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  • 1
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Anaerobic Bioremediation of Groundwater Containing a Mixture of 1,1,2,2-Tetrachloroethane and Chloroethenes (2006)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 17 (2006), S. 193-206 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: bioremediation ; Dehalococcoides ; dechlorination ; microcosm ; tetrachloroethane ; trichloroethene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract This study investigated the biotransformation pathways of 1,1,2,2-tetrachloroethane (1,1,2,2-TeCA) in the presence of chloroethenes (i.e. tetrachloroethene, PCE; trichloroethene, TCE) in anaerobic microcosms constructed with subsurface soil and groundwater from a contaminated site. When amended with yeast extract, lactate, butyrate, or H2 and acetate, 1,1,2,2-TeCA was initially dechlorinated via both hydrogenolysis to 1,1,2-trichloroethane (1,1,2-TCA) (major pathway) and dichloroelimination to dichloroethenes (DCEs) (minor pathway), with both reactions occurring under sulfidogenic conditions. In the presence of only H2, the hydrogenolysis of 1,1,2,2-TeCA to 1,1,2-TCA apparently required the presence of acetate to occur. Once formed, 1,1,2-TCA was degraded predominantly via dichloroelimination to vinyl chloride (VC). Ultimately, chloroethanes were converted to chloroethenes (mainly VC and DCEs) which persisted in the microcosms for very long periods along with PCE and TCE originally present in the groundwater. Hydrogenolysis of chloroethenes occurred only after highly reducing methanogenic conditions were established. However, substantial conversion to ethene (ETH) was observed only in microcosms amended with yeast extract (200 mg/l), suggesting that groundwater lacked some nutritional factors which were likely provided to dechlorinating microorganisms by this complex organic substrate. Bioaugmentation with an H2-utilizing PCE-dechlorinating Dehalococcoides spp. -containing culture resulted in the conversion of 1,1,2,2-TeCA, PCE and TCE to ETH and VC. No chloroethanes accumulated during degradation suggesting that 1,1,2,2-TeCA was degraded through initial dichloroelimination into DCEs and then typical hydrogenolysis into ETH and VC.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10532-005-4218-7
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Impacts of Bioremediation Schemes on Bacterial Population in Naphthalene-Contaminated Marine Sediments (2006)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 17 (2006), S. 227-235 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: community fingerprint ; polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon ; 16S rRNA
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Microcosm experiments were conduced in which the surface of marine sediment was contaminated with naphthalene and subjected to either of three different bioremediation schemes, i.e., biostimulation (BS) by supplementing with slow-release nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers, bioaugmentation (BA) by inoculating with Cycloclasticus sp. E2, an aromatics-degrading bacterium identified to play an important role for aromatic-hydrocarbon degradation in marine environments and combination (CB) of BS and BA. These three schemes were found to be similarly effective for removing naphthalene, while naphthalene disappearance in sediment without any treatment (WT) was slower than those in the treated sediments. Shifts in bacterial populations during and after bioremediation were analyzed by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) of PCR-amplified 16S rRNA gene fragments. It was found that the Cycloclasticus rRNA type occurred as the strongest bands in the course of naphthalene degradation. Clustering analysis of DGGE profiles showed that bacterial populations in the WT, BS and CB sediments differed consistently from those in the uncontaminated control, while the profile for the BA sediment was finally included in the cluster for uncontaminated control sediments after a 150-day treatment. The results suggest that bioaugmentation with ecologically competent pollutant-degrading bacteria is an ecologically promising bioremediation scheme.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10532-005-5018-9
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isolation of Fenitrothion-degrading Strain Burkholderia sp. FDS-1 and Cloning of mpd Gene (2006)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 17 (2006), S. 275-283 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: biodegradation ; Burkholderia ; fenitrothion ; mpd gene
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract A short rod shaped, gram-negative bacterium strain Burkholderia sp. FDS-1 was isolated from the sludge of the wastewater treating system of an organophosphorus pesticides manufacturer. The isolate was capable of using fenitrothion as the sole carbon source for its growth. FDS-1 first hydrolyzed fenitrothion to 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol, which was further metabolized to nitrite and methylhydroquinone. The addition of other carbon source and omitting phosphorus source had little effect on the hydrolysis of fenitrothion. The gene encoding the organophosphorus hydrolytic enzyme was cloned and sequenced. The sequence was similar to mpd, a gene previously shown to encode a parathion-methyl-hydrolyzing enzyme in Plesiomonas sp. M6. The inoculation of strain FDS-1 (106 cells g−1) to soil treated with 100 mg fenitrothion emulsion kg−1 resulted in a higher degradation rate than in noninoculated soils regardless of the soil sterilized or nonsterilized. These results highlight the potential of this bacterium to be used in the cleanup of contaminated pesticide waste in the environment.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10532-005-7130-2
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic Acid (2,4-D) Utilization by Delftia acidovorans MC1 at Alkaline pH and in the Presence of Dichlorprop is Improved by Introduction of the tfdK Gene (2006)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 17 (2006), S. 263-273 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: Delftia acidovorans MC1 ; 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) ; 2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy) propanoic acid (2,4-DP) ; effect of tfdK gene ; simultaneous utilization of 2,4-D and 2,4-DP ; uptake characteristics
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Growth of Delftia acidovorans MC1 on 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) and on racemic 2-(2,4-dichlorophenoxy)propanoic acid ((RS)-2,4-DP) was studied in the perspective of an extension of the strain’s degradation capacity at alkaline pH. At pH 6.8 the strain grew on 2,4-D at a maximum rate (μmax) of 0.158 h−1. The half-maximum rate-associated substrate concentration (Ks) was 45 μM. At pH 8.5 μmax was only 0.05 h−1 and the substrate affinity was mucher lower than at pH 6.8. The initial attack of 2,4-D was not the limiting step at pH 8.5 as was seen from high dioxygenase activity in cells grown at this pH. High stationary 2,4-D concentrations and the fact that μmax with dichlorprop was around 0.2 h−1 at both pHs rather pointed at limited 2,4-D uptake at pH 8.5. Introduction of tfdK from D. acidovorans P4a by conjugation, coding for a 2,4-D-specific transporter resulted in improved growth on 2,4-D at pH 8.5 with μmax of 0.147 h−1 and Ks of 267 μM. Experiments with labeled substrates showed significantly enhanced 2,4-D uptake by the transconjugant TK62. This is taken as an indication of expression of the tfdK gene and proper function of the transporter. The uncoupler carbonylcyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone (CCCP) reduced the influx of 2,4-D. At a concentration of 195 μM 2,4-D, the effect amounted to 90% and 50%, respectively, with TK62 and MC1. Cloning of tfdK also improved the utilization of 2,4-D in the presence of (RS)−2,4-DP. Simultaneous and almost complete degradation of both compounds occurred in TK62 up to D = 0.23 h−1 at pH 6.8 and up to D = 0.2 h−1 at pH 8.5. In contrast, MC1 left 2,4-D largely unutilized even at low dilution rates when growing on herbicide mixtures at pH 8.5.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10532-005-6894-8
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Efforts to Explain and Control the Prolonged Thermophilic Period in Two-phase Olive Oil Mill Sludge Composting (2006)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 17 (2006), S. 285-292 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: composting ; crude oil ; olive mill wastewater ; olive oil mills ; olive tree branches ; olive tree leaves ; sludge ; woodchips
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The aim of this paper was to evaluate the use of different bulking agents in different ratios as a means to control, optimise and eventually reduce the duration of the thermophilic period in two-phase olive oil mill sludge (OOMS) composting. The bulking agents used were: (i) olive tree leaves (OTL), (ii) olive tree shredded branches (OTB) and (iii) woodchips (WDC). The selection of these materials was based on their abundance and availability on the island of Crete, the southernmost point of Greece. The ratios studied were: Pile 1, OOMS:OTL in 1:1 v/v; Pile 2, OOMS:WDC in 1:1.5 v/v; Pile 3, OOMS:OTL in 1:2 v/v; Pile 4, OOMS:OTL:OTB in 1:1:1 v/v; and Pile 5, OOMS:OTL:OTB in 1:1:2 v/v. The composting system used was that of windrows with the volume of each pile approximately 20–25 m3. The experiments took place over two consecutive years. A composting turner was used and turnings were performed at one and two week intervals. In each pile a variety of physiochemical parameters were monitored. Temperature remained high in all five trials. Piles 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 temperatures recorded values of above 50 °C for 106, 158, 160, 175 and 183 days, respectively. Volumes were reduced by approximately 67%, 62%, 63%, 80% and 84%, respectively. Temperature remained high, mainly due to the presence in large amounts of oily substances which during their complete oxidation release important amounts of energy and aid the cometabolism of more stable molecules such as lignin. This process is better described as the slow “burning” of a “fuel” mixture in an “engine” than composting. This approach is based on the extensive similarities of this process to that of crude oil sludge or similar waste composting.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10532-005-7566-4
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The ACCEL Model for Accelerating the Detoxification Kinetics of Hydrocarbons Requiring Initial Monooxygenation Reactions (2006)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 17 (2006), S. 237-250 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: activated sludge ; dichlorophenol ; monooxygenation ; nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide ; phenolics ; specific growth rate
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The two-tank accelerator/aerator modification of activated sludge significantly increases the biodegradation of hydrocarbons requiring initial monooxygenation reactions, such as phenol and 2,4-dichlorophenol (DCP). The small accelerator tank has a controlled low dissolved oxygen (DO) concentration that can enrich the biomass in NADH + H+. It also has a very high specific growth rate (μacc) that up-regulates the biomass’s content of the monooxygenase enzyme. Here, we develop and test the ACCEL model, which quantifies all key phenomena taking place when the accelerator/aerator system is used to enhance biodegradation of hydrocarbons requiring initial monooxygenations. Monooxygenation kinetics follow a multiplicative relationship in which the organic substrates (phenol or DCP) and DO have separate Monod terms, while the biomass’s content of NADH + H+ has a first-order term. The monooxygenase enzyme has different affinities (K values) for phenol and DCP. The biomass’s NADH + H+ content is based on a proportioning of NAD(H) according to the relative rates of NADH + H+ sources and sinks. Biomass synthesis occurs simultaneously through utilization of acetate, phenol, and DCP, but each has its own true yield. The ACCEL model accurately simulates all trends for one-tank and two-tank experiments in which acetate, phenol, and DCP are biodegraded together. In particular, DCP removal is affected most by DOacc and the retention-time ratio, Θacc/Θtotal. Adding an accelerator tank dramatically increases DCP removal, and the best DCP removal occurs for 0.2 〈 DOacc  〈 0.5 mg/l and 0.08 〈 Θacc/Θtotal 〈 0.2. The rates of phenol and DCP utilization follow the multiplicative relationship with a maximum specific rate coefficient proportional to μacc. Finally, μacc increases rapidly for Θacc/Θtotal 〈 0.25, acetate removal in the accelerator fuels the high μacc, and the biomass’s NADH + H+ content increases very dramatically for DOacc 〈 0.25 mg/l.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10532-005-5019-8
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    The Impact of Bioaugmentation on Metal Cyanide Degradation and Soil Bacteria Community Structure (2006)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 17 (2006), S. 207-217 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: biodegradation ; DGGE ; K2Ni(CN)4 soil bacterial populations
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract Metal cyanides are significant contaminants of many soils found at the site of former industrial activity. In this study we isolated bacteria capable of degrading ferric ferrocyanide and K2Ni(CN)4. One of these bacteria a Rhodococcus spp. was subsequently used to bioaugment a minimal medium broth, spiked with K2Ni(CN)4, containing 1 g of either an uncontaminated topsoil or a former coke works site soil. Degradation of the K2Ni(CN)4 was observed in both soils, however, bioaugmentation did not significantly impact the rate or degree of K2Ni(CN)4 removal. Statistical analysis of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis profiles showed that the topsoil bacterial community had a higher biodiversity, and its structure was not significantly affected by either K2Ni(CN)4 or bioaugmentation. In contrast, profiles from the coke works site indicated significant changes in the bacterial community in response to these additions. Moreover, in both soils although bioaugmentation did not affect rates of biodegradation the Rhodococcus spp. did become established in the communities in broths containing both top and coke works soil. We conclude that bacterial communities from contaminated soils with low biodiversity are much more readily perturbed through interventions such as contamination events or bioaugmentation treatments and discuss the implications of these findings for bioremediation studies.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10532-005-4219-6
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  • 8
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Isolation and Characterization of a Pseudomonas Oleovorans Degrading the Chloroacetamide Herbicide Acetochlor (2006)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 17 (2006), S. 219-225 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: acetochlor ; degradation ; isolation ; Pseudomonas oleovorans
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract To date, no pure bacterial cultures that could degrade acetochlor have been described. In this study, one strain of microorganism capable of degrading acetochlor, designated as LCa2, was isolated from acetochlor-contaminated soil. The strain LCa2 is Pseudomonas oleovorans according to the criteria of Bergey’s manual of determinative bacteriology and sequence analysis of the partial 16S rRNA gene. Optimum growth temperature and pH were 35 °C and 8.0, respectively. The strain could degrade 98.03% of acetochlor treated at a concentration of 7.6 mg l−1 after 7 days of incubation and could tolerate 200 mg l−1 of acetochlor. When the acetochlor concentration became higher, the degradation cycle became longer. The acetochlor biodegradation products were identified by GC–MS based on mass spectral data and fragmentation patterns. The main plausible degradative pathways involved dechlorination, hydroxylation, N-dealkylation, C-dealkylation and dehydrogenation.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10532-005-4220-0
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Bioremediation by Composting of Heavy Oil Refinery Sludge in Semiarid Conditions (2006)
    Springer
    Biodegradation 17 (2006), S. 251-261 
    Details
    ISSN: 1572-9729
    Keywords: bioremediation ; composting ; ecotoxicity ; oil sludge
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Agriculture, Forestry, Horticulture, Fishery, Domestic Science, Nutrition
    Notes: Abstract The present work attempts to ascertain the efficacy of low cost technology (in our case, composting) as a bioremediation technique for reducing the hydrocarbon content of oil refinery sludge with a large total hydrocarbon content (250–300 g kg−1), in semiarid conditions. The oil sludge was produced in a refinery sited in SE Spain The composting system designed, which involved open air piles turned periodically over a period of 3 months, proved to be inexpensive and reliable. The influence on hydrocarbon biodegradation of adding a bulking agent (wood shavings) and inoculation of the composting piles with pig slurry (a liquid organic fertiliser which adds nutrients and microbial biomass to the pile) was also studied. The most difficult part during the composting process was maintaining a suitable level of humidity in the piles. The most effective treatment was the one in which the bulking agent was added, where the initial hydrocarbon content was reduced by 60% in 3 months, compared with the 32% reduction achieved without the bulking agent. The introduction of the organic fertiliser did not significantly improve the degree of hydrocarbon degradation (56% hydrocarbon degraded). The composting process undoubtedly led to the biodegradation of toxic compounds, as was demonstrated by ecotoxicity tests using luminescent bacteria and tests on plants in Petri dishes.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10532-005-5020-2
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  • 10
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Where Do Mistakes Come From? (2005)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Science Inc
    Ground water monitoring & remediation 25 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6592
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.2005.00053.x
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  • 11
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    News Briefs/ (2005)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Science Inc
    Ground water monitoring & remediation 25 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6592
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.2005.00056.x
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  • 12
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Use of tracers and isotopes to evaluate vulnerability of water in domestic wells to septic waste (2005)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Science Inc
    Ground water monitoring & remediation 25 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6592
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: In Nebraska, a large number (〉200) of shallow sand-point and cased wells completed in coarse alluvial sediments along rivers and lakes still are used to obtain drinking water for human consumption, even though construction of sand-point wells for consumptive uses has been banned since 1987. The quality of water from shallow domestic wells potentially vulnerable to seepage from septic systems was evaluated by analyzing for the presence of tracers and multiple isotopes. Samples were collected from 26 sand-point and perforated, cased domestic wells and were analyzed for bacteria, coliphages, nitrogen species, nitrogen and boron isotopes, dissolved organic carbon (DOC), prescription and nonprescription drugs, or organic waste water contaminants. At least 13 of the 26 domestic well samples showed some evidence of septic system effects based on the results of several tracers including DOC, coliphages, NH4+, NO3−, N2, δ15N[NO3−] and boron isotopes, and antibiotics and other drugs. Sand-point wells within 30 m of a septic system and 〈14 m deep in a shallow, thin aquifer had the most tracers detected and the highest values, indicating the greatest vulnerability to contamination from septic waste.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.2005.0015.x
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  • 13
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Trichlorofluoroethene: A reactive tracer for evaluating reductive dechlorination in large-diameter permeable columns (2005)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Science Inc
    Ground water monitoring & remediation 25 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6592
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Trichlorofluoroethene (TCFE) was used as a reactive tracer to determine the in situ rate of reductive dechlorination in treatment zones impacted by three large-diameter permeable columns (LDPCs) that were installed at a trichloroethene (TCE)–contaminated site. The LDPCs were part of a pilot study to evaluate the effectiveness of hydrogen, lactate, and zero-valent iron for remediating TCE-contaminated ground water. The rate of TCFE reductive dechlorination was determined for each LDPC by means of push-pull tests conducted in each treatment layer. In addition, the distribution of TCFE's lesser chlorinated transformation products was determined. The rates of TCFE reductive dechlorination ranged from 0.05/d to 0.20/d and corresponded to half-lives ranging from 3.5 to 13.9 d. cis-Dichlorofluoroethene was the dominant transformation product detected in all the tests, which is consistent with the findings from pilot tests conducted in the LDPCs prior to the TCFE push-pull tests. cis-Chlorofluoroethene (CFE) and 1,1-CFE also were detected and indicate the potential for vinyl chloride to form under all treatment regimes. Significant production of fluoroethene (FE), the analog of ethene, was observed for only one of the hydrogen treatments. Unambiguous and sensitive detection of the lesser chlorinated products, such as CFE and FE, is possible because TCFE and its transformation products are not found in the background ground water at contaminated sites. Good agreement between the rates and transformation product profiles for TCFE and TCE in both field and laboratory experiments indicates the suitability of TCFE as a surrogate for predicting the rates of TCE reductive dechlorination.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.2005.0016.x
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  • 14
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Ground water nitrate-nitrogen trends in relation to urban development, Helena, Montana, 1971–2003 (2005)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Science Inc
    Ground water monitoring & remediation 25 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6592
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Ground water nitrate-nitrogen (NO3−-N) concentrations in the area of Helena, Montana, have increased in both magnitude and extent over the past three decades. It is hypothesized that increases are due to land-use changes associated with urbanization. Population in the Helena area increased by 28.7% between 1990 and 2000, with a commensurate increase in subsurface waste water disposal. Aquifer NO3−-N trends were examined using standard statistical methods applied to identical data sets compiled from 10 publicly funded investigations carried out between 1971 and 2003. Although these analyses indicated an overall increase in NO3−-N over time, conventional statistical techniques applied to flawed data sets are not appropriate for analysis, nor do they illustrate combined temporal and spatial trends of anthropogenic aquifer impacts. In order to use publicly available data collected over decades, geographic information system spatial analysis using inverse distance–weighted interpolation was employed. Isopleth maps graphically depicting temporal changes in NO3−-N concentrations and distribution throughout the study area (35,340 ha) were created. Analysis of these maps revealed increases in NO3−-N concentration and extent over each separate decade. NO3−-N increases were most evident in areas overlying bedrock aquifers and locales with high density and unpermitted septic systems. NO3−-N concentrations did not appear to be increasing extensively in areas overlying the shallow alluvial aquifer or along major stream corridors. Urban development and concurrent loss of native and agricultural properties were the main changes in land use in the Helena, Montana, area over the 32-year study period.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.2005.0017.x
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  • 15
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    DNAPL and bacteria (2005)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Science Inc
    Ground water monitoring & remediation 25 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6592
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.2005.0042.x
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  • 16
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Identification of application-specific critical inputs for the 1991 Johnson and Ettinger vapor intrusion algorithm (2005)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Inc.
    Ground water monitoring & remediation 25 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6592
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: At sites where soil or ground water contains chemicals of concern, there is the potential for chemical vapors to migrate through the subsurface to nearby basements, buildings, and other enclosed spaces. The 1991 Johnson and Ettinger algorithm and subsequent refinements are often used to assess the significance of this pathway and to establish target cleanup levels. To facilitate its use, the U.S. EPA distributes spreadsheets programmed with the 1991 Johnson and Ettinger algorithm. These user-friendly spreadsheets make the equations more accessible; however, the U.S. EPA spreadsheets require a large number of inputs (〉20), and as a result, relationships between model inputs and outputs are not well understood and users are not able to identify and focus on the critical inputs. The U.S. EPA spreadsheets also allow users to inadvertently enter inconsistent and unreasonable sets of input values, and these often lead to unreasonable outputs. The objective of this work, therefore, is to help users develop a better understanding of the relationships between inputs and outputs so that they can identify critical inputs and also to ensure reasonableness of inputs and outputs. The 1991 Johnson and Ettinger algorithm is introduced, and differences between it and its U.S. EPA spreadsheet implementation are identified. Next, results from a parametric analysis of the algorithm are used to create a flowchart-based approach for identifying the application-specific critical inputs. Use of the flowchart-based approach is then illustrated and validated through comparison with the results of a more traditional sensitivity analysis for four scenarios. Recommendations are also given for the reformulation of inputs to minimize misapplication of the algorithm and the spreadsheets, and reasonable ranges for reformulated input values are discussed.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.2005.0002.x
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    Passive diffusion ground water samplers at a site with heterogeneous hydrostratigraphy: Pilot study results (2005)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Inc.
    Ground water monitoring & remediation 25 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6592
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Use of passive diffusion (PD) ground water samplers has significantly increased in recent years because significant cost savings may be realized, primarily because sampling time is reduced and minimal investigation-derived waste (IDW) is generated. However, PD samplers measure water quality over a relatively discrete interval, while traditional purge-and-sample methods are most influenced by the water quality in more permeable zones across the well screen. Consequently, these two sampling methods may potentially yield distinctly differing concentration measurements for a specific well if significant contaminant stratification and geologic heterogeneity exist. A large body of purge-and-sample historical monitoring data exist for the study site, and results from potential future full-scale PD sampler application must be interpretable and comparable in the context of these historical data to be useful for evaluating achievement of long-term site remediation objectives. Therefore, a pilot study was conducted to assess potential for PD samplers for monitoring chlorinated volatile organic compounds (VOCs) in ground water. PD samplers were installed in a select group of indicator wells, and their performance was compared to results from both purge-and-sample and low-flow (LF; another discrete interval–type technique) methods. At several wells, multiple PD samplers were installed across the well screen interval to evaluate potential contaminant stratification. At one well, contaminant stratification was particularly significant: concentrations of total VOCs measured by two PD samplers installed ∼0.6 m (2 feet) apart differed by an order of magnitude. PD sampler and LF data interpreted in tandem with purge-and-sample data provide additional information, suggesting that contamination is located primarily in the more permeable zones at the study well locations. Additionally, low concentrations of some VOCs were measured in some PD and LF samples but not in the corresponding purge-and-bail samples. The results of this study underscore the importance of pilot studies and careful program design and regulatory agreement before implementing PD samplers (or any alternative sampling method) in a long-term monitoring program, especially at sites with heterogeneous hydrostratigraphy.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.2005.0004.x
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    Automated ground water sampling and analysis of trichloroethene using a “universal” sampling/analytical system (2005)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Inc.
    Ground water monitoring & remediation 25 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6592
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Notes: Long-term monitoring of sites contaminated with recalcitrant compounds will require the deployment of analytical sensors in an automated system capable of some degree of calibration and quality control. The primary method of providing calibration is to enclose the analytical sensors in a chamber where the environment of the chamber may be controlled. An automated “universal” sampling/calibration/analytical system was developed for mounting analytical sensors in the well or adjacent to the well. The automated universal system allows a sensor to directly analyze the analyte in the water sample or to analyze the analyte in the headspace above the water sample. The ability to analyze the analyte partitioned into the headspace is important for the determination of many volatile species. The analysis of trichloroethene (TCE) is performed by a TCE optrode monitoring the TCE concentrations in the headspace above the water sample. The term optrode refers to a chemically selective fiber-optic sensor. The TCE in the headspace reacts with a colorimetric reagent, producing a colored (red) product. The time history of the development of the colored product is used as the method of determination. The TCE optrode has a limit of detection of 1 part per billion (ppb). There are no interferences from many commonly occurring volatile chlorinated compounds encountered in aquifers such as tetrachloroethene, dichloroethenes, trichloroethane, or dichloroethanes. The system was deployed for monitoring TCE concentrations up to 200 ppb at sites in California and Florida.
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    EPA Update: The proposed standards for all appropriate inquiries: A balance between tradition and obligations (2005)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Inc.
    Ground water monitoring & remediation 25 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6592
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.2005.0035.x
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    Industry announcements/ (2005)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Inc.
    Ground water monitoring & remediation 25 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6592
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.2005.0037.x
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    Equipment news/ (2005)
    Oxford, UK; Malden, USA : Blackwell Publishing Inc.
    Ground water monitoring & remediation 25 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1745-6592
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geosciences
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1745-6592.2005.0038.x
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  • 22
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    PILOT DOOR-TO-DOOR ESTATE RECYCLING SERVICES IN INNER-CITY LONDON (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 19 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: The implementation of the EU Landfill Directive in the UK demands high rates of recycling by local councils and regional waste authorities. Currently recycling is either carried out at cost intensive materials recycling facilities (MRF) or through separate collection services. Collection of separate materials is undertaken in inner-city boroughs of London mainly through bring-banks, which are often severely contaminated, and by kerbside collections from street properties. However, the provision of door-to-door collections in inner-city estates has not been widely used yet, because of the lack of data to assess the potential and costs of such recycling services. In this paper a detailed assessment of a pilot door-to-door recycling service is presented. This pilot was carried out for a year by a local not-for-profit company in two inner-city estates in the London Borough of Tower Hamlets (LBTH).
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    MEASURING FLOW THROUGH SMALL WASTEWATER TREATMENT WORKS USING MODIFIED DOSING SYPHONS (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 19 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: The Environment Agency have proposed that daily flow volume discharged from small wastewater treatment works should be capable of being measured to an accuracy of ±8%, where the daily totalised flow volume is estimated to be greater than 5m3. It is estimated that every water company in the UK has several hundred small wastewater treatment works that will be required to be equipped with the capability of measuring the released daily totalised flow volume for specified periods. This paper investigates the feasibility of modifying existing dosing syphons, which are present within many of these works, to operate as flow measuring devices. Laboratory testing of a full-scale syphon demonstrated that by the addition of two water level detectors and a data logger to monitor the filling part of the syphon cycle, it is possible to accurately calculate the daily totalised flow volume within the Environment Agency’s proposed performance criteria.
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    THE INCREASING EFFECTS OF ZEBRA MUSSELS ON WATER INSTALLATIONS IN ENGLAND (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 19 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: The zebra mussel, Dreissena polymorpha, is a major biofouling pest of water treatment works, irrigation systems and power stations in Europe and North America. This paper documents current problems associated with zebra mussels in English waterworks. Questionnaires and manual surveys conducted between 2001 and 2003 have revealed that over 30 water treatment works in England suffer problems associated with zebra mussels. Hundreds of tonnes of mussels are being removed each year from raw water intakes, pipelines and reservoirs. Problems have increased in. the last five years, due to a spread in the range of zebra mussels around England and the cessation of chemical treatment at the intakes of many treatment facilities during the 1990s. The importance of taking control of zebra mussels into account in planning new water supply schemes is highlighted.
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    MILESTONES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF MUNICIPAL WATER TREATMENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE 19TH AND EARLY 20TH CENTURIES: PART II (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 19 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: The remarkable progress made in the early 20th century in improving the microbiological quality of municipal drinking water supplies is undoubtedly one of the most important factors contributing to the improved health and life expectancy of the developed world during that century. The paper highlights perceived milestones in the 19th and early 20th centuries in the scientific and technological developments in municipal water treatment practice, particularly in relation to the improvements in the chemical and biological quality of drinking water supplies. The paper concludes by summarizing key developments in the methods of measuring water quality and in the improvements in drinking water quality standards during that period.
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    AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE APPLICATION OF FLOATING REED BED AND BARLEY STRAW TECHNIQUES FOR THE REMEDIATION OF EUTROPHIC WATERS (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 19 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: A floating reed bed was Installed on a lowland eutrophic reservoir, replacing ferrous chloride dosing as a method of phosphate reduction. Since the study was undertaken on an active water supply reservoir, this technique was further supported by the use of submerged barley straw applications on the downstream reservoir to limit algal growth. The study examined algal, chlorophyll a, phosphate and nitrate levels in both the source water and the treated through-How to measure the effectiveness of phosphate reduction and algal control during the maturation phase of the bed. The results show that although not as effective as chemical dosing, total phosphate levels were reduced across the reservoir body and algal numbers were typically restricted to levels suitable for treatment at the receiving water treatment works. It Is concluded that although the study did not coincide with Ideal climatic conditions for prolific algal growth, the adopted techniques demonstrated significant potential as components of a holistic management approach for eutrophic waters.
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  • 27
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    MEMBRANE BIOREACTORS AND CONSTRUCTED WETLANDS FOR TREATMENT OF RENDERING PLANT WASTEWATER (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 19 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: The performance of a novel industrial membrane bioreactor (MBR) comprising denitrification, nitrification and ultrafiltration for the secondary treatment of primary treated animal rendering wastewater has been compared with an experimental, low-cost and novel vertical-flow constructed wetland planted with Typha latifolia L. (Reedmace or Broad-leaved Cattail). The process wastewater followed pre-treatment by dissolved air flotation (DAF). The mean DAF effluent gave highly variable chemical oxygen demand (COD) and ammonia concentrations of 5816 (standard deviation (SD): 3005.0) and 614 (SD: 268.7) mg/l, respectively. The mean MBR effluent for COD and ammonia was 37 and 86 mg/l, respectively. The mean treatment performance of the constructed wetland for COD, ammonia and suspended solids was 205, 67 and 57 mg/l, respectively.
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  • 28
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    MILESTONES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF MUNICIPAL WATER TREATMENT SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY IN THE 19TH AND EARLY 20TH CENTURIES: PART I (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 19 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: The remarkable progress made in the 19th and early 20th centuries in improving the qualify of municipal drinking water supplies is undoubtedly one of the most important factors contributing to the improved health and life expectancy of the developed world. Most of the conventional unit treatment processes currently used for mass-producing potable water had their origin during these years. This paper identifies key milestones in the understanding and development of water treatment technology during the 19th and early 20th centuries and considers their lasting importance.
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    NUMERICAL SIMULATION OF SALINE UPCONING IN THE PLEISTOCENE AQUIFER OF JERICHO AREA (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 19 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: The existence of fresh groundwater overlaying saline water in groundwater systems is widespread in many inland aquifers and most coastal aquifers. The Jericho district suffers from the phenomenon of saline upconing. The Pleistocene aquifer, which is the main source of water supply for irrigation in the Jericho district, comprises a layer of salt water covered with lenses of fresh water. It appears that drought and heavy exploitation from Jericho wells are the main reasons for the saline upconing problem in the Pleistocene aquifer. The objectives of this research were to (a) investigate the saline upconing phenomena and (b) provide recommendations for control of the fresh and salt-water mixing in the Jericho aquifer underneath a skimming well. A model, which coupled density-dependent flow and solute transport, was used to simulate movement of the salt water under different hydrogeological and operational conditions. Results from the simulations showed that location of the screen has a strong impact on salt-water movement in the well. Reasonable control of saline upconing was observed when the screen was placed against the gravel layers.
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    QUANTIFYING THE UNQUANTIFIABLE: ECOHYDROLOGY ON THE OUSE WASHES (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 19 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: The Ouse Washes is an area of Hood washland in Cambridgeshire. The site has been designated as an SPA and SAC, due to the presence of Spined Loach in the Old Bedford River and River Deiph and the invaluable over wintering and nesting habitats it offers for various nationally and internationally important species of birds. The site is currently thought to be in an unfavourable ecological condition, in terms of both the nutrient concentrations and the vegetation communities that populate the site. These factors affect the favourability of the site for both the Spined Loach and the bird populations. To restore favourable conditions to the Washes, a target vegetation community was defined for each discrete area of the site. Each of these communities had an ecohydrological prescription derived, which defined the required annual regime for mid-Held water table depth, flooding depth and duration and ditch nutrient concentration.A catchment-wide rainfall-runoff and nutrient transport model was used to derive flows and nutrient loads across the Washes under a range of catchment management scenarios. The model results for each discrete area of the Washes were analysed and the ecohydrological favourability under the different scenarios could then be quantified. By running various scenarios of different artificial influence and diffuse pollution conditions, the possible water and nutrient regime within the Washes was investigated and the suitability of different management options quantified relative to the target ecological requirements of the site. This allowed the Environment Agency to complete an Appropriate Assessment of the site, as required under the EU Habitats Directive.
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    THE EFFECTS OF ULTRASOUND ON SLUDGE DIGESTION (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 19 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Ultrasound treatment, which involves the introduction of high-intensity sound waves into a sludge medium, is one of several technologies which promote hydrolysis during sludge treatment. It has become well-established with numerous full-scale plants in Europe operating for several years. The basic principle involves the release of extra-cellular material which then catalyses biological reactions and improves bacterial kinetics, resulting in lower sludge quantities and (in the case of anaerobic digestion) increased biogas production. Its use is most suited to plants containing large quantities of refractory material and/or cellular matter, such as waste activated sludge. This paper uses the data from several full-scale part-stream ultrasound plants and discusses the influence of the technology on numerous operating conditions, especially with respect to improved digestion and enhanced biogas production.
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    USE OF GROUNDWATER AGE INDICATORS IN RISK ASSESSMENT TO AID WATER SUPPLY OPERATIONAL PLANNING (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 19 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Groundwater residence-time survey results on 21 public water supplies in the chalk aquifer in southern England are compared with a previous Cryptosporidium risk assessment which was carried out on the same supplies for regulatory-compliance purposes in 1999. The results indicate that residence-time indicators could provide useful corroborative evidence for rapid recharge hazard - not only in those settings already identified by microbiological surveillance, but also in the more difficult-to-identify situation where potential rapid pathways have been identified but the bacteriological indicators are negative or ambiguous. However, groundwater-mixing processes under pumping conditions are complex, especially in the chalk, and will always require interpretation informed by an understanding of the local hydrogeological and operational setting.
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    GROUNDWATER AGE INDICATORS FROM PUBLIC SUPPLIES TAPPING THE CHALK AQUIFER OF SOUTHERN ENGLAND (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 19 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Bulk age determinations, based upon chlorofluorocarbons and sulphur hexafluoride measurements of samples from twenty-one chalk groundwater supplies in southern England, Indicate that waters of relatively recent age predominate In both unconfined and partially confined situations. Water from pumping stations located on chalk below Palaeogene cover can be distinguished hydrochemically, and a likely interpretation is that these supplies are receiving a small proportion of recharge via induced via induced leakage. Whilst water which is abstracted from the chalk always involves mixing processes, for a sub-set of confined supplies, ‘piston’ flow could be inferred as a dominant mechanism - resulting in bulk groundwater ages of a few decades. Other supplies are the product of complex mixing. Although low-level chlorofluorocarbon enrichment was encountered for half the catchments sampled, they and sulphur hexafluoride appear to provide independent corroboration to microbiological indicators of the presence of rapid recharge.
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    GROUNDWATER IN A WATER-RICH ENVIRONMENT: WALES, A LAND OF PLENTY (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 19 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Traditionally, Wales has relied on surface water, with only 8% of the total public supply currently derived from groundwater sources. There are various significant aquifers in Wales, including the Carboniferous Limestone in South and North-East Wales and the Triassic aquifer in the Vale of Clwyd, as well as superficial granular deposits that are of particular importance in West Wales. Groundwater quality is generally good and minimal treatment is required. Hydrogeological data in the public domain for Wales are scarce: the Carboniferous Limestone, for example, is particularly poorly documented. Despite this lack of information there are some notable groundwater schemes, but current legislative aspects now require a better overall understanding of the hydrogeology of Wales. A key recommendation is the preparation of public domain data-sets and a comprehensive report on the hydrogeology of Wales.
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    INCINERATION - IS THERE A CASE? (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 19 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Incineration has suffered from a sustained campaign of misinformation. Consequently it has been regarded as the least sustainable option for the treatment of wastes, including sewage sludge. By looking carefully at the issues surrounding the incineration of sewage sludge, as an example, it can be seen that reality does not support the commonly held view. Modern plants are an effective means of recovering the energy value of sludge and at the same time offer a continuous operation, which is independent of weather or land constraints.Of course incineration needs to be regulated and EU Directives and National Regulations set the emission standards. The technology is such that these standards can be met, and more than this, the systems are capable of upgrading as more stringent standards are imposed.Concerns over NOx, dioxins, metals and pathogens are highlighted. In addition the permitting process is discussed. None of these should present a barrier to the implementation of incineration projects. Indeed the paper goes further and demonstrates that there is likely to be an increasing role for incineration as landfill, recycling to agricultural land and other options become more restrictive.
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    GULLANE OUTFALLS, SCOTLAND (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 19 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: This paper describes design and construction of two new sea outfalls discharging from Gullane Waste Water Treatment Works (WwTW) to Aberlady Bay, on the south side of the Forth estuary (Firth of Forth), 25km east of Edinburgh, Scotland. The outfalls were installed by float and lower, using the Flow-Lay® technique, believed to be a first for steel pipes. The paper also describes air transport, beach movement and soil liquefaction and their effect on pipe stability, material and profile.
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    A FRAMEWORK FOR CLIMATE RISK MANAGEMENT APPLIED TO A UK WATER RESOURCE PROBLEM (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 19 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Climate risk management is a new and evolving area and many decisions are likely to be affected by climate risks over the long-term. This paper presents a decision-making framework designed for managing climate alongside nonclimate risk factors. The framework describes a process that should help identify and manage these risks. It can be used to help decision-makers answer questions about whether adaptation is required, and, if so, which measures should be implemented. Adaptive management is recommended as a useful approach for dealing with climate and other uncertainties. This paper describes an application of the framework to a water resources case study. Feedback from training workshops based on four different case studies suggests the framework provides at minimum a useful (post-hoc) decision analysis tool. Potential users, who include planners, consultants and policy-makers have been largely positive about the prospective utility of the framework.
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    OBITUARY (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 19 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.2005.tb00580.x
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    SEASONAL VARIATION OF BACTERIOLOGICAL AND CHEMICAL QUALITY OF DRINKING WATER: A CASE STUDY IN A PALESTINIAN DISTRICT (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 19 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Evaluation of drinking water quality for Jenln district in Palestine was carried out for the years 1997, 1998, and 1999, respectively. Only 53.1 %, 85.4% and 69.6% of the drinking water samples tested for free chlorine residual, total coliforms and faecal coliforms, respectively are within the limits of the Palestinian and International standards. The seasonal variation of bacteriological and chemical quality of drinking water was investigated. It was found out that the summer season has the best quality and the winter has the worst. There remains some ignorance in testing the drinking water in the villages and towns in Jenin district. Huge efforts are required to improve the drinking water quality in Jenin district, as well as other Palestinian districts, through public awareness, training of governmental Inspectors, in addition to a strict monitoring system for water quality.
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    PUBLIC PARTICIPATION - DRAWING THE BOUNDARIES (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 19 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Sustainable development and the Water Framework Directive demand stakeholder engagement and more specifically, public participation if they are to be successful. Indeed, signatories to the Aarhus Convention adopt a rights-based approach and guarantee rights of access to information, public participation in decision-making and access to Justice in environmental matters. This paper explores the justification and need to involve the public in the decision-making process. It discusses the issues involved, the approach and technologies that can support and facilitate the participation process and the benefits that can How from such involvement. It draws on practical experience gained from a long-term mapping and consultation project carried out for the Countryside Agency. Key points of interest and learning from the consultation process are discussed and recommendations are given for future public participation exercises.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.2005.tb01585.x
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    THE EFFECTS OF IMPROVING SEWAGE SLUDGE DIGESTION (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 19 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: A model was developed and tested to investigate the effects of various parameters on the processing costs of anaerobic digestion. The model was based on empirical data collected from full-scale plants which varied in size from 35,000 to 900,000 population equivalents. (Equivalent to loading rates of 0.5 to 2.7 kg VS/m3/d.) In spite of different operating regimes and conditions of the plants analysed, various relationships were discovered between: sludge quality and volatile solids destruction; sludge quality and biogas yield; and, effluent volatile solids and dewatering. Where correlations existed, these were used to make predictions on operating costs of the digestion and dewatering plant based on sensitivity analysis. The results of the model were used to make recommendations on how to optimise the operation of an anaerobic digestion plant.
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    OPERATIONAL EXPERIENCE FROM A SMALL FOOTPRINT LAMELLA AND BAFF PLANT IN ABERDEEN. (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 19 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: The city of Aberdeen has a population of 265,000 people, which was previously served by a preliminary sewage treatment facility, Including screening and grit removal prior to discharge to the North Sea.The Nigg Waste Water Treatment Works (WwTW) was designed and built to treat the sewage from Aberdeen as part of a Private Finance Initiative (PFI) in order to achieve Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive (UWWTD) standards for BOD (25mg/l 95%ile) and COD (125mg/195%ile). A small footprint plant was required and involved lamella tube settlers for primary treatment followed by a Biological Aerated Flooded Filter (BAFF) plant for secondary treatment.The plant received loads above the design and chemical closing was applied to increase the capacity for treatment. Constant monitoring through the plant was put in place in order to optimise the performance. This paper gives details of the performance of the plant over the first year of operation.
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    ADVANCED LEACHATE TREATMENT AT THE STEWARTBY LANDFILL SITE (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 19 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Landfill liquor (leachate) is produced by complex microbial processes within a landfill site. The long retention period, typically in excess of many years, ensures that easily-biodegradable materials disappear rapidly, whereas intractable (hard) Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD) substances decay slowly. The resultant liquor is often difficult to treat biologically due to high concentrations of Ammoniacal N (amm.N) and low concentrations of nutrient Phosphorus (P) and Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD).The advanced treatment process adopted at the Stewartby landfill site has been based on extensive laboratory trials by WRG Ltd (formerly Shanks Ltd), with technical input from Birse Process Engineering Ltd. This has significantly reduced the risks involved in plant scale-up.The particular choice of treatment process reflects the stringent discharge consent and the wide variety of waste received at the site, in particular, the presence of hazardous waste producing a leachate which is especially difficult to treat.Treatment is based on the activated sludge process, assisted by Powdered Activated Carbon (PAC) dosing. The leachate is heated to improve oxidation of amm.N and the process stream also includes Dissolved Air Flotation (DAF) and Sand Filtration to remove suspended solids (SS) and P. Odour control is provided by a two-stage activated carbon unit.Results from the full-scale treatment plant have been excellent, averaging 70% COD removal and almost 100% amm.N removal and fully satisfying the sewer discharge consents imposed by Anglian Water and the Environment Agency.This paper describes the laboratory trials, process design and commissioning of the leachate treatment plant at the Stewartby landfill site.
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    FLOOD ESTIMATION BY CONTINUOUS SIMULATION IN THE DON CATCHMENT, SOUTH YORKSHIRE, UK (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 19 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: An innovative technique has been used for flood estimation in a catchment study which was carried out for the Environment Agency. The River Don drains a large part of South Yorkshire. On its major tributaries (the Rivers Rother and Dearne), flow regulators and artificial washlands are used during extreme floods to delay and attenuate peak flows, allowing the peak on the Don to pass by first.The flood hydrology of the Don catchment is therefore unusual and cannot be adequately represented by conventional methods such as those in the Flood Estimation Handbook. Instead, a 1000 year series of hourly rainfall was generated using a stochastic rainfall model. This was converted to flow data using a set of probability distributed moisture rainfall-runoff models; therefore, inflows for a hydraulic model were created. This eliminated the need to make assumptions about a design flood event, leading to more robust flood estimates throughout the Don catchment. This approach could prove to be applicable to other UK or overseas studies, particularly on large or complex catchments, or in solving joint probability problems.
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    LAND-USE AND GROUNDWATER USE IN HEBEI PLAIN, CHINA (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 19 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Rapid groundwater drawdown has become the biggest threat to social-economic sustainability in the Hebei Plain. To determine the cause of the groundwater decline and develop a practical plan for long-term groundwater use, water-table fluctuation data were collected over a period of 20 years. Adopting a simplified water balance model, the average infiltration coefficient of precipitation and specific yield in the Hebei Plain from 1985–1995 were simulated and the groundwater level decline by water-use sectors and crops was calculated. Analysis showed that agricultural water use was the main reason for groundwater drawdown. Winter wheat was the most water-consuming crop, causing a significant decline of the water table. It is suggested that planting strategies should be adjusted and water-saving agricultural practices be carried out, to achieve sustainable groundwater use in the Hebei Plain.
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    GETTING TO BOILING POINT (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 19 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Published for World Water Day, 22 March 2005, WaterAid’s report ‘Getting to boiling point’ explores how the UK and other governments will fail to meet their water and sanitation promises to the world’s poor unless they improve their performance.Focusing on the financial waste and underinvestment which are currently trapping millions in poverty this report also gives national governments and the international community the routes forward which, if followed, could enable them to keep their promises to halve the proportion of people without safe water and sanitation by 2015 as set out in their Millennium Development Goals. With extensive data from 14 countries ‘Getting to boiling point’provides a baseline against which further progress on the world’s water and sanitation crisis can be measured. A summary of the report follows.
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    TOXICITY TESTING OF GROUNDWATER QUALITY (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 19 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Groundwater is an important resource in the UK, with 45% of public water supplies in the Thames Water region derived from subterranean sources. In urban areas, groundwater has been affected by anthropogenic activities over a long period of time and from a multitude of sources. At present, groundwater quality is assessed using a range of chemical species to determine the extent of contamination. However, analysing a complex mixture of chemicals is time-consuming and expensive, whereas the use of an ecotoxicity test provides information on (a) the degree of pollution present in the groundwater and (b) the potential effect of that pollution. MicrotoxTM, EcloxTM and Daphnia magna microtests were used in conjunction with standard chemical protocols to assess the contamination of groundwaters from sites throughout the London Borough of Hounslow and nearby Heathrow Airport. Because of their precision, range of responses and ease of use, Daphnia magna and MicrotoxTM tests are the bioassays that appear to be most effective for assessing groundwater toxicity. However, neither test is ideal because it is also essential to monitor water hardness. EcloxTM does not appear to be suitable for use in groundwater-quality assessment in this area, because it is adversely affected by high total dissolved solids and electrical conductivity.
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    IMPLEMENTING THE EU DRINKING WATER DIRECTIVE: EXPLORING THE IMPACT OF THE CONSUMER (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 19 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Effective implementation is crucial to the success of public policy. This paper focuses on the implementation of the EU Drinking Water Directive (80/778/EEC) in England and Wales and the Republic of Ireland. It demonstrates that the consumer can both positively and negatively affect implementation. It is concluded that, if water providers and regulators wish to improve their ability to shape and effectively implement water policy, they must engage with the consumer in a more informative and educational manner.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.2005.tb00549.x
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    ECOLOGICAL RISK-ASSESSMENT METHODOLOGY: A UK CASE STUDY FOR LANDFILLS (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 19 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.2005.tb00553.x
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    DOMESTIC CONSUMER PERCEPTIONS OF THE LEGITIMACY OF WATER RESOURCE MANAGEMENT OPTIONS: A CASE STUDY OF THE RIVER NENE CATCHMENT, UK. (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 19 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Article 14 of the Water Framework Directive requires member states to demonstrate that they are enabling increased public participation in water governance issues at the river basin level. Yet little research has been conducted to understand in what regard water governance bodies are held by the public. In particular, few studies have concentrated on which water resource management issues concern consumers at the catchment and sub-catchment scale within England and Wales. A household study was conducted in 2003 along the River Nene catchment in the east of England to understand in more detail the range of these consumer perceptions and attitudes at different spatial scales, focusing on water resource management issues such as flooding, sector performance and policy making. The results of the survey demonstrate that formulating policy at the catchment scale does not always capture the diversity of opinion or the range of legitimacy issues which concern consumers at the sub-catchment level. The paper concludes that public participation initiatives may be improved by paying closer attention to the various legitimacy concerns at the catchment and sub-catchment scales.
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    IMPACT OF OPTIMISED CONTROL OF THE PRE-COAGULATION REGIME DURING ULTRA-FILTRATION TREATMENT OF RAW UPLAND WATERS (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 19 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: The effect of controlling the pre-coagulation regime on downstream ultrafiltration of raw upland waters has been investigated. It has been shown that zeta potential can be used to detect changes in the coagulation process and hence to determine appropriate dosage levels. This is important, as incomplete coagulation has a detrimental effect on ultrafiltration membrane performance, particularly in terms of fouling caused by excess iron. Submerged hollow-fibre membrane units yield superior performance with pre-coagulation and sufficient slow mixing of coagulant guarantees high permeate flow recovery after backwashing. Fouling by natural organic matter can be remedied by conventional cleaning techniques. However, fouling due to excess iron can only be removed by heating the cleaning solution. The associated costs are thus two-fold; that of excess coagulant and that of cleaning.
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    VALIDATION OF BNR (BIOLOGICAL NUTRIENT REMOVAL) PLANT (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 19 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Llangefni WwTW receives discharge from the rural town of Llangefni and the local industrial estate and to date this is the first and only BNR plant in Wales. The consents from March 2003 included a reduction in ammonia (NH4_N) to 1.5 mg/l, suspended solids to 20 mg/l (SS) and Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) to 7 mg/l and included a new Phosphate (PO4_P) standard of 2 mg/l. The process selected to meet the new consents was Biological Nutrient Removal (BNR) and was unusual as it was for a small, rural wastewater treatment plant that receives about 26% of its flow from an industrial estate.During commissioning, the plant produced an average phosphate concentration of 1.0 mg/l and an ammonia concentration of 0.7 mg/l. It was confirmed that to achieve consistent phosphate removal a BOD:P ratio greater than 20:1 is required along with a high VFA (Volatile Fatty Acids) concentration of 200–300 mg/l.
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    ASSESSMENT OF THE APPLICATION OF TREATED WASTEWATER AND SEWAGE SLUDGE IN PRODUCTIVE AGRICULTURE: A CASE STUDY FROM NORTHERN JORDAN (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 19 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: With the rapid expansion of development in Jordan, more water resources are being consumed and, consequently, incremental quantities of wastewater and sewage sludge are being generated from wastewater treatment plants. These quantities will end up in streams, open ponds or one of the other environmental media, which can cause adverse impacts on human health and the environment. In the mean while, a country like Jordan faces a remarkable shortage of fresh water resources and poor soil. The best way to mitigate the adverse impacts and compensate the water budget and enrich the poor soil is through the proper utilization and management of treated wastewater and sewage sludge in the agricultural sector. One of the main obstacles to this is public rejection of this solution, largely due to lack of information.The purpose of this paper was to examine the acceptability to the Jordanian farmers of the utilization of reclaimed wastewater and treated sewage sludge in their irrigation activities. The scope of this study considered two potential areas at the northern part of the country, where a representative sample of local farmers were interviewed. The results were very encouraging and positive signs of acceptability were shown at all levels. These results were analyzed and documented and the recommendations are developed at the end of this paper.
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    ROBERTSBRIDGE FLOOD ALLEVIATION SCHEME: THE CHALLENGES OF A FAST-TRACK APPROACH (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 19 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: flooding occurred in many locations in the united kingdom in the autumn/winter of 2000. One of the worst affected areas was Robertsbridge, in East Sussex, where over that winter, some properties were flooded up to eight times following those events, the environment agency targeted defences for this high-risk township as one of its high priority projects to‘fast-track’to implementation.studies started in January 2001, which recommended a stand-alone scheme that would project the township against the 1% probability flood. Project development progressed on a‘fast-track’basis to allow construction to start in September 2002 with completion planned in the summary of 2003.project development and implementation is always an obstacle course but the‘fast-track’approach magnifies the obstacle and introduces new ones. This paper describes experience from the Robertsbridge flood allevation scheme, with particular reference to some of the problems encountered, both technical and procedural
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    THE 1999 CRYPTOSPORIDIUM RISK ASSESSMENT EXERCISE IN ENGLAND AND WALES- A GROUNDWATER OVERVIEW (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 19 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Regulations Introduced in 1999 obliged water companies In England and Wales to conduct risk assessments of their treatment works to establish whether there was a significant risk from Cryptosporidium oocysts in the water supplied. More than 330 treatment works were identified as being at risk, just over half of which were plants treating groundwater. This paper provides an overview of what water companies themselves identified as the most at-risk settings for their groundwater-based works in terms of aquifer and type of supply. Evaluation of results from the subsequent continuous monitoring regulatory regime that came into force on many of these supplies could validate the primarily qualitative nature of the initial assessments of at-risk settings. There would also be public health benefits from confirmation of whether currently-employed risk assessment methods are well-founded because similar procedures could then be applied with confidence to the many small private supplies In Britain.
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    CIWEM ANNUAL GENERAL MEETING (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 19 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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    SUSTAINABILITY OF TOILET FLUSHING WATER SUPPLY IN HONG KONG (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 19 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Hong Kong is an Asian city with nearly 7 million people. Because of the lack of natural resources, the local water supply is not adequate to meet the demand. Fresh water supply in Hong Kong relies on the cross border import of water from the East River (Dongjiang) in China. To conserve fresh water, seawater has been used for toilet flushing since the 1950s. In this paper, the current status of seawater for toilet flushing in Hong Kong is reviewed, and the future strategy toward sustainable toilet flushing water supply, including other alternatives, is discussed.
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    ESTIMATING RECHARGE FOR BRITISH AQUIFERS (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 19 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: This paper reviews methods of estimating recharge for a wide variety of aquifers in Britain. A soil moisture balance technique is used with direct representation of relevant soil and crop properties. Recharge contributions due to rainfall, runoff from impervious areas and leaking water mains and sewers are considered. In many field situations low permeability strata, which overlie the main aquifer, modify the timing and magnitude of the actual recharge. Runoff from less permeable strata can become runoff-recharge at the aquifer outcrop. Reference is made to several case studies.
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    AERATED ROCK FILTERS FOR ENHANCED AMMONIA AND FAECAL COLIFORM REMOVAL FROM FACULTATIVE POND EFFLUENTS (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 19 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Nitrogen removal from wastewater is rapidly becoming an essential but expensive upgrade for many small wastewater treatment works in the UK. Using a pilot-scale waste stabilization pond effluent, this paper highlights a low-cost upgrading unit, capable of removing BOD, SS, ammonia and faecal colliforms. Results are given for 12 months of operation and it is suggested that these units could be used by the water companies when ammonia removal is necessary to meet with current legislative demands and prevent eutrophication of receiving watercourses.
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    DISTRIBUTION OF TRITIUM IN THE LEACHATES AND METHANE GAS CONDENSATES FROM MUNICIPAL WASTE LANDFILLS IN KOREA (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 19 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: In this paper, the tritium levels in the leachates and methane gas condensates which have occurred at 13 sanitary landfills of municipal solid wastes (MSW) are investigated and reported. During the 6 months investigation period, the mean tritium concentrations of the raw leachates were distributed from 17 to 1,196 TU. They corresponded to several scores or hundreds higher tritium levels than that of the normal environmental level except for two cases. High tritium levels were also detected in the effluents of the leachate treatment facilities. Generally, the tritium existed in the dissolving fraction of the leachate but for some cases about 10% of the total tritium content was present as colloidal particles of over 0.45 μm in size. In general, the relationship between the tritium and other contaminants in the raw leachate was low, but it was relatively high between the tritium and TOC. Thus, it is predicted that the dissolving state of the tritium in the leachates would be affected by the tritium sources of the tipped wastes in a MSW.
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    STRATEGIC AND PROJECT LEVEL RIVER RESTORATION PROTOCOLS — KEY COMPONENTS FOR MEETING THE REQUIREMENTS OF THE WATER FRAMEWORK DIRECTIVE (WFD) (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 19 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: The number of river restoration projects undertaken in the UK has increased rapidly over the last five years. However, schemes are still largely undertaken on an ad-hoc basis rather than part of a co-ordinated, strategic, catchment restoration strategy. Additionally, project level restoration is rarely initiated through a systematic approach that involves all stages from baseline studies through to design, installation, monitoring and post-project appraisals. The need for both strategic and project levels to be undertaken effectively is necessary if the requirements of the Water Framework Directive (WFD) are to be met. This directive has the potential to significantly increase the number of schemes, as restoration of surface water bodies has become a key duty of member states. There exists, therefore, a need for a holistic catchment scale approach to restoration to be adopted to maximise benefit to the fluvial systems and ensure compliance. This paper outlines key components of strategic and project level protocols for river restoration from a UK perspective.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.2005.tb00561.x
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    SLUDGE TREATMENT AND DRYING REED BED SYSTEMS IN DENMARK (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 19 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Sludge Reed beds have been used for dewatering (draining and evapotranspiration) and mineralisation of sludge in Denmark since 1988 when the first sludge processing system was introduced. Sludge from wastewater treatment plants (2,500-125,000 pe) is treated in sludge reed bed systems with 1–18 basins with loading rates of 25–2,200 tonnes dry solids/year for ten years. In 2002, approximately 95 systems were in operation. Dimensioning and design of reed bed systems depends on the sludge production rate, sludge type, quality and regional climate.The maximum sludge loading rate is approximately 50–60 kg DS/m2/year. Loading cycles are related to the sludge type and the age of the sludge reed systems. The sludge residue will, after approximately ten years of operation, reach an approximate height of 1.2–1.5 metres with dry solids content of 30–40%. Experience has shown that the quality of the final product with respect to heavy metals, hazardous organic compounds and pathogen removal after ten years of treatment make it possible to recycle the biosolids to agriculture as an enhanced treated product.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.2005.tb00566.x
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    WATER RE-USE - CAPTURING A WASTE RESOURCE (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 19 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: The east and south-east of England has the lowest rainfall in the UK, water resources are limited and under pressure through increased demand and population growth. In the late 1990’s AW Innovation (the AW R&D group) developed a process that could produce high purity water from sewage effluent using membrane technology. In late 1999 Texas Utilities (TXU) signed a contract with Alpheus Environmental for the supply of high purity water for Peterborough Power Station. The novel treatment plant was built in 1999 - 2000 and opened in July 2000 by the Mayor of Peterborough. This paper is a review of the plant design, the technology used for the treatment process and a summary of the first four years of operation.Changing from potable water to high purity water produced from sewage effluent has brought significant benefits for the power station resulting in higher purity steam generation while reducing chemical, power and effluent discharge costs. In addition Anglian Water is now saving 1,000 m3/day of potable water.
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    DIFFUSE POLLUTION - WHAT IS THE NATURE OF THE PROBLEM? (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 19 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: This paper considers recent developments in the understanding of diffuse pollution, its generation, transport and impacts. The relative importance of diffuse sources to total pollutant loading must be identified in order to develop appropriate strategies for management.Research has indicated that individual diffuse pollutants respond differently to changing flow conditions and that there is a widespread misconception that higher flows are associated with lower pollutant concentrations. Evidence is presented to highlight this discrepancy and a rationale for load assessment is presented. The implications of this for monitoring within the context of the EU Water Framework Directive are discussed as are the implications for the mitigation of diffuse pollution.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.2005.tb00574.x
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    DEVELOPMENT OF AN ELECTROCHEMICAL OXIDATION PROCESS FOR THE TREATMENT OF LANDFILL LEACHATES (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 19 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Some landfill site operators use wastewater treatment plants for the discharge of complex leachate waste. However, for the water company involved in managing the wastewater plant, leachates can pose a problem to the quality of the effluent, due to the high levels of Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), ammonia and inorganic metal constituents. Electrochemical oxidation of landfill leachate has been successfully used by researchers(1,2,3,4) with current densities of 5 to 100 mA/cm2. A new laboratory system has been developed which utilises a low current density of 2.42 mA/cm2 and the performance has been evaluated with synthetic and ’real’ landfill leachates from 2 wastewater sites.This system reduces COD of synthetic mixtures by 58%, with complete removal of ammonia. For real leachates, 5 out of 8 samples resulted in ammonia reduction, with 2 samples experiencing approximately. 60% COD reduction. Power costs for treatment have been determined and the potential for a full-scale installation considered.
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    IMPROVING THE PERFORMANCE OF GRANULAR ACTIVATED CARBON (GAC) VIA PRE-REGENERATION ACID TREATMENT (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 19 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: A lab-scale acid treatment system was developed to Investigate the effects of hydrochloric acid on the removal of calcium from field spent GAC (FSGAC). The effects of acid treatment on the subsequent regeneration process and regenerated GAC properties were also investigated using a lab-scale furnace. A linear relationship between calcium remaining on the GAC following acid treatment and GAC mass losses during regeneration was exhibited. FSGAC treated with 0.1 N hydrochloric acid resulted in 7.5% lower mass losses than non-acid treated GAC. An increase in total surface area of 7.2% and micropore volume of 3.1% was also noted following acid treatment and regeneration. This was due to a reduction in calcium-catalysed gasification of the GAC structure, which may have occurred in samples, which had not received acid treatment. Improvements in porosity, adsorption capacity and surface chemistry indicate that acid treatment is an effective process, which may be used to provide superior regenerated GAC product.
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    SOLVING AN URBAN RIVER EROSION PROBLEM ON THE TILMORE BROOK, HAMPSHIRE (UK) (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 19 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: The Tlimore Brook, In Hampshire, typifies the Impact of new housing development that has taken place In phases over the past 20 years or so, on a river corridor. However, the issue is not one of flooding, because the channel itself had been straightened and deepened in historical times and had been adjusted further by down-cutting; thereby forming an over-large channel sufficient to contain flood flows. Perhaps rarely for lowland Britain, the key problem was that of erosion, threatening adjacent properties. This paper describes the nature of the erosion problem and the subsequent geomorphological design to mitigate it. A key unique feature of this project was the extent of backfilling required, over the entire length, to raise the over-deep channel bed. The project was constructed in 2003.
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    AFFORDABIUTY OF HOUSEHOLD WATER SERVICES IN GREAT BRITAIN (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 19 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: This paper analyses the Issue of water and sewerage service charge affordability in Great Britain, focusing exclusively on the domestic or household sector. It discusses the meaning of affordability, outlining ways in which it might be measured, before presenting empirical data to calibrate the phenomenon. A discussion of affordability benchmarking for household water and sewerage services is followed by a brief critique of the various financial support mechanisms currently available to low Income households.
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    POLLUTANT BUILD UP & RUN OFF ON HIGHWAYS; EXPANDING THE CURRENT METHODOLOGY FOR ADDITIONAL DETERMINANDS (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 19 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Pollutants build up on highways and are washed off during a rainfall event; and are usually discharged via an outfall to a watercourse. CIRIA report 142 (1994) guidance for evaluating wafer quality downstream of a highway outfall considers only copper and zinc in the water quality assessment of highway outfalls; determinands thought to occur in significant concentrations in highway runoff. This guidance has since been adopted in the Design Manual for Roads and Bridges environmental assessment. However, recent investigations suggest that other determinands may occur in unacceptably high concentrations. This paper demonstrates that additional determinands should be considered in the water quality assessment downstream of a highway outfall.
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    INDUCTION OF NEW CIWEM PRESIDENT FOR 2005-2006 (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 19 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.2005.tb01597.x
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    PRESIDENTIAL INDUCTION SPEECH (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 19 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-6593.2005.tb01598.x
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    PRACTICAL METHODOLOGY FOR DETERMINING THE SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACTS ON THE WATER ENVIRONMENT (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 19 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: There is currently limited guidance available in the UK for predicting the significance of the impacts of developments on the water environment. This may be partly due to the disparate nature of the components of the water environment, which are covered by a range of scientific and engineering disciplines. This paper reviews the current status of Environmental Impact Assessment for the water environment in the UK and identifies key methodologies and guidance. Proposals are made for a more detailed approach to determining the significance of impacts on rivers, stillwaters (lakes and ponds), groundwater and floodplains, building on methodologies previously developed for highways schemes. Account is taken of the Environment Agency’s ongoing work to classify water features to meet the requirements of the Water Framework Directive.
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    2D FLOODPLAIN MODELLING IN THE TIDAL THAMES — ADDRESSING THE RESIDUAL RISK (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 19 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Over the course of history, development in and around London has encroached significantly into the River Thames floodplain. As a result, approximately 116 km2 of heavily urbanised land between Teddington Weir and Dartford Creek is at risk of tidal flooding. This area is currently protected from overtopping for levels in excess of the 1:1000-year flood event by an integrated system of static and moveable defences. However, the residual risk due to the probability of defence failure (through breaching) and the resulting consequences of such a failure remains high.To effectively manage this risk the Environment Agency needs to be able to prioritise investment in the defence system, predict probable flood extents as a result of a breach event, issue timely warnings and ensure that the response to an event is an appropriate one. Currently, this is not possible due to a distinct lack of information regarding the propagation of floodwaters through the complex urban topography in and around London.This paper details a 2D floodplain modelling project, currently underway within the Environment Agency, which was initiated to address these issues. The paper highlights the constraints and problems associated with urban flood modelling, suggests potential solutions and outlines how this type of modelling system could be used to inform future flood risk management tools.
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    BOOK REVIEWS (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 19 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Book Review in this ArticlesBlue patches and clear water, by Brian RofeBiology of Wastewater Treatment (second edition), by N. F GraySweet and wholesome water, by Ted Flaxman and Ted Jackson. E. W. Flaxman
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    THE ROLE OF PRICING ON INTEGRATED WATER MANAGEMENT AT THE INDUSTRIAL PARK LEVEL: A CASE OF TEDA (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 19 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Increasing water shortage and water pollution issues have attracted people to seek an integrated water management approach. This paper presents an integrated water management model at the industrial park level by employing a case of TEDA. Such a model is an overall management model for optimizing water resources within an industrial park, seeking potential water reuse among industries, incorporating the size and cost of reclaimed wastewater delivery systems. The main focus of this paper is to test how pricing strategy can influence water reuse scenarios by doing a cost sensitivity analysis. The results Indicate that when being set at the correct level, increased water charges could help reduce freshwater use and wastewater discharge, while covering administrative costs, financing environmental improvements (e.g. cleaner production), or subsidizing the operation of the wastewater treatment plant and the maintenance of freshwater infrastructure, therefore, providing water reuse incentives for water users within an industrial park.
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    MODELLING THE IMPACTS OF DOMESTIC WATER CONSERVATION ON THE SUSTAIN ABILITY OF THE URBAN SEWERAGE SYSTEM (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 19 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: A computer model was developed to evaluate the impact of various technologies for water conservation in domestic households, in terms of the Impact on the operation of downstream infrastructure. These technologies, which include (a) low-flush toilets, (b) greywater re-use, and (c) re-use of rainwater from roof runoff for toilet flushing, were compared using indicators of sustainability to measure water consumption, sewerage-system operational performance and process treatment efficiency. The results demonstrated that rainwater re-use is potentially the most sustainable strategy in terms of the benefits associated with water conservation and reduction in sewage discharges from combined-sewer overflows (CSOs). The benefits were observed without the problems associated with increased sedimentation in sewers during dry weather, associated with other water-conservation strategies such as reduced-flush toilets, greywater re-use and the resultant increase in pollutants from CSOs during wet weather.
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    HYDRAULICS, WATER QUALITY AND VEGETATION CHARACTERISTICS OF GROUNDWATER-FED OPEN DITCHES (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 19 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: A novel peatland management strategy to utilise the high nutrient-retention potential of degenerated peatlands has been implemented in Northern Germany. The effect of raised water levels and extensive land-use management on hydraulic properties, water quality and vegetation characteristics of heavily vegetated and groundwater-fed open ditches, was investigated at the River Elder Valley - a nationally important wetland case study. A better understanding of the effect of vegetation on the temporal flow patterns and the hydraulic retention times is of high scientific interest, especially for improving nutrient standards in lowland rivers. Within-ditch vegetation and other hydraulic obstructions, including accumulated silt and organic debris, increase the hydraulic retention time and lead to an improvement of the water quality along the open ditch. Lower parts of the open ditches were flooded by the River Elder, due to the absence of a mowing scheme during late summer
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    BEYOND POLARISATION AND PLATITUDES - POLICIES FOR ENVIRONMENT, DEVELOPMENT AND SUSTAINABLE PEACE: FINDING PATHS TO ENVIRONMENTAL PEACE-MAKING (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 19 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Development minister, Hilary Benn spoke at the Wilton Park conference on ‘Environment, Development and Sustainable Peace’ on 16–19 September 2004. His presentation follows.At the same conference, the head of the UN Environment Programme, Klaus Toepfer both described the programme’s work and launched a new UNEP report, ‘Understanding Environment, Conflict and Cooperation’ co-authored by many of the speakers at the conference. The UNEP report is available at
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    BOOK REVIEWS (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Water and environment journal 19 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1747-6593
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Book Review in this ArticlesSafe Drinking Water: Lessons from Recent Outbreaks in Affluent Nations, by S. E. Hrudey and E. J. Hrudey.Water Resources Management, by David Stephenson. Published by Balkema.Water, Sanitary and Waste Services for Buildings, by A. F. E. Wide and J. A. Swaffield.
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    AQUACULTURE AND OCEAN RESOURCES: Raising Tigers of the Sea (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 30 (2005), S. 185-218 
    Details
    ISSN: 1543-5938
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: With continued human pressure on marine fisheries and ocean resources, aquaculture has become one of the most promising avenues for increasing marine fish production in the future. This review presents recent trends and future prospects for the aquaculture industry, with particular attention paid to ocean farming and carnivorous finfish species. The benefits of farming carnivorous fish have been challenged; extensive research on salmon has shown that farming such fish can have negative ecological, social, and health impacts on areas and parties vastly separated in space. Similar research is only beginning for the new carnivorous species farmed or ranched in marine environments, such as cod, halibut, and bluefin tuna. These fish have large market potential and are likely to play a defining role in the future direction of the aquaculture industry. We review the available literature on aquaculture development of carnivorous finfish species and assess its potential to relieve human pressure on marine fisheries, many of which have experienced sharp declines.
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    PRIVATE-SECTOR PARTICIPATION IN THE WATER AND SANITATION SECTOR (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 30 (2005), S. 145-183 
    Details
    ISSN: 1543-5938
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: This review examines experience with private-sector participation (PSP) in the water supply and sanitation (W&S) sector. Common ideological, theoretical, and practical justifications for and objections to PSP in water and sanitation are presented. Review of empirical evidence suggests that where gains in efficiency, investment, and environmental stewardship have been realized through privatization, they have often been achieved through unpopular yet predictable strategies such as retrenchment and tariff increases. Challenges persist regarding ensuring access to and affordability of services for low-income households during privatization, and evidence suggests that PSP will not benefit the majority of the 1.2 billion people who lack access to improved water supply and live in the world's poorest countries. The challenging features of W&S economics, along with mounting public opposition to privatization and globalization in the sector, will likely reduce PSP in the sector over the short term, particularly where the private sector is expected to assume commercial risk as well as responsibility for capital investment in municipal W&S networks.
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    PRODUCTIVE USES OF ENERGY FOR RURAL DEVELOPMENT (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 30 (2005), S. 117-144 
    Details
    ISSN: 1543-5938
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: This review utilizes the Global Environment Facility (GEF) and UN Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) working definition of "productive uses of energy," which states "in the context of providing modern energy services in rural areas, a productive use of energy is one that involves the application of energy derived mainly from renewable resources to create goods and/or services either directly or indirectly for the production of income or value." The definition reflects the shift toward the aspirations of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs). Traditionally, the productive uses of energy have been rather narrowly defined. The focus has been on the direct impact of energy use on gross domestic product (GDP) and the importance of motive power for agriculture. This conventional view has some utility in understanding the nature of development at the national and regional level; however, in order to respond to international development goals while maintaining pace with an ever-evolving understanding of what development is, it is important to consider how this traditional thinking may be augmented. The earlier thinking about the productive uses of energy needs to be updated with an enhanced understanding of the tremendous impact that energy services have on education, health, and gender equality. Indeed, a refined understanding of energy use has important public policy implications because scarce resources may be guided into investments that may achieve the desired national or international development goals.
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    ADAPTIVE GOVERNANCE OF SOCIAL-ECOLOGICAL SYSTEMS (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 30 (2005), S. 441-473 
    Details
    ISSN: 1543-5938
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: We explore the social dimension that enables adaptive ecosystem-based management. The review concentrates on experiences of adaptive governance of social-ecological systems during periods of abrupt change (crisis) and investigates social sources of renewal and reorganization. Such governance connects individuals, organizations, agencies, and institutions at multiple organizational levels. Key persons provide leadership, trust, vision, meaning, and they help transform management organizations toward a learning environment. Adaptive governance systems often self-organize as social networks with teams and actor groups that draw on various knowledge systems and experiences for the development of a common understanding and policies. The emergence of "bridging organizations" seem to lower the costs of collaboration and conflict resolution, and enabling legislation and governmental policies can support self-organization while framing creativity for adaptive comanagement efforts. A resilient social-ecological system may make use of crisis as an opportunity to transform into a more desired state.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.30.050504.144511
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    FEEDBACK IN THE PLANT-SOIL SYSTEM (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 30 (2005), S. 75-115 
    Details
    ISSN: 1543-5938
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Feedback between plants and the soil is frequently invoked on the basis of evidence of mutual effects. Feedback can operate through pathways involving soil physical properties, chemical and biogeochemical properties and processes, and biological properties, including the community composition of the microbiota and soil fauna. For each pathway, we review the mechanistic basis and assess the evidence that feedback occurs. We suggest that several properties of feedback systems (for example, their complexity, specificity, and strength relative to other ecological factors, as well as the temporal and spatial scales over which they operate) be considered. We find that the evidence of feedback is strongest for plants growing in extreme environments and for plant-mutualist or plant-enemy interactions. We conclude with recommendations for a more critical appraisal of feedback and for new directions of research. Let us not make arbitrary conjectures about the greatest matters. Heraclitus ( 1 )
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.30.050504.144212
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    ENVIRONMENTAL VALUES (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 30 (2005), S. 335-372 
    Details
    ISSN: 1543-5938
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Values are often invoked in discussions of how to develop a more sustainable relationship with the environment. There is a substantial literature on values that spans several disciplines. In philosophy, values are relatively stable principles that help us make decisions when our preferences are in conflict and thus convey some sense of what we consider good. In economics, the term values is usually used in discussions of social choice, where an assessment of the social value of various alternatives serves as a guide to the best choice under a utilitarian ethic (the greatest good for the greatest number). In sociology, social psychology, and political science, two major lines of research have addressed environmental values. One has focused on four value clusters: self-interest, altruism, traditionalism, and openness to change and found relatively consistent theoretical and empirical support for the relationship of values to environmentalism. The other line of research suggests that environmentalism emerges when basic material needs are met and that individuals and societies that are postmaterialist in their values are more likely to exhibit pro-environmental behaviors. The evidence in support of this argument is more equivocal. Overall, the idea that values, especially altruism, are related to environmentalism, seems well established, but little can be said about the causes of value change and of the overall effects of value change on changes in behavior.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.30.050504.144444
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    REGIONAL ATMOSPHERIC POLLUTION AND TRANSBOUNDARY AIR QUALITY MANAGEMENT * (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 30 (2005), S. 1-37 
    Details
    ISSN: 1543-5938
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: The regional nature of several important air pollutants, which include acids, ozone, particulate matter, mercury, and persistent organics (POPs), is widely recognized by researchers and decision makers. Such pollutants are transported regionally over scales from about 100 to a few 1000s of kilometers, large enough to cross state, provincial, national, and even continental boundaries. Managing these regional pollutants requires overcoming political, economic, and cultural differences to establish cooperation between multiple jurisdictions, and it requires recognition of the linkages between pollutants and of impacts at different geographic scales. Here, regional dynamics of the pollutants are discussed, addressing them individually and as a tightly linked physical and chemical system. Collaborative efforts to characterize and manage regional pollution are presented, along with potential directions for future efforts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.30.050504.144138
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    THE ROLE OF PROTECTED AREAS IN CONSERVING BIODIVERSITY AND SUSTAINING LOCAL LIVELIHOODS (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 30 (2005), S. 219-252 
    Details
    ISSN: 1543-5938
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: The world's system of protected areas has grown exponentially over the past 25 years, particularly in developing countries where biodiversity is greatest. Concurrently, the mission of protected areas has expanded from biodiversity conservation to improving human welfare. The result is a shift in favor of protected areas allowing local resource use. Given the multiple purposes of many protected areas, measuring effectiveness is difficult. Our review of 49 tropical protected areas shows that parks are generally effective at curtailing deforestation within their boundaries. But deforestation in surrounding areas is isolating protected areas. Many initiatives now aim to link protected areas to local socioeconomic development. Some of these initiatives have been successful, but in general expectations need to be tempered regarding the capacity of protected areas to alleviate poverty. Greater attention must also be paid to the broader policy context of biodiversity loss, poverty, and unsustainable land use in developing countries.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.30.050504.164507
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    ECONOMICS OF POLLUTION TRADING FOR SO2 AND NOX (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 30 (2005), S. 253-289 
    Details
    ISSN: 1543-5938
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: For years economists have urged policy makers to use market-based approaches such as cap-and-trade programs or emission taxes to control pollution. The sulfur dioxide (SO2) allowance market created by Title IV of the 1990 U.S. Clean Air Act Amendments represents the first real test of the wisdom of economists' advice. Subsequent urban and regional applications of nitrogen oxides (NOx) emission allowance trading took shape in the 1990s in the United States, culminating in a second large experiment in emissions trading in the eastern United States that began in 2003. This review provides an overview of the economic rationale for emissions trading and a description of the major U.S. programs to reduce SO2 and NOx pollution. We evaluate these programs along measures of performance, which include cost savings, environmental integrity, and incentives for technological innovation. We offer lessons for the design of future programs including, most importantly, those to reduce carbon dioxide.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.30.081804.121028
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    ARCHAEOLOGY AND GLOBAL CHANGE: The Holocene Record (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 30 (2005), S. 409-440 
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    ISSN: 1543-5938
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Although human-induced changes to the global environment and natural biotic resources, collectively labeled "global change" and the "biodiversity crisis," have accelerated with industrialization over the past 300 years, such changes have a much longer history. Particularly since the rise of agriculturally based societies and associated population expansion during the early Holocene, humans have had cumulative and often irreversible impacts on natural landscapes and biotic resources worldwide. Archaeologists, often working closely with natural scientists in interdisciplinary projects, have accumulated a large body of empirical evidence documenting such changes as deforestation, spread of savannahs, increased rates of erosion, permanent rearrangements of landscapes for agriculture, resource depression and depletion (and in many cases, extinction) in prehistory. In some areas and time periods, environmental change led to long-term negative consequences for regional human populations, whereas in other cases, changes favored intensification of production and increased population sizes. Drawing upon case studies from North America, Mesoamerica, the Mediterranean, Near East, India, Australia, and the Pacific Islands, the diversity of types of prehistoric human-induced environmental change is assessed, along with the kinds of empirical evidence that support these interpretations. These findings have important implications both for the understanding of long-term human socioeconomic and political changes and for ecologists who need to assess current environmental dynamics in the context of longer-term environmental history.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.29.102403.140700
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    WETLAND RESOURCES: Status, Trends, Ecosystem Services, and Restorability (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 30 (2005), S. 39-74 
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    ISSN: 1543-5938
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Estimates of global wetland area range from 5.3 to 12.8 million km2. About half the global wetland area has been lost, but an international treaty (the 1971 Ramsar Convention) has helped 144 nations protect the most significant remaining wetlands. Because most nations lack wetland inventories, changes in the quantity and quality of the world's wetlands cannot be tracked adequately. Despite the likelihood that remaining wetlands occupy less than 9% of the earth's land area, they contribute more to annually renewable ecosystem services than their small area implies. Biodiversity support, water quality improvement, flood abatement, and carbon sequestration are key functions that are impaired when wetlands are lost or degraded. Restoration techniques are improving, although the recovery of lost biodiversity is challenged by invasive species, which thrive under disturbance and displace natives. Not all damages to wetlands are reversible, but it is not always clear how much can be retained through restoration. Hence, we recommend adaptive approaches in which alternative techniques are tested at large scales in actual restoration sites.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.30.050504.144248
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    RIGHTEOUS OIL? HUMAN RIGHTS, THE OIL COMPLEX, AND CORPORATE SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITY (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 30 (2005), S. 373-407 
    Details
    ISSN: 1543-5938
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: One of the most important aspects of the rise of post-1945 global capitalism has been the call for transnational corporations to conform to basic human rights principles. This chapter reviews the efforts within the oil industry (with a particular focus on their operations in the less-developed countries) to develop corporate social responsibility and the related development of voluntary, legal, and statutory programs by governments, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), civic groups, and multilateral agencies to ensure that the oil industry is compliant with important human, social, political, and environmental rights. In reviewing these developments, I outline the current political economy of the oil industry, new bodies of research on the relations between oil, violence, and human rights violations, which include case studies of the human rights records of transnational and joint-venture oil operations.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.30.050504.144456
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    HOW ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH RISKS CHANGE WITH DEVELOPMENT: The Epidemiologic and Environmental Risk Transitions Revisited (2005)
    Palo Alto, Calif. : Annual Reviews
    Annual Review of Environment and Resources 30 (2005), S. 291-333 
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    ISSN: 1543-5938
    Source: Annual Reviews Electronic Back Volume Collection 1932-2001ff
    Topics: Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering
    Notes: Transition frameworks are used to envision the important changes that occur during economic development from poor to middle-income or rich countries. We explain the derivation of and use data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) and Comparative Risk Assessment (CRA) projects of the World Health Organization (WHO) to explore the classic epidemiologic transition framework, which describes the changes in causes of illness and death during economic development. We provide the first full empirical test of the environmental risk transition framework, which describes the shift in environmental risks during development from household, community, and global risk factors. We find that the simplistic conclusions commonly drawn about the epidemiologic transition, in particular the increase in chronic diseases with development, are not supported by current data; in contrast, the conceptual framework of the environmental risk transition is broadly supported in a cross-sectional analysis. We also describe important kinds of environmental health risks and diseases that are not well estimated using current methods.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1146/annurev.energy.30.050504.144424
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    On the separation of net ecosystem exchange into assimilation and ecosystem respiration: review and improved algorithm (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Global change biology 11 (2005), S. 0 
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    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: This paper discusses the advantages and disadvantages of the different methods that separate net ecosystem exchange (NEE) into its major components, gross ecosystem carbon uptake (GEP) and ecosystem respiration (Reco). In particular, we analyse the effect of the extrapolation of night-time values of ecosystem respiration into the daytime; this is usually done with a temperature response function that is derived from long-term data sets. For this analysis, we used 16 one-year-long data sets of carbon dioxide exchange measurements from European and US-American eddy covariance networks. These sites span from the boreal to Mediterranean climates, and include deciduous and evergreen forest, scrubland and crop ecosystems.We show that the temperature sensitivity of Reco, derived from long-term (annual) data sets, does not reflect the short-term temperature sensitivity that is effective when extrapolating from night- to daytime. Specifically, in summer active ecosystems the long-term temperature sensitivity exceeds the short-term sensitivity. Thus, in those ecosystems, the application of a long-term temperature sensitivity to the extrapolation of respiration from night to day leads to a systematic overestimation of ecosystem respiration from half-hourly to annual time-scales, which can reach 〉25% for an annual budget and which consequently affects estimates of GEP. Conversely, in summer passive (Mediterranean) ecosystems, the long-term temperature sensitivity is lower than the short-term temperature sensitivity resulting in underestimation of annual sums of respiration.We introduce a new generic algorithm that derives a short-term temperature sensitivity of Reco from eddy covariance data that applies this to the extrapolation from night- to daytime, and that further performs a filling of data gaps that exploits both, the covariance between fluxes and meteorological drivers and the temporal structure of the fluxes. While this algorithm should give less biased estimates of GEP and Reco, we discuss the remaining biases and recommend that eddy covariance measurements are still backed by ancillary flux measurements that can reduce the uncertainties inherent in the eddy covariance data.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.001002.x
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    Spatial extent of winter thaw events in eastern North America: historical weather records in relation to yellow birch decline (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Global change biology 11 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: An algorithm (Weather Reader) was developed and used to analyze daily weather records from all existing Canadian and American weather stations of eastern North America (in excess of 2100 stations), from 1930 through 2000. Specifically, the Weather Reader was used to compile daily minimum, mean, and maximum air temperatures for weather stations with at least 30 years of data, and was used to calculate accumulated degree days for winter thaw–freeze events relevant to yellow birch (Betula alleghaniensis Britt.) from beginning to end. A thaw–freeze event relevant to yellow birch was considered to take place when (i) the station daily maximum temperature reached or exceeded +4°C after being below freezing for at least 2 months of the winter, (ii) sufficient growing degree days accumulated (〉50 growing degree days) to cause the affected yellow birch trees to prematurely deharden, and (iii) the daily minimum temperature dropped below −4°C causing roots and/or shoots of dehardened trees to experience freeze-induced injury and possibly dieback. The threshold temperature of +4°C represents the daily temperature above which biological activity occurs in yellow birch. The station growing degree day summaries were subsequently spatially interpolated with the Kriging function in GS+™ and mapped in ArcView™ GIS in order to display the geographic extent of the most severe thaw–freeze events. The ArcView™ maps were then compared with the extent of historically observed yellow birch decline. It was found that the years 1936, 1944, and 1945 were particularly uncharacteristic in terms of region-wide winter thaw–freeze extremes, and also in terms of observed birch decline events during 1930–1960. An overlay of suspected accumulated birch decline based on thaw–freeze mapping and observed decline maps prepared by Braathe (1995), Auclair (1987), and Auclair et al. (1997) for 1930–1960 demonstrated similar geographic patterns. The thaw–freeze projection for 1930–1960 was shown to coincide with 83% of the birch decline map appearing in Braathe (1995) and 55% of the geographic range of yellow birch in eastern North America. Thaw–freeze mapping was also applied to two significant events in 1981. Greatest impact was recorded to occur mostly in southern Quebec and Ontario, and several American Great Lake States, specifically in northern Michigan and New York, where the greatest growing degree day accumulation prior to refreeze in late February (February 28th) was projected to have occurred; and in southern Quebec, most of Atlantic Canada, and Maine, prior to a late spring frost in mid-April (April 17).
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00956.x
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    Competition increasingly dominates the responsiveness of juvenile beech and spruce to elevated CO2 and/or O3 concentrations throughout two subsequent growing seasons (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Global change biology 11 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Saplings of Fagus sylvatica and Picea abies were grown in mono- and mixed cultures in a 2-year phytotron study under all four combinations of ambient and elevated ozone (O3) and carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations. The hypotheses tested were (1) that the competitiveness of beech rather than spruce is negatively affected by the exposure to enhanced O3 concentrations, (2) spruce benefits from the increase of resource availability (elevated CO2) in the mixed culture and (3) that the responsiveness of plants to CO2 and O3 depends on the type of competition (i.e. intra vs. interspecific).Beech displayed a competitive disadvantage when growing in mixture with spruce: after two growing seasons under interspecific competition, beech showed significant reductions in leaf gas exchange, biomass development and crown volume as compared with beech plants growing in monoculture. In competition with spruce, beech appeared to be nitrogen (N)-limited, whereas spruce tended to benefit in terms of its plant N status.The responsiveness of the juvenile trees to the atmospheric treatments differed between species and was dominated by the type of competition: spruce growth benefited from elevated CO2 concentrations, while beech growth suffered from the enhanced O3 regime. In general, interspecific competition enhanced these atmospheric treatment effects, supporting our hypotheses. Significant differences in root : shoot biomass ratio between the type of competition under both elevated O3 and CO2 were not caused by readjustments of biomass partitioning, but were dependent on tree size.Our study stresses that competition is an important factor driving plant development, and suggests that the knowledge about responses of plants to elevated CO2 and/or O3, acquired from plants growing in monoculture, may not be transferred to plants grown under interspecific competition as typically found in the field.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00993.x
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    Dynamic and complex microclimate responses to warming and grazing manipulations (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Global change biology 11 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Synthesis efforts that identify patterns of ecosystem response to a suite of warming manipulations can make important contributions to climate change science. However, cross-study comparisons are impeded by the paucity of detailed analyses of how passive warming and other manipulations affect microclimate. Here we document the independent and combined effects of a common passive warming manipulation, open-top chambers (OTCs), and a simulated widespread land use, clipping, on microclimate on the Tibetan Plateau. OTCs consistently elevated growing season averaged mean daily air temperature by 1.0–2.0°C, maximum daily air temperature by 2.1–7.3°C and the diurnal air temperature range by 1.9–6.5°C, with mixed effects on minimum daily air temperature, and mean daily soil temperature and moisture. These OTC effects on microclimate differ from reported effects of a common active warming method, infrared heating, which has more consistent effects on soil than on air temperature. There were significant interannual and intragrowing season differences in OTC effects on microclimate. For example, while OTCs had mixed effects on growing season averaged soil temperatures, OTCs consistently elevated soil temperature by approximately 1.0°C early in the growing season. Nonadditive interactions between OTCs and clipping were also present: OTCs in clipped plots generally elevated air and soil temperatures more than OTCs in nonclipped plots. Moreover, site factors dynamically interacted with microclimate and with the efficacy of the OTC manipulations.These findings highlight the need to understand differential microclimate effects between warming methods, within warming method across ecosystem sites, within warming method crossed with other treatments, and within sites over various timescales. Methods, sites and scales are potential explanatory variables and covariables in climate warming experiments. Consideration of this variability among and between experimental warming studies will lead to greater understanding and better prediction of ecosystem response to anthropogenic climate warming.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00994.x
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    Potential impacts of future land use and climate change on the Red List status of the Proteaceae in the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Global change biology 11 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Using spatial predictions of future threats to biodiversity, we assessed for the first time the relative potential impacts of future land use and climate change on the threat status of plant species. We thus estimated how many taxa could be affected by future threats that are usually not included in current IUCN Red List assessments. Here, we computed the Red List status including future threats of 227 Proteaceae taxa endemic to the Cape Floristic Region, South Africa, and compared this with their Red List status excluding future threats. We developed eight different land use and climate change scenarios for the year 2020, providing a range of best- to worst-case scenarios. Four scenarios include only the effects of future land use change, while the other four also include the impacts of projected anthropogenic climate change (HadCM2 IS92a GGa), using niche-based models. Up to a third of the 227 Proteaceae taxa are uplisted (become more threatened) by up to three threat categories if future threats as predicted for 2020 are included, and the proportion of threatened Proteaceae taxa rises on average by 9% (range 2–16%), depending on the scenario. With increasing severity of the scenarios, the proportion of Critically Endangered taxa increases from about 1% to 7% and almost 2% of the 227 Proteaceae taxa become Extinct because of climate change. Overall, climate change has the most severe effects on the Proteaceae, but land use change also severely affects some taxa. Most of the threatened taxa occur in low-lying coastal areas, but the proportion of threatened taxa changes considerably in inland mountain areas if future threats are included. Our approach gives important insights into how, where and when future threats could affect species persistence and can in a sense be seen as a test of the value of planned interventions for conservation.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00997.x
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    Validation of species–climate impact models under climate change (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Global change biology 11 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Increasing concern over the implications of climate change for biodiversity has led to the use of species–climate envelope models to project species extinction risk under climate-change scenarios. However, recent studies have demonstrated significant variability in model predictions and there remains a pressing need to validate models and to reduce uncertainties. Model validation is problematic as predictions are made for events that have not yet occurred. Resubstituition and data partitioning of present-day data sets are, therefore, commonly used to test the predictive performance of models. However, these approaches suffer from the problems of spatial and temporal autocorrelation in the calibration and validation sets. Using observed distribution shifts among 116 British breeding-bird species over the past ∼20 years, we are able to provide a first independent validation of four envelope modelling techniques under climate change. Results showed good to fair predictive performance on independent validation, although rules used to assess model performance are difficult to interpret in a decision-planning context. We also showed that measures of performance on nonindependent data provided optimistic estimates of models' predictive ability on independent data. Artificial neural networks and generalized additive models provided generally more accurate predictions of species range shifts than generalized linear models or classification tree analysis. Data for independent model validation and replication of this study are rare and we argue that perfect validation may not in fact be conceptually possible. We also note that usefulness of models is contingent on both the questions being asked and the techniques used. Implementations of species–climate envelope models for testing hypotheses and predicting future events may prove wrong, while being potentially useful if put into appropriate context.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01000.x
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    Characterizing interannual variations in global fire calendar using data from Earth observing satellites (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Global change biology 11 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: Daily global observations from the Advanced Very High-Resolution Radiometers on the series of meteorological satellites operated by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration between 1982 and 1999 were used to generate a new weekly global burnt surface product at a resolution of 8 km. Comparison with independently available information on fire locations and timing suggest that while the time-series cannot yet be used to make accurate and quantitative estimates of global burnt area it does provide a reliable estimate of changes in location and season of burning on the global scale. This time-series was used to characterize fire activity in both northern and southern hemispheres on the basis of average seasonal cycle and interannual variability. Fire seasonality and fire distribution data sets have been combined to provide gridded maps at 0.5° resolution documenting the probability of fire occurring in any given season for any location. A multiannual variogram constructed from 17 years of observations shows good agreement between the spatial–temporal behavior in fire activity and the ‘El Niño’ Southern Oscillation events, showing highly likely connections between both phenomena.
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    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.01003.x
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    Do dams and levees impact nitrogen cycling? Simulating the effects of flood alterations on floodplain denitrification (2005)
    Oxford, UK : Blackwell Science Ltd
    Global change biology 11 (2005), S. 0 
    Details
    ISSN: 1365-2486
    Source: Blackwell Publishing Journal Backfiles 1879-2005
    Topics: Biology , Energy, Environment Protection, Nuclear Power Engineering , Geography
    Notes: A fundamental challenge in understanding the global nitrogen cycle is the quantification of denitrification on large heterogeneous landscapes. Because floodplains are important sites for denitrification and nitrogen retention, we developed a generalized floodplain biogeochemical model to determine whether dams and flood-control levees affect floodplain denitrification by altering floodplain inundation. We combined a statistical model of floodplain topography with a model of hydrology and nitrogen biogeochemistry to simulate floods of different magnitude. The model predicted substantial decreases in NO3-N processing on floodplains whose overbank floods have been altered by levees and upstream dams. Our simulations suggest that dams may reduce nitrate processing more than setback levees. Levees increased areal floodplain denitrification rates, but this effect was offset by a reduction in the area inundated. Scenarios that involved a levee also resulted in more variability in N processing among replicate floodplains.Nitrate loss occurred rapidly and completely in our model floodplains. As a consequence, total flood volume and the initial mass of nitrate reaching a floodplain may provide reasonable estimates of total N processing on floodplains during floods. This finding suggests that quantifying the impact of dams and levees on floodplain denitrification may be possible using recent advances in remote sensing of floodplain topography and flood stage. Furthermore, when considering flooding over the long-term, the cumulative N processed by frequent smaller floods was estimated to be quite large relative to that processed by larger, less frequent floods. Our results suggest that floodplain denitrification may be greatly influenced by the pervasive anthropogenic flood-control measures that currently exist on most majors river floodplains throughout the world, and may have the potential to be impacted by future changes in flood probabilities that will likely occur as a result of climate shifts.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
    URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2486.2005.00966.x
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