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  • Other Sources  (2,521)
  • NASA Technical Reports  (2,521)
  • STRUCTURAL MECHANICS  (1,550)
  • METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY  (971)
  • 1975-1979  (2,014)
  • 1960-1964  (507)
  • 1930-1934
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  • Other Sources  (2,521)
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  • NASA Technical Reports  (2,521)
Keywords
Years
Year
  • 1
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    Combined vibration/temperature/sideload environmental testing of UHF blade antennas (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-07-02
    Description: Service problems encountered on the F-4 aircraft showed that the environmental qualification requirements for the UHF blade antenna were not adequate. Although the individual environmental levels were stringent enough, only combined environmental testing could duplicate the conditions in which service problems occurred. Techniques for applying static side load simultaneously with vibration and temperature were developed. The combined environment testing was instrumental in the rapid assessment of antenna modifications and resulted in a final configuration which proved satisfactory in service. A need to include combined environmental testing for qualification of blade antennas was established.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: Shock and Vibration Inform. Center The Shock and Vibration Bull., Pt. 3; p 79-84
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  • 2
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    Summary report of the Lightning and Static Electricity Committee (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-12
    Description: Lightning protection technology as applied to aviation and identifying these technology needs are presented. The flight areas of technical needs include; (1) the need for In-Flight data on lightning electrical parameters; (2) technology base and guidelines for protection of advanced systems and structures; (3) improved laboratory test techniques; (4) analysis techniques for predicting induced effects; (5) lightning strike incident data from General Aviation; (6) lightning detection systems; (7) obtain pilot reports of lightning strikes; and (8) better training in lightning awareness. The nature of each problem, timeliness, impact of solutions, degree of effort required, and the roles of government and industry in achieving solutions are discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Tenn. Univ. Space Inst. Proc. of the 2nd Ann. Workshop on Meteorol. and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 203-214
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  • 3
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    The forecasting center of Meudon, France (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Main features of solar activity are described in relation to solar and geophysical forecasting. Spectroheliograms, radio and X-ray data, white light coronal observations, particles data, photospheric images, and photospheric magnetic fields are among the types of data used to identify the active centers and flares of the Sun. Forecasting and identification of geomagnetic activity is also discussed. The forecasting technique is described along with the types of users.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NOAA Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 1; p 1-11
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  • 4
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    A simplified method of evaluating the stress wave environment of internal equipment (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A simplified method called the transfer function technique (TFT) was devised for evaluating the stress wave environment in a structure containing internal equipment. The TFT consists of following the initial in-plane stress wave that propagates through a structure subjected to a dynamic load and characterizing how the wave is altered as it is transmitted through intersections of structural members. As a basis for evaluating the TFT, impact experiments and detailed stress wave analyses were performed for structures with two or three, or more members. Transfer functions that relate the wave transmitted through an intersection to the incident wave were deduced from the predicted wave response. By sequentially applying these transfer functions to a structure with several intersections, it was found that the environment produced by the initial stress wave propagating through the structure can be approximated well. The TFT can be used as a design tool or as an analytical tool to determine whether a more detailed wave analysis is warranted.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: Shock and Vibration Inform. Center The Shock and Vibration Bull., Pt. 1; p 89-96
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  • 5
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    High G pyrotechnic shock simulation using metal-to-metal impact (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A technique for simulating high g level pyrotechnic shocks is described and the results of applying the technique to obtain the MIL-STD-1540A shock spectrum with a maximum acceleration of 18,000g at 2,000 Hz are presented. Designing the resonant beam and plate on which the test unit is mounted, and generating a proper impulsive load on them, were the essentials of the technique. One dimensional stress wave and Euler equations were employed in the design. A metal pendulum hammer was used to generate the impulsive load.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: Shock and Vibration Inform. Center The Shock and Vibration Bull., Pt. 1; p 97-100
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  • 6
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    Probability of failure prediction for step-stress fatigue under sine or random stress (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A previously proposed cumulative fatigue damage law is extended to predict the probability of failure or fatigue life for structural materials with S-N fatigue curves represented as a scatterband of failure points. The proposed law applies to structures subjected to sinusoidal or random stresses and includes the effect of initial crack (i.e., flaw) sizes. The corrected cycle ratio damage function is shown to have physical significance.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: Shock and Vibration Inform. Center The Shock and Vibration Bull., Pt. 1; p 31-41
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  • 7
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    Planetary waves and Sun-weather effects (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: A brief outline about the theory of planetary waves is given and a review of space-time analysis, mainly at the 500 mbar pressure level, is presented. This analysis gives evidence that broad spectral bands of two types of waves exist within the troposphere: ultralong waves with zonal wave numbers M or approximately equal to 4 and periods tau or approximately equal to 5 days, propagating mainly to the west, and synoptic scale waves with M or approximately equal to 3 and tau or approximately equal to 10 days, propagating mainly to the east. These waves are generated by internal turbulent processes within the atmosphere and are quasi-persistent with lifetimes of several periods. It is shown that solar activity cannot generate planetary waves of significant amplitudes, and that the observed 'Sun-weather effects' can be interpreted within the framework of these internally generated planetary waves without any trigger mechanism from outside the atmosphere. It is suggested that a better knowledge of these persistent ultralong waves may help to improve long range weather forecasts.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 703-721
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  • 8
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    Coupling processes related to the Sun-weather problem (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Physical mechanisms for coupling the energetics of solar activity to meteorological responses are reviewed. Although several hypotheses have been advanced, none can be said to be sufficiently complete to be applied to weather or climate prediction. Solar activity indicators potentially useful for forecasting are identified, including sunspots, solar flares, and magnetic sector boundary crossings. Additional experiments, studies, and analyses are required before Sun-weather concepts can be utilized for predicting meteorological responses.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 669-688
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  • 9
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    Solar weather/climate predictions (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: Solar variability influences upon terrestrial weather and climate are addressed. Both the positive and negative findings are included and specific predictions, areas of further study, and recommendations listed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 655-668
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  • 10
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    The impact of Sun-weather research on forecasting (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-01-16
    Description: The possible impact of Sun-weather research on forecasting is examined. The type of knowledge of the effect is evaluated to determine if it is in a form that can be used for forecasting purposes. It is concluded that the present understanding of the effect does not lend itself readily to applications for forecast purposes. The limits of present predictive skill are examined and it is found that skill is most lacking for prediction of the smallest scales of atmospheric motion. However, it is not expected that Sun-weather research will have any significant impact on forecasting the smaller scales since predictability at these scales is limited by the finite grid size resolution and the time scales of turbulent diffusion. The predictability limits for the largest scales are on the order of several weeks although presently only a one week forecast is achievable.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Marshall Space Flight Center Solar-Terrest. Predictions Proc., Vol. 2; p 689-702
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  • 11
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    Remote sensing of atmospheric water vapor, liquid water, and wind speed at the ocean surface by passive microwave techniques from the Nimbus 5 satellite (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The microwave brightness temperature measurements for Nimbus 5 electrically scanned microwave radiometer (ESMR) and Nimbus-E microwave spectrometer (NEMS) are used to retrieve the atmospheric water vapor, liquid water, and wind speed by a quasi-statistical retrieval technique. It is shown that the brightness temperature can be utilized to yield these parameters under various weather conditions. Observations at 19.35, 22.235, and 31.4 GHz were input to the regression equations. The retrieved values of these parameters for portions of two Nimbus 5 orbits are presented. Then comparison between the retrieved parameters and the available observations on the total water vapor content and the surface wind speed are made.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Radio Science; 14; Sept
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  • 12
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    Mechanics of fracture - Fundamentals and some recent developments (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
    Details
    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: An overview is presented of the fundamental aspects of and recent developments in fracture mechanics. Reference is made to linear elastic fracture mechanics including the state of stresses and displacements in the vicinity of cracks, effects of crack geometry and orientation on stress intensity factors, energy balance of Griffith, Irwin's stress intensity concept, and linear elastic fracture mechanics testing for fracture toughness. Other aspects of this paper include the non-linear behavior of materials and their influence on fracture mechanics parameters, consideration of viscoelasticity and plasticity, non-linear fracture toughness parameters as C.O.D., R-curve and J-integral, and a non-linear energy method, proposed by Liebowitz. Finite element methods applied to fracture mechanics problems are indicated. Also, consideration has been given to slow crack growth, dynamic effects on K(IC), Sih's criterion for fracture, Lee and Liebowitz's criterion relating crack growth with plastic energy, and applications of fracture mechanics to aircraft design. Suggestions are offered for future research efforts to be undertaken in fracture mechanics.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
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  • 13
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    NASA-Langley Research Center's participation in a round-robin comparison between some current crack-propagation prediction methods (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: A round-robin study was conducted which evaluated and compared different methods currently in practice for predicting crack growth in surface-cracked specimens. This report describes the prediction methods used by the Fracture Mechanics Engineering Section, at NASA-Langley Research Center, and presents a comparison between predicted crack growth and crack growth observed in laboratory experiments. For tests at higher stress levels, the correlation between predicted and experimentally determined crack growth was generally quite good. For tests at lower stress levels, the predicted number of cycles to reach a given crack length was consistently higher than the experimentally determined number of cycles. This consistent overestimation of the number of cycles could have resulted from a lack of definition of crack-growth data at low values of the stress intensity range. Generally, the predicted critical flaw sizes were smaller than the experimentally determined critical flaw sizes. This underestimation probably resulted from using plane-strain fracture toughness values to predict failure rather than the more appropriate values based on maximum load.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
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  • 14
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    A review and assessment of the stress-intensity factors for surface cracks (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-18
    Description: The stress-intensity factor solutions proposed for a surface crack in a finite plate subjected to uniform tension are reviewed. Fourteen different solutions obtained over the past 16 years using approximate analytical methods, experimental methods, and engineering estimates are compared. The accuracy of the various solutions is assessed by correlating fracture data on surface-cracked tension specimens made of a brittle epoxy material. Fracture of the epoxy material was characterized by a constant value of stress-intensity factor as failure. Thus, the correctness of various solutions is judged by the variations in the stress-intensity factors at failure. The solutions were ranked in order of minimum standard deviation. The highest ranking solutions correlated 95% of data analyzed within + or - 10% whereas the lowest ranking solutions correlated 95% of data analyzed within + or - 20%. Some solutions could be applied to all data considered, whereas others were limited with respect to crack shapes and crack sizes that could be analyzed.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
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  • 15
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    Thunderstorm intensity as determined from satellite data (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Digital infrared data from SMS 2 obtained on May 6, 1975 are used to study thunderstorm vertical growth rates and cloud top structure in relation to the occurrence of severe weather (tornadoes, hail, and high wind) on the ground. All thunderstorms from South Dakota to Texas along a N-S oriented cold front were monitored for a 4 h period with 5 min interval data. Thunderstorm growth rate, as determined by the rate of blackbody temperature isotherm expansion and minimum cloud top temperature, are shown to be correlated with reports of severe weather on the ground.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 18; Apr. 197
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  • 16
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    Pulsed laser Doppler measurements of wind shear (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: There is a need for a sensor at the airport that can remotely detect, identify, and track wind shears near the airport in order to assure aircraft safety. To determine the viability of a laser wind-shear system, the NASA pulsed coherent Doppler CO2 lidar (Jelalian et al., 1972) was installed in a semitrailer van with a rooftop-mounted hemispherical scanner and was used to monitor thunderstorm gust fronts. Wind shears associated with the gust fronts at the Kennedy Space Center (KSC) between 5 July and 4 August 1978 were measured and tracked. The most significant data collected at KSC are discussed. The wind shears were clearly visible in both real-time velocity vs. azimuth plots and in postprocessing displays of velocities vs. position. The results indicate that a lidar system cannot be used effectively when moderate precipitation exists between the sensor and the region of interest.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: American Meteorological Society; vol. 60
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  • 17
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    Finite dynamic element formulation for a plane triangular element (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Higher order correction terms for the stiffness and inertia matrices associated with a triangular plane stress-strain finite dynamic element are developed in detail. Numerical results are presented which indicate that the adoption of these matrices along with a suitable quadratic matrix eigenproblem solver effects a significant economy in the free vibration solution of structure when compared with the analysis based on the usual finite element procedure. Finally, a FORTRAN IV computer program listing of the various relevant matrices is given.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: International Journal for Numerical Methods in Engineering; 14; 10, 1; 1979
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  • 18
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    A passive microwave technique for profiling of atmospheric water vapor (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: There is considerable interest in remote measurements of the vertical distribution of water vapor, particularly under cloud conditions. The net integrated amount of water vapor has been measured using the 22.235-GHz water vapor line (Staelin et al., 1975). Attempts to use this line for obtaining vertical distribution information have not been fruitful because of the weakness of absorption even at line center. The 183.310-GHz line is much stronger and thus provides a possibility of profiling water vapor. The paper presents a preliminary analysis of this possibility. A technique is described for retrieval of water vapor profiles from microwave radiometric measurements near the 183-GHz water vapor line, and weighting functions useful in the retrievals are developed. The results suggest that microwave radiometry near the 183-GHz water vapor line could yield interesting water vapor profiles, at least over oceans.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Radio Science; 14; May-June
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  • 19
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    Thunderstorm vertical velocities estimated from satellite data (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Infrared geosynchronous satellite data with an interval of 5 min between images are used to estimate thunderstorm top ascent rates on two case study days. A mean vertical velocity of 3.4 m/sec for 23 clouds is calculated at a height of 8.7 km. This upward motion is representative of an area of approximately 10 km on a side. Thunderstorm mass flux of approximately 2 times 10 to the 8th power kg/sec is calculated, which compares favorably with previous estimates. There is a significant difference in the mean calculated vertical velocity between elements associated with severe weather reports (omega = 4.9 m/sec) and those with no such reports (2.4 m/sec). Calculations were made using a velocity profile for an axially symmetric jet to estimate the peak updraft velocity. For the largest observed omega value of 7.8 m/sec the calculation indicates a peak updraft of approximately 50 m/sec.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 36; Sept
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  • 20
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    The benefits of using short-interval satellite images to derive winds for tropical cyclones (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: During the 1975, 1976 and 1977 North Atlantic hurricane seasons, NOAA/NESS and NASA/GSFC conducted a cooperative program to determine the best resolution and frequency now available from satellite images for deriving winds to study and forecast tropical cyclones. High spatial and temporal resolution satellite imagery made it feasible to provide a large number of lower and upper tropospheric winds which can be obtained by tracking clouds within 650 km of tropical cyclone centers. Up to 10 (5) times as many low-level winds were derived from images spaced at 3 or 7.5 min intervals as from those at 30 min (15 min) intervals. Rapid-scan full-resolution IR and visible images minimized the 'erroneous' winds derived by tracking cloud elements that propagate by growing on one side and dissipating on the other and by tracking repetitive patterns that provided ambiguous indications of direction of movement.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review; 107; May 1979
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  • 21
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    A one-dimensional model describing aerosol formation and evolution in the stratosphere. I - Physical processes and mathematical analogs. II - Sensitivity studies and comparison with observations (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A new time-dependent one-dimensional model of the stratospheric sulfate aerosol layer is developed. The model treats atmospheric photochemistry and aerosol physics in detail and includes the interaction between gases and particles explicitly. It is shown that the numerical algorithms used in the model are quite precise. Sensitivity studies and comparison with observations are made. The simulated aerosol physics generates a particle layer with most of the observed properties. The sensitivity of the calculated properties to changes in a large number of aeronomic aerosol parameters is discussed in some detail. The sensitivity analysis reveals areas where the aerosol model is most uncertain. New observations are suggested that might help resolve important questions about the origin of the stratospheric aerosol layer.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 36; Apr. 197
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  • 22
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    Analysis of beam-like lattice trusses (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A simple procedure is presented for predicting the thermoelastic and free vibration responses of large repetitive beam-like trusses. The procedure is based on replacing the original lattice structure by an equivalent continuum beam model and obtaining closed-form (exact) solutions for the beam model. The equivalent beam model accounts for warping and shear deformation in the plane of the cross-section and is characterized by its thermoelastic strain and kinetic energies, from which the equations of motion and constitutive relations can be derived. The high accuracy of the results obtained by the proposed approach is demonstrated by means of numerical examples.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: Computer Methods in Applied Mechanics and Engineering; 20; Oct. 197
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  • 23
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    The effect of cumulus friction on the simulation of the January Hadley Circulation by the GLAS model of the general circulation (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A method of parameterizing the vertical mixing of horizontal momentum by cumulus convection was added to the GLAS model of the general circulation of the tropics. Addition of the cumulus friction term strengthened the winter Hadley circulation and smoothed the mean meridional wind field, with a slight increase in the eddy kinetic energy. The results showed that the intensity of the meridional circulation is regulated by the atmosphere's angular momentum budget, changes in the zonally-averaged Coriolis force correlate with the new cumulus friction term, and the intensification of Hadley circulation is a response of the mean meridional flow field to the downward cumulus field of relative angular momentum in the winter hemisphere.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 36; Oct. 197
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  • 24
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    The effect of nonuniform wind shear on the intensification and reflection of mountain waves (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A study is made of the intensification and reflection of mountain waves when the shear of the basic wind profile is nonuniform. A two-layer atmospheric model is treated, and the wind profile in the troposphere is assumed to be parabolic. The Scorer parameter includes the wind profile curvature term, which may not be neglected if the Richardson number Ri is finite. When Ri is finite, the optimal phase difference across the troposphere for maximum surface velocity intensifications is found to be slightly greater than Pi. As Ri increases, the optimal phase difference decreases with Ri and approaches the limiting value Pi. This implies that waves approximately reverse phase between the surface and the tropopause for maximum wave intensifications in most physically realistic atmospheric situations. The concept of Eliassen and Palm concerning the additivity of the vertical wave energy fluxes is expanded (valid at least up to the parabolic wind profile), by which the upward and downward energy transporting modes are identified.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 36; Dec. 197
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  • 25
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    Water vapor differential absorption lidar development and evaluation (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A ground-based differential absorption lidar (DIAL) system is described which has been developed for vertical range-resolved measurements of water vapor. The laser transmitter consists of a ruby-pumped dye laser, which is operated on a water vapor absorption line at 724.372 nm. Part of the ruby laser output is transmitted simultaneously with the dye laser output to determine atmospheric scattering and attenuation characteristics. The dye and ruby laser backscattered light is collected by a 0.5-m diam telescope, optically separated in the receiver package, and independently detected using photomultiplier tubes. Measurements of vertical water vapor concentration profiles using the DIAL system at night are discussed, and comparisons are made between the water vapor DIAL measurements and data obtained from locally launched rawinsondes. Agreement between these measurements was found to be within the uncertainty of the rawinsonde data to an altitude of 3 km. Theoretical simulations of this measurement were found to give reasonably accurate predictions of the random error of the DIAL measurements. Confidence in these calculations will permit the design of aircraft and Shuttle DIAL systems and experiments using simulation results as the basis for defining lidar system performance requirements
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Applied Optics; 18; Oct. 15
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  • 26
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    On the simulation of the oceanic general circulation (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Two global ocean simulations based on the physics of a highly viscous ocean are discussed, one having realistic atmospheric functions for calculating the thermal forcing of the ocean. The velocity field of this model compares reasonably well with the relatively small amount of real data available. Temperature and heat budget components of the model reproduce best the equatorial band of heating. A simulation based upon the physics of a weakly viscous ocean is described, which produces the correct pattern of isotherms. This model has not yet been run to thermal equilibrium. The Gulf Stream and eddies and their influence on the oceanic and atmospheric heat budgets are discussed in the terms of their importance in coupled ocean-atmosphere models.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: WMO Climate models: Performance, Intercomparison and Sensitivity Studies, Vol. 2; p 607-687
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  • 27
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    Comparisons of observed seasonal climate features with a winter and summer numerical simulation produced with the GLAS general circulation model (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Results are presented from numerical simulations performed with the general circulation model (GCM) for winter and summer. The monthly mean simulated fields for each integration are compared with observed geographical distributions and zonal averages. In general, the simulated sea level pressure and upper level geopotential height field agree well with the observations. Well simulated features are the winter Aleutian and Icelandic lows, the summer southwestern U.S. low, the summer and winter oceanic subtropical highs in both hemispheres, and the summer upper level Tibetan high and Atlantic ridge. The surface and upper air wind fields in the low latitudes are in good agreement with the observations. The geographical distirbutions of the Earth-atmosphere radiation balance and of the precipitation rates over the oceans are well simulated, but not all of the intensities of these features are correct. Other comparisons are shown for precipitation along the ITCZ, rediation balance, zonally averaged temperatures and zonal winds, and poleward transports of momentum and sensible heat.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: WMO Climate Models: Performance, Intercomparison and Sensitivity Studies, Vol. 1; p 207-253
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  • 28
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    Effect of a Pacific sea-surface temperature anomaly on the circulation over North America: A numerical experiment with the GLAS model (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A numerical experiment was carried out to determine the effect of sea surface temperature anomalies over the Pacific on the circulation over North America. The sea surface temperature (SST) anomaly pattern chosen for this study was similar to the one observed during January 1977. It is shown that a cold sea surface temperature anomaly over the Pacific produces a strong southward flow over the United States and colder temperature in eastern Canada and the United States, as it was observed during the 1977 winter. The results indicate that the SST anomaly over the Pacific can produce a significant downstream effect over the continental United States.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: WMO Climate Models: Performance, Intercomparison and Sensitivity Studies, Vol. 1; p 501-518
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    In situ aircraft verification of the quality of satellite cloud winds over oceanic regions (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A 5-year aircraft experiment to verify the quality of satellite cloud winds over oceans using in situ aircraft Inertial Navigation System wind measurements is presented. Cloud motions measured by satellite and aircraft wind measurements that were coincident in time and space, and the results from the experiment are for undisturbed to moderately disturbed oceanic weather regimes. The results show that satellite measured cumulus cloud motions are good estimators of the cloud-base wind for trade wind and subtropical high regions. The average magnitude of the vector differences between the cloud motion and the cloud-base wind was determined; for cumulus clouds near frontal regions, the cloud motions agreed best with the mean cloud layer wind. For a very limited sample, cirrus cloud motions most closely followed the mean wind in the cloud layer.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 18; Nov. 197
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    Assessment of the urban heat island effect through the use of satellite data (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A recent NASA satellite is obtaining high spatial resolution thermal infrared data at times of day appropriate for the study of the urban heat island effect. Quantitative estimates of the extent and intensity of urban surface heating are obtained by analysis of digital data acquired over the New York City-New England area. In many large cities satellite sensed temperatures are 10-15 C warmer than in surrounding rural areas. A thorough interpretation of the elevated urban surface temperature will require studies of (1) the relationship between remotely sensed surface temperatures and air temperatures, and (2) compensation for observed very localized heating due to industry and/or power plants.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review; 107; Nov. 197
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    Some observations regarding the statistical determination of stress rupture regression lines (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Observations concerning the statistical evaluation of creep data are presented. Methods currently employed in the determination of stress rupture regression lines can result in conflicting and necessarily invalid results. Anomalous behavior is principally associated with the selection of the dependent variable. However, it is the least squares method of curve fitting which introduces regression bias. Methods to improve the validity of least squares regressions are suggested.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
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    Remote sensing of seasonal distribution of precipitable water vapor over the oceans and the inference of boundary-layer structure (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: From the depth of the water vapor spectral lines in the 8-9 micron window region, measured by the Nimbus 4 Infrared Interferometer Spectrometer (IRIS) with a resolution of about 3/cm, the precipitable water vapor over the oceans is remotely sensed. In addition the IRIS spectral data in the 11-13 micron window region have been used to derive the sea surface temperature (SST). Seasonal maps of w on the oceans deduced from the spectral data reveal the dynamical influence of the large-scale atmospheric circulation. With the help of a model for the vertical distribution of water vapor, the configuration of the atmospheric boundary layer over the oceans can be inferred from these remotely sensed w and SST. The gross seasonal mean structure of the boundary layer inferred in this fashion reveals the broad areas of trade wind inversion and the convectively active areas such as the ITCZ. The derived information is in reasonable agreement with some observed climatological patterns over the oceans.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review; 107; Oct. 197
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    A hydrological analysis of east Australian floods using Nimbus-5 electrically scanning radiometer data (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The chronological development and diminution of six floods in eastern Australia during January, February, and March 1974 were mapped for the first time by the Nimbus Electrically Scanning Microwave Radiometer (ESMR). Day and nighttime ESMR (19.35 GHz) coverage was analyzed for the low gradient, flooded Darling River system in New South Wales. Apparent movement of surface water as indicated by low brightness temperatures (less than 250 K, day and less than 240 K, night) was easily followed around the curved runoff basin along the northern shoreline of the flooded Darling River during this 3-month period. This pattern was in good agreement with flood crest data at selected river height gage stations, even under cloudy conditions.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: American Meteorological Society; vol. 60
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    Buckling of rotating beams (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The stability of a beam subjected to compressive centrifugal forces arising from steady rotation about an axis which does not pass through the clamped end of the beam is analyzed to determine the critical rotational speeds for buckling in the inplane and out-of-plane directions. The differential equations of motion are solved numerically using an integrating matrix method in combination with an eigenanalysis to determine the eigenvalues from which stability is assessed. The results clarify several differences which have been identified in the literature relating to the proper behavior of the critical rotational speed for buckling as the radius of rotation of the clamped end of the beam is reduced.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: International Journal of Mechanical Sciences; 21; 12, 1; 1979
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    Simple spline-function equations for fracture mechanics calculations (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper presents simple spline-function equations for fracture mechanics calculations. A spline function is a sequence of piecewise polynomials of degree n greater than 1 whose coefficients are such that the function and its first n-1 derivatives are continuous. Second-degree spline equations are presented for the compact, three point bend, and crack-line wedge-loaded specimens. Some expressions can be used directly, so that for a cyclic crack propagation test using a compact specimen, the equation given allows the cracklength to be calculated from the slope of the load-displacement curve. For an R-curve test, equations allow the crack length and stress intensity factor to be calculated from the displacement and the displacement ratio.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: International Journal of Fracture; 15; Oct. 197
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    Are solar spectral variations a drive for climatic change (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The effects of UV variations on atmospheric ozone content and climate for time scales encompassing the 27-day solar rotation period, the sunspot period, twice the solar magnetic, and also longer time periods are examined. The studies of the relationship between solar UV variations, atmospheric ozone content and atmospheric temperatures were conducted by estimating the impact of such variations on tropospheric temperature. The total luminosity constant is then held and the dependence of the ozone variations on the forcing period is calculated. It is concluded that solar UV variations on time scales of weeks to months occasionally perturb total ozone and stratospheric temperatures by noticeable amounts but result in only minor changes in the troposphere.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Nature; 282; Dec. 6
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    NASA's participation in the AVE-SESAME '79 program (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center participated with its AVE (Atmospheric Variability Experiment) in a large interagency mesoscale and severe storms experiment identified herein as AVE-SESAME '79 (Atmospheric Variability Experiment-Severe Environmental Storms and Mesoscale Experiment 1979). A primary objective of NASA was to support an effort to acquire carefully edited sets of rawinsonde data during selected severe weather events for use in correlative and diagnostic studies with satellite and radar data obtained at approximately the same times. Data were acquired during six individual 24-h experiments on both the regional and storm scales over a network in the central United States that utilized approximately 20 supplemental rawinsonde sites meshed among 23 standard National Weather Service sites. Included among the six experiments are data obtained between 1200 GMT on April 10 and 1200 GMT on April 11, encompassing the formation and development period for the tornado-producing systems that devastated Wichita Falls, Texas, and other sections of Oklahoma and Texas. The other dates for which data sets are available are April 19-20 and 25-26, May 9-10 and 20-21, and June 7-8, 1979.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: American Meteorological Society; vol. 60
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    A quarter-century of progress in the development of correlation and extrapolation methods for creep rupture data (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Developments in the analysis of creep-rupture data are reviewed with particular reference to time temperature relations for the correlation and extrapolation of creep and stress rupture data, the minimum commitment method, and successive regression methods. Some contributions to the development of time-temperature parameters are noted.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
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    Influence of environmental saturation and electric field on growth and evaporation of epitaxial ice crystals (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Crystal Growth; 46; 1979
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    A statistical technique for determining rainfall over land employing Nimbus 6 ESMR measurements (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Statistical analysis of the Nimbus 6 ESMR measurements for remote monitoring of active rainfall data over land is presented. Horizontally and vertically polarized brightness temperature pairs from ESMR 6 were sampled for areas of rainfall over land as determined from the rain recording stations and the WSR 57 radar, and wet and dry ground over the southeastern U.S. These three categories of brightness temperatures were significantly different so that the possibilities of the mean vectors of any two populations coinciding were less than 1 in 100, so that classification algorithms were then developed. The Fisher linear classifier, the Bayesian quadratic classifier, and a non-parametric linear classifier were examined, and the Bayesian algorithm performed best. It was concluded that a rainfall area delineated by the Bayesian classifier coincided well with the synoptic-scale rainfall area mapped by ground recording rain data and radar echoes.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of Applied Meteorology; 18; Aug. 197
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    The data systems tests - The final phase (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The U.S.A. has conducted a series of data systems tests (DSTs) as a precursor to its participation in FGGE, the Global Weather Experiment. The paper briefly describes the impact those tests have had on the FGGE observing system and on the data management plans. In particular, the final phase of the DST programs is described, wherein a number of investigators have been selected to work with the DST data sets in research studies directed toward the GARP objectives. Thus, an important first step has been taken in providing feedback to the potential FGGE research community.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: American Meteorological Society; vol. 60
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    Perturbation of the zonal radiation balance by a stratospheric aerosol layer (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The effect of stratospheric aerosols on the earth's monthly zonal radiation balance is investigated using a model layer consisting of 75% H2SO4, the primary constituent of the background aerosol layer. The reduction in solar energy absorbed by the earth-atmosphere system is determined through the albedo sensitivity, and the optically thin approximation is used in conjunction with the Henyey-Greenstein phase function for scattering. An infrared radiative transfer model is used to estimate the increased greenhouse effect from the aerosol layer, and the infrared heating compensates for the albedo effect in altering the radiation balance. The results indicate that the dominant influence of the thin model stratospheric aerosol layer is an increased reflection of solar energy all over the globe except for the polar-winter region, but the change in the radiation balance is uniform and small equatorward of 50 deg.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 36; July 197
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    Differences between seasonal and mean annual energy balance model calculations of climate and climate sensitivity (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper extends a simple Budyko-Sellers mean annual energy balance climate model with diffusive transport to include a seasonal cycle. In the model the latitudinal distribution of the zonal average surface temperature is represented by Legendre polynomials and its time-dependence by a Fourier sine-cosine series, and it has three parameters adjusted so that the observed amplitudes of the Northern Hemisphere zonal mean surface temperature are recovered. The seasonal model is used to reveal how the annual mean climate and the sensitivity to changes in incident radiation differ from the predictions obtained with the corresponding mean annual model. The distribution of the incident solar radiation in the models is shown to be insensitive to changes in the eccentricity and the longitude of perihelion and sensitive only to changes in the obliquity of the earth, and for past orbital changes both the seasonal and the mean annual model fail to produce glacial advances of the magnitude that are thought to have occurred.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 36; July 197
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    A stability theorem for energy-balance climate models (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper treats the stability of steady-state solutions of some simple, latitude-dependent, energy-balance climate models. For north-south symmetric solutions of models with an ice-cap-type albedo feedback, and for the sum of horizontal transport and infrared radiation given by a linear operator, it is possible to prove a 'slope stability' theorem, i.e., if the local slope of the steady-state iceline latitude versus solar constant curve is positive (negative) the steady-state solution is stable (unstable). Certain rather weak restrictions on the albedo function and on the heat transport are required for the proof, and their physical basis is discussed.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 36; July 197
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  • 45
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    Wave propagation in transversely impacted composite laminates (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An experimental study was conducted to determine the wave-propagation characteristics, transient strains and residual properties of unidirectional and angle-ply boron/epoxy and graphite/epoxy laminates impacted with silicon-rubber projectiles at velocities up to 250 m/sec. Results include the following: (1) the predominant wave is the flexural wave propagating at different velocities in different directions; (2) peak strains and strain rates in the transverse to the (outer) fiber direction are much higher than those in the direction of the fibers; (3) strain rates up to 640/sec were measured; and (4) unidirectional laminates under impact showed appreciable modulus and strength degradation in the direction transverse to fibers.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
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    Analysis of misalignment in the tension test (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Many experimenters fail to appreciate the significance of test system alignment during a tensile test. Poor alignment can increase data scatter and significantly influence some of the test results. In this paper a comprehensive analytical study of the misalignment problem in the plastic strain range is presented and errors caused by misalignment estimated. The results show that the stress-strain curve is not significantly affected by misalignment. However, the strains at the outermost fibers of the specimen cross-section are strongly affected by misalignment. Therefore, the effect of misalignment is most important when properties sensitive to local strain concentrations are being investigated.
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    An observational test of the quasi-geostrophic relation between eddy momentum flux convergence and eddy fluxes of potential vorticity and potential temperature (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The quasi-geostrophic relation between the fluxes of momentum, potential vorticity and potential temperature is tested with atmospheric data by computing the convergence of momentum flux as a residual of the potential temperature and potential vorticity flux and comparing it to the momentum flux convergence computed directly. It is shown that in the troposphere between 18 and 74 deg N the observed momentum flux convergence differs from the quasi-geostrophic convergence by 25-60% depending on tropospheric level and season.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 36; May 1979
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    A 'special effort' to provide improved sounding and cloud-motion wind data for FGGE (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Enhancement and editing of high-density cloud motion wind assessments and research satellite soundings have been necessary to improve the quality of data used in The Global Weather Experiment. Editing operations are conducted by a man-computer interactive data access system. Editing will focus on such inputs as non-US satellite data, NOAA operational sounding and wind data sets, wind data from the Indian Ocean satellite, dropwindsonde data, and tropical mesoscale wind data. Improved techniques for deriving cloud heights and higher resolution sounding in meteorologically active areas are principal parts of the data enhancement program.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: American Meteorological Society; vol. 60
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    Satellite detection of a long curving cirrus plume (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: On August 23, 1978, a long cirrus plume, as detected by the GOES E satellite, made a sharp anticyclonic turn and traveled a total distance of 2800 km from the generating thunderstorm, as determined from satellite imagery. During a five-hour period the leading edge moved a distance of 550 km, giving a speed of 30 m/sec. This is in good agreement with the pertinent wind speeds at the presumed height of the cloud, which may indicate that cirrus evaporation may not have been too important. In a relatively dense portion of the cirrus the minimum equivalent blackbody temperature was 226 K.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review; 107; Mar. 197
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    Non-linear dynamic response of a wind turbine blade (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper outlines the nonlinear dynamic analysis of an isolated three-degree flap-lag-feather wind turbine blade under a gravity field and with shear flow. Lagrangian equations are used to derive the nonlinear equations of motion of blade for arbitrarily large angular deflections. The limit cycle analysis for forced oscillations and the determination of the principal parametric resonance of the blade due to periodic forces from the gravity field and wind shear are performed using the harmonic balance method. Results are obtained first for a two-degree flap-lag blade, then the effect of the third degree of freedom (feather) is studied. The self-excited flutter solutions are obtained for a uniform wind and with gravity forces neglected. The effects of several parameters on the blade stability are examined, including coning angle, structural damping, Lock number, and feather frequency. The limit cycle flutter solution of a typical configuration shows a substantial nonlinear softening spring behavior.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: Journal of Sound and Vibration; 63; Mar. 22
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    Recent finite element studies in plasticity and fracture mechanics (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The paper reviews recent work on fundamentals of elastic-plastic finite-element analysis and its applications to the mechanics of crack opening and growth in ductile solids. The presentation begins with a precise formulation of incremental equilibrium equations and their finite-element forms in a manner valid for deformations of arbitrary magnitude. Special features of computational procedures are outlined for accuracy in view of the near-incompressibility of elastic-plastic response. Applications to crack mechanics include the analysis of large plastic deformations at a progressively opening crack tip, the determination of J integral values and of limitations to J characterizations of the intensity of the crack tip field, and the determination of crack tip fields in stable crack growth.
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    Simulating the moderating effect of a lake on downwind temperatures (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A steady-state, two-dimensional numerical model is used to simulate air temperatures and humidity downwind of a lake at night. Thermal effects of the lake were modelled for the case of moderate and low surface winds under the cold-air advective conditions that occur following the passage of a cold front. Surface temperatures were found to be in good agreement with observations. A comparison of model results with thermal imagery indicated the model successfully predicts the downwind distance for which thermal effects due to the lake are significant.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Boundary-Layer Meteorology; 16; Feb. 197
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    Time-continuous assimilation of remote-sounding data and its effect on weather forecasting (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Methods were developed for the time-continuous assimilation of satellite-sounding temperature data: direct insertion method, asynoptic successive correction method, and local linear regression method. These methods were applied to DST-6 data from the operational and experimental temperature sounders aboard the NOAA 4 and Nimbus 6 satellites. Attention is given to a comparison of these methods and their effect on the accuracy of the initial states obtained, as well as the resulting forecasts generated from these initial states. The results suggest that (1) satellite-derived temperature data can have a modest though statistically significant positive impact on numerical weather prediction in the 2-3 day range; (2) the impact is highly sensitive to the quantity of data available; and (3) the method of satellite-data assimilation can substantially influence the magnitude of the impact obtained for the same data.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Monthly Weather Review; 107; Feb. 197
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    Stress-intensity factors for a wide range of semi-elliptical surface cracks in finite-thickness plates (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Surface cracks are among the more common flaws in aircraft and pressure vessel components. Several calculations of stress-intensity factors for semi-elliptical surface cracks subjected to tension have appeared in the literature. However, some of these solutions are in disagreement by 50-100%. In this paper, stress-intensity factors for shallow and deep semi-elliptical surface cracks in plates subjected to tension are presented. To verify the accuracy of the three-dimensional finite-element models employed, convergence was studied by varying the number of degrees of freedom in the models from 1500 to 6900. The 6900 degrees of freedom used here were more than twice the number used in previously reported solutions. Also, the stress-intensity variations in the boundary-layer region at the intersection of the crack with the free surface were investigated.
    Keywords: STRUCTURAL MECHANICS
    Type: Engineering Fracture Mechanics; 11; 4, 19; 1979
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    Variational formulation of Budyko-Sellers climate models (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A class of simple climate models including those of the Budyko-Sellers type are formulated from a variational principle. A functional is constructed for the zonally averaged mean annual temperature field such that extrema of the functional occur when the climate satisfies the usual energy-balance equation. Local minima of the functional correspond to stable solutions while saddle points correspond to unstable solutions. The technique can be used to construct approximate solutions from trial functions and to carry out finite-amplitude stability analyses. A spectral example is given in explicit detail.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 36; Feb. 197
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    On the influence of orography on large-scale atmospheric flow (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The steady response to orography as described by shallow-water equations on the sphere is examined in an attempt to provide insight into the dynamical effects of large-scale orographic features on atmospheric motion. The model equations and the zonal flows and orography used in the study are described. The results for simple mountains and for the earth orography are given. The two-dimensional nature of the horizontal propagation on the sphere is emphasized. The results give interesting indications of the regions of influence of mountains and suggest that quantitative theories of the stationary waves must involve a full representation of the spherical domain.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences; 36; Feb. 197
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    Balloon-borne ECC ozonesonde data, appendix A (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Data tables and graphs are presented for balloon sounding data acquired during the 1977 Intertropical Convergence Zone experiment.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center The 1977 Intertrop. Convergence Zone Expt.; p 175-347
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    Pressure and temperature measurements from the U-2 aircraft during the 1977 intertropical convergence experiment (1979)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: For the study of the Intertropical Convergence Zone, the aircraft provided pressure and temperature data to supplement the radiosonde records. The results obtained from the U-2 aircraft during the six flights of the cryogenic and whole-air sampling system on July 18, 19, 23, 25, 28, and 29, 1977, are presented.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: The 1977 Intertrop. Convergence Zone Expt.; p 165-174
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    Airborne pressure and temperature measurements during the 1977 intertropical convergence zone experiment (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: During the 1977 ITCZ (Intertropical Convergence Zone) experiment in Panama two aircraft and numerous balloon-borne radiosonde instruments were equipped to measure pressure and temperature. The experiment was a coordinated effort to evaluate the meteorological conditions that prevailed from July 17 through 31, 1977. A critical analysis of the data collected on one of the aircraft (the Lear jet) operating at altitudes to 13,000 m for about 2 hr each day during most days of the experiment is presented. The discussion includes a comparison of the vertical profiles of potential temperature obtained from the Learjet with those obtained from balloons launched at Ft. Sherman. Time histories of pressure, temperature, and potential temperature, as observed from the Learjet are also presented.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: The 1977 Intertrop. Convergence Zone Expt.; p 153-164
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    U-2 water vapor burden observations through the tropopause (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A U-2 aircraft provided a platform for an infrared radiometer inferring water vapor burdens associated with the Intertropical Convergence Zone. Flight altitudes were 16 to 23 km. The radiometer system, coupled with an algorithm to produce an inverse solution of the radiative transfer equation, resulted in an rms error of 20 percent in the inferred water vapor burden. A unique, bivariate solution including radiance and vertical temperature profiles produced an essentially real-time solution for the water vapor burden. Results of the July 1977 missions over the Canal Zone region between latitudes 7.5 degrees N and 11.0 degrees N are presented.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center The 1977 Intertrop. Convergence Zone Expt.; p 145-152
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    Preliminary results from the University of Denver infrared spectrometer - 1977 intertropical convergence zone experiment (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The Denver University Infrared Spectrometer (DUIRS) is a liquid-helium-cooled emission radiometer designed to study minor atmospheric constituents. DUIRS flew on 12 data flights during the 1977 Intertropical Convergence Zone experiment. No data were obtained on the flight from Wallops Island to Panama because of a power failure or on the return flight to Wallops Island because of a cryogen line freeze-up. The data coverage on the nine vertical profile flights that were flown before the freeze-up are shown. Typical spectra and variations as a function of U-2 (research aircraft) altitude are also shown. Radio metric data and rawinsonde temperature data were used to perform band model calculations to obtain molecular number densities in the column above the aircraft at each altitude.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center The 1977 Intertrop. Convergence Zone Expt.; p 111-126
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  • 62
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    Intertropical convergence zone ozone profiles from the Learjet ozone analyzer (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: An ozone analyzer operated as part of the sampling package aboard the NASA Learjet on each flight in the Panama ITCZ (Intertropical Convergence Zone) experiment. The measurement program was not successful because of instrument failure, apparently due to high humidity effects on one or more components of the ozone sensing instrument. A brief description of the experimental installation and some comments about an apparent correlation between very low ozone concentrations and cloud layers at altitude are presented.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center The 1977 Intertrop. Convergence Zone Expt.; p 107-110
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    Stratospheric aerosols in the intertropical convergence zone, Panama Canal zone (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: To investigate whether injection sources of the stratospheric aerosol layer could be detected in the tropical stratosphere, an examination of the aerosol vertical and horizontal size distribution around the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) at the Panama Canal Zone was performed during the summer of 1977. By comparing these data with similar measurements in temperate and polar regions, it was hoped to discover variations in particle size that would indicate whether a young aerosol is forming and entering the stratosphere at the ITCZ; where the aerosol matures; and finally, where it reenters the troposphere. The methods used in the investigations and the results obtained from the analyses are described.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: The 1977 Intertrop. Convergence Zone Expt.; p 127-144
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  • 64
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    Determination of trace gases in learjet and U-2 whole air samples collected during the intertropical convergence zone experiment (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The contribution of Washington State University (WSU) to the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ) study, conducted in the Panama Canal Zone in July 1977 is reported. The ITCZ program had the objective to study the meteorology and air chemistry to determine, if possible, the magnitude of injection of tropospheric air into the stratosphere in the ITCZ. WSU was responsible for two phases of the air chemistry program for the ITCZ study: (1) the collection of whole-air samples from ground level to 13.7 km using a Learjet as a sampling platform, and the analysis of the samples for selected halocarbons, C2 hydrocarbons, N2O, and SF6; and (2) the analysis for selected halocarbon species and N2O of low pressure whole-air samples, collected between 13.7 km and 21.3 km by a U-2 aircraft. The report is divided into separate sections describing the Learjet and the U-2 sampling methods, analytical methods, and results. Complete data tables for all samples analyzed are given.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center The 1977 Intertrop. Convergence Zone Expt.; p 61-106
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  • 65
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    Trace constituent mixing ratios in the lower stratosphere during the 1977 intertropical convergence zone experiment (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: Minor constituents in the atmosphere can play an important role as tracers in studies of atmospheric transport and mixing. Simultaneous measurements of the vertical distribution of trace constituents in the troposphere and lower stratosphere were conducted in the region of the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ). An effort was made to measure the mixing ratios of selected trace constituents. A cryogenic sampling system on board a U-2 aircraft was used to acquire whole-air samples and to cryogenically collect samples at 13.7 to 21.3 km. Simultaneous tropospheric measurements using whole-air sampling canisters on board a Learjet aircraft were also carried out.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: The 1977 Intertrop. Convergence Zone Expt.; p 51-60
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  • 66
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    Measurement of NO and O3 from aircraft: 1977 tropical convergence zone experiment (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: As part of the Ames Research Center program to explore the nature of stratosphere-troposphere exchange processes occurring in the Intertropical Convergence Zone, simultaneous in situ measurements of nitric oxide and ozone mixing ratios were made with the Ames stratospheric air sampler SAS 2. The SAS 2 is a second-generation system; it employs four parallel sensors and was designed primarily for measurements at altitudes of 60,000 ft and above on the U-2 stratospheric research aircraft. The only modifications required for this study was the addition of an air sample flow restrictor. Data were obtained with the SAS 2 system on July 26, 27, 30 and 31, 1977. Generally, 30-min measurements were made at each of six altitudes ranging from 45,000 ft to 70,000 ft, and separated by 5,000 ft intervals.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: The 1977 Intertrop. Convergence Zone Expt.; p 35-50
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  • 67
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    Notes on the meteorology of the intertropical convergence zone during the July 1977 experiment (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The stratosphere and troposphere are large-scale open systems which exchange mass and trace constituents. If averaged over all longitudes, mass exchange can be expressed as products of the means and the mean of the product of the deviations from the mean. At high latitudes, the mass exchange is dominated by the deviations from the mean. At low latitudes, in the tropics, it is generally assumed that the mass exchange is caused by the mean motion. Figures are presented which depict: Northern Hemisphere mean motion; Convergence Zone motion; clouds and their motions; surface pressure variations; and meteorological parameters such as temperature, relative humidity, and ozone mixing ratios.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center The 1977 Intertrop. Convergence Zone Expt.; p 13-26
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    Operational activities (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: A short description of the observational field program as carried out in the Canal Zone during July 1977 is presented. The people responsible for organizing the activity and those deployed to the Canal Zone, who were responsible for various aspects of the field activity (including the experiments) are listed. The ozonesonde balloon and rocketsonde launches and the aircraft flight track are shown. The daily activity schedule during the 16-day Intertropical Convergence Zone study is shown. The instrument configuration of the U-2 research aircraft used during the experiment is also shown.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: The 1977 Intertrop. Convergence Zone Expt.; p 5-12
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  • 69
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    The intertropical convergence zone experiment: Background and summary (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: The Intertropical Convergence Zone Experiment (ITCZ) was the first in an anticipated series of observational programs designed to explore the nature and magnitude of troposphere-stratosphere exchange processes. The overall meteorological background and motivations for a measurement program in the ITCZ are summarized and the nature of the field experiments are briefly described.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center The 1977 Intertrop. Convergence Zone Expt.; p 1-4
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  • 70
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    Balloon-borne ozonesonde and rocket temperature and wind data gathered during the July 1977 intertropical convergence zone experiment (1979)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-17
    Description: In middle latitudes, it is possible for large concentrations of stratospheric air to be brought down to the tropopause through folds or breaks in the tropopause. The exchange of air from the tropopause into higher altitudes is not well understood. Thus, the ITCZ (Intertropical Convergence Zone) experiment, conducted from July 16 through July 31, 1977, included a series of balloon-borne ozone soundings. The results of these soundings are presented and explain in the vertical exchange of air and provide information on the short vertical scales-of-motion. Rocketsonde data was also gathered in the ITCZ experiment in support of a stratospheric scales-of-motion study. The investigation was to determine whether rocketsonde and satellite information currently used yield information on the stratospheric horizontal wave spectrum and its importance with respect to tropospheric and mesospheric interaction and transport.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Ames Res. Center The 1977 Intertrop. Convergence Zone Expt.; p 27-34
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  • 71
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    Visible flux variations across finite clouds (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A radiative transfer model developed to computer visible flux variations across and within finite clouds of varying shapes is described. The technique has much of the versatility of Monte Carlo models, as well as the speed of the analytical finite cloud models.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 4th NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 205-208
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  • 72
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    Nonlinear initialization of the GLAS model (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A simplified version of the GLAS model is linearized and the normal modes extracted. These modes show the necessary separation for nonlinear initialization.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 4th NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 139-145
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  • 73
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    Future freeze forecasting (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Real time GOES thermal data acquisition, an energy balance minimum temperature prediction model and a statistical model are incorporated into a minicomputer system. These components make up the operational "Satellite Freeze Forecast System" being used to aid NOAA, NWS forecasters in developing their freeze forecasts. The general concept of the system is presented in this paper. Specific detailed aspects of the system can be found in the reference cited.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 4th NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 121-126
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  • 74
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    Rain observations in tropical storm Cora (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Passive microwave observations were made in tropical storm Cora at 19.35 and 94GHz. These observations suggest that 94GHz is appropriate for mapping the extent of rain over either land or ocean backgrounds and that some rainfall intensity measurement is also possible.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: 4th NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 91-95
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  • 75
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    Case studies of major DST-6 sounding impacts with the GLAS model (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Two case studies of DST-6 sounding impacts are presented. In each of these cases, major improvements to the GLAS model's forecasts of specific synoptic features resulted from including satellite-sounding data in the initial analysis.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: 4th NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 147-151
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  • 76
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    A slab model for computing ground temperature in climate models (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A method is developed for computing the ground temperature accurately over both the diurnal and annual cycles. The ground is divided vertically into only two or three slabs, resulting in very efficient computation. Seasonal storage and release of heat is incorporated, and thus the method is well suited for use in climate models.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center. 4th NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 355-359
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  • 77
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    Antarctic Sea Ice variations 1973 - 1975 (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Variations in the extent and concentration of sea ice cover on the Southern Ocean are described for the three-year period 1973-75 using information derived from the Nimbus-5 passive microwave imager.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 4th NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 335-340
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  • 78
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    Hohenpeissenberg ozonesone intercomparison (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A series of dual-instrument vertical ozone soundings was carried out for the purpose of comparing the Electrochemical Concentration Cell Ozonesonde with different ozonesondes used by the international scientific community. Total ozone overburdens at the time of the soundings were also measured with a Dobson spectrophotometer.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 4th NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 287-289
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  • 79
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    The seasonal and interannual variability of total ozone as revealed by the BUV Nimbus-4 experiment (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The BUV/Nimbus-4 total ozone data is analyzed with emphasis on the seasonal and interannual variability for the period April 1970 to April 1972. An objective analysis using a Fourier expansion shows the annual wave dominates at mid and high latitudes where the semiannual wave becomes significant in the tropics. A small interannual difference is detected and is most likely due to changes in the general circulation.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: 4th NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 277-286
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  • 80
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    A study of the expected effects of latitude-dependent rotation rate on laboratory geophysical flow experiments (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Results of a theoretical model study of some of the expected effects of spherical geometry on laboratory simulations of the type of geophysical flow that dominates the general circulation of the earth's troposphere are reported.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 4th NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 241-245
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  • 81
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    Studies of snowpack properties by passive microwave radiometry (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Research involving the microwave characteristics of snow was undertaken in order to expand the information content currently available from remote sensing, namely the measurement of snowcovered area. Microwave radiation emitted from beneath the snow surface can be sensed and thus permits information on internal snowpack properties to be inferred. The intensity of radiation received is a function of the average temperature and emissivity of the snow layers and is commonly referred to as the brightness temperature (T sub B). The T sub B varies with snow grain and crystal sizes, liquid water content, and snowpack temperature. The T sub B of the 0.8 cm wavelength channel was found to decrease more so with increasing snow depth than the 1.4 cm channel. More scattering of the shorter wavelength radiation occurs thus resulting in a lower T sub B for shorter wavelengths in a dry snowpack. The longer 21.0 cm wavelength was used to assess the condition of the underlying ground.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: 4th NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 209-215
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  • 82
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    A test of a cumulus parameterization model using the GATE data (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Two parametric, ensemble cloud models were tested with data obtained during GATE (GARP Atlantic Tropical Experiment) (1974). The first model is an adaption of the Arakawa-Schubert scheme which uses an entraining jet to represent individual cumulus cloud types. The second model consists of an ensemble of cylindrical cells to represent the convective cloud field.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 4th NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 163-170
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  • 83
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    Some aspects of the new UCLA general circulation model (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A potential enstrophy conserving scheme and a modified beta-coordinate have been coded in the UCLA general circulation model. The new model is being tested with global simulation experiments.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 4th NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 153-157
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  • 84
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    Sensitivity of Forecast Skill to Different Objective Analysis Schemes (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Numerical weather forecasts are characterized by rapidly declining skill in the first 48 to 72 h. Recent estimates of the sources of forecast error indicate that the inaccurate specification of the initial conditions contributes substantially to this error. The sensitivity of the forecast skill to the initial conditions is examined by comparing a set of real-data experiments whose initial data were obtained with two different analysis schemes. Results are presented to emphasize the importance of the objective analysis techniques used in the assimilation of observational data.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: 4th NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 133-137
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  • 85
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    A statistical technique for determining rainfall over land employing Nimbus-6 ESMR measurements (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: An empirical method was employed to delineate synoptic scale rainfall over land utilizing Nimbus-6 ESMR measurements.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: 4th NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 103-108
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  • 86
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    Analytic studies on satellite detection of severe, two-cell tornadoes (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: It is argued that a two-cell structure is likely to be the unique property, and potentially satellite-accessible observable, of the exceptionally severe tornado. Analysis elucidating the dynamic, thermodynamic, and geometric properties of this two-cell structure is described. The analysis ultimately will furnish instrumentation requirements.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 4th NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 73-77
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  • 87
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    Measurement of hurricane winds and waves with a synthetic aperture radar (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: An analysis of data collected in a hurricane research program is presented. The data were collected with a Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) during five aircraft flights in the Atlantic in August and September, 1976. Work was conducted in two areas. The first is an analysis of the L-band SAR data in a scatterometer mode to determine the surface windspeeds in hurricanes, in a similar manner to that done by an X-band scatterometer. The second area was to use the SAR to examine the wave patterns in hurricanes. The wave patterns in all of the storms are similar and show a marked radial asymmetry.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 4th NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 79-83
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  • 88
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    Four dimensional observations of clouds from geosynchronous orbit using stereo display and measurement techniques on an interactive information processing system (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Simultaneous Geosynchronous Operational Environmental Satellite (GOES) 1 km resolution visible image pairs can provide quantitative three dimensional measurements of clouds. These data have great potential for severe storms research and as a basic parameter measurement source for other areas of meteorology (e.g. climate). These stereo cloud height measurements are not subject to the errors and ambiguities caused by unknown cloud emissivity and temperature profiles that are associated with infrared techniques. This effort describes the display and measurement of stereo data using digital processing techniques.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: 4th NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 67-72
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  • 89
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    Stereographic cloud heights from the imagery of two scan-synchronized geostationary satellites (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Scan synchronization of the sensors of two SMS-GOES satellites yields imagery from which cloud heights can be derived stereographically with a theoretical two-sigma random uncertainty of + or - 0.25 km for pairs of satellites separated by 60 degrees of longitude. Systematic height errors due to cloud motion can be kept below 100 m for all clouds with east-west components of speed below hurricane speed, provided the scan synchronization is within 40 seconds at the mid-point latitude, and the spin axis of each satellite is parallel to that of the earth.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: 4th NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 61-66
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  • 90
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    NASA activities and interests in the 1979 regional and storm scale experiment (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A brief overview is presented of NASA's planned involvement in an interagency severe storms field measurement program.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 4th NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 55-60
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    A mesoscale numerical model and the development of a severe storm prediction system (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The use of a mesoscale numerical model for predicting preferred zones of severe storm development is analyzed. A 60 consecutive day real-time test of the prediction system during the spring of 1978 proved useful in determining the problems and potentialities of such a system. A case study of severe storm development from this test period is described and compared to the model forecast fields.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 4th NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci., Rev.; p 41-48
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  • 92
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    Formulas for determining storm movement from the surrounding fields (1979)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Formulas are given for determining a conserved property of a storm and its centroid from an scalar field that has a tendency equation. The velocity of the centroid is also given. These formulas depend only on fields that are external to the storm.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 4th NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 37-40
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 93
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    The distribution of baroclinity within the atmosphere (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: A three dimensional numerical interpolation scheme which resolves frontal gradients with high fidelity was developed and is being applied to the study of atmospheric upper baroclinic zones.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 4th NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 27-32
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  • 94
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    A comparison between GOES-1 IR digital data and radar data for the 4 April 1977 severe storms outbreak (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The 4 April 1977 severe storms outbreak over Georgia and Alabama provided an excellent opportunity to examine the complementary characteristics between satellite and radar data.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: 4th NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev; p 33-36
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 95
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    Thunderstorm vertical velocities and mass flux estimated from satellite data (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Infrared geosynchronous satellite data with an interval of five minutes between images are used to estimate thunderstorm top ascent rates on two case study days. A mean vertical velocity of 3.5/ms for 19 clouds is calculated at a height of 8.7 km. This upward motion is representative of an area of approximately 10km on a side. Thunderstorm mass flux of approximately 2x10 to the 11th power/gs is calculated, which compares favorably with previous estimates. There is a significant difference in the mean calculated vertical velocity between elements associated with severe weather reports (w bar=4.6/ms) and those with no such reports (2.5/ms). Calculations were made using a velocity profile for an axially symmetric jet to estimate the peak updraft velocity. For the largest observed w value of 7.8/ms the calculation indicates a peak updraft of approximately 50/ms.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: 4th NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 7-13
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 96
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    Modelled and measured energy exchange at a snow surface (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Results of a model developed at JPL for the energy interchange between the atmosphere and the snow are compared with measurements made over a snowfield during a warm period of March, 1978. Both model and measurements show that turbulent fluxes are considerably smaller than the radiative fluxes, especially during the day. The computation of turbulent fluxes for both model and data is apparently lacking because of problems inherent in the stable atmosphere.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 4th NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 217-222
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  • 97
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    Remote sensing applied to the evaluation of crop freeze protection devices (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Thermal images from an aircraft-mounted scanner are used to evaluate the effectiveness of crop freeze protection devices. Fuel oil heaters, wind machines and irrigation systems are evaluated from flights at an altitude of 450 m over an experimental citrus grove of 1.5 hectares.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 4th NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 127-131
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 98
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    Mie disdrometer for in situ measurement of drop size distributions (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Test results are shown for a disdrometer breadboard which uses Mie scattering and incoherent optical correlation for in situ measurement of drop size distribution in a cloud chamber.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center 4th NASA Weather and Climate Program Sci. Rev.; p 109-113
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  • 99
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    Accident investigation (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: Aircraft accident investigations are discussed with emphasis on those accidents that involved weather as a contributing factor. The organization of the accident investigation board for air carrier accidents is described along with the hearings, and formal report preparation. Statistical summaries of the investigations of general aviation accidents are provided.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Tennessee Univ. Space Inst. Proc., 3d Ann. Workshop on Meteorological and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 46-57
    Format: application/pdf
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  • 100
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    Needed weather information where it belongs; in the cockpit (1979)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-06-07
    Description: The availability of inflight weather data to the cockpit is discussed. The need for real-time information systems to warn of hazardous weather conditions is emphasized. It is suggested that the Weather Service severe weather radar network be collocated with the FAA radar to provide information for real-time decision making.
    Keywords: METEOROLOGY AND CLIMATOLOGY
    Type: Tennessee Univ. Space Inst. Proc., 3d Ann. Workshop on Meteorological and Environ. Inputs to Aviation Systems; p 37-45
    Format: application/pdf
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