C. M. and Pringle, J. K. / Comparison of geophysical and botanical results in simulated clandestine graves in rural and tropical environments in Colombia, South America Donnelly, L. / A standard operating procedure (SOP), for soil sampling, for the detection of volatile organic compounds and leachate associated with human decomposition from a shallow, unmarked, homicide grave Trace evidence Dixon, R. D. and Merkle, R. K. W. / Identifying the source of illicit gold from South America Salvador, F. A. da S., Nogueira e Silva, M. P., de Oliveira Mascarenhas, R. and Rumbelsperger, A. M. B. / The application of forensic geology to investigate the substitution of zinc ingots between China and Brazil Guo, H., Wang, P., Hu, C., Zhu, J., Yang, X., Quan, Y., Mei, H. and Li, J. / A case study in forensic soil examination from China Raven, M. D., Fitzpatrick, R. W. and Self, P. G. / Trace evidence examination using laboratory and synchrotron X-ray diffraction technique Testoni, S. A., Melo, V. F., Dawson, L. A., Salvador, F. A. S. and Prandel, L. V. / Evaluation of forensic soil traces from a crime scene: robbery of a safety deposit box in Brazil Fitzpatrick, R. W. and Raven, M. D. / The forensic comparison of trace amounts of soil on a pyjama top with hypersulphidic subaqueous soil from a river as evidence in a homicide cold case Research developments Di Maggio, R. M. and Barone, P. M. / Geoforensics in Italy: education and research standards Bergslien, E. / Portable X-ray fluorescence (PXRF) spectrometry of earth materials: considerations for forensic analysis Young, J. M., Higgins, D. and Austin, J. J. / Soil DNA: advances in DNA technology offer a powerful new tool for forensic science Dawson, L. A., Macdonald, L. M. and Ritz, K. / Plant wax compounds and soil microbial DNA profiles to ascertain urban land use type Pirrie, D., Crean, D. E., Pidduck, A. J., Nicholls, T. M., Awbery, R. P. and Shail, R. K. / Automated mineralogical profiling of soils as an indicator of local bedrock lithology: a tool for predictive forensic geolocation Index

Note: Dissertation, Universität Potsdam, 2021 , Table of Contents Abstract Zusammenfassung List of Figures List of Tables Abbreviations 1 Introduction 1.1 Scientific background and motivation 1.1.1 Permafrost and climate change 1.1.2 Permafrost thaw and disturbances 1.1.3 Abrupt permafrost disturbances 1.1.4 Remote sensing 1.1.5 Remote sensing of permafrost disturbances 1.2 Aims and objectives 1.3 Study area 1.4 General data and methods 1.4.1 Landsat and Sentinel-2 1.4.2 Google Earth Engine 1.5 Thesis structure 1.6 Overview of publications and authors’ contribution 1.6.1 Chapter 2 - Comparing Spectral Characteristics of Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 Same-Day Data for Arctic-Boreal Regions 1.6.2 Chapter 3 - Mosaicking Landsat and Sentinel-2 Data to Enhance LandTrendr Time Series Analysis in Northern High Latitude Permafrost Regions 1.6.3 Chapter 4 - Remote Sensing Annual Dynamics of Rapid Permafrost Thaw Disturbances with LandTrendr 2 Comparing Spectral Characteristics of Landsat-8 and Sentinel-2 Same-Day Data for Arctic-Boreal Regions 2.1 Abstract 2.2 Introduction 2.3 Materials and Methods 2.3.1 Study Sites 2.3.2 Data 2.3.3 Data Processing 2.3.3.1 Filtering Image Collections 2.3.3.2 Creating L8, S2, and Site Masks 2.3.3.3 Preparing Sentinel-2 Surface Reflectance Images in SNAP 2.3.3.4 Applying Site Masks 2.3.4 Spectral Band Comparison and Adjustment 2.4 Results 2.4.1 Spectral Band Comparison 2.4.2 Spectral Band Adjustment 2.4.3 ES and HLS Spectral Band Adjustment 2.5 Discussion 2.6 Conclusions 2.7 Acknowledgements 2.8 Appendix Chapter 2 3 Mosaicking Landsat and Sentinel-2 Data to Enhance LandTrendr Time Series Analysis in Northern High Latitude Permafrost Regions 3.1 Abstract 3.2 Introduction 3.3 Materials and Methods 3.3.1 Study Sites 3.3.2 Data 3.3.3 Data Processing and Mosaicking Workflow 3.3.4 Data Availability Assessment 3.3.5 Mosaic Coverage and Quality Assessment 3.4 Results 3.4.1 Data Availability Assessment 3.4.2 Mosaic Coverage and Quality Assessment 3.5 Discussion 3.6 Conclusions 4 Remote Sensing Annual Dynamics of Rapid Permafrost Thaw Disturbances with LandTrendr 4.1 Abstract 4.2 Introduction 4.3 Study Area and Methods 4.3.1 Study area 4.3.2 General workflow and ground truth data 4.3.3 Data and LandTrendr 4.3.4 Index selection 4.3.5 Temporal Segmentation 4.3.6 Spectral Filtering 4.3.7 Spatial masking and filtering 4.3.8 Machine-learning object filter 4.4 Results 4.4.1 Focus sites 4.4.2 North Siberia 4.5 Discussion 4.5.1 Mapping of RTS 4.5.2 Spatio-temporal variability of RTS dynamics 4.5.3 LT-LS2 capabilities and limitations 4.6 Conclusion 4.7 Appendix 5 Synthesis and Discussion 5.1 Google Earth Engine 5.2 Landsat and Sentinel-2 5.3 Image mosaics and disturbance detection algorithm 5.4 Mapping RTS and their annual temporal dynamics 5.5 Limitations and technical considerations 5.6 Key findings 5.7 Outlook References Acknowledgements

Note: ОГЛАВЛЕНИЕ ВВЕДЕНИЕ 1. ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ ПРИРОДНЫЙ ЗАПОВЕДНИК «УСТЬ-ЛЕНСКИЙ)): СТРУКТУРА И ФИЗИКО-ГЕОГРАФИЧЕСКИЕ УСЛОВИЯ 2. КОНСПЕКТ ФЛОРЫ ОКРЕСТНОСТЕЙ МБС "ЛЕНА-НОРДЕНШЕЛЬД" З. РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЙ ФЛОРЫ И ИХ ОБСУЖДЕНИЕ 4. СЕРГЕЙ ВЛАДИМИРОВИЧ ЛАРИОНОВ (1957-1995) БИБЛИОГРАФИЧЕСКИЙ СПИСОК , TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 1. STATE NATURE RESERVE "UST-LENSKY": STRUCTURE AND PHYSICAL AND GEOGRAPHICAL CONDITIONS 2. ABSTRACT OF THE FLORA OF THE SURROUNDINGS OF MBS "LENA-NORDENSHELD" 3. RESULTS OF STUDIES OF FLORA AND THEIR DISCUSSION 4. SERGEY VLADIMIROVICH LARIONOV (1957-1995) REFERENCES

Note: Dissertation, Universität Potsdam, 2021 , Contents List of Figures List of Tables I Preamble 1 Introduction 1.1.1 The Journey from Weather to Climate 1.1.2 The Climate Background 1.1.3 Pollen as Quantitative Indicators of Past Changes 1.2 Overview and Aims of Manuscripts 1.2.1 List of Manuscripts 1.2.2 Short Summaries of the Manuscripts 1.3 Author Contributions to the Manuscripts II Manuscripts 2 Comparing estimation of techniques for temporal Scaling 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Data and Methods 2.2.1 Scaling estimation methods 2.2.2 Evaluation of the estimators 2.2.3 Data 2.3 Results 2.3.1 Effect of Regular and Irregular Sampling 2.3.2 Effect of Time series length 2.3.3 Application to database 2.4 Discussion 2.5 Conclusions 3 Land temperature variability driven by oceans at millennial timescales 4 Variability of surface climate in simulations of past and future 4.1 Introduction 4.2 Data and Method 4.2.1 Model simulations 4.2.2 The Last Glacial Maximum experiment 4.2.3 The mid Holocene experiment (midHolocene) 4.2.4 The warming experiments 1pctCO2 and abrupt4xCO2 4.2.5 Preprocessing of model simulations 4.2.6 Comparisons across the ensemble 4.2.7 Diagnosing variability changes 4.2.8 Changes in precipitation extremes 4.2.9 Timescale-dependence of the variability changes 4.3 Results 4.3.1 Hydrological sensitivity across the ensemble 4.3.2 Changes in local interannual variability 4.3.3 Changes in modes of variability 4.3.4 Circulation patterns underlying extratropical precipitation extremes 4.3.5 Changes in. the spectrum of variability 4.4 Discussion 4.4.1 Changes in climate variability with global mean temperature 4.4.2 Temperature vs. precipitation scaling 4.4.3 Comparison to climate reconstructions and observations 4.4.4 Limitations 4.5 Conclusions 5 Holocene vegetation variability in the Northern Hemisphere 5.1 Introduction 5.2 Data and Methods 5.2.1 Pollen Database 5.2.2 Principal Component Analysis 5.2.3 Timescale-dependent Estimates of Variability 5.2.4 Biome Classification 5.3 Results 5.3.1 General Vegetation Variability Analysis 5.3.2 Comparison of Forested and Open Land Vegetations 5.3.3 Comparison of Broadleaf and Needleleaf Fore ts 5.3.4 Comparison of Temperate and Boreal Coniferous Forests 5.3.5 Comparison of Evergreen and Deciduous Boreal Forests 5.4 Discussion 5.5 Conclusion III Postamble 6 General discussion and conclusion 6.1 Overview 6.2 Timescale-Dependent Estimates of Variability 6.3 Climate and Vegetation Variabilities in the Holocene 6.4 Implications for the 21th Century 6.5 Outlook IV Appendix A Supplementary figures from "Comparing estimation techniques for temporal scaling in paleo-climate timeseries" A.1 Block Average Results A.2 First-Order Correction for the Effect of Interpolation A.3 Change in Bias and Standard Deviation B Methods and supplementary information from "Land temperature variability driven by oceans at millennial timescales" B.1 Methods B.1.1 Reconstructions B.1.2 Significance Testing B.1.3 Testing for Anthropogenic Impacts B.1.4 Instrumental Data B.1.5 Model Data B.1.6 Spectral Estimates B.1.7 Variance Ratios B.1.8 Sub-Decadal Variability Binning B.1.9 Correlation B.1.10 Moran's I B.2 Supplementary Information B.2.1 Tree Ring Data Analysis B.2.2 Energy-Balance Equations B.3 Extended Data Figures C Supplementary figures from "Variability of surface climate in simulations of past and future" D Supplementary figures from "Characterization of holocene vegetation variability in the Northern Hemisphere" Bibliography

Note: Contents Preface Introduction 1.1 Hazard and Risk Analysis 1.2 Uses of Hazard and Risk Infonnation 1.3 Detenninistic Analysis 1.4 Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis 1.5 Probabilistic Risk Analysis 1.6 Benefits of Probabilistic Analysis I. 7 Uncertainties in Probabilistic Analysis 1.8 Validation Part I Hazard Inputs 2 Seismic Source Characterization 2.1 Introduction 2.2 Earth Structure and Plate Tectonics 2.3 Faults 2.4 Earthquake Processes 2.5 Earthquake Size 2.6 Definitions of Seismic Sources 2. 7 Source Characteristics 2.8 Conceptual Development of SSMs Exercises 3 Characterization of Earthquake Rates and Rupture Scenarios 3.1 Introduction 3.2 Approaches to Determining Rupture Rates 3.3 Constraints from Seismicity Data 3.4 Geological Constraints on Activity 3.5 Magnitude-Frequency Distributions 3.6 Rupture Scenarios and Computation of Rates 3.7 Generation of Rupture Scenarios 3.8 Time-Dependent Ruptw-e Rates Exercises 4 Empirical Ground-Motion Characterization 147 4.1 Introduction 147 4.2 Engineering Characterization of Ground Motion 149 4.3 Ground-Motion Databases 161 4.4 Mathematical Representation 166 4.5 General Trends in Empirical Data and Models 170 4.6 Prediction Using Empirical GMMs 179 4.7 Epistemic Uncertainty 186 4.8 Limitations of Empirical GMMs 192 Exercises 193 5 Physics-Based Ground-Motion Characterization 196 5.1 Introduction 196 5.2 Utility of Physics-Based Ground-Motion Simulation 198 5.3 Earthquake Source Representation 200 5.4 Seismic Wave Propagation 205 5.5 Methods for Physics-Based Ground-Motion Simulation 220 5.6 Prediction Using Physics-Based GMMs 233 Exercises Part II Hazard Calculations 247 6 PSHA Calculation 249 6.1 Introduction 249 6.2 The PSHA Calculation 250 6.3 Example Calculations 255 6.4 Hazard Curve Metrics 262 6.5 Sensitivity of Hazard Results to Inputs 266 6.6 Model Uncertainty 269 6.7 Logic Trees 272 6.8 PSHA with Epistemic Uncertainty 276 6.9 Monte Carlo PSHA 279 6.10 Discussion 280 Exercises 7 PSHA Products 286 7.1 Introduction 286 7.2 Disaggregation 287 7.3 Uniform Hazard Spectrum 301 7.4 Hazard Maps 306 7.5 Conditional Spectrum 307 7.6 VectorPSHA 312 7.7 Earthquake Sequences in PSHA 312 7.8 Implementation and Documentation of Hazard Studies 316 Exercises 8 Non-Ergodic Hazard Analysis 8.1 Introduction 8.2 Fundamental Concepts 8.3 Aleatory Variability versus Epistemic Uncertainty 8.4 When Can Non-Ergodic Approaches Be Applied? 8.5 Non-Ergodic Ground-Motion Models 8.6 Non-Ergodic Site Effects 8.7 Non-Ergodic Path Effects 8.8 Non-Ergodic Source Effects 8.9 Non-Ergodic Components in Seismic-Source Models Exercises Part Ill Risk 9 Seismic Risk 9.1 Introduction 9.2 Fragility and Vulnerability Functions 9.3 Calibrating Fragility and Vulnerability Functions 9.4 Risk Metrics 9.5 PEER Framework 9.6 Epistemic Uncertainty 9.7 Risk-Targeted Ground-Motion Intensity Exercises 10 Ground-Motion Selection I 0.1 Introduction I 0.2 Principles of Hazard-Consistent Ground-Motion Selection 10.3 Target Intensity Measure Distributions I 0.4 Selection Algorithms 10.5 Assessing Accuracy and Precision of Seismic Responses 10.6 Application-Specific Decisions 10.7 Design Code and Guideline Requirements 10.8 Documentation Exercises 11 Spatially Distributed Systems 11.1 Introduction 11.2 Parameterization Using Empirical Ground-Motion Models 11.3 Parameterization Using Physics-Based Simulations 11.4 Numerical Implementation 11.5 Coherency 11.6 Risk Exercises 12 Validation 12. l Introduction 12.2 Verification and Validation 12.3 Validation from Limited Observations 12.4 Direct Validation of Seismic Hazard Curves 12.5 Validation of Model Components 12.6 Do Failures of Past Calculations [nvalidate the PSHA Methodology? 12.7 Seismic Hazard and Risk Analysis for Decision-Making Exercises Appendix A Basics of Probability A. l Random Events A.2 Conditional Probability A.3 Random Variables A.4 Expectations and Moments A.5 Common Probability Distributions A.6 Random Number Generation Appendix B Basics of Statistics for Model Calibration 1 B.3 Statistical Estimation of m1,,x my,y B.5 Maximum Likelihood Estimation of Seismicity Parameters Estimation ofIM ofSymbols 433 484 486 494 514 519 523 529 533 578 viii Contents 12 Validation 12. l Introduction 12.2 Verification and Validation 12.3 Validation from Limited Observations 12.4 Direct Validation of Seismic Hazard Curves 12.5 Validation of Model Components 12.6 Do Failures of Past Calculations [nvalidate the PSHA Methodology? 12.7 Seismic Hazard and Risk Analysis for Decision-Making Exercises Appendix A Basics of Probability A. l Random Events A.2 Conditional Probability A.3 Random Variables A.4 Expectations and Moments A.5 Common Probability Distributions A.6 Random Number Generation Appendix B Basics of Statistics for Model Calibration B. l Confidence Intervals for the Sample Mean and Standard Deviation B.2 Hypothesis Testing for Statistical Significance B.3 Statistical Estimation of mmax B.4 Bayesian Estimation of lnmax B.5 Maximum Likelihood Estimation of Seismicity Parameters B.6 Empirical GMM Calibration B.7 Estimation of JM Correlations from GMMs B.8 Fragility Function Fitting References List of Symbols and Abbreviations Notation Conventions Index