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  • Other Sources  (714)
  • NASA Technical Reports  (714)
  • FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER  (435)
  • INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY  (279)
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  • 1
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    The Capillary Pumped Loop (CPL) GAS experiment G-471 (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2009-11-16
    Description: The Capillary Pumped Loop (CPL) experiment, G-471 is a thermal control system with high density heat acquisition and transport capability. The CPL consists of two capillary pumped evaporators with integral heaters, a fluid loop charged with ammonia (NH3), a condenser plate (heat sink), and various control electronics. The purpose of the experiment is to demonstrate the capability of a capillary pumped system under zero gravity conditions for use in the thermal control of large scientific instruments, advanced orbiting spacecraft, and space station components.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: The 1985 Get Away Special Experimenter's Symposium; p 237-253
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  • 2
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    Halogen lamp experiment, HALEX (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-12
    Description: The main purpose of the Halogen Lamp Experiment (HALEX) was to investigate the operation of a halogen lamp during an extended period in a microgravity environment and to prove its behavior in space. The Mirror Heating Facilities for Crystal Growth and Material Science Experiments in space relies on one or two halogen lamps as a furnace to melt the specimens. The HALEX aim is to verify: full power operation of a halogen lamp for a period of about 60 hours; achievement of about 10% of its terrestrial life span; and operation of the halogen lamp under conditions similar to furnace operation.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1985 Get Away Special Experimenter's Symposium; p 141-149
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  • 3
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    Design considerations for a gas microcontroller (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-12
    Description: Some of the design problems that are now being addressed in consideration of a microcontroller for the upcoming GAS payload are discussed. Microcontrollers will be used to run the experiments and to collect and store the data from those experiments. Some of the requirements for a microcontroller are to be small, lightweight, have low power consumption, and high reliability. Some of the solutions that were developed to meet these design requirements are discussed. At present, the experiment is still in the design stage and the final design may change from what is presented here. The search for new integrated circuits which will do all that is needed all in one package continues.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1985 Get Away Special Experimenter's Symposium; p 117-124
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  • 4
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    Thermocapillary flow and gaseous convection in microgravity: Results from GAS payload G-0518 (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-12
    Description: Thermocapillary flow and gaseous convection in microgravity were investigated in GAS payload G-0518 during Space Shuttle Mission 41-D. A cylinder of paraffin was supported and heated differentially from its ends to induce a melt from solid to liquid and drive thermocapillary flow in the resulting liquid phase. Laminar thermocapillary flow was observed in the liquid paraffin and found to show a transition to time-dependent oscillatory motion at a Marangoni number of about Ma = 34000 with a period of approximately T = 8 seconds. In addition, free convection in a gas in microgravity was observed for the first time. The gaseous convection was caused by the thermal and/or velocity boundary layers present at the heater-liquid interface. Oscillation occurred in the gaseous convection simultaneously with those in the liquid, implying the two are strongly coupled. The gaseous convection may be driven by coupled thermocapillary flow/thermal expansion convection or microgravity bouyancy convection.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1985 Get Away Special Experimenter's Symposium; p 293-301
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  • 5
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    GAS payload no. G-025: Study of liquid sloshing behaviour in microgravity (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-12
    Description: The Get Away Special (GAS) G-025, which flew on shuttle Mission 51-G, examined the behavior of a liquid in a tank under microgravity conditions. The experiment is representative of phenomena occurring in satellite tanks with liquid propellants. A reference fluid in a hemispherical model tank will be subjected to linear acceleration inputs of known levels and frequencies, and the dynamic response of the tank liquid system was recorded. Preliminary analysis of the flight data indicates that the experiment functioned perfectly. The results will validate and refine mathematical models describing the dynamic characteristics of tank-fluid systems. This will in turn support the development of future spacecraft tanks, in particular the design of propellant management devices for surface tension tanks.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1985 Get Away Special Experimenter's Symposium; p 165-176
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  • 6
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    Water ball collision (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-12
    Description: What happens if a stainless steel ball hits a water ball in the weightless space ot the Universe? In other words, it was the objective of our experiments in the Space to observe the surface tension of liquid by means of making a solid collide with a liquid. Place a small volume of water between 2 glass sheets to make a thin water membrane: the 2 glass sheets cannot be separated unless an enormous force is applied. It is obvious from this phenomenom that the surface tension of water is far greater than presumed. On Earth, however, it is impossible in most cases to observe only the surface tension of liquid, because gravity always acts on the surface tension. Water and stainless steel balls were chosen the liquid and solids for the experiments. Because water is the liquid most familiar to us, its properties are well known. And it is also of great interest to compare its properties on the Earth with those in the weightless space.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1985 Get Away Special Experimenter's Symposium; p 81-84
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  • 7
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    Shuttle Continuous Open Wind Tunnel (SCOWT) (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The aerodynamic and heat transfer coefficients are studied within the range of thermo-fluid-dynamic conditions experienced by a satellite during Tethered Satellite System (TSS) atmospheric flights. The gasdynamic processes occuring downstream of the bow wave standing in front of the satellite are also studied. The knowledge of the chemistry and physics of the upper atmosphere related to satellite aerothermodynamics is furthered. The existence of an overshooting of the air drag coefficient of the sphere in the transition regime is validated. A complete set of measurements is performed in order to provide the data base to develop and validate theoretical models of free molecule transition flow fields.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA, Washington Applications of Tethers in Space. Workshop Proceedings, Vol. 2; p 225-249
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  • 8
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    Fluid behavior in microgravity (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-06-11
    Description: An experiment designed to study some fundamental aspects of microgravity fluid dynamics has been built and is scheduled for flight. The purpose of the experiment is to investigate differences in behavior of wetting and nonwetting fluid systems at low Bond numbers. Methods were developed to determine liquid quantity, estimate vapor contact area and measure liquid layer thickness. Both the responses of the fluid systems to external perturbations and the transfer of liquid through a connection between two containers can be studied.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Goddard Space Flight Center The 1985 Get Away Special Experimenter's Symposium; p 33-40
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  • 9
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    Evaluation and characterization of hybrid arrays (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: An Infrared Camera was built for astronomical observations and for testing arrays for satellite based work. The detectors are sensitive to mid infrared wavelengths. The camera was tested at the University of Arizona 61 and 90 inch telescopes and the NASA IRTF. These tests have demonstrated a sensitivity consistent with photon shot noise with an approximately 10% quantum efficiency for each pixel when the camera was used with a 1.6% spectral filter or when used with a Fabry-Perot having a resolving power of 2000. Initial measurements of read out noise, dark current, cross talk, and hysteresis were made. The detector chip in current use is a hybrid array manufactured by the Hughes Aircraft Company. Because part of the goal was to develop and advance technology, it was decided to work with a switched MOSFET array. This architecture is very promising, and the detector parameters will be quantified carefully.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center Proceedings of the Second Infrared Detector Technology Workshop; 22 p
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  • 10
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    Evaluation of a Si:Ga direct readout array (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Preliminary results from the Hughes 58 x 62 gallium-doped silicon infrared array are presented. The device functioned predictably and repeatedly at the low temperatures for the Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF). Power dissipation was reduced to acceptable levels while still maintaining the device speed. The infrared response was excellent and the degree of anomalous effects was compatible to conventional photoconductors.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center Proceedings of the Second Infrared Detector Technology Workshop; 16 p
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  • 11
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    Development of 58 x 62 Si:Sb detector arrays (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The fabrication of antimony doped silicon (Si:Sb) detector arrays are described for use in 30 micron infrared imaging applications. The operation of the multiplexer readout circuit which will be used for this application is also described.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center Proceedings of the Second Infrared Detector Technology Workshop; 6 p
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  • 12
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    Preliminary test data using the MOS DRO with Si:In detector material (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The initial testing performed on the Hughes Metal Oxide Semiconductor Direct Readout (MOS DRO) with a Si:In extrinsic infrared array is described. The testing to date was of a screening nature and the results are primarily qualitative rather than quantitative. At a later date the performance optimization phase will be initiated. An encouraging result is that this response is strongly dependent on the detector temperature, to the extent that thermal transients introduced during the chip readout will affect the performance. A responsivity of 1 A/W at 2.2 microns with a bias of 15 volts, which is well below what is optimum bias, was obtained.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center Proceedings of the Second Infrared Detector Technology Workshop; 12 p
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  • 13
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    Imagery with a Si:Bi 16 x 16 array (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A description of the design and performance of an imaging spectrometer intended for operation in the 7 to 14 micron wavelength range is presented. It is based upon a 16 by 16 element Si:Bi hybrid array, a circular variable filter wheel, and a microcomputer data acquisition system. The spatial-spectral photometric performances were evaluated in the laboratory as well as field tested at astronomical observatories. The performance characteristics of the system are presented as well as laboratory and astronomical images.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Proceedings of the Second Infrared Detector Technology Workshop; 14 p
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  • 14
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    A study of Si:In hybrid surface channel IRCCD devices (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Hybrid silicon Infrared Charge Coupled Devices (IRCCDs) are evaluated for use as viable astronomical detectors. A Si:In photoconductor array which is bump-bonded to a silicon multiplexer is described. A summary of the device parameters is given.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center Proceedings of the Second Infrared Detector Technology Workshop; 16 p
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  • 15
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    Tests of HgCdTe-on-sapphire focal plane arrays (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The general architecture of the imaging array, some merits of HgCdTe-on-sapphire as a detector material, and the current status of the laboratory tests and the Short Wave Infrared (SWIR) camera are described.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center Proceedings of the Second Infrared Detector Technology Workshop; 9 p
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  • 16
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    Si:As BIB detector arrays (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Highlights of the results obtained on arsenic-doped silicon blocked impurity band (BIB) detectors and arrays since the invention of the BIB concept a few years ago are presented. After a brief introduction and a description of the BIB concept, data will be given on single detector performance. Then different arrays that were fabricated will be described and test data presented.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center Proceedings of the Second Infrared Detector Technology Workshop; 43 p
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  • 17
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    Evaluation of Rockwell HgCdTe arrays for astronomical use (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The 32 x 32 HgCdTe array manufactured by Rockwell International was proven to be a highly competitive detector type for use at wavelengths shorter than 2.5 microns. The goal of a K=+16 sky survey using this array attached to the Steward Observatory Transit Telescope is clearly within reach. The detector material exhibits high quantum efficiency and low dark currents indicating that its usefulness may extend beyond its use with a CCD readout on groundbased telescopes.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center Proceedings of the Second Infrared Detector Technology Workshop; 14 p
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  • 18
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    Preliminary measurements of very low dark currents in MLA/SWIR HgCdTe/DRO arrays (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: In infrared astronomy observations, one of the key detector performance parameters is the dark current which, together with the optics, establishes the fundamental limit of a space-based instrument. This technical note summarizes an effort to measure dark current performance of the MLA/Short Wave Infrared photovoltaic HgCdTe array (2.5 micron cutoff) at temperatures from 65 to 120 K. The preliminary results indicate that dark current decreased systematically to 100 K, then the value became measurement-limited at about 3.0 E-18 A/pixel, or 19 electrons/sec/pixel.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center Proceedings of the Second Infrared Detector Technology Workshop; 10 p
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  • 19
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    Characterization of 2.5 microns HgCdTe detectors for low-background applications (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A program of testing aimed at the evaluation of systems that have the potential to provide the level of performance required for use in space-based instruments was undertaken and their usefulness appraised for astronomy. The results of the first phase of the program to characterize selected pixels of a HgCdTe photovoltaic array detector were reported.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center Proceedings of the Second Infrared Detector Technology Workshop; 9 p
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  • 20
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    The status of the ISO Project (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The Infrared Space Observatory (ISO), an approved and funded project of the European Space Agency (ESA), will be an astronomical satellite observatory operating at wavelengths from 3 to 200 microns. The ISO Project and its status are summarized. The overall goals are outlined, the scientific instruments are described, and the current activities are summarized.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center Proceedings of the Second Infrared Detector Technology Workshop; 5 p
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  • 21
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    Development of InSb and Si:Ga arrays for ISO camera (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) satellite will contain a 60 cm telescope. A 4 faces pyramid mirror feeds each experiment with a 3 arc minute part of the telescope field of view. The camera system is described. The arrays for the 3 to 5 and 5 to 17 micron channel are also discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center Proceedings of the Second Infrared Detector Technology Workshop; 5 p
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  • 22
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    InSb arrays: Astronomy with a 32x32 CCD/development of a 58x62 DRO (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Experience gained in operating infrared detector arrays for high sensitivity astronomical applications at the University of Rochester are summarized. Progress made in operating the 32 x 32 InSb array with bump-bonded Silicon CCD readout is described. Astronomical work done with the 32 x 32 camera is also described. Plans for the future, including improvements for the 32 x 32 camera system as well as implementing a new generation of 58 x 62 InSb array using switched-MOSFET direct readout multiplexing system in the place of the older CCD technology is discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center Proceedings of the Second Infrared Detector Technology Workshop; 20 p
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  • 23
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    A progress report on bolometers operating at 0.1 K using adiabatic demagnetization refrigeration (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Bolometers are still the detectors of choice for low background infrared observations at wavelengths longer than 200 microns. In the low background limit, bolometers become more sensitive as their operating temperature decreases, due to fundamental thermodynamic laws. The adiabatic demagnetization technique was evaluated by building a bolometer detection system operating at a wavelength of 1 millimeter for use at a ground based telescope. The system was fit checked at the telescope and is expected to take its first data in November, 1985.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Proceedings of the Second Infrared Detector Technology Workshop; 3 p
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  • 24
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    Low-background InSb array development (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Photovoltaic indium antimonide (PV InSb) detector technology has matured over the past several years to enable a wide variety of applications to use this high-performance detector material to advantage. The operating conditions for most of the applications to date for back-side illuminated PV InSb arrays have encompassed focal plane temperatures ranging from 40 to approximately 95 K, with the majority in the narrower range between 60 and 80 K. Background flux conditions have ranged from 10 to the 10th power ph/sq cm/sec to 10 to the 16th power ph/sq cm/sec, most typically between 10 to the 12th power and 10 to the 14th power ph/sq cm/sec. Appropriately, the array parameters were optimized for maximum performance over these temperature and background ranges. The key parameters which were peaked in this process were the resistance-area product of the detectors and their quantum efficiency. The Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF) Infrared Array Camera requirements, however, present very low temperature and background operating conditions, plus the need for very high signal to noise ratios. Preliminary analysis indicates that back-side illuminated PV InSb arrays can be optimized for operation under these conditions, and some performance projections will be presented.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center Proceedings of the Second Infrared Detector Technology Workshop; 12 p
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  • 25
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    Characterization of NTD germanium and ion-implanted Si bolometers at 0.3K and 0.1K (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Bolometer elements were built and tested using NTD germanium and ion-implanted Si thermometer elements. The thermal links were made using aluminum wires and NbC(x)N(y) coated carbon fibers. The temperature dependence of the detector resistance, lead thermal conductivity, and heat capacity were measured. The dependence of the detector resistance on applied electric field was also measured. This, combined with the current-voltage curve for the detector, allowed the calculation of the detector responsivity. Known amounts of energy were deposited into the detector by allowing X-rays from the decay of Fe-55 to be thermalized in the detector. In the best-measured case, the predicted pulse height/measured height was 1.04 + or - .05. The noise at frequencies above 25 Hz in the NTD Ge was near that predicted by thermodynamics. The noise below 25 Hz has a 1/f character and may be in the carbon fiber/bolometer junction. The implanted detectors show some 1/f noise which depends on the total thermometer volume. Comparison between noise measurements and theory will be presented.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center Proceedings of the Second Infrared Detector Technology Workshop; 13 p
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  • 26
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    Status of NTD Ge bolometer material and devices (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The first IR Detector Technology Workshop took place at NASA Ames Research Center on July 12 and 13, 1983. The conclusions presented at that meeting are still valid. More was learned about the physics of hopping conduction at very low temperatures which will be important for bolometer design and operation at ever decreasing temperatures. Resistivity measurements were extended down to 50 mK. At such low temperatures, precise knowledge of the neutron capture cross sections sigma (sub n) of the various Ge isotopes is critical if one is to make an accurate prediction of the dopant concentrations and compensation, and therefore resistivity, that will result from a given irradiation. An empirical approach for obtaining the desired resistivity material is described and the process of conducting a set of experiments which will improve the knowledge of the effective sigma (sub n) values for a given location in a particular reactor is discussed. A wider range of NTD Ge samples is now available. Noise measurements on bolometers with ion implanted contacts show the no 1/f noise component appears down to 1 Hz and probably lower.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center Proceedings of the Second Infrared Detector Technology Workshop; 13 p
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  • 27
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    Ge:Be infrared photoconductors (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Ge:Be photoconductors were optimized for the 30 to 50 micron wavelength range. Crystal growth of detector quality material requires good control of both the Be and residual impurity doping. Detective quantum efficiencies of n sub d = 46% at 5 A/W were achieved at a photon background of 10 to the 8th power p/s. The responsivity of Ge:Be detectors can be strongly temperature-dependent when the residual shallow levels in the material are closely compensated. Transient responses on the order of approximately 1 second were observed in some materials. The role of residual shallow impurities on the performance of photoconductors doped with semi-deep and deep impurities is discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center Proceedings of the Second Infrared Detector Technology Workshop; 13 p
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  • 28
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    Detector systems for ISO's photometer ISOPHOT (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: One of the four focal plane instruments of the Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) is ISOPHOT, a photopolarimeter for the wavelength region 3 to 200 microns. Each experiment occupies a quadrant of the focal plane. The telescope beam is directed into each experiment by means of a pyramid mirror and by tilting the satellite. The diameter of the unvignetted field of view is 3 arcmin or 7.85 mm in the focal plane (1 mm = 23 arcsec). The temperatures provided are 3 K for cooling the detector systems and 8 K for the experiment structure. Available detectors are described along with the current status of the experiment.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center Proceedings of the Second Infrared Detector Technology Workshop; 11 p
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  • 29
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    Progress in the development of integrating JFET amplifiers (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A new approach to infrared detector readout has appeared with the development of integrating JFET amplifiers. This brief progress report includes results on the operation of commercially available devices at a temperature of 40 K, on their sensitivity and on an effort to develop a new JFET with properties optimized for cryogenic applications. Even with presently available devices it will be shown that for applications such as the Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF), the most strigent sensitivity requirements of noise currents as low as 1 electron/sec in less than 100 seconds of integration can be met.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center Proceedings of the Second Infrared Detector Technology Workshop; 9 p
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  • 30
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    Dark current measurement in photoconductors (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The Space Infrared Telescope Facility (SIRTF) is envisioned as a next generation space observatory for observations between 2 and 700 microns. In order to address many of the important scientific questions in areas such as cosmology, star formation, and galaxy evolution, infrared detectors of unparalleled sensitivity will be required. Dark current measurements are described for a number of different discrete photoconductive detectors that may be of importance at the very low backgrounds expected with SIRTF.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center Proceedings of the Second Infrared Detector Technology Workshop; 11 p
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  • 31
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    Detector requirements for space infrared astronomy (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Requirements for background-limited (BLIP) detectors are discussed in terms of number of photons falling on each pixel, dark current, high detective quantum efficiencies, large numbers of pixels, and array size.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Ames Research Center Proceedings of the Second Infrared Detector Technology Workshop; 4 p
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    An analysis of ullage heat transfer in the orbital refueling system (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The Orbital Refueling System was an experiment flown on Shuttle Mission STS 41-G in October, 1984. Liquid hydrazine fuel was transferred back and forth from one spherical bladder tank to another using pressurized nitrogen as the driving force. Compressive heating of the ullage gas in the receiving tank could lead to a hazardous situation if any hydrazine leaked through to the ullage side of the bladder and was heated above about 175 F, where it can undergo spontaneous exothermic decomposition. Early analysis of the flight data indicated that the ullage compression process was much closer to an isothermal than an adiabatic one. In this study, a thorough review of the pertinent literature was used to make an a priori best-estimate for the ullage gas heat transfer coefficient (defining the Nusselt Number as a function of Reynolds and Rayleigh Numbers). Experimental data from the flight were analyzed in detail. It is evident that there is considerably more heat transfer than can be accounted for by conduction alone, but the observed increases do not correlate well with Reynolds Number, Rayleigh Number or vehicle acceleration. There are large gaps in the present understanding of convective heat transfer in closed containers with internal heat generation, especially in the presence of vibrations or other random disturbances. A program of experiments to fill in these gaps is suggested, covering both ground and orbital environments.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center NASA/American Society for Engineering Educati; NASA. Johnson Space
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    Comparison of various techniques for calibration of AIS data (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: The Airborne Imaging Spectrometer (AIS) samples a region which is strongly influenced by decreasing solar irradiance at longer wavelengths and strong atmospheric absorptions. Four techniques, the Log Residual, the Least Upper Bound Residual, the Flat Field Correction and calibration using field reflectance measurements were investigated as a means for removing these two features. Of the four techniques field reflectance calibration proved to be superior in terms of noise and normalization. Of the other three techniques, the Log Residual was superior when applied to areas which did not contain one dominant cover type. In heavily vegetated areas, the Log Residual proved to be ineffective. After removing anomalously bright data values, the Least Upper Bound Residual proved to be almost as effective as the Log Residual in sparsely vegetated areas and much more effective in heavily vegetated areas. Of all the techniques, the Flat Field Correction was the noisest.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: JPL Proceedings of the Second Airborn Imaging Spectrometer Data Analysis Workshop; p 21-30
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  • 34
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    Radiometric calibration of the airborne imaging spectrometer (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: Several laboratory calibration tests were developed for the Airborne Imaging Spectrometer (AIS). The goals of these tests are to adjust the physical alignment of the detector within the optical system and set the spectral endpoints, and produce a calibration file of multipliers which equalizes the relative responses of each of the detector elements in the entire two-dimensional array. Tests are also performed as part of an ongoing effort to provide absolute radiometric calibration. The tests are described and the merits and limitations of each are discussed.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Proceedings of the Second Airborne Imaging Spectrometer Data Analysis Workshop; p 17-20
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  • 35
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    Application of computer image enhancement techniques to shuttle hand-held photography (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: With the advent of frequent Space Transportation System Shuttle missions, photography from hyperaltitudes stands to become an accessible and convenient resource for scientists and environmental managers. As satellite products (such as LANDSAT) continue to spiral in costs, all but the most affluent consumer is finding Earth imagery from space to be more and more unavailable. Therefore, the potential for Shuttle photography to serve a wide variety of users is increasing. However, despite the popularity of photos from space as public relations tools and report illustrations, little work has been performed to prove their scientific worth beyond that as basic mapping bases. It is the hypothesis of this project that hand-held Earth photography from the Space Shuttle has potentially high scientific merit and that primary data can be extracted. In effect, Shuttle photography should be considered a major remote sensing information resource.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center NASA/American Society for Engineering Educati; NASA. Johnson Space
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  • 36
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    Materials considerations in the design of a metal-hydride heat pump for an advanced extravehicular mobility unit (1986)
    In:  CASI
    Details
    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A metal-hydride heat pump (HHP) has been proposed to provide an advanced regenerable nonventing thermal sink for the liquid-cooled garment worn during an extravehicular activity (EVA). The conceptual design indicates that there is a potential for significant advantages over the one presently being used by shuttle crew personnel as well as those that have been proposed for future use with the space station. Compared to other heat pump designs, a HHP offers the potential for extended use with no electrical power requirements during the EVA. In addition, a reliable, compact design is possible due to the absence of moving parts other than high-reliability check valves. Because there are many subtleties in the properties of metal hydrides for heat pump applications, it is essential that a prototype hydride heat pump be constructed with the selected materials before a committment is made for the final design. Particular care must be given to the evaporator heat exchanger worn by the astronaut since the performance of hydride heat pumps is generally heat transfer limited.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center NASA/American Society for Engineering Educati; NASA. Johnson Space
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  • 37
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    Condensation heat transfer under a microgravity environment (1986)
    In:  CASI
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    Publication Date: 2006-02-14
    Description: A description of the condensation heat transfer process in microgravity is given. A review of the literature is also reported. The most essential element of condensation heat transfer in microgravity is the condensate removal mechanism. Two mechanisms for condensate removal are analyzed by looking into two problems. The first problem is concerned with film condensation on a flat porous plate with the condensate being removed by suction at the wall. The second problem is an analytical prediction of the heat transfer coefficient for condensing annular flows with the condensate film driven by the vapor shear. It is concluded that both suction and vapor shear can effectively drain the condensate to ensure continuous operation of the condensers operated under a microgravity environment. It is recommended that zero-g flight experiments be carried out to verify the prediction made in the present report. The results contained in this report should also aid in the design of future space condensers.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: NASA. Johnson Space Center NASA/American Society for Engineering Educati; NASA. Johnson Space
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  • 38
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    Astronomical imaging by filtered weighted-shift-and-add technique (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The weighted-shift-and-add speckle imaging technique is analyzed using simple assumptions. The end product is shown to be a convolution of the object with a typical point-spread function (psf) that is similar in shape to the telescope psf and depends marginally on the speckle psf. A filter can be applied to each data frame before locating the maxima, either to identify the speckle locations (matched filter) or to estimate the instantaneous atmospheric psf (Wiener filter). Preliminary results show the power of the technique when applied to photon-limited data and to extended objects.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Optical Society of America, Journal, A: Optics and Image Science (ISSN 0740-3232); 3; 2069-207
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  • 39
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    Flow regimes in a shallow rotating cylindrical annulus with temperature gradients imposed on the horizontal boundaries (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Experimental flow regime diagrams are determined for a new rotating cylindrical annulus configuration which permits a measure of control over the internal vertical temperature gradient. The new annulus has radial temperature gradients imposed on plane horizontal thermally conducting endwalls (with the cylindrical sidewalls as insulators) and is considered to be more relevant to atmospheric dynamics studies than the classical cylindrical annulus. Observations have revealed that, in addition to the axisymmetric flow and nonaxisymmetric baroclinic wave flow which occur in the classical annulus, two additional nonaxisymmetric flow types occur in the new annulus: boundary-layer thermal convection and deep thermal convection. Flow regime diagrams for three different values of the imposed vertical temperature difference are presented, and explanations for the flow transitions are offered. The new annulus provides scientific backup for the proposed Atmospheric General Circulation Experiment for Spacelab. The apparatus diagram is included.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Fluid Mechanics (ISSN 0022-1120); 172; 401-418
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  • 40
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    Balloon-borne cryogenic spectrometer for measurement of lower stratospheric trace constituents (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A liquid-nitrogen cooled, multidetector Fourier transform spectrometer has been constructed to measure minor stratospheric constituents via high resolution, earth-limb emission spectroscopy from a balloon-borne platform. Cryogenic cooling, combined with the use of extrinsic silicon photoconductor detectors cooled to liquid-helium temperature, allows the detection of weak emission features of gaseous species. The spectrometer has two basic scan modes: the first mode records the continuous spectrum from 650-2100/cm with 0.2/cm resolution; the second simultaneously records four preselected narrow intervals (about 175/cm bandpass each) with 0.02/cm resolution, unapodized. Filtering of the interferogram signal is done by real-time, digital signal processing. The most important feature of this flat mirror Michelson system, with respect to remote balloon-borne operation, is the dynamic alignment system which maintains the relative parallelism of the two flat reflectors of the interferometer. Species identified to date in data obtained during a Nov. 6, 1984, flight include: CO2, O3, H2O, CH4, HNO3, N2O, NO2, NO, CCl3F (Freon-11) and CF2Cl2 (Freon-12).
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  • 41
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    Soft X-ray photoemission with the SSX-100 spectrometer (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Photoemission and SEXAFS experiments were conducted using a double crystal monochromator at the Stanford Synchrotron Radiation Laboratory. Photoelectrons were detected using a Surface Science Laboratories SSX-100 electron analyzer, which employs a magnetic/electrostatic lens, hemispherical geometry, and a two-dimensional position-sensitive detector. In the kinetic energy range of interest (1000-2000 eV), a significant improvement in count rate was observed over a single channel cylindrical mirror analyzer system. Ten second scans of the KLL silicon Auger peak manifold were recorded at a large number of photon energies for subsequent determination of SEXAFS spectra.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A - Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors, and Associated Equipment (ISSN 0168-9002); A246; 806-809
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  • 42
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    On the energy resolution obtained with a multistep proportional counter (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Results of laboratory experiments with a standard multiwire imaging proportional counter (MWPC), modified to include a parallel grid preamplification stage are presented. Both argon and xenon were used as the primary absorbing gas in conjunction with a number of quench gases. It is found that extremely good energy resolution is obtained from the preamplification stage, almost independent of the ionization potential of the quench gas and over a broad range of gains. Furthermore, regardless of absorbing gas or quench agent, there was no difficulty in transferring a portion of this preamplified charge to the MWPC section for multistep mode operation. Finally, even for overall system gains greater than 10,000, the energy resolution from the second stage is found to be significantly improved, as long as the preamplification stage is operating. These results should have wide application and are of special interest for X-ray astronomy.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research, Section A - Accelerators, Spectrometers, Detectors, and Associated Equipment (ISSN 0168-9002); A248; 550-556
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  • 43
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    Direct measurement of skin friction with a new instrument (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The design and performance of a small belt-type skin-friction gage to measure wall shear-stress coefficients in wind-tunnel testing are described, summarizing the report of Vakili and Wu (1982). The sensor employs a flexible belt of variable surface characteristics; this belt, wrapped tightly around two cylinders mounted on frictionless flexures, is equipped with strain gages to estimate the deflection of the belt by the flow. An alternative approach uses IR illumination, optical fibers, and a photosensitive transistor, permitting direct measurement of the belt deflection. Drawings, diagrams, and graphs of sample data are provided.
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  • 44
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    Droplet field visualization and characterization via digital image analysis (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: This paper describes techniques that have been developed at JPL for visualization and measurements of droplet fields in a moving airstream. The techniques have been applied to a variety of problems which include simulation of heavy rain conditions in a wind tunnel, engine ingestion of wheel spray, analysis of fuel nozzle sprays and aerodynamic breakup of non-Newtonian liquids. The approach pursued here is direct imaging using a pulsed laser illumination source, followed by digital processing of photographic images. A laser double pulse technique has been used for determination of droplet velocities. Laser induced fluorescence has been used to enhance droplet definition in photographic images. The image processing software developed is capable of distinguishing between out-of-focus and in-focus drops, retaining only the latter for size determination.
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  • 45
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    The special relativistic shock tube (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The shock-tube problem has served as a popular test for numerical hydrodynamics codes. The development of relativistic hydrodynamics codes has created a need for a similar test problem in relativistic hydrodynamics. The analytical solution to the special relativistic shock-tube problem is presented here. The relativistic shock-jump conditions and rarefaction solution which make up the shock tube are derived. The Newtonian limit of the calculations is given throughout.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Fluid Mechanics (ISSN 0022-1120); 171; 365-375
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  • 46
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    Measurement and prediction of model-rotor flowfields (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Aircraft (ISSN 0021-8669); 23; 843-851
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  • 47
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    Scaling relations for heating during gliding entry at parabolic speed (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The scaling relations presently derived illustrate the influence of ballistic coefficient and L/D primary vehicle parameters on the peak heating rate and total heating/unit area for gliding entry of the earth atmosphere at parabolic speed. Comparisons with stagnation-point and windward centerline laminar and turbulent heating during three Space Shuttle flights are presented. It is found that total heat input/unit area is reduced by decreasing both of the primary vehicle parameters.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 24; 2047-204
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  • 48
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    Quadratic resonance in the three-dimensional oscillations of inviscid drops with surface tension (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The moderate-amplitude, three-dimensional oscillations of an inviscid drop are described in terms of spherical harmonics. Specific oscillation modes are resonantly coupled by quadratic nonlinearities caused by inertia, capillarity, and drop deformation. The equations describing the interactions of these modes are derived from the variational principle for the appropriate Lagrangian by expressing the modal amplitudes to be functions of a slow time scale and by preaveraging the Lagrangian over the time scale of the primary oscillations. Stochastic motions are predicted for nonaxisymmetric deformations starting from most initial conditions, even those arbitrarily close to the axisymmetric shapes. The stochasticity is characterized by a redistribution of the energy contained in the initial deformation over all the degrees of freedom of the interacting modes.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Physics of Fluids (ISSN 0031-9171); 29; 2788-279
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  • 49
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    Electrooptic phase modulation gas correlation spectroscopy - A laboratory demonstration (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A new gas-correlation spectroscopy technique is described which uses electrooptic phase modulation (EOPM) of atmospheric emission spectra together with a reference cell to selectively detect radiatively active gases. Laboratory results demonstrate that the EOPM gas-correlation technique is a sensitive approach to species abundance measurements, and support the feasibility of an instrument for measurement of winds in the stratosphere and mesosphere using an EOPM. Through the measurement of wind-induced Doppler shifts in the spectra of atmospheric species, this instrument offers a means of monitoring the wind field in the 20-100 km altitude range from a satellite.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics (ISSN 0003-6935); 25; 2860-286
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  • 50
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    Numerical experiments of axisymmetric flow in a nonuniform gravitational field (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 24; 1483-148
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  • 51
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    Is Navier-Stokes turbulence chaotic? (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Whether turbulent solutions of the Navier-Stokes equations are chaotic is considered. Initially neighboring solutions for a low-Reynolds-number fully developed turbulence are compared. The turbulence is sustained by a nonrandom time-independent external force. The solutions separate exponentially with time, having a positive Liapunov characteristic exponent. Thus the turbulence is characterized as chaotic.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Physics of Fluids (ISSN 0031-9171); 29; 1453-145
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  • 52
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    A theoretical model for the annular jet instability (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The instability of an annular gas-core liquid jet is modeled theoretically by treating the liquid layer as a membrane moving under the influences of its own inertia, surface tension, and the gaseous hydrostatic pressure difference between its two sides. Essential physical mechanisms are reconstructed without making any attempt to fit experimental data with model constants. The results compare favorably with those of experiment.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Physics of Fluids (ISSN 0031-9171); 29; 2076-208
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  • 53
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    Experiments on annular liquid jet instability and on the formation of liquid shells (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An annular jet flow of liquid surrounding a flow of gas at its core is extremely unstable. Experiments are described in which such a flow is generated by an annular nozzle operated at fairly specific conditions. It is shown that periodic, axisymmetric oscillations arise spontaneously within the cylindrical sheet emerging from the nozzle and grow with such rapidity along the axial dimension that a sealing-off and encapsulation of the core gas occurs within a few jet diameters. This is closely followed by a pinchoff of the liquid between adjacent bubbles. The liquid shells set free thereby assume spherically symmetric form under capillary forces, and each contains a precisely uniform measure of gas and of liquid on account of the extremely high frequency-stability of the process. Description is given of the fluid dynamic processes by which the shells are formed, and mention is made of exploiting the instability for the production of rigid shells for technological applications.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Physics of Fluids (ISSN 0031-9171); 29; 2086-209
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  • 54
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    Turbulent Reynolds analogy factors of stacked large-eddy breakup devices (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Direct measurements are made of turbulent Reynolds analogy factors, referenced to a flat plate, for turbulent boundary layer flows altered by stacked arrays of large eddy breakup devices (LEBUs). These are of interest as drag reducers when inserted into a boundary layer transverse to the flow. The data thus obtained furnish evidence that heat transfer, skin friction drag, and LEBU performance factors in low Reynolds number flows are sensitive to flow history. Attention is given to the apparatus and measurement procedures used.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets (ISSN 0022-4650); 23; 348-350
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  • 55
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    Coupling conditions for integrating boundary layer and rotational inviscid flow (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The matching of a boundary layer and a rotational inviscid flow is reexamined by extending the Johnson and Sockol (1979) coupling conditions to include the case where the boundary layer solution includes the second-order effects of the freestream vorticity and the total temperature gradient. It is pointed out that two of the three conditions are not independent. If the boundary layer solution satisfies the appropriate momentum and energy integral equations, it follows that the imposition of the normal mass flux condition insures that the conditions on a normal flux of streamwise momentum and total enthalpy will also be satisfied.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 24; 1033-103
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  • 56
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    A new approach for solving the three-dimensional steady Euler equations. I - General theory (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The present iterative procedure combines the Clebsch potentials and the Munk-Prim (1947) substitution principle with an extension of a semidirect Cauchy-Riemann solver to three dimensions, in order to solve steady, inviscid three-dimensional rotational flow problems in either subsonic or incompressible flow regimes. This solution procedure can be used, upon discretization, to obtain inviscid subsonic flow solutions in a 180-deg turning channel. In addition to accurately predicting the behavior of weak secondary flows, the algorithm can generate solutions for strong secondary flows and will yield acceptable flow solutions after only 10-20 outer loop iterations.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Computational Physics (ISSN 0021-9991); 60; 23-61
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  • 57
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    Use of hot-wire anemometry for turbulence measurements in shock induced flows (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A research program is currently being conducted with the aim to investigate the operating environment of future gas turbines. The present paper provides a description of the experimental methods which have been employed in performing turbulence intensity measurements in shock-induced flows. In a discussion of the instrumentation, attention is given to the employed low pressure shock tube, the hot-wire probe, the anemometer, the test facility, the experimental setup, the Kistler pressure transducer, and silicon piezoresistive gages. Aspects of instrumentation calibration are considered along with data corrections, experimental data, and data processing.
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  • 58
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    Numerical analysis of confined recirculating gas-solid turbulent flows (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Particle dispersion in confined recirculating turbulent flows has been investigated numerically. The present computational scheme utilizes Eulerian forms of the governing equations and allows two-way coupling between gas and solid phases. A recently developed two-phase closure model based on the multiple-scale turbulence model was used for the estimation of turbulent viscosities and diffusivities. For the particle size and loading considered in this study, the effect of particulate phase on the conveying gas is small, the nonequilibrium between the two phases is significant. Effects of recirculation, expanded chamber size and secondary annular jet momentum on the particle mixing rate are also investigated. In general, the present numerical results are in reasonably good agreement with the available experimental data.
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    Stressed Ge:Ga infrared detectors - Performance and operational parameters (1986)
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    Description: A stressed Ge:Ga infrared detector was tested in various operating conditions. Background-limited performance was demonstrated at photon backgrounds down to less than 10 to the 8th photon/s sq cm. The optimal operational parameters were determined.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics (ISSN 0003-6935); 25; 1698-170
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  • 60
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    Integrated development facility for the calibration of low-energy charged particle flight instrumentation (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The design of a low-energy ion facility for development and calibration of thermal ion instrumentation is examined. A directly heated cathode provides the electrons used to produce ions by impact ionization and an applied magnetic field increases the path length followed by the electrons. The electrostatic and variable geometry magnetic mirror configuration in the ion source is studied. The procedures for the charge neutralization of the beam and the configuration and function of the 1.4-m drift tube are analyzed. A microcomputer is utilized to control and monitor the beam energy and composition, and the mass- and angle-dependent response of the instrument under testing. The facility produces a high-quality ion beam with an adjustable range of energies up to 150 eV; the angular divergence and uniformity of the beam is obtained from two independent retarding potential analyzers. The procedures for calibrating the instrument being developed are described.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments (ISSN 0034-6748); 57; 572-582
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  • 61
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    Use of a raster framebuffer in vision research (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: For the study of human and animal vision, the video framebuffer is the only technology that is capable of displaying two-dimensional images with precise control of contrast, luminance, and display timing. The video framebuffer also allows precise control of color. However, this device is not designed for precise psychophysical displays, and techniques must be developed to use them in this role. In order to be concrete, an RDS-3000 raster display system (Adage, 1982) is used which is hosted by a PDP-11/73 under the Venix operating system. The principles generalize to other machines. Where it clarifies the issues, the syntax of the software routines involved is shown.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, and Computers (ISSN 0743-3838); 18; 6, 19
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  • 62
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    Ramp-integration technique for capacitance-type blade-tip clearance measurement (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The analysis of a proposed new technique for capacitance type blade tip clearance measurement is presented. The capacitance between the blade tip and a mounted capacitance electrode within a guard ring forms one of the feedback elements of a high speed operational amplifier. The differential equation governing the operational amplifier circuit is formulated and solved for two types of inputs to the amplifier - a constant voltage and a ramp. The resultant solution shows an output that contains a term that is proportional to the derivative of the product of the input voltage and the time constant of the feedback network. The blade tip clearance capacitance is obtained by subtracting the output of a balancing reference channel followed by integration. The proposed sampled data algorithm corrects for environmental effects and varying rotor speeds on-line, making the system suitable for turbine instrumentation. System requirements, block diagrams, and a typical application are included.
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    Crash response data system for the controlled impact demonstration (CID) of a full scale transport aircraft (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: NASA Langley's Crash Response Data System (CRDS) which is designed to acquire aircraft structural and anthropomorphic dummy responses during the full-scale transport CID test is described. Included in the discussion are the system design approach, details on key instrumentation subsystems and operations, overall instrumentation crash performance, and data recovery results. Two autonomous high-environment digital flight instrumentation systems, DAS 1 and DAS 2, were employed to obtain research data from various strain gage, accelerometer, and tensiometric sensors installed in the B-720 test aircraft. The CRDS successfully acquired 343 out of 352 measurements of dynamic crash data.
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    A miniature remote deadweight calibrator (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A miniature, computer-controlled, deadweight calibrator was developed to remotely calibrate a force transducer mounted in a cryogenic chamber. This simple mechanism allows automatic loading and unloading of deadweights placed onto a skin friction balance during calibrations. Equipment for the calibrator includes a specially designed set of five interlocking 200-milligram weights, a motorized lifting platform, and a controller box taking commands from a microcomputer on an IEEE interface. The computer is also used to record and reduce the calibration data and control other calibration parameters. The full-scale load for this device is 1,000 milligrams; however, the concept can be extended to accommodate other calibration ranges.
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    An electronic scanner of pressure for wind tunnel models (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An electronic scanner of pressure (ESOP) has been developed by NASA Ames Research Center for installation in wind tunnel models. An ESOP system consists of up to 20 pressure modules (PMs), each with 48 pressure transducers and a heater, an analog-to-digital (A/D) converter module, a microprocessor, a data controller, a monitor unit, a control and processing unit, and a heater controller. The PMs and the A/D converter module are sized to be installed in the models tested in the Ames Aerodynamics Division wind tunnels. A unique feature of the pressure module is the lack of moving parts such as a pneumatic switch used in other systems for in situ calibrations. This paper describes the ESOP system and the results of the initial testing of the system. The initial results indicate the system meets the original design goal of 0.15 percent accuracy.
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  • 66
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    Two-phase flows and heat transfer within systems with ambient pressure above the thermodynamic critical pressure (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: In systems where the design inlet and outlet pressure P sub amb are maintained above the thermodynamic critical pressure P sub c, it is often assumed that heat and mass transfer are governed by single-phase relations and that two-phase flows cannot occur. This simple rule of thumb is adequate in many low-power designs but is inadequate for high-performance turbomachines, boilers, and other systems where two-phase regions can exist even though P sub amb P sub c. Heat and mass transfer and rotordynamic-fluid-mechanic restoring forces depend on momentum differences, and those for a two-phase zone can differ significantly from those for a single-phase zone. By using a laminar, variable-property bearing code and a rotating boiler code, pressure and temperature surfaces were determined that illustrate nesting of a two-phase region within a supercritical pressure region. The method of corresponding states is applied to bearings with reasonable rapport.
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  • 67
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    Forced convection heat transfer to air/water vapor mixtures (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Heat transfer coefficients were measured using both dry air and air/water vapor mixtures in the same forced convection cooling test rig (jet array impingement configurations) with mass ratios of water vapor to air up to 0.23. The primary objective was to verify by direct experiment that selected existing methods for evaluation of viscosity and thermal conductivity of air/water vapor mixtures could be used with confidence to predict heat transfer coefficients for such mixtures using as a basis heat transfer data for dry air only. The property evaluation methods deemed most appropriate require as a basis a measured property value at one mixture composition in addition to the property values for the pure components.
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  • 68
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    Implicit solution methods in computational fluid dynamics (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A class of implicit finite difference schemes of the Beam and Warming approximate factorization type will be addressed. The development and analysis of various aspects of this class of schemes will be given along with the motivations behind many of the choices. Various acceleration and efficiency modifications such as matrix reduction, diagonalization and flux split schemes will be presented. The methods are demonstrated in fully vectorized codes for a CRAY type architecture. The emphasis will be on the Euler equations in generalized coordinates.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Applied Numerical Mathematics (ISSN 0168-9274); 2; 441-474
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  • 69
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    Distribution of resistive body-force in curved free-surface flow (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The customary procedure for including resistive effects in turbulent hydraulic and stratified atmospheric flows is to integrate the empirically-known boundary shears over the entire wetted boundary of a thin fluid slab. A resistive body-force is then assumed to exist everywhere in each slab to replace the boundary shearing force. For the classical Saint-Venant (1871) model, this body-force can be shown to have a constant distribution in the vertical direction, and therefore can be evaluated for use in the momentum differential equation. In the newer Dressler theory (1978), however, for unsteady flow over curved beds, it is proved here that a constant body-force distribution is not possible. Its variable distribution is determined as well as its magnitude for use in the curved-flow equations. This variable distribution acts to produce an equal resultant in every thin layer of fluid parallel to the bed in an angular wedge over the curved channel bed. The new curved-flow equations are therefore extended to include resistive effects.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Mathematical Methods in the Applied Sciences (ISSN 0170-4214); 8; 4, 19; 492-501
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  • 70
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    Multichannel Fabry-Perot spectrometer for infrared astronomy (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A multichannel design which makes use of the radiation normally rejected in a Fabry-Perot spectrometer is described, with application to infrared astronomy. The present optical design minimizes the diameters of the etalon and optics. The use of spherical mirrors ensures that no radiation is lost through the entrance aperture, and the beams can be completely collimated at the etalon. Laboratory studies demonstrate that the ability to employ eight channels increases by a factor of four the flux integrated during a given time period compared with that of a single-channel instrument. The spectrometer is nondispersive, and the source can be imaged at each of several output spectral positions.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics (ISSN 0003-6935); 25; 4520-452
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  • 71
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    Numerical study of sink-flow boundary layers (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Direct numerical simulations of sink-flow boundary layers, with acceleration parameters K between 1.5 x 10 to the -6th and 3.0 x 10 to the -6th, are presented. The three-dimensional, time-dependent Navier-Stokes equations are solved numerically, using a spectral method, with about one million degrees of freedom. The flow is assumed to be statistically steady, and self-similar. A multiple-scale approximation and periodic conditions are applied to the fluctuations. The turbulence is studied using instantaneous and statistical results. Good agreement with the experiments of Jones and Launder (1972) is observed. The two effects of the favorable pressure gradient are to extend the logarithmic layer, and to alter the energy balance of the turbulence near the edge of the boundary layer. At low Reynolds number the logarithmic layer is shortened and slightly displaced, but wall-layer streaks are present even at the lowest values of R(theta) for which turbulence can be sustained. Large quiescent patches appear in the flow. Relaminarization occurs at K = 3.0 x 10 to the -6th, corresponding to a Reynolds number R(theta) of about 330.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Fluid Mechanics (ISSN 0022-1120); 172; 307-328
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  • 72
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    On the possibility of diffusionally driven oscillations in two component gas bubbles in fluids (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The problem of an isolated, stationary, two-component gas bubble in a fluid is analyzed. The appropriate governing equations, and an approximate version of these equations, for this model system are reviewed. The qualitative differences in bubble dissolution behavior between single- and two-component gas bubbles are elucidated. In particular, it is demonstrated that in the latter case the gas bubble radius may exhibit extrema as a function of time for certain values of the controlling parameters. The conditions under which these extrema may occur, and the maximum number of extrema which are permitted are elucidated.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Chemical Engineering Science (ISSN 0009-2509); 41; 9, 19; 2333-234
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  • 73
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    Real-time computer-generated hologram by means of liquid-crystal television spatial light modulator (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The usefulness of an inexpensive liquid-crystal television) (LCTV) as a spatial light modulator for coherent-optical processing in the writing and reconstruction of a single computer-generated hologram has been demonstrated. The thickness nonuniformities of the LCTV screen were examined in a Mach-Zehnder interferometer, and the phase distortions were successfully removed using a technique in which the LCTV screen was submerged in a liquid gate filled with an index-matching nonconductive mineral oil with refractive index of about 1.45.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Optics Letters (ISSN 0146-9592); 11; 748-750
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  • 74
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    Oscillations of a viscous compound drop (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The effect of viscosity on normal mode oscillations of a compound drop is determined for a range of values of the viscosity, and the effect of a host medium is considered. The general form of the dispersion relation is derived, and numerical values are obtained for the case of an annular liquid region composed of silicon oil and with the core and host regions taken to be air. Results indicate that the sloshing mode of the compound drop is more damped than the bubble mode.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Physics of Fluids (ISSN 0031-9171); 29; 3481-348
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  • 75
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    The GSFC/Wisconsin X-ray spectroscopy investigation for AXAF (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A novel device is described which combines the high quantum efficiency of a photoelectric detector with the high energy resolution of a dispersive spectrometer in a system that operates simultaneously over the whole AXAF bandpass. It is basically an X-ray calorimeter, in which the temperature rise of an X-ray absorber following the deposition of energy from a single X-ray photon can be measured to an accuracy expected to be of order one part in 1000 at 6 keV.
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  • 76
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    A fluorescent gated proportional counter for X-ray astronomy (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The development of a position-sensitive proportional counter having a large drift volume is reported. It incorporates a fluorescent gating technique which results in a large improvement in background rejection over conventional proportional counters, and in addition offers the benefit of enhanced energy resolution (predicted to be about 3 percent at 40 keV) above the K shell of Xe.
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  • 77
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    Development of a multistep detector for X-ray astronomy (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The addition of a preamplification region is shown to dramatically improve the performance of a standard multiwire proportional counter (MWPC). This improvement is a direct consequence of effecting a large degree of preamplification in a perfectly uniform electric field and then transferring a well defined portion of this charge to a MWPC running at a modest gain. In this way, very large overall gas gains can be achieved without compromising energy resolution. The resulting device is known as a multistep detector.
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  • 78
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    Fiber-optic interferometer using frequency-modulated laser diodes (1986)
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    Description: This paper describes an electrically passive fiber-optic interferometer which uses dual frequency-modulated laser diodes. Experimental results show that this type of interferometer can attain a displacement range of 100 micron with subnanometer resolution. This technique can serve as the basis for a number of high-precision fiber-optic sensors.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics (ISSN 0003-6935); 25; 3469-347
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  • 79
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    Analysis of far-infrared emission Fourier transform spectra (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An analysis method that uses the nonlinear least-squares fit technique has been developed for emission spectra obtained with a Fourier transform spectrometer. This method is used for the analysis of submillimeter-region atmospheric emission spectra obtained with a balloon-borne FT spectrometer that was carried out as a correlative measurement for the Limb IR Monitor of the Stratosphere (LIMS) satellite experiment. The retrieved mixing ratios of H2O and O3 in the stratosphere from four spectral intervals have standard deviations of about 10 percent, and the average values agree to within 10 percent of corresponding results from the LIMS satellite experiment which used a broadband emission radiometer in the IR region.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics (ISSN 0003-6935); 25; 3490-350
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  • 80
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    Multiple-scale turbulence model in confined swirling jet predictions (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A recently developed multiple-scale turbulence model which attempts to circumvent the deficiencies of earlier models by taking nonequilibrium spectral energy transfer into account is presented. The model's validity is tested by predicting the confined swirling coaxial jet flow in a sudden expansion. It is noted that, in order to account for anisotropic turbulence, a full Reynolds stress model is required.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 24; 1717-171
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    The laser interferometer skin-friction meter - A numerical and experimental study (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Limits to the applicability of thin-film lubrication theory are established. The following two problems are considered: (1) the response of the oil film to a time-varying skin friction such as is encountered in turbulent boundary layers, and (2) a 'surface-wave instability' encountered at high skin-friction levels. Results corresponding to the first problem reveal that the laser interferometer skin-friction meter may, in principle, be applied to the measurement of instantaneous skin friction. In addressing the second problem, it is shown that the observed surface waves are not the result of a hydrodynamic instability.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Physics E - Scientific Instruments (ISSN 0022-3735); 19; 744-751
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  • 82
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    Modeling of transition and surface roughness effects in boundary-layer flows (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Experiments were carried out to examine the influence of three-dimensional, stochastic roughness on the growth of incompressible turbulent boundary layers, as well as the effect of streamwise pressure gradients and freestream turbulence intensity on smooth-wall boundary-layer transition. The modeling of these effects in a two-dimensional boundary-layer computation program was examined with the help of the experiments. A model for surface roughness was developed that relates directly measurable statistical parameters quantifying the roughness geometry to the aerodynamic effects. This model should be valid for a limited class of surfaces found on turbomachinery blading and in other engineering applications. Commonly used criteria for the transition onset performed poorly and presumably need to be modified to account for other factors influencing the process.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: AIAA Journal (ISSN 0001-1452); 24; 1642-164
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  • 83
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    Large aperture interferometer with phase-conjugate self-reference beam (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A large aperture self-referencing interferometer consisting of a Twyman-Green interferometer using a self-pumped phase conjugator in series with test section optics is described and experimentally demonstrated. This interferometer provides twice the fringe shift of a Mach-Zehnder (M-Z) interferometer for a given optical phase change induced within the test section. It also provides greater irradiance in the reference beam than does a similar series setup utilizing a M-Z interferometer incorporating a local reference beam. Whereas the ordinary interferometer records instantaneous conditions, the new one records overage conditions if a BaTiO3 crystal is used as the phase conjugator.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics (ISSN 0003-6935); 25; 3167-317
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    Feasibility of mapping solution properties during the growth of protein crystals (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: This paper summarizes the feasibility of using optical techniques for mapping the convection, temperature, and solute concentration in the solution around a growing protein crystal. Convection can be mapped by a variety of techniques which measure either refractive index differences, displacements, velocity, or solute optical absorption. For protein crystal growth, however, ordinary schlieren and interferometric techniques are marginally sensitive and most displacement marking techniques unsuitable; therefore, phase-concentration by the absorption-interferometric technique appears to be quite feasible for protein solutions because of their low dn/dC. Finally, the monitoring of protein crystal growth rates appears to be feasible by double-exposure holography or birefringence.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Journal of Crystal Growth (ISSN 0022-0248); 76; 656-662
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    Measurements with an airborne, autotracking, external-head sunphotometer (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Design and performance features and sample results from use of a NASA airborne tracking sunphotometer (ATS) are described. The ATS was devised to obtain continuous vertical profiles of the optical depth and transmissivity, first from a CV-990 aircraft and then from a modified DC-8 aircraft. Sample results are presented from a 1985 flight as part of the SAGE-II calibration mission, which featured detectors frequencies of 380, 450, 600, 860, 940, and 1020 microns and covered flight altitudes from ground to 10 km.
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    Large volume water sprays for dispersing warm fogs (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A new method for dispersing of warm fogs which impede visibility and alter schedules is described. The method uses large volume recycled water sprays to create curtains of falling drops through which the fog is processed by the ambient wind and spray-induced air flow; the fog droplets are removed by coalescence/rainout. The efficiency of this fog droplet removal process depends on the size spectra of the spray drops and optimum spray drop size is calculated as between 0.3-1.0 mm in diameter. Water spray tests were conducted in order to determine the drop size spectra and temperature response of sprays produced by commercially available fire-fighting nozzles, and nozzle array tests were utilized to study air flow patterns and the thermal properties of the overall system. The initial test data reveal that the fog-dispersal procedure is effective.
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  • 87
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    Liquid fuel spray processes in high-pressure gas flow (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Atomization of single liquid jets injected downstream in high pressure and high velocity airflow was investigated to determine the effect of airstream pressure on mean drop size as measured with a scanning radiometer. For aerodynamic - wave breakup of liquid jets, the ratio of orifice diameter D sub o to measured mean drop diameter D sub m which is assumed equal to D sub 32 or Sauter mean diameter, was correlated with the product of the Weber and Reynolds numbers WeRe and the dimensionless group G1/square root of c, where G is the gravitational acceleration, 1 the mean free molecular path, and square root of C the root mean square velocity, as follows; D sub o/D sub 32 = 1.2 (WeRe) to the 0.4 (G1/square root of c) to the 0.15 for values of WeRe 1 million and an airstream pressure range of 0.10 to 2.10 MPa.
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  • 88
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    Application of the method of lines for solution of the Navier-Stokes equations using nonuniform grid distributions (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The method of lines is investigated for the numerical solution of the stream function and velocity form of the Navier-Stokes equations on nonuniform grids. Stiffness characteristics of a linear one-dimensional model equation are examined to establish the feasibility of applying the method to the volicity equation in two dimensions. It is observed that the transformed governing equations in computational domain become stiffer with increasing the number of grid points and the differencing technique affects the stiffness characteristics. The results demonstrate that the method of lines under certain circumstances is highly suitable for the numerical solution of physical problems on domains covered with variable grids.
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    Computation of nonstationary strong shock diffraction by curved surfaces (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A two-dimensional, high resolution shock-capturing algorithm was used on a supercomputer to solve Eulerian gasdynamic equations in order to simulate nonstationary strong shock diffraction by a circular arc model in a shock tube. The hypersonic Mach shock wave was assumed to arrive at a high angle of incidence, and attention was given to the effect of varying values of the ratio of specific heats on the shock diffraction process. Details of the conservation equations of the numerical algorithm, written in curvilinear coordinates, are provided, and model output is illustrated with the results generated for a Mach shock encountering a 15 deg circular arc. The sample graphics include isopycnics, a shock surface density profile, and pressure and Mach number contours.
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  • 90
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    Nonlinear critical layers eliminate the upper branch of spatially growing Tollmien-Schlichting waves (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: This letter is concerned with the effect of nonlinear critical layers on spatially growing Tollmien-Schlichting waves in a Blasius boundary layer. It is shown that they effectively eliminate the upper branch of the neutral stability curve predicted by strictly linear theory.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Physics of Fluids (ISSN 0031-9171); 29; 2344
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    The generation of capillary instabilities on a liquid jet (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The coupling between imposed disturbances and capillary instabilities on a liquid jet is examined. It is shown that in most physical situations the forcing produces neutral waves, which can then turn into growing waves as the profile relaxes or may be amplified nonlinearly by a mechanism of the type considered by Akylas and Benney (1980). The effectiveness of the coupling is expressed quantitatively by numerically computed values of the 'coupling coefficient'.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Fluid Mechanics (ISSN 0022-1120); 168; 479-500
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  • 92
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    FTIR characterization of advanced materials (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: This paper surveys the application of Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy to the characterization of advanced materials. FTIR sampling techniques including internal and external reflectance and photoacoustic spectroscopy are discussed. Representative examples from the literature of the analysis of resins, fibers, prepregs and composites are reviewed. A discussion of several promising specialized FTIR techniques is also presented.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: SAMPE Quarterly (ISSN 0036-0821); 17; 32-38
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  • 93
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    On symmetric and upwind TVD schemes (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The performance of the upwind and symmetric total variation diminishing (TVD) schemes in viscous and inviscid airfoil steady-state calculations is considered, and the extension of the implicit second-order-accurate TVD scheme for hyperbolic systems of conservative laws in curvilinear coordinates is discussed. For two-dimensional steady-state applications, schemes are implemented in a conservative noniterative alternating direction implicit form, and results illustrate that the algorithm produces a fairly good solution for an RAE2822 airfoil calculation. The study demonstrates that the symmetric TVD scheme is as accurate as the upwind TVD scheme, while requiring less computational effort than it.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
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  • 94
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    Higher-order flux difference splitting schemes for the Euler equations using upstream interpolations (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A class of explicit two time-level, 2p + 1 space-point, (2p 1)-th order, upwind-biased flux difference splitting schemes are proposed for the numerical advection based on Lagrange's interpolation, and the method is an accord with the physical domain of dependence. A normalized Jacobian coefficient matrix is introduced to convert the schemes to hyperbolic systems of conservation laws, and approaches to make the higher-order schemes total variation stable are discussed. Accuracy and stability of the present schemes are examined, and implicit total variation diminishing schemes are developed for steady-state calculations.Application to gasdynamic problems for both steady and unsteady flows covering a wide range of Mach numbers is considered, and results for a blast wave passing a cylinder, and head-on collision of two blast waves over a circular arc, are presented. The flow patterns were found to be symmetric, and good resolution of flow structures was obtained.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
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  • 95
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    Thermal response of integral, multicomponent composite thermal protection systems (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets (ISSN 0022-4650); 23; 420-427
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  • 96
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    Ultrasonic level sensors for liquids under high pressure (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: An ultrasonic level sensor of novel design continuously measures the level of a liquid subjected to a high pressure (up to about 40 MPa), as is sometimes required for the effective transfer of the liquid. The sensor operates as a composite resonator fabricated from a standard high-pressure plug. A flat-bottom hole is machined into the plug along its center line. An ultrasonic transducer is bonded rigidly to the interior surface of the bottom wall, while the exterior surface is in contact with the liquid. Although the bottom wall is designed to satisfy the pressure code, it is still sufficiently thin to permit ready excitation of the axisymmetric plate modes of vibration. The liquid level is measured by a conventional pulse-echo technique. A prototype sensor was tested successfully in a 2300-l water vessel at pressures up to about 37 MPa. A spectral analysis of the transmitted pulse reveals that the flexural, extensional, thickness-shear, and radial plate modes are excited into vibration, but none of these appears to be significantly affected by the pressurization of the liquid.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments (ISSN 0034-6748); 57; 2318-232
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  • 97
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    Solid-state radio frequency oscillator for optogalvanic spectroscopy - Detection of nitric oxide using the 2-0 overtone transition (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: A compact, solid-state radio-frequency oscillator of low-power consumption is described, which allows quantitative measurement of the optogalvanic effect in low-pressure gas discharges. The oscillator has been used to record a portion of the 2-0 overtone band of nitric oxide at a pressure of about 1 Torr using a tunable color-center laser operating at 2.65 microns.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Review of Scientific Instruments (ISSN 0034-6748); 57; 2242-224
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  • 98
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    Convective and absolute instability of a viscous liquid jet (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The effect of viscosity on the capillary instability of a liquid jet is examined. The critical Weber number for convective instability is determined as a function of Reynolds number and comparison is made with the inviscid limit. It is shown that certain waves that are neutral in the inviscid case exhibit growth for finite Reynolds numbers.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: Physics of Fluids (ISSN 0031-9171); 29; 952-954
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  • 99
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    Lens collimation and testing using a Twyman-Green interferometer with a self-pumped phase-conjugating mirror (1986)
    In:  Other Sources
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: Ordinarily Twyman-Green interferometers are employed testing optical elements. In a modification of the basic configuration, the ordinary mirror in the test arm is replaced with a self-pumped phase-conjugating mirror using a barium titanate crystal. It is shown that, with a redefinition of components, the new configuration permits retention and improvement of the optical element testing function while simultaneously serving as a sensitive test for collimation. The optical path difference resulting from the double pass in the original Twyman-Green interferometer approximately equals that of the single pass and phase conjugation in the modification.
    Keywords: INSTRUMENTATION AND PHOTOGRAPHY
    Type: Applied Optics (ISSN 0003-6935); 25; 473
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  • 100
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    Free boundary shape of a convectively cooled solidified region (1986)
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    Publication Date: 2011-08-19
    Description: The two-dimensional steady-state shape of a solidified region, such as a frost layer, was determined analytically for formation on a plate that is convectively cooled. The nonuniform shape of the layer is produced by exposure to a spatially nonuniform distribution of radiant energy. For high convective cooling the cooled wall approaches a uniform temperature, and an exact solution is obtained for the free boundary shape. For a lesser amount of convective cooling, the variation in temperature along the cooled boundary is treated by a boundary perturbation method. Some illustrative examples are given that show the effects of nonuniform heating and the magnitude of convective heat transfer at the cooled wall. Only one boundary condition is approximated by the perturbation solution; all of the other boundary conditions are satisfied exactly. The calculated results given here were found to satisfy the approximate boundary condition within a very small error.
    Keywords: FLUID MECHANICS AND HEAT TRANSFER
    Type: International Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer (ISSN 0017-9310); 29; 309-315
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