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  • Articles  (325)
  • Open Access-Papers  (325)
  • 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk  (169)
  • 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk  (155)
  • United States
  • 2005-2009  (325)
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  • Articles  (325)
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  • 1
    Publication Date: 2020-11-26
    Description: During the July^August 2001 eruption of Mt. Etna development of extensional fractures/faults and grabens accompanied magma intrusion and subsequent volcanic activity. During the first days of the eruption, we performed an analysis of attitude, displacement and propagation of fractures and faults exposed on the ground surface in two sites, Torre del Filosofo and Valle del Leone, located along the same fracture system in the region surrounding the Valle del Bove depression on the eastern flank of Mt. Etna. Fractures and faults formed as the consequence of a shallow intruding dyke system that fed the several volcanic centres developed along the fracture system. The investigated sites differ in slope attitude and in geometrical relationships between fractures and slopes. In particular, the fracture system propagated parallel to the gentle slope (67‡ dip) in the Torre del Filosofo area, and perpendicular to the steep slope (V25‡ dip) in the Valle del Leone area. In the Torre del Filosofo area, slight graben subsidence and horizontal extension of the ground surface by about 3 m were recorded. In the Valle del Leone area, extensional faulting forming a larger and deeper graben with horizontal extension of the ground surface by about 10 m was recorded. For the Valle del Leone area, we assessed a downhill dip of 14‡ for the graben master fault at the structural level beneath the graben where the fault dip shallows. These results suggest that dyke intrusion at Mount Etna, and particularly in the region surrounding the Valle del Bove depression, may be at the origin of slope failure and subsequent slumps where boundary conditions, i.e. geometry of dyke, slope dip and initial shear stress, amongst others, favour incipient failures.
    Description: Published
    Description: 281-294
    Description: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Description: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Description: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei sistemi vulcanici
    Description: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: dykes ; extensional fractures ; grabens ; slope failures ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.02. Geodynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.05. Stress ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 2
    Publication Date: 2020-11-16
    Description: Geochemical investigations have shown that there is a considerable inflow of gas into both crater lakes of Monticchio, Southern Italy. These lakes are located in two maars that formed 140,000 years ago during Mt. Vulture volcano’s last eruptive activity. Isotopic analyses suggest that CO2 and helium are of magmatic origin; the latter displays 3He/4He isotope ratios similar to those measured in olivines of the maar ejecta. In spite of the fact that the amount of dissolved gases in the water is less than that found in Lake Nyos (Cameroon), both the results obtained and the historical reports studied indicate that these crater lakes could be highly hazardous sites, even if they are located in a region currently considered inactive. This could be of special significance in very popular tourist areas such as the Monticchio lakes, which are visited by about 30,000 people throughout the summer, for the most part on Sundays.
    Description: In press
    Description: 83-87
    Description: 3V. Proprietà chimico-fisiche dei magmi e dei prodotti vulcanici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: volcanic gases ; gas hazard ; crater lakes ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.12. Fluid Geochemistry ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 3
    Publication Date: 2021-04-07
    Description: The GSHAP CAUCAS test area was established under the INTAS Ct.94-1644 (Test Area for sismic Hazard Assessment in the Caucasus) and NATO ARW Ct.95-1521 (Historical and Prehistorical Earthquakes in the Caucasus), with the initial support of IASPEI, UNESCO and ILP. The high tectonic interest and seismicity rate of the whole area, the availability of abundant multi-disciplinary data and the long established tradition in hazard assessment provide a unique opportunity to test different methodologies in a common test area and attempt to establish some consensus in the scientific community. Starting from the same input data (historical and instrumental seismic catalogue, lineament and homogeneous seismic source models) six independent approaches to seismic hazard assessment have been used, ranging from pure historical deterministic to seismotectonic probabilistic and areal assessment methodologies. The results are here compared.
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Seismic hazard assessment ; Caucasus ; historical earthquake ; UN/IDNDR ; active faults ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 4
    Publication Date: 2021-06-21
    Description: Earthquake Early Warning Systems (EEWS), based on real-time prediction of ground motion or structural response measures, may play a role in reducing vulnerability and/or exposition of buildings and lifelines. In fact, recently seismologists developed efficient methods for rapid estimation of event features by means of limited information of the P-waves. Then, when an event is occurring, probabilistic distributions of magnitude and source-to-site distance are available and the prediction of the ground motion at the site, conditioned to the seismic network measures, may be performed in analogy with the Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA). Consequently the structural performance may be obtained by the Probabilistic Seismic Demand Analysis (PSDA), and used for real-time risk management purposes. However, such prediction is performed in very uncertain conditions which have to be taken into proper account to limit false and missed alarms. In the present study, real-time risk analysis for early warning purposes is discussed. The magnitude estimation is performed via the Bayesian approach, while the earthquake localization is based on the Voronoi cells. To test the procedure it was applied, by simulation, to the EEWS under development in the Campanian region (southern Italy). The results lead to the conclusion that the PSHA, conditioned to the EEWS, correctly predicts the hazard at the site and that the false/missed alarm probabilities may be controlled by set up of an appropriate decisional rule and alarm threshold.
    Description: Published
    Description: 867–885
    Description: open
    Keywords: Early warning ; Hazard ; Real-time ; Risk ; False alarm ; Missed alarm ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 5
    Publication Date: 2020-10-26
    Description: The plain of Gubbio is located in a northwest-southeast oriented, 4-km wide, 20-km long intermountain basin in the northern Apennines, central Italy. The moderate-magnitude earthquakes of the 1997 Umbria-Marche seismic sequence, occurred 40 km southeast of Gubbio, generated displacements as large as 6 cm within the basin. The large amplitude phase, not observed outside of the basin, was followed by low-frequency wave trains lasting up to 1 minute. In order to investigate the mechanism of possible local amplification effects, different kind of geophysical and geological investigation of the basin started within the framework of the Italian DPC-INGV projects. In particular, the GFZ and the INGV deployed two linear seismic arrays. The first one was composed of ten seismological stations with 1-s receivers. It operated from June until December 2005. The array was oriented north-south, approximately: all the stations but two were installed on the sedimentary deposits. The remaining two stations (the northernmost and the southernmost) were installed on rock outcrops at the edges of the basin. The second array, composed by 10 stations with 5-s receivers, was deployed along the main axis of the basin, and is recording since November 2005. For 45 days, the two arrays worked simultaneously. A selected dataset of 250 earthquakes has been analyzed. H/V spectral ratio results show that systematic low-frequency (0.3-0.4 Hz) amplification affects the stations in the middle of the basin. The resonance frequency peaks are consistent with the thickness and the average S-wave velocity of soft sediments derived from microtremor measurements in the basin. The conventional spectral ratio results show a more complex broad-band (0.3-10 Hz) amplification. The analysis of selected records by means of a sonogram approach highlights the arrival of strong late phases increasing the signal duration at the stations located in the middle of the basin.
    Description: Unpublished
    Description: Geneva, Switzerland
    Description: open
    Keywords: weak motion analysis ; linear arrays ; polarization ; response spectra ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.04. Ground motion ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.06. Surveys, measurements, and monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.09. Waves and wave analysis ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: Poster session
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  • 6
    Publication Date: 2020-11-18
    Description: Five Andean countries (Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela) and four European countries (Italy, Spain, Holland, Germany) cooperated in the PILOTO program ("Test area for earthquake monitoring and seismic hazard assessment"), launched under GSHAP and sponsored by the European Union (Ct.94-0103) to produce a unified SHA for the Andean region. Activities included the integration of national earthquake catalogues and source zonings in common regional databases and joint technical workshops for the assessment of the regional hazard, expressed in terms of expected peak ground acceleration with 10% exceedance probability in 50 years.
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Seismic hazard assessment ; Andes ; earthquake ; UN/IDNDR ; South America ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 7
    Publication Date: 2020-11-17
    Description: This article presents the results of a detailed study of the effects of the 1883 earthquake, which occurred at the island of Ischia (Gulf of Naples) and produced the total destruction of buildings in the epicentral area (Casamicciola town). Despite the moderate magnitude, this event was characterised by very high intensities (Imax = XI degree MCS) mainly due to the shallow depth of the source. The study of the earthquake shows that the intensities, which decreased rapidly with distance, were affected by source directivity, according to the causative fault geometry and tectonic structures, while local amplification of damage was observed where soft soils outcrop. The attenuation of seismic intensity with distance was evaluated using the well-known relation of intensity versus epicentral distance (Blake’s method). The diverse gradients of attenuation, observed in different directions, were ascribed to the various geological features of the shallow crust of the island. In order to evaluate the role of geology in the damage level, we computed different attenuation models for stiff and soft soils outcropping on the island. A systematic local amplification of about 1 MCS degree associated to the presence of reworked tuffs was obtained. This study also shows the influence of geological conditions on the evaluation of macroseismic data and supplies useful elements to derive a predictive map of potential site effects.
    Description: Published
    Description: id 231
    Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Ischia island ; 1883 Earthquake ; Macroseismic data ; Site effects ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.08. Volcano seismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 8
    Publication Date: 2020-11-17
    Description: Volcanic activity on the island of Ischia included both effusive and explosive eruptions, mainly occurred in the eastern sector of the island. Vent location, eruption dynamics, transport mechanisms and depositional processes, have been reconstructed for each recognized unit. In the past 10 ka, periods of quiescence alternated with periods of very intense volcanism, which was mainly concentrated at about 5.5 and over the past 2.9 ka. Volcanism was not continuous and strongly influenced by the mechanism of a resurgence phenomenon, which affects the island since about 33 ka. Therefore, it has been hypothesized that magma intrusion and uplift events occurred intermittently. In the past 5.5 ka, volcanic activity has been invariably accompanied by the emplacement of slope instability-related deposits testifying that also slope instability was induced by reactivation of vertical movements, likely related to resurgence.
    Description: Published
    Description: 193-239
    Description: 6V. Pericolosità vulcanica e contributi alla stima del rischio
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Volcanological ; Ischia resurgent ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 9
    Publication Date: 2021-03-01
    Description: Results of probabilistic seismic hazard assessment (PSHA), in terms of macroseismic intensity applied to the Mt. Etna region, are presented. PSHA has been performed using a numerical procedure based on the extensive use of local macroseismic information, as an alternative to the usual Cornell-McGuire methods. The large amount of intensity data available for this area - coming from the Italian intensity database DBMI04 for the regional earthquakes, and from the Etna catalogue for the ‘local’ events - has provided fairly exhaustive seismic site histories (i.e. the data set of macroseismic observations available for a given locality) to estimate the seismic hazard for 402 localities on the volcano. In order to improve the completeness of the site catalogue when historical information is missing, observed intensity data have been integrated with values calculated from epicentral information obtained by using an attenuation law specific for the Etna region. Using a probability distribution considering the completeness of the input database and the uncertainty of intensity data, the hazard in terms of maximum intensity (Iexp) characterised by a 10% probability of exceedance in an exposure time of 50 years, has been computed. The highest values ( Iexp = IX or X) are found in the south-eastern flank of Mt. Etna while the rest of the volcano is exposed to a lower hazard (Iexp = VIII). Despite the low energy (M≤4.8) compared with that of the large regional earthquakes affecting the area (6.6≤M≤7.4), the local events strongly influence the pattern of the hazard in the eastern sector of Mt. Etna, representing a significant, and sole, source of hazard when a shorter exposure time (e.g. 30 years) is considered.
    Description: Published
    Description: 77-91
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: probabilistic sesmic hazard ; macroseismic intentity ; Mt. Etna ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 10
    Publication Date: 2021-06-21
    Description: Probabilistic seismic hazard analysis is currently the soundest basis for the rational evaluation of ground-motion hazard for site-specific engineering design and assessment purposes. An increasing number of building codes worldwide acknowledge the uniform hazard spectra as the reference to determine design actions on structures and to select input ground motions for seismic structural analysis. This is the case, for example, in Italy where the new seismic code also requires the seismic input for nonlinear dynamic analysis to be selected on the basis of dominating events, for example, identified via disaggregation of seismic hazard. In the present study, the design earthquakes expressed in terms of representative magnitude (M), distance (R), and ε were investigated for a wide region in the southern Apennines, Italy. To this aim, the hazards corresponding to peak ground acceleration and spectral acceleration at 1 sec with a return period of 475 yr were disaggregated. For each of the disaggregation variables the shape of the joint and marginal probability density functions were studied. The first two modes expressed by M, R, and ε were extracted and mapped for the study area. The results shown provide additional information, in terms of source and ground-motion parameters, to be used along with the standard hazard maps to better select the design earthquakes. The analyses also allow us to assess how various frequency ranges of the design spectrum are differently contributed by seismic sources in the study area.
    Description: Published
    Description: 2979–2991
    Description: 4.2. TTC - Modelli per la stima della pericolosità sismica a scala nazionale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: seismic hazard ; disaggregation ; Southern Apenniens ; design earthquake ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.04. Ground motion ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 11
    Publication Date: 2020-11-16
    Description: The MAGFLOW cellular automata model was able to fairly accurately reproduce the time of the lava flow advance during the 2006 Etna eruption leading to very plausible flow predictions. MAGFLOW is intended for use in emergency response situations during an eruption to quickly forecast the lava flow path over some time interval from the immediate future to a long-time forecast. Major discrepancies between the observed and simulated paths occurred in the early phase of the 2006 eruption due to an underestimation of the initial flow rate, and at the time of the overlapping with the 2004-2005 lava flow. Very good representations of the areas likely to be inundated by lava flows were obtained when we adopt a time-varying effusion rate and include the 2004-2005 lava flow field in the Digital Elevation Model (DEM) of topography.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1050-1060
    Description: 5V. Processi eruttivi e post-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Lava Flow ; Etna volcano ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.02. Cellular automata, fuzzy logic, genetic alghoritms, neural networks ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.05. Algorithms and implementation
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 12
    Publication Date: 2020-11-30
    Description: Auckland, New Zealand is unique in being a metropolitan area built on an active volcanic field. Despite the small size and intensity of Auckland eruptions, the risk from tephra fall is high because of the high density of buildings and lifelines. The nature of this threat can be evaluated by comparisons with historical Strombolian and Hawaiian eruptions, which have occurred in non-populated areas. Cone-building phases of such eruptions are typically protracted, i.e., weeks to months in duration, prolonging the period during which emergency managers will have to fine tune mitigation for numerous parameters such as fluctuations in intensity and wind shifts. Rapid cone growth during future eruptions will define a region of some 30 to 100 ha where complete destruction will occur on a time scale of hours. The cost of this destruction is likely to range between NZ$200M and NZ$1.4B (ca. US$130M to US$900M). Beyond this, we have modeled the cumulative long-term effect of the build-up of a downwind blanket of lapilli and ash by estimating accumulation rates for three phases of the 1959 Kīlauea Iki eruption in Hawaii. The effect of changing wind direction was evaluated using low-level wind data from Auckland. These results show that intervals between 4 and 100 h will lapse before onset of significant damage to buildings.
    Description: Published
    Description: 138-149
    Description: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: tephra hazard ; Auckland volcanic field ; cone growth ; tephra fall ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 13
    Publication Date: 2020-11-17
    Description: Techniques capable of measuring lava discharge rates during an eruption are important for hazard prediction, warning, and mitigation. To this end, we developed an automated system that uses thermal infrared satellite MODIS data to estimate time-averaged discharge rate. MODIS-derived time-varying discharge rates were used to drive lava flow simulations calculated using the MAGFLOW cellular automata model, allowing us to simulate the discharge rate-dependent spread of lava as a function of time. During the July 2006 eruption of Mount Etna (Sicily, Italy), discharge rates were estimated at regular intervals (i.e., up to 2 times/day) using the MODIS data. The eruption lasted 10 days and produced a *3-km-long lava flow field. Time-averaged discharge rates extracted from 13 MODIS images were utilized to produce a detailed chronology of lava flow emplacement, demonstrating how infrared satellite data can be used to drive numerical simulations of lava flow paths during an ongoing eruptive event. The good agreement between simulated and mapped flow areas indicates that model-based inundation predictions, driven by timevarying discharge rate data, provide an excellent means for assessing the hazard posed by ongoing effusive eruptions.
    Description: Published
    Description: 539–550
    Description: 4V. Processi pre-eruttivi
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Lava flow simulation ; 2006 Etna eruption ; MAGFLOW model ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.02. Cellular automata, fuzzy logic, genetic alghoritms, neural networks
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 14
    Publication Date: 2021-01-27
    Description: see Abstract Volume
    Description: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Italy (INGV) Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) ExxonMobil Upstream Research Company
    Description: Unpublished
    Description: Erice, Italy
    Description: open
    Keywords: rock physics, geomechanics, thermo-hydro-mechanical coupling, natural hazards ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: Oral presentation
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  • 15
    Publication Date: 2021-03-01
    Description: On September 6, 2002, aML =5.6 earthquake, occurring some tens of kilometres offshore from the Northern Sicilian coast (Southern Tyrrhenian Sea), slightly damaged the city of Palermo and surroundings (degree 6 in the European Macroseismic Scale 1998). The macroseismic investigation of the shock and a detailed study of effects of the main earthquakes which affected Palermo in the past have been performed in order to evaluate the seismic response of the city. Moreover, the comparison of the recent event, which is instrumentally constrained, with historical earthquakes allows us to infer new insights on the seismogenic sources of the area, that seem located offshore in the Tyrrhenian sea. In the last 500 years, Palermo has never been completely destroyed but has suffered effects estimated between intensities 6 and 8 EMS-98 many times (1693, 1726, 1751, 1823, 1940, 1968, 2002). The damage scenarios of the analysed events have shown that damage distribution is strongly conditioned by soil response in the different parts of the city and by a high building vulnerability, mainly in the historical centre and in the south-eastern zone of the modern city. As a matter of fact, Palermo has always suffered greater effects than those reported for other nearby localities. The hazard assessment obtained using observed site intensities has shown that the probability of occurrence for intensity 8 (the strongest intensity observed in Palermo) exceeds 99% for 550 years, while the estimated mean return period is 152 ± 40 years. These results, in connection with building vulnerability due to the urban expansion before the introduction of seismic code, suggest that the city is exposed to a relatively high seismic risk.
    Description: Published
    Description: 525-543
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: intensity ; damage ; earthquakes ; Italy ; macroseismics ; Palermo ; seismic hazard ; vulnerability ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 16
    Publication Date: 2021-03-01
    Description: Vengono presentate le stime di pericolosità sismica, in termini di intensità macrosismica, ottenute mediante l’approccio probabilistico proposto da Albarello e Mucciarelli (2002), basato sull’impiego dei dati documentari relativi agli effetti locali prodotti dai terremoti passati (storie sismiche di sito). I risultati forniti da questa procedura (approccio “di sito”), in termini di minimo valore di intensità caratterizzato da una probabilità di eccedenza inferiore al 10% in 50 anni (Iref), sono confrontati con quelli ottenuti sul territorio italiano tramite la metodologia “standard” di Cornell-McGuire. Per meglio comprendere i motivi delle differenze osservate tra le due stime e il ruolo di differenti basi informative, sono state prodotte diverse mappe di pericolosità. Stime di pericolosità a scala locale sono state inoltre effettuate nell’area dell’Etna dove, grazie a numerosi studi macrosismici di dettaglio, sono disponibili storie sismiche di sito particolarmente ricche.
    Description: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia
    Description: Published
    Description: 4.2. TTC - Scenari e mappe di pericolosità sismica
    Description: open
    Keywords: seismic hazard estimates ; intensity data ; Italy and Etna region ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: report
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  • 17
    Publication Date: 2021-06-09
    Description: A seismic rehabilitation program is being implemented to address the vulnerability of a large proportion of Italian building stock. A risk management framework, initially only for Italian school buildings, has been developed to assign priorities for the rehabilitation, and to give timescales within which retrofit or demolition must take place. Since it is not practical to carry out detailed assessment for around 60,000 Italian schools, the framework is a multiple-level procedure that aims to identify the highest-risk buildings based on filters of increasing detail, and reduces the size of the building inventory at each step. Finally, priorities and timescales are assigned based on vulnerability, seismic hazard, and building occupancy, within a general framework with parameters that must be assigned by the relevant authorities. The methodology is transparent, technically based, and flexible enough to be adapted for other building types or regions.
    Description: DPC — Dipartimento della Protezione Civile
    Description: Published
    Description: 291-314
    Description: 4.2. TTC - Scenari e mappe di pericolosità sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: seismic risk ; school buildings ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk
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  • 18
    Publication Date: 2021-06-21
    Description: Earthquake early warning systems (EEWS), based on real-time prediction of ground motion or structural response measures, may play a role in re- ducing vulnerability and/or exposure of buildings and lifelines. Indeed, seismologists have recently developed efficient methods for real-time es- timation of an event’s magnitude and location based on limited informa- tion of the P-waves. Therefore, when an event occurs, estimates of magni- tude and source-to-site distance are available, and the prediction of the structural demand at the site may be performed by Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA) and then by Probabilistic Seismic Demand Analysis (PSDA) depending upon EEWS measures. Such an approach contains a higher level of information with respect to traditional seismic risk analysis and may be used for real-time risk management. However, this kind of prediction is performed in very uncertain conditions which may affect the effectiveness of the system and therefore have to be taken into due account. In the present study the performance of the EWWS under development in the Campania region (southern Italy) is assessed by simu- lation. The earthquake localization is formulated in a Voronoi cells ap- proach, while a Bayesian method is used for magnitude estimation. Simu- lation has an empirical basis but requires no recorded signals. Our results, in terms of hazard analysis and false/missed alarm probabilities, lead us to conclude that the PSHA depending upon the EEWS significantly improves seismic risk prediction at the site and is close to what could be produced if magnitude and distance were deterministically known.
    Description: Published
    Description: 211-232
    Description: 4.1. Metodologie sismologiche per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Earthquake Early ; Campania Region ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.04. Ground motion ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 19
    Publication Date: 2021-06-15
    Description: To assess ways in which the products of explosive eruptions interact with human settlements, we performed volcanological and rock magnetic analyses on the deposits of the A.D. 79 eruption at the Pompeii excavations (Italy). During this eruption the Roman town of Pompeii was covered by 2.5 m of fallout pumice and then partially destroyed by pyroclastic density currents (PDCs). Anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility measurements performed on the fine matrix of the deposits allowed the quantification of the variations in flow direction and emplacement mechanisms of the parental PDCs that entered the town. These results, integrated with volcanological field investigations, revealed that the presence of buildings, still protruding through the fallout deposits, strongly affected the distribution and accumulation of the erupted products. All of the PDCs that entered the town, even the most dilute ones, were density stratified currents in which interaction with the urban fabric occurred in the lower part of the current. The degree of interaction varied mainly as a function of obstacle height and density stratification within the current. For examples, the lower part of the EU4pf current left deposits up to 3 m thick and was able to interact with 2- to 4-m-high obstacles. However, a decrease in thickness and grain size of the deposits across the town indicates that even though the upper portion of the current was able to decouple from the lower portion, enabling it to flow over the town, it was not able to fully restore the sediment supply to the lower portion in order to maintain the deposition observed upon entry into the town.
    Description: Published
    Description: B05213
    Description: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Description: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Pompeii ; facies ; magnetic fabric ; pyroclastic density currents ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
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  • 20
    Publication Date: 2021-06-15
    Description: During the A.D. 79 eruption of Vesuvius, Italy, the Roman town of Pompeii was covered by 2.5 m of pyroclastic fall pumice and then partially destroyed by pyroclastic density currents (PDCs). Thermal remanent magnetization measurements performed on the lithic and roof tile fragments embedded in the PDC deposits allow us to quantify the variations in the temperature (Tdep) of the deposits within and around Pompeii. These results reveal that the presence of buildings strongly influenced the deposition temperature of the erupted products. The first two currents, which entered Pompeii at a temperature around 300–360°C, show drastic decreases in the Tdep, with minima of 100–140°C, found in the deposits within the town. We interpret these decreases in temperature as being the result of localized interactions between the PDCs and the city structures, which were only able to affect the lower part of the currents. Down flow of Pompeii, the lowermost portion of the PDCs regained its original physical characteristics, emplacing hot deposits once more. The final, dilute PDCs entered a town that was already partially destroyed by the previous currents. These PDCs left thin ash deposits, which mantled the previous ones. The lack of interaction with the urban fabric is indicated by their uniform temperature everywhere. However, the relatively high temperature of the deposits, between 140 and 300°C, indicates that even these distal, thin ash layers, capped by their accretionary lapilli bed, were associated with PDCs that were still hot enough to cause problems for unsheltered people.
    Description: Published
    Description: B05214
    Description: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Description: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Pompeii ; temperature ; magnetic fabric ; pyroclastic density currents ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
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  • 21
    Publication Date: 2021-06-09
    Description: Convenzione INGV-DPC 2004 – 2006 / Progetto S1 Proseguimento della assistenza al DPC per il completamento e la gestione della mappa di pericolosità sismica prevista dall'Ordinanza PCM 3274 e progettazione di ulteriori sviluppi
    Description: Published
    Description: 4.2. TTC - Scenari e mappe di pericolosità sismica
    Description: open
    Keywords: Sismic Risk ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk
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  • 22
    Publication Date: 2020-11-26
    Description: We describe the evolution of the volcanic activity and deformation patterns observed at Mount Etna during the July–August 2001 eruption. Seismicity started at 3000 m below sea level on 13 July, accompanied by moderate ground swelling. Ground deformation culminated on 16 July with the development of a NE–SW graben c. 500 m wide and c. 1 m deep in the Cisternazza area at 2600–2500 m above sea level on the southern slope of the volcano. On 17 July, the eruption started at the summit of Mount Etna from the SE Crater (central–lateral eruptive system), from which two radial, c. 30 m wide, c. 3000 m long fracture zones, associated with eruptive fissures, propagated both southward (17 July) and northeastward (20 July). On 18 July, a new vent formed at 2100 m elevation, at the southern base of the Montagnola, followed on the next day by the opening of a vent further upslope, at 2550 m (eccentric eruptive system). The eruption lasted for 3 weeks. Approximately 80% of the total lava volume was erupted from the 2100 m and the 2550 m vents. The collected structural data suggest that the Cisternazza graben developed as a passive local response of the volcanic edifice to the ascent of a north–south eccentric dyke, which eventually reached the ground surface in the Montagnola area (18–19 July). In contrast, the two narrow fracture zones radiating from the summit are interpreted as the lateral propagation, from the conduit of the SE Crater, of north–south- and NE–SW-oriented shallow dykes, 2–3 m wide. The evolution of the fracture pattern together with other volcanological data (magma ascent and effusion rate, eruptive style, petrochemical characteristics of the erupted products, and petrology of xenoliths within magma) suggest that the eccentric and central–lateral eruptions were fed by two distinct magmatic systems. Examples of eccentric activity accompanied by central–lateral events have never been described before at Etna.
    Description: Published
    Description: 531-544
    Description: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Description: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Description: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei sistemi vulcanici
    Description: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Mount Etna ; July–August 2001 Eruption ; magmas ; dykes ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.05. Stress ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions
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  • 23
    Publication Date: 2020-12-01
    Description: The supposed b-value spatial variability is the central topic of many scientific works dealing with forecasting modeling applications or geological correlations. If used for seismicity rates determination, the b-value plays an important role in probabilistic seismic hazard assessment, but how much does it influence PSHA? In the logic tree approach used for the new probabilistic seismic hazard map of Italy, named MPS04 (MPS Working Group, 2004), one of the sources of epistemic uncertainty considered was the procedure for computing seismicity rates. Two alternatives were adopted: 1) compute the activity rates for each binned magnitude class and 2) compute a Gutenberg-Richter (1944) distribution. In the logic tree branches where Gutenberg-Richter distribution was adopted, the corresponding bvalue was evaluated for each seismogenic zone: it spans between 0.63 and 2.01. After analysing the b-value variability in the Italian region, this work evaluates the impact of setting the b-value equal to 1 on the results of seismic hazard assessment in terms of PGA and energy release compared to the choices adopted for MPS04 (MPS Working Group, 2004).
    Description: Published
    Description: 59-76
    Description: 4T. Sismicità dell'Italia
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Description: open
    Keywords: Seismic hazard ; Italy ; G-R distribution ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk
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  • 24
    Publication Date: 2021-06-21
    Description: The development and implementation of an earthquake early warning system (EEWS), both in regional or on-site configurations can help to mitigate the losses due to the occurrence of moderate-to-large earthquakes in densely populated and/or industrialized areas. The capability of an EEWS to provide real-time estimates of source parameters (location and magnitude) can be used to take some countermeasures during the earthquake occurrence and before the arriving of the most destructive waves at the site of interest. However, some critical issues are peculiar of EEWS and need further investigation: (1) the uncertainties on earthquake magnitude and location estimates based on the measurements of some observed quantities in the very early portion of the recorded signals; (2) the selection of the most appropriate parameter to be used to predict the ground motion amplitude both in near-and far-source ranges; (3) the use of the estimates provided by the EEWS for structural engineering and risk mitigation applications. In the present study, the issues above are discussed using the Campania–Lucania region (Southern Apennines) in Italy, as test-site area. In this region a prototype system for earthquake early warning, and more generally for seismic alert management, is under development. The system is based on a dense, wide dynamic accelerometric network deployed in the area where the moderate-to-large earthquake causative fault systems are located. The uncertainty analysis is performed through a real-time probabilistic seismic hazard analysis by using two different approaches. The first is the Bayesian approach that implicitly integrate both the time evolving estimate of earthquake parameters, the probability density functions and the variability of ground motion propagation providing the most complete information. The second is a classical point estimate approach which does not account for the probability density function of the magnitude and only uses the average of the estimates performed at each seismic station. Both the approaches are applied to two main towns located in the area of interest, Napoli and Avellino, for which a missed and false alarm analysis is presented by means of a scenario earthquake: an M 7.0 seismic event located at the centre of the seismic network. Concerning the ground motion prediction, attention is focused on the response spectra as the most appropriate function to characterize the ground motion for earthquake engineering applications of EEWS.
    Description: Published
    Description: On line First
    Description: 4.1. Metodologie sismologiche per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Earthquake early-warning ; Real-time seismology ; Bayesian analysis ; Missed and false alarm ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk
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  • 25
    Publication Date: 2021-06-21
    Description: Earthquake Early Warning Systems (EEWS), based on real-time prediction of ground motion or structural response measures, may play a role in reducing vulnerability and/or exposition of buildings and lifelines. In fact, recently seismologists developed efficient methods for rapid estimation of event features by means of limited information of the P-waves. Then, when an event is occurring, probabilistic distributions of magnitude and source-to-site distance are available and the prediction of the ground motion at the site, conditioned to the seismic network measures, may be performed in analogy with the Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA). Consequently the structural performance may be obtained by the Probabilistic Seismic Demand Analysis (PSDA), and used for real-time risk management purposes. However, such prediction is performed in very uncertain conditions which have to be taken into proper account to limit false and missed alarms. In the present study, real-time risk analysis for early warning purposes is discussed. The magnitude estimation is performed via the Bayesian approach, while the earthquake localization is based on the Voronoi cells. To test the procedure it was applied, by simulation, to the EEWS under development in the Campanian region (southern Italy). The results lead to the conclusion that the PSHA, conditioned to the EEWS, correctly predicts the hazard at the site and that the false/missed alarm probabilities may be controlled by set up of an appropriate decisional rule and alarm threshold.
    Description: Published
    Description: Geneva, Switzerland.
    Description: open
    Keywords: Early warning ; Real-time analysis ; Bayesian approach ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk
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    Type: Conference paper
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  • 26
    Publication Date: 2012-02-03
    Description: A new approach has been developed aiming at the probabilistic estimate of seismic hazard from the local seismic history. This is expressed in terms of seismic effects documented at the site during past earthquakes (macroseismic intensity) and thus a specific statistical treatment is required to take into account the peculiar character of macroseismic data that are discrete, ordinal and range-limited. The proposed procedure also allows the correct treatment of relevant uncertainty (ill-defined intensity values, local catalogue completeness, etc.) in the frame of a coherent distribution-free statistical approach. This methodology has been implemented in a free computer program (SASHA: Site Approach to Seismic Hazard Assessment) and applied to the seismic hazard estimation at the 8100 municipalities in Italy. The program also implements a probabilistic procedure to “translate” hazard estimates provided in terms of Intensity to other ground-shaking parameters (e.g. PGA): this “rescaling” procedure allows to com-pare the results coming from this approach with those provided by standard PSHA procedures. This comparison results of great importance at the sites where a relatively rich seismic history is available and it could provide a benchmark for different approaches to PSHA.
    Description: Unpublished
    Description: Hersonissos, Crete, Greece
    Description: 4.2. TTC - Scenari e mappe di pericolosità sismica
    Description: open
    Keywords: probabilistic seismic hazard assessment ; intensity data ; Italy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.04. Statistical analysis
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  • 27
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The structure and shape of collapses and resurgences is often controlled by pre-existing discontinuities, such as normal faults in rift zones. In order to study the role of extensional structures on collapse and resurgence, we used analogue models. Dry sand simulated the brittle crust; silicone, located at the base of the sand-pack, simulated magma. In the experiments, regional extension pre-dated collapse or resurgence, forming normal faults in a grabenlike structure; the graben was filled with additional sand, simulating post-rift deposits. A piston then moved the silicone downward or upward, inducing collapse or resurgence within the previously deformed sand. The collapses showed an ellipticity (length of minor axis/length of major axis) between 0.8 and 0.9, with the major axis parallel to the extension direction. The partial reactivation of the pre-existing normal faults was observed during the development of the caldera reverse faults, which, conversely to what was expected (from experiments without preexisting extension), became partly inward dipping. Resurgence showed an elongation of the uplifted part, with the main axis perpendicular to the extension direction. At depth, pre-existing normal faults were partly reactivated by the reverse faults formed during resurgence; these locally became outward dipping normal faults. A total reactivation of pre-existing faults was also observed during resurgence. The experiments suggest that the observed elongation of calderas and resurgences is the result of the reactivation of pre-existing structures during differential uplift. Such a reactivation is mainly related to the loss in the coefficient of friction of the sand. The results suggest that elliptic calderas and resurgences in nature may develop even from circular magma chambers.
    Description: Published
    Description: 199-217
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: Extensional structures ; Caldera ; Resurgence ; Analogue models ; Reactivation ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 28
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We describe a numerical simulation of both concentrated and dilute gravity-driven pyroclastic flows on a digital topographic model of the Campi Flegrei volcanic field. Families of numerical flows are generated by sampling a multi-dimensional matrix of vent coordinates, flow properties and dynamical parameters within a wide range of values. Hazard maps are constructed from the data base of simulated flows, using a mixed deterministic^statistical approach. The set of probable vents covers the area of recent eruptions. Results show the key role of topography in controlling the flow dispersion. The maximum hazard appears to be the NE sector of the caldera. Flows in the eastern sector, including the city of Naples, are shown to be efficiently hindered by the Posillipo and Camaldoli hills at the caldera borders, thus reducing the hazard. The results represent the first physically based estimate of hazard from pyroclastic flows in this densely populated area, and can be used for civil defence purposes.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1-14
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: Campi flegrei ; calderas ; pyroclastic flows ; hazard maps ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.04. Statistical analysis ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
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  • 29
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The city of Palermo (southern Italy) was severely damaged in the past by moderate-magnitude earthquakes located tens of kilometres offshore. The historical monumental heritage and the high density of population motivated large efforts for the seismic risk assessment. We present the geological and seismological studies performed in downtown Palermo as a study case to show how the complexity of an urban environment can be approached with multidisciplinary investigations. Downtown Palermo is characterized by sea deposits in the coastal zone and the alluvial deposits of two rivers (Papireto and Kemonia) of about 150 m width, which were buried and filled during the XVII century. The difficulty of surface geological surveys was compensated through an analysis of aerial photos and more than 2000 borehole data organized in the City-GIS of the Department of Geology and Geodesy of the University of Palermo. A previous study on the well-documented historical damage indicated the major role played by the two river valleys and the sea deposits in controlling the damage distribution, above the assumption of a fairly homogeneous vulnerability of the existing buildings in downtown. To test the feasibility of using ambient noise for recognizing the presence of alluvial deposits in a densely urbanized environment, a large microtremor measurement campaign was performed in Palermo across several profiles. The frequency peaks inferred from the horizontal-to-vertical spectral ratio were compared with numerical simulations to assess the seismic velocity profile and the soil stratigraphy. Moreover, noise data were analyzed through a statistical approach to establish a possible correlation between damage, resonance frequency and amplitude, and geology. After the moderate earthquake of September 6, 2002 (Mw=5.9, 50 km far away), the analysis of the aftershock sequence provided a well documented estimate of the variation of ground motion within the city in the case of linear soil response. Using these aftershocks we computed also synthetic accelerograms of the main shock through Empirical Green’s Functions that provided ground accelerations as large as 50 gals, consistently with the documented EMS-98 intensity. Synthetic accelerograms showed a large variability of horizontal ground motion within the city (a factor of 3 – 4) that confirms the role of local geology in causing an increase of the seismic hazard on sea and alluvial deposits. Finally, we discuss the comparison between the acceleration response spectra calculated for different soil categories and the design elastic spectra provided by EC8.
    Description: Unpublished
    Description: Lisbon, Portugal
    Description: open
    Keywords: microtremors ; numerical simulations ; earthquake recordings ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.04. Ground motion ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.06. Surveys, measurements, and monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk
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  • 30
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: in the file
    Description: Published
    Description: 209-218
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: warning systems ; fuzzy logic ; neural networks ; ground deformation ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.06. Measurements and monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
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    Type: book chapter
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  • 31
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Volcanic hazard assessment is a basic ingredient for risk-based decision-making in land-use planning and emergency management. Volcanic hazard is defined as the probability of any particular area being affected by a destructive volcanic event within a given period of time (Fournier d’Albe 1979). The probabilistic nature of such an important issue derives from the fact that volcanic activity is a complex process, characterized by several and usually unknown degrees of freedom that are often linked by nonlinear relationships (e.g. Bak et al. 1988). Except in sporadic cases, the result of this complexity is an intrinsic, and perhaps unavoidable, unpredictability of the time evolution of the volcanic system from a deterministic point of view.
    Description: Published
    Description: open
    Keywords: model ; volcanic risk ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
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    Type: book
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  • 32
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: After the 2002 earthquakes, that struck the southern Italy provinces of Campobasso (Molise) and Foggia (Apulia), the safety assessment of buildings has allowed to evaluate, for different building typologies, the damage level caused by the seismic event; in particular, the survey of the damaged cultural heritage was carried out by the Task Cultural Heritage of the Mixed Operating Centre (COM) in Larino (a village in the epicentral area), coordinated by the “Working Group for the Safeguard of the Cultural Heritage from Natural Risks” (Italy’s Gazzetta Ufficiale n. 116, 21 May 2001 - PCM-DPC Decree, 3 May 2001)”. For this survey activity, the churches were investigated with a specific form proposed by the same Working Group (Ministerial Decree n. 133, 23th January 2001), adopting different forms for other kinds of buildings. The surveyors were organized in teams, called NOPSA (Nuclei Operativi Patrimonio Storico Artistico), composed by officials of the Regional board of the Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Environmental Conservation (architects and art historians), an engineer and a Fire Brigade technician. The first phase of the safety assessment has been developed on the basis of the warnings received by the Larino COM, and most of the surveyed buildings were churches. The damage assessment of public or private buildings began, initially, near the earthquake epicentre (area 1 - IMCS between 6 and 8.5) and subsequently was carried out for all the villages from which inspection requests arrived. At the same time a vulnerability survey was carried out for the churches, using the II level form (Lagomarsino et al., 2004) proposed in the SAVE Project (“Updated Tools for the Seismic Vulnerability Evaluation of the Italian Real Estate and of Urban Systems” – http://gndt.ingv.it). The damage and vulnerability survey has allowed to verify and optimize the procedures for damage assessment immediately after a seismic event (emergency phase) and to obtain useful indications for the reconstruction phase. On the whole 379 monumental buildings in 101 Molise villages and 207 monumental buildings in 44 Apulia villages were investigated. Figure 1 shows the number of monumental buildings surveyed after the earthquakes for each Molise village, subdividing the region according to the seismic classification proposed by the recent Italian Seismic Code (OPCM n. 3274, 2003 – http://zonesismiche.mi.ingv.it).
    Description: Unpublished
    Description: First European Conference on Earthquake Engineering and Seismology (a joint event of the 13th ECEE & 30th General Assembly of the ESC) Geneva, Switzerland, 3-8 September 2006 Paper Number: 656
    Description: open
    Keywords: NON ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk
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    Type: Conference paper
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  • 33
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: A volcanic catastrophe even more devastating than the famous anno Domini 79 Pompeii eruption occurred during the Old Bronze Age at Vesuvius. The 3780-yr-B.P. Avellino plinian eruption produced an early violent pumice fallout and a late pyroclastic surge sequence that covered the volcano surroundings as far as 25 km away, burying land and villages. Here we present the reconstruction of this prehistoric catastrophe and its impact on the Bronze Age culture in Campania, drawn from an interdisciplinary volcanological and archaeoanthropological study. Evidence shows that a sudden, en masse evacuation of thousands of people occurred at the beginning of the eruption, before the last destructive plinian column collapse. Most of the fugitives likely survived, but the desertification of the total habitat due to the huge eruption size caused a social–demographic collapse and the abandonment of the entire area for centuries. Because an event of this scale is capable of devastating a broad territory that includes the present metropolitan district of Naples, it should be considered as a reference for the worst eruptive scenario at Vesuvius.
    Description: Published
    Description: 4366-4370
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: archeoanthropology ; Bronze Age ; volcanic catastrophe ; volcanology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
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  • 34
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Earthquake Early Warning Systems (EEWS), based on real-time prediction of ground motion or structural response measures, may play a role in reducing vulnerability and/or exposition of buildings and lifelines. In fact, recently seismologists developed efficient methods for rapid estimation of event features by means of limited information of the P-waves. Then, when an event is occurring, probabilistic distributions of magnitude and source-to-site distance are available and the prediction of the ground motion at the site, conditioned to the seismic network measures, may be performed in analogy with the Probabilistic Seismic Hazard Analysis (PSHA). Consequently the structural performance may be obtained by the Probabilistic Seismic Demand Analysis (PSDA), and used for real-time risk management purposes. However, such prediction is performed in very uncertain conditions which have to be taken into proper account to limit false and missed alarms. In the present study, real-time risk analysis for early warning purposes is discussed. The magnitude estimation is performed via the Bayesian approach, while the earthquake localization is based on the Voronoi cells. To test the procedure it was applied, by simulation, to the EEWS under development in the Campanian region (southern Italy). The results lead to the conclusion that the PSHA, conditioned to the EEWS, correctly predicts the hazard at the site and that the false/missed alarm probabilities may be controlled by set up of an appropriate decisional rule and alarm threshold.
    Description: Published
    Description: open
    Keywords: early warning ; real-time ; risk ; hazard ; false alarm ; missed alarm ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 35
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    Unknown
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: in the file
    Description: Published
    Description: 64-65
    Description: open
    Keywords: volcanic risk ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 36
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Publication Date: 2017-04-03
    Description: in the file
    Description: Published
    Description: 64-65
    Description: open
    Keywords: volcanic risk ; europe ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 37
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Prior to 2003 the Italian building code, established in 1974, was mostly based on working stress design. The zonation that guided its application was made up in 1981 using a semi-quantitative, mainly seismological approach; it was enforced in 1984 and left about 2/3 of the territory without seismic provisions. In 1998 a new zonation was proposed but never adopted. The 2002 Mw5.7 earthquake in Molise (Southern Italy) caused the collapse of a school and the death of 26 children. The school was built in an area where seismic provisions were not applied, although the zonation proposed in 1998 assigned it to the second zone. The earthquake triggered a process that led in a few months to a new set of seismic provisions
    Description: Unpublished
    Description: San Francisco
    Description: open
    Keywords: Seismic hazard data ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: Poster session
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  • 38
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The statistical modeling of the time-size distribution of volcanic eruptions is a fundamental tool to understand better the physics of the eruptive process, and to make reliable forecasts [Newhall and Hoblitt, 2002; Connor et al., 2003; Marzocchi et al., 2004a; Sparks and Aspinall, 2004]. Eruption forecasting is commonly associated to different timescales (short-, intermediate-, and long-term; see definition by Newhall and Hoblitt [2002]). Regardless of the time frame, the statistical modeling of the past behavior of a volcano is a key ingredient for quantitative forecasting (usually, but not necessarily, over long time intervals) when the volcano has an almost stationary state (for instance, it is dormant). In this case, monitoring data are not particularly informative of the future evolution of the system, at least until the volcano becomes restless and/or changes its stationary state. Hereinafter, the terms ‘‘eruption forecasting’’ and ‘‘volcanic hazard’’ refer to this stationary case. [3] The main difficulties in providing a general model of eruptive activity are linked to the existence of different types of volcanic activity, to the paucity of eruptive data for most volcanoes, and to the intrinsic complexity of eruptive processes. As a consequence, most of the past papers devoted to this issue are focused on single (or very few) volcanoes [e.g., Wickman, 1976; Klein, 1982; Burt et al., 1994; Bebbington and Lai, 1996; Marzocchi, 1996; Connor et al., 2003; Gusev et al., 2003; Sandri et al., 2005] where detailed eruptive catalogs exist. This approach limits the generality of the results. We cannot know if the behavior of the volcano analyzed represents a generic feature of a specific type of volcanism, or if it is peculiar of the volcano itself. Under this perspective, part of the different statistical distributions found by analyzing single eruptive catalogs can be explained by the existence of some peculiarities in volcanic activity. [4] One way to overcome this drawback, which we use here, is to perform a common analysis on data from several volcanoes. In particular, we test the Poisson hypothesis in the time domain, and the reliability of time-size distributions such as the time predictable model and size predictable model. The results obtained are then used to build a quantitative model of the statistical time-size distribution for some classes of volcanic activities that can be used for volcanic hazard assessment.
    Description: Published
    Description: B04204
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: quantitative model ; eruptions ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 39
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    Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Published
    Description: 2.3. TTC - Laboratori di chimica e fisica delle rocce
    Description: open
    Keywords: rock physics, geomechanics, thermo-hydro-mechanical coupling, natural hazards ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.04. Mineral physics and properties of rocks ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.05. Rheology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.06. Rheology, friction, and structure of fault zones ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.01. Earthquake faults: properties and evolution ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.08. Volcano seismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.05. Stress ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book
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  • 40
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: An extensive geochemical survey on the fluids released by the volcanic/geothermal system of Methana was undertaken. Characterization of the gases was made on the basis of the chemical and isotopic (He and C) analysis of 14 samples. CO2 soil gas concentration and fluxes were measured on the whole peninsula at more than 100 sampling sites. 31 samples of thermal and cold groundwaters were also sampled and analysed to characterize the geochemistry of aquifers. Anomalies referable to the geothermal system, besides at known thermal manifesta-tions, were also recognized at some anomalous degassing soil site and in some cold groundwater. These anomalies were always spatially correlated to the main active tectonic system of the area. The total CO2 output of the volcanic system has been preliminary estimated in about 0.2 kg s-1. Although this value is low compared to other volcanic systems, anomalous CO2 degassing at Methana may pose gas hazard problems. Such volcanic risk, although restricted to limited areas, cannot be neglected and further studies have to be undertaken for its better assessment
    Description: Published
    Description: 712-722
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Description: open
    Keywords: soil gases ; CO2 fluxes ; gas hazard ; groundwater chemistry ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.02. Hydrology::03.02.03. Groundwater processes ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.03. Chemistry of waters ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.05. Gases ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.06. Hydrothermal systems ; 03. Hydrosphere::03.04. Chemical and biological::03.04.07. Radioactivity and isotopes ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.12. Fluid Geochemistry ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 41
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: see Abstract Volume
    Description: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, Italy (INGV) Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS) ExxonMobil Upstream Research Company
    Description: Unpublished
    Description: Erice, Italy
    Description: open
    Keywords: rock physics, geomechanics, thermo-hydro-mechanical coupling, natural hazards ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: Oral presentation
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  • 42
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: In the framework of the Community Mechanism for Civil Protection, established by the Council Decision (2001/792/CE) of 23 October 2001, the European Commission has promoted training activities including Major Emergencies Simulation Exercises. The project called “Somma Vesuvius Mesimex- Major Emergency SIMulation Exercise” on volcanic risk has taken place in October 2006 and has been coordinated by the Italian Civil Protection Department. Mesimex’s scenario has dealt with the simulation of the Vesuvius reactivation, from the early warning phase up to the final evacuation of a sample of two thousand people from the area at risk, as established by the Emergency Plan. The exercise has been focused on the preparatory phase. One of the main goal of the exercise was “to spread information about volcanic hazards to schools and among the population, in order to make them aware with the National Emergency Plan for Vesuvius Area”.
    Description: Published
    Description: Vienna, Austria
    Description: 5.8. TTC - Formazione e informazione
    Description: open
    Keywords: civil protection ; volcanic risk ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: Conference paper
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  • 43
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: After the 2002 Molise earthquake, a wide survey of the damage and the seismic vulnerability of the churches was carried out, using specific forms extensively tested and recently acknowledged at a national scale (G.U. 07/03/2006). This approach has allowed one to compare the observed and the expected medium damage, calculated through vulnerability curves correlated to the specific form used. This comparison has enabled to evaluate inhomogeneous values in some cases, pointing out how the surveyed damage could not be put down just to a structural lack of the building. Studying the sites morphology for the churches located on the ridges, it was observed a damage level always greater than expected. To study the influence of the local amplification phenomena due to the topography, it has been analyzed some churches damaged by the Appennino Abruzzese (1984) and Molise (2002) earthquakes. These churches are located on the ridges top, with slope in-clination alfa≥15°, height H≥30m and characterized by homogeneous lithological subsoil, almost to consider it having an elastic behavior under dynamical stress. Taking into account this hazard increase inside a vulnerability analyses (based on a macroseismic or a mechanical approach), it has been proposed a double approach, validated through local seismic response (RSL) modeling of the ground (estimation of amplification factors and of elastic response spectra) and through the seismic response of the macroelements, damaged by the reference earth-quake (linear and not-linear kinematic analysis). Through the vulnerability analysis based of the macroseismic approach, the influence of the site morphology on the building behavior has been preliminary defined by a vulnerability modifier (deltaVml), that represents an additional parameter to reach the equivalent value between the surveyed and the expected damage. The study of the amplification effects has been performed using the BEM numerical analysis; the results are represented by the amplification factors (Fa), defined as the ratio between the spectral intensity of output and input, considering the range period of 0.1s-0.5s, and the corresponding elas-tic response spectra: they confirm the results of the macroseismic approach. Considering the mechanical approach, two churches have been examined in detail (S Pietro in Vincoli at Castellino del Biferno and S. Michele Arcangelo at Campolieto): the kinematic analyses have been performed applied the calculated amplified and not-amplified response spectra (considering the earthquake 2002) and the design response spectrum. The analyses show that the results obtained applying the calculated amplified response spectrum are better correlated to the surveyed damage of the churches than the results obtained applying the not-amplified response spectrum.
    Description: Published
    Description: Pisa, Italia
    Description: 4.1. Metodologie sismologiche per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: open
    Keywords: analisi di vulnerabilità ; amplificazione sismica ; patrimonio monumentale ; scenari di danno ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.04. Ground motion ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.06. Surveys, measurements, and monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 44
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The damage and vulnerability survey of the monumental buildings, damaged by the 2002 earthquake in the Molise Region, has allowed singling out of a correlation between the observed damage of the churches and their morphological site conditions. The vulnerability model connected to the survey methodology provides an evaluation of the expected mean damage. Comparison with the observed damage determined the introduction of a local morphological behaviour modifier, able to take into account the vulnerability increase due to the site effects. In order to validate the previous results, a numerical 2-D analysis of the seismic local response has been performed. In particular, a numerical code, working with boundary elements, has been applied to the analyzed situations. The results, in terms of pseudo-acceleration response spectra and amplification factors, allow one to compare the numerical and the observed analyses. This comparison shows good agreement and allows one to find some correlations between the geometric characteristics of the sites, the values of the amplification coefficients and the damage mechanism activated.
    Description: Published
    Description: Thessaloniki, Greece
    Description: 4.1. Metodologie sismologiche per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: 4.2. Scenari e mappe di pericolosità sismica e danno
    Description: open
    Keywords: Topographical amplification ; Monumental buildings ; Damage ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.04. Ground motion ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.06. Surveys, measurements, and monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: Poster session
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  • 45
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The main purpose of this paper is to introduce a Bayesian event tree model for eruption forecasting (BET EF). The model represents a flexible tool to provide probabilities of any specific event at which we are interested in, by merging all the relevant available information, such as theoretical models, a priori beliefs, monitoring measures, and any kind of past data. BET EF is based on a Bayesian procedure and it relies on the fuzzy approach to manage monitoring data. The method deals with short- and long-term forecasting, therefore it can be useful in many practical aspects, as land use planning, and during volcanic emergencies. Finally, we provide the description of a free software package that provides a graphically supported computation of short- to long-term eruption forecasting, and a tutorial application to the recent MESIMEX exercise at Vesuvius.
    Description: Published
    Description: on line first
    Description: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: Eruption forecasting ; Long- and short-term volcanic hazard ; Bayesian inference ; Event tree ; Fuzzy sets ; MESIMEX ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 46
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    American Geophysical Union
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: One of the most critical practical actions to reduce volcanic risk is the evacuation of people from threatened areas during volcanic unrest. Despite its importance, this decision is usually arrived at subjectively by a few individuals, with little quantitative decision support. Here, we propose a possible strategy to integrate a probabilistic scheme for eruption forecasting and cost-benefit analysis, with an application to the call for an evacuation of one of the highest risk volcanoes: Vesuvius. This approach has the following merits. First, it incorporates a decision-analysis framework, expressed in terms of event probability, accounting for all modes of available hazard knowledge. Secondly, it is a scientific tool, based on quantitative and transparent rules that can be tested. Finally, since the quantitative rules are defined during a period of quiescence, it allows prior scrutiny of any scientific input into the model, so minimizing the external stress on scientists during an actual emergency phase. Whilst we specifically report the case of Vesuvius during the MESIMEX exercise, the approach can be generalized to other types of natural catastrophe.
    Description: Published
    Description: L22310
    Description: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: evacuation ; probabilistic eruption forecasting ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 47
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We present a new modeling tool, named VOL-CALPUFF able to simulate the transient and three-dimensional transport and deposition of volcanic ash under the action of realistic meteorological and volcanological conditions throughout eruption duration. The new model derives from the CALPUFF System, a software program widely-used in environmental applications of pollutant dispersion, that describes the dispersal process both in the proximal and distal regions and also in presence of complex orography. The main novel feature of the model is its capability of coupling a Eulerian description of plume rise with a Lagrangian representation of ash dispersal described as a series of diffusing packets of particles or puffs. The model is also able to describe the multiparticle nature of the mixture as well as the tilting effects of the plume due to wind action. The dispersal dynamics and ash deposition are described by using refined orography-corrected meteorological data with a spatial resolution up to 1 km or less and a temporal step of 1 hour. The modeling approach also keeps the execution time to a few minutes on common PCs, thus making VOL-CALPUFF a possible tool for the production of ash dispersal forecasts for hazard assessment. Besides the model formulation, the paper presents the type of outcomes produced by VOL-CALPUFF, shows the effect of main model parameters on results, and also anticipates the fundamental control of atmospheric conditions on the ash dispersal processes. In the companion paper (\cite{barsotti}, this issue) a first thorough application of VOL-CALPUFF to the simulation of a weak plume at Mount Etna (Italy) is presented with the specific aim of comparing model predictions with independent observations.
    Description: In press
    Description: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Weak plume ; ash fallout ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: manuscript
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  • 48
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: This paper deals with the problem of seismicity at Mt. Vesuvius with a view to providing an estimation of the maximum expected earthquake. Integrated analysis of both historical and current seismicity as well as the geological conditions of Vesuvius and the surrounding areas show that seismogenetic structures may fall within the crater axis and at the boundaries of the volcanic complex. While activation of the whole seismogenetic volume detected by seismicity in the past 30 years would indicate a total seismic moment of Mo = 7.1E+ 15 Nm for a magnitude M = 4.5, knowledge of the area's geological structure suggests faulting surfaces of about 32 km2 with an associated magnitude of M = 5.4. The areas of maximum expected damage differ according to the orientation of the hypothesized structure. Analysis of geological and geophysical data and the damage associated to the AD 62 earthquake shows that the prevailing directions in the faulting planes are NE–SW in the eastern sector of the volcanic complex, and roughly WNW–ESE in the southern part of the volcano along the coast. Comparison of instrumental seismicity and historical data reveals two significantly different energy levels: a lower earthquake level with Mmax = 4.5, corresponding to current seismicity and that which accompanied volcanic activity in the eruptive period from 1631–1944; an upper level with Mmax = 5.4, represented by the AD 62 earthquake. The two levels correspond to two stress states and different seismogenetic structures.
    Description: Published
    Description: 139-149
    Description: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Description: 3.10. Sismologia storica e archeosismologia
    Description: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Description: 5.1. TTC - Banche dati e metodi macrosismici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Mt. Vesuvius ; seismic hazard ; historical seismicity ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.08. Volcano seismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 49
    Publication Date: 2017-04-03
    Description: The aim of this work is to produce a prototype of an Integrated Geographic Informative System designed to characterize the seismic vulnerability of the municipalities of the Benevento province. The developed GIS model algorithm is based on a systemic methodology which accounts for interactions among the several factors involved into the system. The implemented algorithm allows to estimate a vulnerability index, which in turn led to the creation of vulnerability maps. This System, which could be enriched with new thematic data will provides the basis for future researches in the field and make available to local decision-makers, agencies and community planners basic information to be used in managing the seismic risk.
    Description: Published
    Description: Centro Congressi Lingotto, Torino
    Description: open
    Keywords: vulnerabilità sismica ; Provincia di Benevento ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 50
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: This paper focuses on the role that hydrothermal systems may play in caldera unrest. Changes in the fluid chemistry, temperature, and discharge rate of hydrothermal systems are commonly detected at the surface during volcanic unrest, as hydrothermal fluids adjust to changing subsurface conditions. Geochemical monitoring is carried out to observe the evolving system conditions. Circulating fluids can also generate signals that affect geophysical parameters monitored at the surface. Effective hazard evaluation requires a proper understanding of unrest phenomena and correct interpretation of their causes. Physical modeling of fluid circulation allows quantification of the evolution of a hydrothermal system, and hence evaluation of the potential role of hydrothermal fluids during caldera unrest. Modeling results can be compared with monitoring data, and then contribute to the interpretation of the recent caldera evolution. This paper: 1) describes the main features of hydrothermal systems; 2) briefly reviews numerical modeling of heat and fluid flow through porous media; 3) highlight the effects of hydrothermal fluids on unrest processes; and 4) describes some model applications to the Phlegrean Fields caldera. Simultaneous modeling of different independent parameters has proved to be a powerful tool for understanding caldera unrest. The results highlight the importance of comprehensive conceptual models that incorporate all the available geochemical and geophysical information, and they also stress the need for high-quality, multi-parameter monitoring and modeling of volcanic activity.
    Description: Accepted
    Description: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Description: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Description: open
    Keywords: hydrothermal activity ; caldera unrest ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 51
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: For early-warning applications in particular, the reliability and efficiency of rapid scenario generation strongly depend on the availability of reliable strong ground-motion prediction tools. If shake maps are used to represent patterns of potential damage as a consequence of large earthquakes, attenuation relations are used as a tool for predicting peak ground-motion parameters and intensities. One of the limitations in the use of attenuation relations is that these have only rarely been retrieved from data collected in the same tectonic environment in which the prediction has to be performed. As a consequence, strong ground motion can result in underestimations or overestimations with respect to the recorded data. This also holds for Italy, and in particular for the Southern Apennines, due to limitations in the available databases, both in terms of distances and magnitude. Moreover, for “real-time” early-warning applications, it is important to have attenuation models for which the parameters can be easily upgraded when new data are collected, whether this has to be done during the earthquake rupture occurrence or in the post-event, when all the strong motion waveforms are available. Here we present a strong-motion attenuation relation for early-warning applications in the Campania region (Southern Apennines), Italy. The model has a classical analytical formulation, and its coefficients were retrieved from a synthetic strong-motion database created by using a stochastic approach. The input parameters for the simulation technique were obtained through the spectral analysis of waveforms of earthquakes recorded by the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) network for a magnitude range Md (1.5,5.0) in the last fifteen years, and they have been extrapolated to cover a larger range. To validate the inferred relation, comparisons with two existing attenuation relations are presented. The results show that the calibration of the attenuation parameters, i.e., geometric spreading, quality factor Q, static stress drop values along with their uncertainties, are the main concern.
    Description: Published
    Description: 133-152
    Description: 4.1. Metodologie sismologiche per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: A Strong Motion ; Earlywarning ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.04. Ground motion ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 52
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: In the framework of an ongoing project financed by the Campania Region, a prototype system for seismic early and post-event warning is being developed and tested, based on a dense, wide dynamic seismic network (ISNet) and under installation in the Apennine belt region. This paper reports the characteristics of the seismic network, focussing on the required technological innovation of the different seismic network components (data-logger, sensors and data communication). To ensure a highly dynamic recording range, each station is equipped with two types of sensors: a strong-motion accelerometer and a velocimeter. Data acquisition at the seismic stations is performed using Osiris-6 model data-loggers made by Agecodagis. Each station is supplied with two (120 W) solar panels and two 130 Ah gel cell batteries, ensuring 72-h autonomy for the seismic and radio communication equipment. The site is also equipped with a GSM/GPRS programmable control/alarm system connected to several environmental sensors (door forcing, solar panel controller, battery, fire, etc) and through which the site status is known in real time. The data are stored locally on the hard-disk and, at the same time, continuously transmitted by the SeedLink protocol to local acquisition/analysis nodes (Local Control Center) via Wireless LAN bridge. At each LCC site runs a linux Earthworm system which stores and manages the acquired data stream. The real-time analysis system will perform event detection and localization based on triggers coming from data-loggers and parametric information coming from the other LCCs. Once an event is detected, the system will performs automatic magnitude and focal mechanism estimations. In the immediate post-event period, the RISSC performs shaking map calculations using parameters from the LCCs and/or data from the event database. The recorded earthquake data are stored into an event database, to be available for distribution and visualization for further off-line analyses. The seismic network will be completed in two stages: • Deployment of 30 seismic stations along the southern Apennine chain (to date almost completed) • Setting up a carrier-class radio communication system for fast and reliable data transmission, and installation of 10 additional seismic stations.
    Description: Published
    Description: 325 - 341
    Description: 4.1. Metodologie sismologiche per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Monitoring Infrastructure ; Early-warning Applications ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.04. Ground motion ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 53
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: In this paper we integrate stratigraphic and sedimentological analyses of the volcaniclastic deposits, emplaced during initial opening and later widening of the Valle del Bove depression, with the available stratigraphy of the inner walls, and marine offshore data, structural data, and magnetic surveys to develop a comprehensive model for the opening of the Valle del Bove depression. The resulting model adds new insight into the triggering mechanisms of the flank collapse. Additionally, it suggests a three-stage evolution of the eastern flank of Etna. (1) About 10 Kyr ago, the extinct Ellittico volcano (60 80 (per uniformità anche con Acireale) to 15 Kyr) collapsed, forming the early Valle del Bove. The collapse produced an avalanche deposit that spread ESE and formed the base of the Milo Lahar and the Chiancone deposits. (2) The second stage involved instability-related minor collapses within the valley, causing southward and westward enlargement of the depression and the emplacement of the debris flow sequence that comprises the upper part of the Milo Lahar deposit. (3) Available debris that accumulated within the Valle del Bove from smaller subsequent collapses was deposited at the mouth of the Valle del Bove in the fluvial sequence that forms most of the exposed part of the Chiancone deposit. The emplacement of the whole volcaniclastic sequence occurred between 10 and 2 Kyr ago. Since then, the Valle del Bove has acted as a basin protecting the lower eastern flank of Etna from lava flows or inundations of volcaniclastic debris.
    Description: Published
    Description: 65-75
    Description: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei sistemi vulcanici
    Description: open
    Keywords: Etna ; flank collapse ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 54
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: No abstract
    Description: Unpublished
    Description: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: Tsunami ; Monte Etna ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: manuscript
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  • 55
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Les collines Albanes désignent un complexe du quaternaire, situé environ 15 km au sud-est de Rome, qui occupe grosso modo un carré délimité par les latitudes 41,6° et 41,9° nord, et les longitudes 12,5° à 12,9° est. Cette zone revet un intèret particulier pour la communauté géophysique en raison de ses caractéristiques particuliéres dues à un volcanisme résiduel.
    Description: Published
    Description: 32-35
    Description: 1.3. TTC - Sorveglianza geodetica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Bathymetrie, lidar, Collines Albanes ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 56
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The Panarea and Albano active volcanoes (Italy) have been recently surveyed under multidisciplinary programs funded by the Italian Department of the Civil Protection and INGV. These complex volcanoes belongs to the perithyrrenian margin and the Aeolian arc system. Their activity, which produced in the past dramatic impacts on the environment as well as on human settlements, is known since historical times. At Panarea, on November 3th, 2002, a submarine gas eruption started in the shallow area between Lisca Bianca, Bottaro and Lisca Nera islets. A subaerial and sea bottom DEM of Panarea volcano was obtained merging aerial digital photogrammetry, aerial laser scanning, and multibeam bathymetry, carried out in 2002 and 2003. GPS data from the local network, show rates of motion and strain values typical of volcanic areas and in agreement with the NE-SW and NW-SE tectonic systems. The latter coincide with the main pathways for the upwelling of hydrothermal fluids. The general subsidence and shortening across the area inferred by GPS data, could be interpreted as the response to the surface of the deflation of the hydrothermal system reservoir which is progressively reducing its pressure after the 2002 gas eruption. The Albano volcano is a crater lake which is the deepest volcanic lake in Italy and fills the youngest maar of the Colli Albani volcano. The lake, which is only a few km far from surroundings of Rome, has undergone dramatic level changes and overflows about ~5800 yrs B.P. and likely in 398 b.C., when Romans excavated a tunnel drain through the maar wall. Hazardous lake rollovers and CO2 release are still possible because the Albano volcano still shows active geodetic ground deformation, gas emissions and periodic seismic swarms. In 2006, a very high resolution DEM from the combination of bathymetric and airborne surveys of the crater lake was performed. Results shows that the lake floor is made by coalescent and partly overlapping craters and wide flat surfaces separated by some evident scarps. The hazard implications for both volcanoes are discussed, particularly the issues related with the presence of ground deformation, gas exhalative points, CO2 accumulation, water rollover, which should not be excluded due to the seismicity of the area, and the features of the lake bottom.
    Description: Published
    Description: Frascati, Italy
    Description: 1.2. TTC - Sorveglianza geochimica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: 1.3. TTC - Sorveglianza geodetica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: open
    Keywords: Bathymetry, Lidar, Photogrammetry, GPS ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: Oral presentation
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  • 57
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: One of the main requirements by OPCM 3274 was the transparency of the PSH assessment (to be achieved through the publication of the procedure adopted and the data used) so that anyone would be able to verify the consistency of the results and follow the most updated state-of-the-art. In addition, OPCM 3519 stated that the seismic hazard data had to be made officially available through a dedicated website (http://zonesismiche.mi.ingv.it). The web site supplies the seismic hazard data expressed in terms of peak ground acceleration (ag) with 10% of exceedance probability in 50 years as well as their variability stated in terms of the 16th and 84th percentiles. In addition, the same website can supply even the scientific technical documentation as well as the input data used in such a project. As integration of these contents, a second web site (http://esse1.mi.ingv.it) has been developed with the aim to make available all the information about the organization of the S1 project (work program, tasks organization, list of the deliverables, progress state), underlying the most important results and for an immediate fruition by the project endusers. For this purpose a webGis tool has been carried out to visualize and query interactive hazard maps of the Italian territory, represented through various shaking parameters (values of peak ground acceleration and elastic response spectra for a given T period).
    Description: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia
    Description: Published
    Description: 4.2. TTC - Scenari e mappe di pericolosità sismica
    Description: open
    Keywords: Seismic Hazard ; Data dissemination ; WebGIS application ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: report
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  • 58
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Vengono presentate nuove relazioni empiriche, definite per il territorio italiano, per la stima dell’intensità in un dato sito a partire da informazioni epicentrali o relative a località vicine. Queste relazioni, espresse in forma probabilistica e quindi direttamente utilizzabili per la stima della pericolosità sismica, condividono la stessa formalizzazione e la medesima base informativa. In particolare, sono state seguite tre diverse strategie: le prime due hanno portato alla definizione di una relazione di attenuazione per la stima dell’intensità al sito da dati epicentrali utilizzando una forma parametrica rispettivamente Gaussiana e Binomiale; la terza analisi è stata invece mirata a definire le modalità di “correzione” del valore locale di intensità, dedotto dalle informazioni epicentrali, con dati di risentimenti osservati in località vicine al sito in esame.
    Description: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia
    Description: Published
    Description: 5.1. TTC - Banche dati e metodi macrosismici
    Description: open
    Keywords: attenuation relations ; macroseismic intensity ; Italy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.04. Ground motion ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: report
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  • 59
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia
    Description: Published
    Description: 4.2. TTC - Scenari e mappe di pericolosità sismica
    Description: open
    Keywords: Seismic hazard ; Italy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: report
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  • 60
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Unpublished
    Description: 4.2. TTC - Scenari e mappe di pericolosità sismica
    Description: open
    Keywords: Seismic hazard ; WebGis ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: web product
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  • 61
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The last strong earthquake that occurred in the southern Apennines, the Irpinia earthquake on 23 November 1980 (M 6.9), was characterized by a complex rupture mechanism that ruptured three different faults (Bernard and Zollo 1989). This earthquake was well studied, and the quantity of data available has allowed a very detailed definition of the geometry and mechanisms of faults activated during this seismic event (Westaway and Jackson 1987; Pantosti and Valensise 1990). Even more than 20 years after the main event, the seismotectonic environment that contains the fault system on which the 1980 earthquake occurred shows continued background seismic activity including moderate-sized events such as the 1996 (M 5.1), 1991 (M 5.1) and 1990 (M 5.4) events. Moreover, the locations of the microearthquakes (taken from the database of the Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia, INGV) define an epicentral area with a geometry and extent surprisingly similar to that of the 1980 earthquake and its aftershocks (figure 1A). These simple observations suggest that it may be possible to study the preparation cycles of strong earthquakes on active faults by studying the microseismicity between seismic events. With this in mind, a seismic network of large dynamic range was planned and is now in an advanced phase of completion in the southern Apennines. Called ISNet (Irpinia Seismic Network), it is equipped with sensors that can record high-quality seismic signals from both small-magnitude and strong earthquakes, from which it will be possible to retrieve information about the rupture process and try to understand the scaling relationships between small and large events. Due to its high density, wide dynamic range, and advanced data-acquisition and data-transmission technologies, the network is being upgraded to become the core infrastructure of a prototype system for seismic early warning and rapid post-event ground-shaking evaluation in the Campania region, which has seismic hazard that ranks among the highest in Italy (Cinti et al. 2004). ISNet will be devoted to real-time estimation of earthquake location and magnitude and to measuring peak ground-motion parameters so as to provide rapid ground-shaking maps for the whole of the Campania region. The information provided by ISNet during the first seconds of a potentially damaging seismic event can be used to activate several types of security measures, such as the shutdown of critical systems and lifelines (Iervolino et al. 2006). The implementation of a modern seismic network involves many different research and technological aspects related to the development of sophisticated data management and processing. The communication systems need to rapidly generate useful, robust, and secure alert notifications. Here we provide a general technical and seismological overview of ISNet's complex architecture and implementation.
    Description: Published
    Description: 622-634
    Description: 4.1. Metodologie sismologiche per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Seismic Network ; seismic early-warning ; seismic instrumentation ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 62
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Si tratta della nona Geopagina della collana del TTC "Formazione e Informazione"
    Description: La cenere vulcanica è formata da particelle solide di dimensioni minori di 2 mm che si formano durante l'attività esplosiva di un vulcano. Al microscopio la cenere appare costituita da particelle di magma solidificato (juvenili), frammenti di rocce pre-esistenti e cristalli. La cenere è dura, abrasiva, non si scioglie in acqua ed è composta da silicati, soprattutto di alluminio e magnesio.
    Description: Published
    Description: 5.8. TTC - Formazione e informazione
    Description: open
    Keywords: Cenere vulcanica ; effetti sull'ambiente ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions ; 05. General::05.03. Educational, History of Science, Public Issues::05.03.99. General or miscellaneous
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: web product
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  • 63
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Invasion of inhabited areas and destruction of human property by lava flows represents the greatest volcanic hazard at Mount Etna (Italy) in the short term, based on the character of the historically documented eruptions of the volcano. Virtually all eruptions of Etna produce lava flows, which are more likely to cause damage when emitted from flank vents. Since 1600, more than sixty eruptions have occurred on the flanks of Etna. About half of these caused damage to, or destruction of, human property, dwellings and infrastructures, and at least two destroyed entire population centers. We present a quantitative analysis and evaluation of a new database containing numerical volcanological parameters of each post-1600 eruption, which allows us to quantify the hazard from future eruptions and to create a preliminary hazard zonation map divided into six zones. A total area of nearly 1400 km2 is considered vulnerable, which is home to 〉900,000 people. The greatest hazard is from voluminous and/or low-altitude flank eruptions, which during the historical period have occurred at irregular intervals of 120-400 years, the most recent in 1669. In the future, eruptions at higher elevations will occur much more frequently, at intervals of a few months to several decades, and many will cause damage in relatively limited areas. A recent increase in the intensity and frequency of eruptions indicate that the Etna volcanic system is presently more dynamic than during the past 330 years, and low-altitude flank eruptions have to be considered a realistic possibility for the near future.
    Description: Published
    Description: 189-208
    Description: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Description: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei sistemi vulcanici
    Description: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Mount Etna ; lava flows ; volcanic hazard ; GIS software ; hazard zonation ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 64
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The October 17 to November 5, 1999, eruption of Mount Etna’s Bocca Nuova crater emplaced a V15U106 m3 flow field. The eruption was characterized by 11 paroxysmal events during which intense Strombolian and lava fountain activity fed vigorous channelized PaPa flows at eruption rates of up to 120 m3 s31. Each paroxysm lasted between 75 and 450 min, and was separated by periods of less intense Strombolian activity and less vigorous (610 m3 s31) effusion. Ground-based, satellite- and model-derived volumetric data show that the eruption was characterized by two periods during which eruption rates and cumulative volume showed exponential decay. This is consistent with a scenario whereby the system was depressurized during the first eruptive period (October 17^23), repressurized during an October 24 pause, and then depressurized again during the second period (October 25^28). The imbalance between the erupted and supplied volumes mean that the two periods involved the collection of 1.5^5.7U106 m3 and 1.2^ 3.6U106 m3, respectively, or an increase in the time-averaged supply to 11.6^13.6 m3 s31 and 12.5^14.9 m3 s31. Two models are consistent with the observed episodic fountaining, derived volumetric trends and calculated volume imbalance: a magma collection model and a pulsed supply model. In the former case, depressurization of a shallow reservoir cause the observed volumetric trends and foam collapse at the reservoir roof powers fountaining. In the pulsing case, variations in magma flux account for pressurization^depressurization and supply the excess volume. Increases in rise rate and volatile flux, coupled with rapid exsolution during ascent, trigger fountaining. Limiting equations that define critical foam layer volumes and magma rise rates necessary for Hawaiian-style fountaining favor the latter model.
    Description: Published
    Description: 79-95
    Description: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Description: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei sistemi vulcanici
    Description: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Description: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Etna ; lava fountaining ; eruption rates ; lava channel ; foam layers ; rise rates ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.05. Rheology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.02. Exploration geophysics::04.02.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.02. Exploration geophysics::04.02.05. Downhole, radioactivity, remote sensing, and other methods ; 04. Solid Earth::04.02. Exploration geophysics::04.02.07. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.11. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.02. Experimental volcanism ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.04. Thermodynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 65
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    Springer-Verlag
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The July-August 2001 eruption of Mt. Etna stimulated widespread public and media interest, caused significant damage to tourist facilities, and for several days threatened the town of Nicolosi on the S flank of the volcano. Seven eruptive fissures were active, five on the S flank between 3050 and 2100 m altitude, and two on the NE flank between 3080 and 2600 m elevation. All produced lava flows over various periods during the eruption, the most voluminous of which reached a length of 6.9 km. Mineralogically the 2001 lavas fall into two distinct groups, indicating that magma was supplied through two different and largely independent pathways, one extending laterally from the central conduit system through radial fissures, the other being a vertically ascending eccentric dike. Furthermore one of the eccentric vents, at 2570 m elevation, was the site of vigorous phreatomagmatic activity as the dike cut through a shallow aquifer, both during the intial and closing stages of the eruption. For six days the magma column feeding this vent was more or less effectively sealed from the aquifer, permitting powerful explosive and effusive magmatic activity. While the eruption was characterized by a highly dynamic evolution, complex interactions between some of the eruptive fissures, and changing eruptive styles, its total volume (~25 x 106 m3 of lava and 5-10 x 106 m3 of pyroclastics) was relatively small in comparison with other recent eruptions of Etna. Effusion rates were calculated on a daily basis and reached peaks of 14-16 m3 s-1 while the average effusion rate at all fissures was about 11 m3 s-1, which is not exceptionally high. The eruption showed a number of peculiar features, but none of these (except the contemporaneous lateral and eccentric activity) represented a significant deviation from Etna's eruptive behavior in the long term. However, the 2001 eruption could be but the first in a series of flank eruptions, some of which might be more voluminous and hazardous. Placed in a long-term context, the eruption confirms a distinct trend, initiated during the past 50 years, toward higher production rates and more frequent eruptions, which might bring Etna back to similar levels of activity as during the early to mid 17th century.
    Description: Published
    Description: 461-476
    Description: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Description: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei sistemi vulcanici
    Description: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Description: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Mt. Etna ; 2001 eruption ; Lava flow-field evolution ; Central-lateral vs. eccentric activity ; Phreatomagmatism ; Eruption dynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 66
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: La caldera dei Campi Flegrei è un’area vulcanica attiva, attualmente in stato di quiescenza dal 1538 d.C., soggetta ad un elevato rischio vulcanico per la presenza di numerosi centri abitati e per l’immediata vicinanza alla città di Napoli. Le due maggiori eruzioni esplosive dei Campi Flegrei risalgono a circa 39 ka e 15 ka ed hanno prodotto l’Ignimbrite Campana ed il Tufo Giallo Napoletano, i depositi più noti dell’area napoletana, distribuiti su aree vastissime. Al presente, il sistema magmatico risulta essere ancora attivo, come testimoniato dall’eruzione di Monte Nuovo nel 1538, dai recenti episodi bradisismici e dall’attività fumarolica e idrotermale. Al fine di rendere disponibile alla comunità scientifica ed agli enti preposti alla gestione delle emergenze un efficace strumento tecnologico, a supporto delle valutazioni di pericolosità vulcanica, è stato implementato un sistema informativo territoriale strutturato sulla base di un database in cui sono state raccolte e organizzate tutte le informazioni vulcanologiche e territoriali sull’area. In questo lavoro, attingendo al patrimonio informativo disponibile, sono state effettuate analisi di dettaglio finalizzate alla produzione di nuovi tematismi da utilizzare per la definizione degli scenari di evento, attraverso i quali simulare le conseguenze di un evento vulcanico, di caratteristiche prefissate, che si verifichi nell’area dei Campi Flegrei.
    Description: Published
    Description: L'Aquila - Italy
    Description: 5.4. TTC - Sistema Informativo Territoriale
    Description: open
    Keywords: GIS ; Volcanic Risk ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: Conference paper
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  • 67
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: La caldera dei Campi Flegrei è una struttura vulcanica attiva, interessata negli ultimi 60 ka da una intensa attività vulcanica e da almeno due collassi calderici. Di questi, il più antico è connesso con l’eruzione dell’Ignimbrite Campana (39 ka) ed il più giovane con l’eruzione del Tufo Giallo Napoletano (15 ka). In entrambi i casi, il vulcanismo che ha seguito la formazione delle caldere è rimasto confinato all’interno delle medesime aree collassate. L’attività vulcanica posteriore all’eruzione del Tufo Giallo Napoletano è stata oggetto di studi approfonditi che hanno consentito di ricostruire la storia eruttiva, vulcanica e deformativa, e di classificare e caratterizzare le numerose eruzioni avvenute. Una precisa conoscenza della dinamica dei fenomeni naturali pericolosi e degli effetti sul territorio connessi con tali eventi è sicuramente uno degli elementi principali per ridurne l’impatto e mitigarne il rischio. Per tale motivo è stata realizzata una banca dati contenente tutte le informazioni relative ai parametri caratteristici delle eruzioni avvenute nella caldera dei Campi Flegrei. I dati, di natura molto eterogenea, provengono da fonti ed archivi in formato molto diverso tra loro e sono stati, pertanto, omogeneizzati e registrati in un’unica banca dati in ambiente GIS.
    Description: Published
    Description: L'aquila - Italy
    Description: 5.4. TTC - Sistema Informativo Territoriale
    Description: open
    Keywords: GIS ; Volcanic Activity ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: Conference paper
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  • 68
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: È ormai ampiamente riconosciuto che la risposta sismica locale ha una sensibile influenza su distribuzione ed amplificazione dello scuotimento sismico e, conseguentemente, sul danneggiamento indotto dai terremoti. Nel lavoro di tesi, dal titolo “Analisi della Risposta Sismica Locale di San Giuliano di Puglia”, il candidato presenta uno studio molto ampio ed approfondito della risposta sismica del centro urbano che rappresenta finora la case history più documentata e significativa in Italia. Il lavoro di ricerca è inquadrato nel “Progetto S3 - Scenari di scuotimento in aree di interesse prioritario e/o strategico” promosso dall’Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV) per conto del Dipartimento della Protezione Civile (DPC), coordinato dalla Dr.ssa Francesca Pacor (INGV, Milano) e dal Prof. Marco Mucciarelli (Università della Basilicata). Il Progetto di ricerca si pone come obiettivo generale l’analisi di scenari di scuotimento e di danno in alcune aree italiane, nel caso di accadimento del terremoto massimo credibile (Maximum Credible Earthquake). Tra le aree di validazione è individuata quella di San Giuliano di Puglia, particolarmente danneggiato dalla sequenza sismica del Molise nel 2002, il cui vento principale (31 ottobre) è caratterizzato da una magnitudo momento pari a 5.8. Nell’area sono presenti diversi centri abitati, tra i quali San Giuliano di Puglia che, sebbene non fosse meno distante di altri dagli epicentri, è stato quello maggiormente danneggiato. Infatti, dopo gli eventi sismici, a San Giuliano di Puglia è stato osservato un grado di danneggiamento pari al VIII-IX grado sulla base della scala MCS, mentre negli altri Comuni la stima è stata al limite pari al VII (Stucchi et al., 2007). Il motivo di tale discrepanza è da ricercarsi negli importanti fenomeni di amplificazione sismica locale che hanno interessato le aree di più recente costruzione di San Giuliano di Puglia; queste sono state edificate, a partire dagli anni ’40, su un deposito di marne argillose di spessore pari ad alcune centinaia di metri. Tale deposito è a contatto con una formazione flyschoide, affiorante al di sotto del nucleo originario dell’abitato, dove è stato osservato un danneggiamento di grado inferiore. Dopo un’analisi preliminare della letteratura con riferimento a casi di studio nazionali che internazionali di carattere simile, la prima parte del lavoro di ricerca è dedicata allo studio della pericolosità sismica del sito, con riferimento a dati storici e, soprattutto, strumentali, acquisiti nel corso della recente sequenza. A tal fine, sono state analizzate le registrazioni della rete accelerometrica mobile installata da DPC nel centro urbano di San Giuliano di Puglia; tali registrazioni, interpretate in termini di fattori di amplificazione e rapporti spettrali, hanno permesso di verificare amplificazioni sismiche molto elevate nell’intero campo di frequenze in cui può essere ascritto il patrimonio edilizio del paese. Nell’ambito del Task 1 del Progetto S3, sono stati esaminati circa 2000 sismogrammi registrati dalla RAN (Rete Accelerometrica Nazionale) e dalle reti mobili installate nell’area epicentrale alcuni giorni dopo il mainshock. Queste analisi hanno consentito la calibrazione di leggi di attenuazione specifiche per l’area di studio (Luzi et al., 2006) e la simulazione numerica dell’evento del 31 ottobre (Franceschina et al., 2006). La seconda parte della tesi ha riguardato la definizione del modello geologico di sottosuolo per l’analisi di risposta sismica locale. I diversi studi geologici in merito (cfr. Baranello et al., 2003; Melidoro, 2004 e Guerricchio, 2005; Giaccio et al., 2004; Strollo et al., 2006) suggeriscono diverse ipotesi in merito alla morfologia profonda delle formazioni geologiche principali, il flysch di Faeto e le marne argillose di Toppo Capuana. Queste corrispondono, in buona sostanza, a diversi andamenti in profondità del contatto tra formazione argillo-marnosa ed il substrato flyschoide, identificati con altrettanti modelli geometrici di sottosuolo (basin, wedge, anvil). Tale fattore risulta fortemente influente sulla risposta sismica locale alle basse frequenze. Le ipotesi sono state verificate con riferimento ai risultati delle indagini geofisiche profonde, eseguite nell’area di San Giuliano di Puglia nell’ambito del Progetto S3; queste sono consistite in 3 inversioni tomografiche geoelettriche (Piscitelli, 2007), una campagna gravimetrica di dettaglio (Palmieri et al., 2006) e 2 linee sismiche a riflessione (Böhm, 2007). Sempre nell’ambito del Progetto S3, i risultati di queste indagini hanno consentito la costruzione di un modello geologico strutturale 3D dell’area (Caputo et al., 2007). La terza parte ha riguardato la definizione del modello geotecnico di sottosuolo per l’analisi di risposta sismica locale. Si è provveduto alla raccolta ed analisi di tutte le indagini geotecniche eseguite nel centro abitato, con particolare riferimento alla campagna del DPC per conto della Procura di Larino (Baranello et al., 2003), che ha consentito un’adeguata caratterizzazione geotecnica dell’unità argillosa. Durante questa campagna, nel 2003, sono state eseguite 11 prove down-hole e 3 prove cross-hole spinte anche oltre i 30 m di profondità, e, sui campioni di terreno prelevati, diversi laboratori hanno eseguito, oltre alle usuali prove di classificazione, numerose prove di compressione edometrica e isotropa, triassiali non drenate e di taglio torsionale ciclico e dinamico (Silvestri et al., 2006). I parametri meccanici attribuiti all’unità flyschoide provengono invece un’unica prova down-hole, eseguita nel corso della vasta campagna geognostica (2004-5) per la ricostruzione del paese. Il gran numero di sondaggi nell’intero centro urbano ha permesso una descrizione molto dettagliata della stratigrafia delle marne argillose di Toppo Capuana, il cui spessore più superficiale (mediamente fino a circa 10 m di profondità), si presenta caratterizzato da un alto grado di weathering e da un sensibile contrasto di impedenza sismica con le sottostanti argille intatte. L’eterogeneità della stratigrafia in direzione verticale ed orizzontale è stata rappresentata con diversi livelli di dettaglio, cioè assimilando la formazione superficiale ad un materiale omogeneo, oppure suddiviso in due strati, con spessori costanti oppure considerandone la variabilità con criteri geostatistici; tale approccio ha permesso di valutare l’influenza sull’amplificazione delle frequenze medio alte (oltre i 5 Hz) del dettaglio stratigrafico nella caratterizzazione dell’unità argillosa degradata. Nella quarta parte, il candidato presenta i risultati delle simulazioni numeriche 2D agli elementi finiti (codice QUAD4M), eseguite allo scopo di confrontare le diverse ipotesi formulate sull’andamento del bedrock e sulla stratigrafia superficiale, e validarle in base alle registrazioni strumentali. Come moti di riferimento sono state assunte due registrazioni della rete accelerometrica mobile di San Giuliano di Puglia, effettuate sulla formazione flyschoide nel corso degli aftershocks occorsi il 12 novembre (M=5.2) ed il 2 dicembre (M=4.0). Lo scuotimento in superficie simulato dalla modellazione numerica è confrontato, in termini sia di parametri sintetici del moto (accelerazioni di picco, intensità di Housner), sia di spettri di risposta, con le rispettive registrazioni eseguite alla superficie dell’unità argillosa e del flysch. L’ultima parte della tesi descrive lo scenario di scuotimento e di danno nel centro abitato indotto dal mainshock del 31 ottobre. Le simulazioni numeriche dello scuotimento sono state eseguite sui modelli di sottosuolo 2D elaborati lungo una sezione che attraversa l’asse longitudinale del centro urbano e validati nella fase precedente. I parametri del moto sono stati confrontati sia con quelli ottenuti tramite analisi 3D con il metodo degli elementi pseudo-spettrali (FPSM) lungo la medesima sezione (Klin e Priolo, 2007), e raffrontati con le amplificazioni registrate dalle stazioni accelerometriche mobili di San Giuliano di Puglia durante le scosse di assestamento. Le distribuzioni del danno corrispondenti alle analisi 2D e 3D sono state elaborate a partire dallo scuotimento, attraverso una correlazione tra l’intensità di Housner e quella macrosismica, espressa secondo la scala MCS (Mucciarelli et al., 2007). Gli scenari di danno così ottenuti hanno mostrato un buon accordo con quello osservato all’indomani della crisi sismica da Dolce et al. (2004). I risultati degli studi interdisciplinari sul centro urbano di San Giuliano di Puglia hanno quindi rappresentato una favorevole occasione per mettere a punto metodologie di previsione numerica di risposta sismica locale, evidenziandone la sensibilità a fattori geometrici e meccanici. La ricerca ha offerto inoltre la possibilità di esprimere i risultati di tali simulazioni in termini di grandezze significative per la rappresentazione del danno ai manufatti.
    Description: Università della Calabria (Prof. Francesco Silvestri) - DPC-INGV (Progetto S3, 2004-2006 - coordinatori: Dott.ssa F. Pacor e Prof. M. Mucciarelli)
    Description: Unpublished
    Description: 4.1. Metodologie sismologiche per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: open
    Keywords: Risposta Sismica Locale ; Intensità di Housner ; San Giuliano di Puglia ; 2D-FEM (Quad4M) ; Scenari di danno ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: thesis
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  • 69
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Forecasting the dispersal of ash from explosive volcanoes is a scientific challenge to modern volcanology. It also represents a fundamental step in mitigating the potential impact of volcanic ash on urban areas and transport routes near explosive volcanoes. To this end we developed a web-based early-warning modeling tool named MAFALDA (Modeling And Forecasting Ash Loading and Dispersal in the Atmosphere) able to quantitatively forecast ash concentrations in the air and on the ground. The main features of MAFALDA are: the usage of (1) a dispersal model, named VOL-CALPUFF (Barsotti et al. 2008) that couples the column ascent phase with the ash-cloud transport and (2) high-resolution weather forecasting data, the capability to run and merge multiple scenarios, and the web-based structure of the procedure that makes it suitable as an early-warning tool. MAFALDA produces plots for a detailed analysis of ash-cloud dynamics and ground deposition, as well as synthetic 2D maps of areas potentially affected by dangerous concentrations of ash. A first application of MAFALDA to the long-lasting weak plumes produced at Mt. Etna (Italy) is presented. A similar tool can be useful to civil protection authorities and volcanic observatories in reducing the impact of the eruptive events. MAFALDA can be accessed at http://mafalda.pi.ingv.it.
    Description: Published
    Description: Q12019
    Description: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Description: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: volcanic ash forecast ; numerical modeling ; early warning modeling tool ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 70
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Tra tutte le strutture portuali censite all’interno del Programma di Ricerca “Progettazione sismica di strutture portuali marine” si sceglie il porto di Ancona come caso particolare per una valutazione deterministica di pericolosità e rischio sismico. Ancona, infatti, essendo uno dei principali porti in Italia per importanza del volume di scambio, costituisce un caso rappresentativo della situazione italiana per aree a medio-alta pericolosità sismica. Attraverso lo studio del caso di Ancona si é cercato di definire un procedimento per la valutazione del rischio generalmente riproducibile. Infatti, affinché questo metodo di investigazione sia facilmente replicabile per tutti i porti italiani, esso viene articolato a diversi livelli di dettaglio, in funzione dei dati e delle risorse disponibili. Particolare attenzione è stata posta nel valutare l’influenza sulla stima del danno per i diversi livelli di scuotimento. La ricerca viene sviluppata secondo i seguenti punti: i) scelta dell’evento (o degli eventi) di riferimento; ii) stima degli scenari di scuotimento con riferimento a suolo rigido, attraverso valutazioni empiriche e simulazioni avanzate, e valutazione della variabilità dei parametri del moto; iii) valutazione degli effetti di amplificazione geologica, stima del potenziale di liquefazione e dei cedimenti del terreno; iv) individuazione dei fattori per la valutazione del rischio (valutazione combinata di pericolosità , esposizione e vulnerabilità degli elementi) e infine v) valutazione del danno atteso.
    Description: Eucentre, DPC.
    Description: Published
    Description: 4.1. Metodologie sismologiche per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: open
    Keywords: scenari deterministici di scuotimento ; danno porti ; Ancona ; rischio sismico ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: report
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  • 71
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: In this work the results of a quick microtremor survey performed in the municipalities situated in the epicentre area of the Ml 5.2 2004 Salò earthquake (North Italy) are presented. The aim of this study is to understand if the large amount of damage caused by the event (about 215 millions of euros only in the areas near to the epicenter) is correlated more to the local surface geology conditions or to the vulnerability of ancient Italian historical centers. A preliminary seismic zonation was carried out in 5 villages including about 30 measurements of microtremors analysed by the Nakamura technique (hereinafter HVNR). The points of measurement were carefully selected considering sites located both near damaged buildings and over different local geology conditions (alluvium deposits, fluvial-glacial deposits, debris fans and rock). In order to strengthen the HVNR results and to evaluate the reliability of the Nakamura analysis, a comparison with spectral ratios calculated on earthquakes (hereinafter HVSR) recorded at the strong motion station of Vobarno was made. In general, the outcomes of the survey highlight a possible correlation between local geology conditions and ground motion amplification for different frequency bands. In order to check if this evidence is linked with the damage, a series of macroseismic intensities values were collected for different zones of the investigated area, and a non parametric correlation approach was used to establish a possible correlation between damage and ground motion amplification for selected frequency bands. The results show, from a statistical point of view, that in the area surrounding the epicenter of the 24 November 2004 mainshock, the damage pattern is not strongly dependent upon the local surface geology but more correlated to the low quality of the civil structures present in the area, including old buildings of the last century.
    Description: Submitted
    Description: 12-36
    Description: 1.1. TTC - Monitoraggio sismico del territorio nazionale
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: local surface geology ; HV spectral ratios ; non parametric correlation technique ; Salò earthquake ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.04. Ground motion ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: manuscript
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  • 72
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The 2002 eruption of Nyiragongo volcano constitutes the most outstanding case ever of lava flow in a big town. It also represents one of the very rare cases of direct casualties from lava flows, which had high velocities of up to tens of kilometer per hour. As in the 1977 eruption, which is the only other eccentric eruption of the volcano in more than 100 years, lava flows were emitted from several vents along a N–S system of fractures extending for more than 10 km, from which they propagated mostly towards Lake Kivu and Goma, a town of about 500,000 inhabitants. We assessed the lava flow hazard on the entire volcano and in the towns of Goma (D.R.C.) and Gisenyi (Rwanda) through numerical simulations of probable lava flow paths. Lava flow paths are computed based on the steepest descent principle, modified by stochastically perturbing the topography to take into account the capability of lava flows to override topographic obstacles, fill topographic depressions, and spread over the topography. Code calibration and the definition of the expected lava flow length and vent opening probability distributions were done based on the 1977 and 2002 eruptions. The final lava flow hazard map shows that the eastern sector of Goma devastated in 2002 represents the area of highest hazard on the flanks of the volcano. The second highest hazard sector in Goma is the area of propagation of the western lava flow in 2002. The town of Gisenyi is subject to moderate to high hazard due to its proximity to the alignment of fractures active in 1977 and 2002. In a companion paper (Chirico et al., Bull Volcanol, in this issue, 2008) we use numerical simulations to investigate the possibility of reducing lava flow hazard through the construction of protective barriers, and formulate a proposal for the future development of the town of Goma.
    Description: In press
    Description: on line first
    Description: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Lava flow ; Nyiragongo ; Volcanic hazard ; Numerical simulations ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 73
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: We designed a new seismic source model for Italy to be used as an input for country-wide probabilistic seismic hazard assessment (PSHA) in the frame of the compilation of a new national reference map. We started off by reviewing existing models available for Italy and for other European countries, then discussed the main open issues in the current practice of seismogenic zoning. The new model, termed ZS9, is largely based on data collected in the past 10 years, including historical earthquakes and instrumental seismicity, active faults and their seismogenic potential, and seismotectonic evidence from recent earthquakes. This information allowed us to propose new interpretations for poorly understood areas where the new data are in conflict with assumptions made in designing the previous and widely used model ZS4. ZS9 is made out of 36 zones where earthquakes with Mw 〉= 5 are expected. It also assumes that earthquakes with Mw up to 5 may occur anywhere outside the seismogenic zones, although the associated probability is rather low. Special care was taken to ensure that each zone sampled a large enough number of earthquakes so that we could compute reliable earthquake production rates. Although it was drawn following criteria that are standard practice in PSHA, ZS9 is also innovative in that every zone is characterised also by its mean seismogenic depth (the depth of the crustal volume that will presumably release future earthquakes) and predominant focal mechanism (their most likely rupture mechanism). These properties were determined using instrumental data, and only in a limited number of cases we resorted to geologic constraints and expert judgment to cope with lack of data or conflicting indications. These attributes allow ZS9 to be used with more accurate regionalized depth-dependent attenuation relations, and are ultimately expected to increase significantly the reliability of seismic hazard estimates.
    Description: Published
    Description: 85-108
    Description: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Description: 4.2. TTC - Scenari e mappe di pericolosità sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Seismotectonics ; Seismic source zone model ; Seismic hazard ; Italy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.04. Plate boundaries, motion, and tectonics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 74
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Determining consistent sets of vent conditions for next expected eruptions at Vesuvius is crucial for the simulation of the sub-aerial processes originating the volcanic hazard and the eruption impact. Herewerefer to the expected eruptive scales and conditions defined in the frame of the EC Exploris project, and simulate the dynamics of magma ascent along the volcanic conduit for sub-steady phases of next eruptions characterized by intensities of the Violent Strombolian (VS), Sub-Plinian 2 (SP2), and Sub-Plinian 1 (SP1) scale. Sets of conditions for the simulations are determined on the basis of the bulk of knowledge on the past history of Vesuvius [Cioni, R., Bertagnini, A., Santacroce, R., Andronico, D., Explosive activity and eruption scenarios at Somma–Vesuvius (Italy): towards a new classification scheme. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research, this issue.]. Volatile contents (H2O and CO2) are parameterized in order to account for the uncertainty in their expected amounts for a next eruption. In all cases the flow in the conduit is found to be choked, with velocities at the conduit exit or vent corresponding to the sonic velocity in the two-phase non-equilibrium magmatic mixture. Conduit diameters and vent mixture densities are found to display minimum overlapping between the different eruptive scales, while exit gas and particle velocities, as well as vent pressures, largely overlap. Vent diameters vary from as low as about 5 m for VS eruptions, to 35–55 m for the most violent SP1 eruption scale. Vent pressures can be as low as less than 1 MPa for the lowest volatile content employed of 2 wt.% H2O and no CO2, to 7–8 MPa for highest volatile contents of 5 wt.% H2O and 2 wt.% CO2 and large eruptive scales. Gas and particle velocities at the vent range from 100–250 m/s, with a tendency to decrease, and to increase the mechanical decoupling between the phases, with increasing eruptive scale. Except for velocities, all relevant vent quantities are more sensitive to the volatile content of the discharged magma for the highest eruptive scales considered.
    Description: Published
    Description: 359-365
    Description: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Vesuvius ; Numerical simulations ; Vent conditions ; Volcanic hazard ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 75
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: No abstract
    Description: Published
    Description: L08312
    Description: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: landslide tsunami ; Mt. Etna ; paleo-tsunami deposits ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 76
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Stromboli is a 3000-m-high, conical island-arc volcano rising to 900 m above sea level. It is the most active volcano of the Aeolian Archipelago in the Tyrrhenian Sea (Italy). In the last 13 Kr four large-volume (1 km3) flank collapses have played an important role in shaping the northwestern flank (Sciara del Fuoco- SdF) of the volcano. These flank collapses have the potential to cause hazardous tsunamis in the Aeolian islands and farther afield along the Italian coast. In addition, smaller volume, much more frequent partial collapses of the SdF have been shown to be tsunami generating, potentially hazardous events One such partial collapse occurred on 30/12/2002, on the north-western flank of the island. The resulting landslide generated a 10-m-high tsunami that impacted the island. Multibeam bathymetry, side-scan sonar and seabed visual observations reveal that 25-30 x 106 m3 of sediments were deposited on the offshore from the Sciara del Fuoco landslide. Sediment samples have led to the recognition of a proximal coarse-grained landslide deposit on the volcano slope and a distal, cogenetic, sandy turbidite 24 km from the Stromboli shoreline. The proximal landslide deposit consists of two contiguous facies: (1) a chaotic, coarse grained (meter- to centimetre-sized clasts) deposit and (2) a sand deposit containing a lower, cross bedded sand layer and an upper structureless, pebbly sand bed, capped by seafloor ripple bedforms. The ubiquitous sand facies develops laterally with and over the coarse-grained deposits. Distally, a capping 2-3 cm-thick sand layer, not present in a pre-landslide September 2002 core, is interpreted as the finer grained turbidite equivalent of the proximal deposits. Characteristics of the SdF landslide deposits suggest that they derive from cohesionless, sandy-matrix, density flows. Flow rheology resulted in segregation of the density flow into sand-rich and clast-rich regions. Our results show that a range of density flow transitions, based principally on particle concentration and grain-size partitioning of cohesionless parent flows, can be identified in the proximal and distaldeposits of this relatively small-scale landslide event on Stromboli.
    Description: Unpublished
    Description: 23
    Description: 2.3. TTC - Laboratori di chimica e fisica delle rocce
    Description: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei sistemi vulcanici
    Description: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Description: open
    Keywords: Stromboli ; flank collapse ; tsunami ; submarine landslide deposits ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.04. Marine geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.08. Sediments: dating, processes, transport ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 77
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: An evaluation of the actual reliability of probabilistic seismic hazard (PSH) assessments, provided by existing numerical techniques, is mandatory to orientate new researches and improvements. Two procedures devoted to this task are proposed, which are based on the comparison of the hazard estimates with empirical observations (e.g. strong-motion data). These procedures have been applied to the estimates provided by the methodology adopted for most recent seismic hazard evaluations in Italy. The analysis shows that a significant mismatch exists between peak ground acceleration values characterized by an exceedence probability of 10 per cent in 30 yr and what has actually been observed at 68 accelerometric stations located on stiff soil, where continuous seismicity monitoring has been performed in the last 30 yr. Although this finding should be considered with caution, it suggests that a future re-examination of the adopted PSH computational model could be useful to avoid possible underestimates of seismic hazard in Italy.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1088–1094
    Description: 4.2. TTC - Scenari e mappe di pericolosità sismica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: probabilistic seismic hazard estimates ; statistical seismology ; Italy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk ; 05. General::05.01. Computational geophysics::05.01.04. Statistical analysis
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 78
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Disasters from explosive volcanic eruptions are infrequent and experience in emergency planning and mitigation for such events remains limited. The need for urgently developing more robust methods for risk assessment and decision making in volcanic crises has become increasingly apparent as world populations continue to expand in areas of active explosive volcanism. Nowhere is this more challenging than at Vesuvius, Italy, with hundreds of thousands of people living on the flanks of one of the most dangerous volcanoes in the world. We describe how a new paradigm, evidence-based volcanology, has been applied in EXPLORIS to contribute to crisis planning and management for when the volcano enters its next state of unrest, as well as in long-term land-use planning. The analytical approach we adopted enumerates and quantifies all the processes and effects of the eruptive hazards of the volcano known to influence risk, a scientific challenge that combines field data on the vulnerability of the built environment and humans in past volcanic disasters with theoretical research on the state of the volcano, and including evidence from the field on previous eruptions as well as numerical simulation modelling of eruptive processes. Formal probabilistic reasoning under uncertainty and a decision analysis approach have provided the basis for the development of an event tree for a future range of eruption types with probability paths and hypothetical casualty outcomes for risk assessment. The most likely future eruption scenarios for emergency planning were derived from the event tree and elaborated upon from the geological and historical record. Modelling the impacts in these scenarios and quantifying the consequences for the circumvesuvian area provide realistic assessments for disaster planning and for showing the potential risk–benefit of mitigation measures, the main one being timely evacuation, but include for consideration protecting buildings against dilute, low dynamic pressure surges, and temporary roof supports in the most vulnerable buildings, as well as hardening infrastructure and lifelines. This innovative work suggests that risk-based methods could have an important role in crisis management at cities on volcanoes and small volcanic islands.
    Description: Published
    Description: 454-473
    Description: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: open
    Keywords: planning ; emergency ; volcano ; eruption ; mitigation ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 79
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Risorgenza e collasso laterale del Monte Epomeo, Isola d’Ischia Il Monte Epomeo (787 m a.s.l.), ubicato nel settore centrale dell’isola d’Ischia, mostra lo smantellamento del settore meridionale, depositi di debris e franamenti diffusi che testimoniano la natura instabile del monte. A seguito dell’eruzione ignimbritica del Tufo Verde dell’Epomeo (55.000 anni), che genera una struttura calderica (10x7 km2), inizia la risorgenza della caldera fino alla formazione del Monte Epomeo. Il sollevamento, generato dall’intrusione di un laccolite fino a circa 1 km di profondità, avrebbe determinato una forte instabilità gravitativa del blocco risorgente e prodotto uno o più collassi laterali. Questi hanno lasciato una struttura a ferro di cavallo, tipica di processi da “avalancing”, aperta verso sud, e depositi con topografia “hummocky” estesi a sud dell’Epomeo e rilevati recentemente da esplorazioni sul fondo marino. Il processo che ha generato il collasso e la formazione di un avalanche caldera è stato esaminato attraverso l’analisi della dinamica e dei caratteri geologici, geomorfologici e strutturali dell’area. Attualmente l’isola è caratterizzata da una fase di stasi della risorgenza testimoniata da una condizione di moderata stabilità dei versanti dell’Epomeo. Quanto osservato indicherebbe una bassa dinamica endogena nell’isola.
    Description: REGIONE AUTONOMA DELLA SARDEGNA ;PROVINCIA DI SASSARI;COMUNE DI SASSARI;Univ.di Cagliari,Dip.di Scienze della terra;Univ.di Sassari,Istituto diScienze Geolog e Mineral.;Univ.di Siena,Centro di Geotecnologie
    Description: Published
    Description: Sassari
    Description: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei sistemi vulcanici
    Description: 5.1. TTC - Banche dati e metodi macrosismici
    Description: open
    Keywords: Ischia Island ; flank collapse ; resurgence caldera ; avalanche caldera ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: Conference paper
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  • 80
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    DEI srl - Tipografia del Genio Civile - Roma
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Viene descritto il percorso metodologico adottato per gli studi di microzonazione sismica nella provincia di Campobasso, colpita dal terremoto del 2002. Questi studi hanno permesso una completa ed omogenea caratterizzazione della geologia, della geomorfologia e delle caratteristiche geotecniche dei terreni di tutti i centri urbani esistenti. Per valutare le azioni sismiche di progetto, da utilizzare nella successiva fase della ricostruzione, sono stati calcolati i fattori di amplificazione sismica locale per aree omogenee del centro abitato. Il prodotto finale dell'attività è stata la redazione delle mappe di microzonazione sismica dei centri abitati.
    Description: Published
    Description: 293
    Description: 4.1. Metodologie sismologiche per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Seismic microzonation ; Molise ; Site effect ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 81
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Historical sources have recorded earthquake shocks, their effects and difficulties that local inhabitants experienced before the AD 79 Pompeii eruption. Archaeological studies pointed out the effects of such seismicity, and have also evidenced that several water crises were occurring at Pompeii in that period. Indeed numerous sources show that, at the time of eruption, and probably some time before, the civic aqueduct, having ceased to be supplied by the regional one, was out of order and that a new one was being built. Since Roman aqueducts were usually built with a recommended minimum mean slope of 20 cm/km and Pompeii's aqueduct sloped from the nearby Apennines toward the town, this slope could have been easily cancelled by uplift that occurred in the area even if this was only moderate. For the crustal deformations a volcanic origin is proposed and a point source model is used to explain the observations. Simple analysis of the available data suggests that the ground deformations were caused by a b2 km3 volumetric change at a depth of ∼8 km that happened over the course of several decades.
    Description: Published
    Description: 959–970
    Description: 5.1. TTC - Banche dati e metodi macrosismici
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Vesuvius ; ground deformation ; seismicity ; stress changes ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.06. Measurements and monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.05. Historical seismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.08. Volcano seismology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 82
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Panarea, characterized by gas unrest in 2002–2003, is the volcanic island with the least constrained structure in the eastern-central Aeolian Arc (Italy). Based on structural measurements, we define here its deformation pattern relative to the Arc. The main deformations are subvertical extension fractures (63% of data), normal faults (25%) and dikes (12%). The mean orientation of the extension fractures and faults is ∼N38◦E, with a mean opening direction of N135◦ ±8◦, implying extension with a moderate component of dextral shear. These data, matched with those available for Stromboli volcano (pure opening) and Vulcano, Lipari and Salina volcanoes (predominant dextralmotions) along the eastern-central Arc, suggest a progressivewestward rotation of the extension direction and an increase in the dextral shear. The dextral shear turns into compression in the western arc. The recent unrest at Panarea, coeval to that of nearby Stromboli, may also be explained by the structural context, as both volcanoes lie along the portion of the Arc subject to extension.
    Description: Protezione Civile, project INGV-DPC-V2
    Description: Published
    Description: 288-292
    Description: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Description: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Description: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei vulcani ed evoluzione dei magmi
    Description: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Panarea ; Aeolian Arc ; fault ; dike ; 2002-2003 unrest ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.09. Structural geology ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.02. Geodynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.04. Plate boundaries, motion, and tectonics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.05. Stress ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.06. Subduction related processes ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.07. Tectonics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.08. Volcanic arcs ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 83
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: During the summer of 2005, we performed a 2-month lasting experiment (29 July - 29 September), using two spring gravimeters installed side-by-side at Mt. Etna. Two LaCoste & Romberg gravimeters were utilized (G594 and G1190), each equipped with an Aliod 100 electronic feedback system. Data were acquired at a sampling rate (2 Hz) higher than that normally used for gravimetric recordings. Apparent fluctuations (i.e. instrumental, not due to actual changes of the gravity field) dominated by a component with period of about 20 seconds appear over the gravity recordings when both high-frequency (local earthquakes) and low-frequency (teleseisms) components dominate the ensuing seismic wavefield. Though it has only an instrumental character, the outcome of this study represent an important further step towards the development of any a-priori or a-posteriori system aimed at reduce the effect of seismic shocks on the signal from continuously recording gravimeters.
    Description: Published
    Description: Vienna
    Description: 2.6. TTC - Laboratorio di gravimetria, magnetismo ed elettromagnetismo in aree attive
    Description: open
    Keywords: gravimeters ; earthquakes ; seismic-induced effects ; gravity fluctuations ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: Poster session
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  • 84
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    CRC Press, Taylor & Francis Group
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The fundamental goal of this chapter is to provide a summary of the seismotectonics of the Messina Strait with special reference to the 28th December 1908 earthquake, the bridge Design Earthquake. We summarize what is known about the earthquake, describe the source model that has been used for assessing the bridge design seismic action (see Section 5.2. Seismic hazard and design earthquakes) and discuss some short- and long- term implications of tectonic activity in the area.
    Description: Published
    Description: 2-17
    Description: 4.1. Metodologie sismologiche per l'ingegneria sismica
    Description: 4.2. TTC - Modelli per la stima della pericolosità sismica a scala nazionale
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Messina Straits Bridge ; 1908 earthquake ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 85
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Volcanic activity is the main natural sources of sulphur dioxide (SO2) to the atmosphere. Although total anthropogenic sources are overwhelming greater, volcanoes like Mt. Etna and many others are considered to be among the biggest point sources of SO2 also during intereruptive periods. Apart from being one of the most impressive geodynamic expressions, volcanoes are also an important tourist attraction. During the summer season the number of tourists visiting the summit craters each day is on average many tens at Stromboli, hundreds at Vulcano and thousands at Mt. Etna. Of course touristic exploitation of active volcanic areas cannot exempt from warranting a reasonable security to the visiting persons. But while many risks in these areas have been since long time considered, gas hazard, a very subtle risk, is often disregarded. For healthy persons, about 1000 µg m-3 of sulphur dioxide is sensed by smell, 2000 to 4000 µg m-3 cause eye, nose and throat irritation, and 10,000 to 15,000 µg m-3 cause respiratory failure. For individuals with bronchial asthma or lung diseases, exposure to much lower doses could be fatal. Generally, a 700 µg m-3 level is considered to be a safe limit for such persons. The atmospheric concentrations of naturally emitted SO2 were measured at three volcanoes of southern Italy (Mt. Etna, Vulcano and Stromboli). Measurements were made with a network of passive samplers positioned at about 1.5 m above the ground, which gave time-integrated values for periods from few days to 1 month. Samplers were placed in zones of the volcanoes with high tourist frequentation. Measured concentrations reach values as high as 2700, 2400 and 10,000 µg m-3 for Etna, Vulcano and Stromboli respectively. Such values are absolutely dangerous to people affected by bronchial asthma or lung diseases. But considering that these are average values over periods from few days up to one month, SO2 concentrations could reach much higher peak values that could be dangerous also to healthy people. The present study evidences a peculiar volcanic risk connected to the touristic exploitation of active volcanic areas. Such risk is particularly enhanced at Mt.Etna where elderly and not perfectly healthy people can easily reach, with cableway and off-road vehicles, areas with dangerous SO2 concentrations.
    Description: Published
    Description: Bari, Italy
    Description: 1.2. TTC - Sorveglianza geochimica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: 4.5. Studi sul degassamento naturale e sui gas petroliferi
    Description: open
    Keywords: volcanic degassing ; sulphur dioxide ; passive samplers ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.07. Volcanic effects ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: Poster session
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  • 86
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The multi-parametric permanent system (tilt and GPS networks, robotized geodetic station) for monitoring ground deformation at Stromboli volcano was set up in the 1990s and later greatly improved during the effusive event of 2002–2003. Unlike other volcanoes, e.g. Mt. Etna, the magnitude of ground deformation signals of Stromboli is very small and through the entire period of operation of the monitoring system, only two major episodes of deformation, in 1994–1995 and 2000, which did not lead to an eruption but rather pure intrusion, were measured. Similarly to the 2002–2003 eruption, no important deformations were detected in the months before the 2007 eruption. However, unlike the 2002–2003 eruption, GPS and tilt stations recorded a continuous deflation during the entire 2007 eruption, which allowed us to infer a vertical elongated prolate ellipsoidal source, centered below the summit craters at depth of about 2.8 km b.s.l. Due to its geometry and position, this source simulates an elongated plumbing system connecting the deeper LP magma storage (depth from 5 to 10 km) with the HP shallower storage (0.8–3 km), both previously identified by petrologic and geochemical studies. This result represents the first contribution of geophysics to the definition of the plumbing system of Stromboli at intermediate depth. Finally, no deformation due to the plumbing system was measured for a long time after the end of the eruption. Meanwhile, the new terrestrial geodetic monitoring system installed within the Sciara del Fuoco, on the lava fan formed during the eruption, indicated that during the first months after the end of the eruption the ground velocity progressively decreased in time, suggesting that part of the deformation was due to the thermal contraction of the lava flow.
    Description: Published
    Description: 172-181
    Description: 1.3. TTC - Sorveglianza geodetica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Stromboli ; Ground Deformation ; source modelling ; flank instability ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.06. Measurements and monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.07. Satellite geodesy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.09. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 87
    Publication Date: 2017-04-03
    Description: Despite the recent recognition of Mount Etna as a periodically violently explosive volcano, the hazards from various types of pyroclastic density currents (PDCs) have until now received virtually no attention at this volcano. Large-scale pyroclastic flows last occurred during the caldera-forming Ellittico eruptions, 15–16 ka ago, and the risk of them occurring in the near future is negligible. However, minor PDCs can affect much of the summit area and portions of the upper flanks of the volcano. During the past ~ 20 years, small pyroclastic flows or base-surge-like vapor and ash clouds have occurred in at least 8 cases during summit eruptions of Etna. Four different mechanisms of PDC generation have been identified during these events: (1) collapse of pyroclastic fountains (as in 2000 and possibly in 1986); (2) phreatomagmatic explosions resulting from mixing of lava with wet rock (2006); (3) phreatomagmatic explosions resulting from mixing of lava with thick snow (2007); (4) disintegration of the unstable flanks of a lava dome-like structure growing over the rim of one of the summit craters (1999). All of these recent PDCs were of a rather minor extent (maximum runout lengths were about 1.5 km in November 2006 and March 2007) and thus they represented no threat for populated areas and human property around the volcano. Yet, events of this type pose a significant threat to the lives of people visiting the summit area of Etna, and areas in a radius of 2 km from the summit craters should be off-limits anytime an event capable of producing similar PDCs occurs. The most likely source of further PDCs in the near future is the Southeast Crater, the youngest, most active and most unstable of the four summit craters of Etna, where 6 of the 8 documented recent PDCs originated. It is likely that similar hazards exist in a number of volcanic settings elsewhere, especially at snow- or glacier-covered volcanoes and on volcano slopes strongly affected by hydrothermal alteration.
    Description: Published
    Description: 148-160
    Description: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Pyroclastic density currents ; Mt. Etna ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 88
    facet.materialart.
    Unknown
    National Research Council Canada Research Press
    Publication Date: 2012-02-03
    Description: Mount Etna is among the few volcanoes on Earth that erupt nearly continuously, but its activity (in terms of output rate and flank eruption frequency) undergoes significant fluctuations in time. Such fluctuations do not occur in a random manner but represent various stages of cycles on a scale of decades and centuries. Recurrent patterns are particularly evident since 1865 with four complete cycles and a fifth one initiated in 1993. Each cycle consists of three phases beginning with low-level activity followed by near-continuous summit activity and culminating with a series of flank eruptions of which the last is commonly the most voluminous. A distinct increase in the output rate of Etna and more frequent and voluminous summit and flank eruptions since 1950 may be interpreted as part of a longer cycle that began after a large eruption in 1669 and has not yet reached its culminating phase. If that trend continues, the activity of Etna might become similar to that of the 17th century, when flank eruptions were more voluminous than ever since; however, it is difficult to assess when this will take place.
    Description: Published
    Description: 1405-1411
    Description: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Description: 3.5. Geologia e storia dei sistemi vulcanici
    Description: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Description: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Mount Etna ; Eruptive cycles ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.03. Magmas ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.03. Volcanic eruptions
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 89
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Ground-based measurements of volcanic sulfur dioxide fluxes are important indicators of volcanic activity, with application in hazard assessment, and understanding the impacts of volcanic emissions upon the environment and climate. These data are obtained by making traverses underneath the volcanic plume a few kilometers from source with an ultraviolet spectrometer, measuring integrated SO2 concentrations across the plume’s cross section, and multiplying by the plume’s transport speed. However, plume velocities are usually derived from ground-based anemometers, located many kilometers from the traverse route and hundreds of meters below plume altitude, complicating the experimental design and introducing large flux (can be 〉100%) errors. Here we present the first report of a single instrument capable of (accurate) volcanic SO2 flux measurements. This device records integrated SO2 concentrations and plume heights during traverses. Between traverses, two in-plume SO2 time series are measured from underneath the plume with the instrument, corresponding to zenith and inclined (user-specified angle from vertical in the direction of the volcano) fields of view, respectively. The distance between the points of intersection of the two views with the plume is found on the basis of the determined plume height, and the two signals are cross-correlated to determine the lag between them, enabling accurate derivation of the wind speed. We present flux data (with errors ±12%) obtained in this way at Mt. Etna during July 2004.
    Description: Published
    Description: Q02003
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: DOAS ; volcanic SO2 emissions. ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.07. Volcanic effects ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 90
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: The northwestern flank of the Colli Albani, a Quaternary volcanic complex near Rome, is characterised by high CO2 values and Rn activities in the groundwater and by the presence of zones with strong emission of gas from the soil. The most significant of these zones is Cava dei Selci where many houses are located very near to the gas emission site. The emitted gas consists mainly of CO2 (up to 98 vol) with an appreciable content of H2S (0.8). The He and C isotopic composition indicates, as for all fluids associated with the Quaternary Roman and Tuscany volcanic provinces, the presence of an upper mantle component contaminated by crustal fluids associated with subducted sediments and carbonates. An advective CO2 flux of 37 tons/day has been estimated from the gas bubbles rising to the surface in a small drainage ditch and through a stagnant water pool, present in the rainy season in a topographically low central part of the area. A CO2 soil flux survey with an accumulation chamber, carried out in February-March 2000 over a 12 000 m2 surface with 242 measurement points, gave a total (mostly conductive) flux of 61 tons/day. CO2 soil flux values vary by four orders of magnitude over a 160-m distance and by one order of magnitude over several metres. A fixed network of 114 points over 6350 m2 has been installed in order to investigate temporal flux variations. Six surveys carried out from May 2000 to June 2001 have shown large variations of the total CO2 soil flux (8/25 tons/day). The strong emission of CO2 and H2S, which are gases denser than air, produces dangerous accumulations in low areas which have caused a series of lethal accidents to animals and one to a man. The gas hazard near the houses has been assessed by continuously monitoring the CO2 and H2S concentration in the air at 75 cm from the ground by means of two automatic stations. Certain environmental parameters (wind direction and speed; atm P, T, humidity and rainfall) were also continuously recorded. At both stations, H2S and CO2 exceeded by several times the recommended concentration thresholds. The highest CO2 and H2S values were recorded always with wind speeds less than 1.5 m/s, mostly in the night hours. Our results indicate that there is a severe gas hazard for people living near the gas emission site of Cava dei Selci, and appropriate precautionary and prevention measures have been recommended both to residents and local authorities.
    Description: - GNV funded research project Gas Hazard of Colli Albani
    Description: Published
    Description: 81^94
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: Colli Albani ; CO2 flux ; H2S ; gas hazard ; 01. Atmosphere::01.01. Atmosphere::01.01.07. Volcanic effects ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.02. Geological and geophysical evidences of deep processes ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.06. Measurements and monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.12. Fluid Geochemistry ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.01. Gases ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.02. Experimental volcanism ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 05. General::05.02. Data dissemination::05.02.01. Geochemical data ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
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    Type: article
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  • 91
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Seismogenic stress orientations are estimated in the lithosphere of Sicily by inversion of 131 local earthquake focal mechanisms (FMs) selected from the literature. An average misfit F = 14.5° between stress tensor and FMs indicates that the entire set of earthquakes is generated by a highly heterogeneous stress field. Detailed analysis of stress tensors and related earthquake misfits obtained for tens of subsets based on spatial separation of data allowed us to identify two main stress domains in the study region: (i) a compressional domain, including Etna, western Sicily and the southern Tyrrhenian sea offshore Sicily, where the σ1 orientation roughly changes from NW–SE in the Etna area and western Sicily to NNE–SSW at the northeastern edge of the domain (Eolian Islands) and (ii) an extensional domain in northeastern Sicily between the Eolian Islands and Etna, where σ3 is oriented analogously to previously estimated in the easterly confining extensional area of the Messina Straits. General agreement is found between this stress pattern and the GPS crustal displacement vectors reported in the most recent literature for the study region. Moreover, stress inversion enables us to locate the extensional domain more accurately than the presently available GPS data. Finally, the stress orientations estimated in the southern and western sectors of the study area (Etna and western Sicily on and offshore) match well with the displacement fields predicted for Sicily by large-scale models of plate motion, conversely a mismatch is observed in the northeastern sector (Eolian Islands and northeastern Sicily). We suggest that the joint action of Africa–Eurasia convergence and Ionian subduction trench retreat (rollback of the subducting slab) may explain the stress pattern detected in Sicily in the present study. Work for computation of a finite-element regional geodynamic model based on geophysical and geological data collected over the last few years has recently started with the purpose of quantitatively checking this hypothesis.
    Description: Published
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: Crustal seismicity ; Seismogenic stress ; Sicily ; Italy ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 92
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: An anisotropic attenuation law, based on an anisotropic characterization of intensity distribution for seismogenic zones, is proposed. This approach, that distinguishes itself for its consistency to the observed data, initially reconfigured by filtering procedures, is particularly suitable for seismic hazard evaluation.
    Description: Published
    Description: 707-714
    Description: partially_open
    Keywords: Attenuation law ; virtual intensity distribution ; seismic hazard ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 93
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: A digitization has been performed of all volcanic rock fragments, main thrust fronts and fold axes from the 'Synthetic Structural Kinematic Map' as well as of all intrasedimentary magnetic bodies from the map of Cassano et al. These two maps complement each other, and the buried magnetized bodies fill the gaps of volcanic rocks in various regions e.g. in Tuscany. Some other major gaps can be found along the Northern Apennines, the Central and Southern Apennines and the Calabrian arc. A comparison of a map representing the 'Log C - seismic macrozonation index' to the pattern of all volcanic rocks, reveals that more seismic energy is released in those areas where volcanic rocks are absent or where their continuity in space is interrupted. Furthermore seismic activity is inhibited in those areas where minimum values of Bouguer anomalies are recorded.
    Description: Published
    Description: 165-181
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Bouguer anomalyes, Volcanic rocks ; seismogenesis, geodynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.03. Geodesy::04.03.04. Gravity anomalies ; 04. Solid Earth::04.05. Geomagnetism::04.05.07. Rock magnetism ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.05. Volcanic rocks
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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  • 94
    Publication Date: 2017-04-03
    Description: - Many people in this room are geologists (in a broad sense!) - Most of them are (directly or indirectly) involved in Seismic Hazard Assessment at national or local level - Geologists are indeed forcing a revolution in SHA practice. Let’s keep up the good work! - I will be supplying some “food for thought” for an ever-growing community that sometimes needs to look back and recalibrate its efforts - They are here because their work relates somehow to Earthquake Geology
    Description: Unpublished
    Description: Vienna, Austria, 02-07 april 2006
    Description: open
    Keywords: seismic seismic hazard hazard analyses ; geological information ; 04. Solid Earth::04.04. Geology::04.04.11. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: Oral presentation
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  • 95
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: In the last four decades, Campi Flegrei caldera has been the world’s most active caldera characterized by intense unrest episodes involving huge ground deformation and seismicity, but, at the time of writing, has not culminated in an eruption. We present a careful review, with new analyses and interpretation, of all the data and recent research results. We deal with three main problems: the tentative reconstruction of the substructure; the modelling of unrest episodes to shed light on possible pre-eruptive scenarios; and the probabilistic estimation of the hazards from explosive pyroclastic products. The results show, for the first time at a volcano, that a very peculiar mechanism is generating episodes of unrest, involving mainly activation of the geothermal system from deeper magma reservoirs. The character and evolution of unrest episodes is strongly controlled by structural features, like the ring-fault system at the borders of the caldera collapse. The use of detailed volcanological, mathematical and statistical procedures also make it possible to obtain a detailed picture of eruptive hazards in the whole Neapolitan area. The complex behaviour of this caldera, involving interaction between magmatic and geothermal phenomena, sheds light on the dynamics of the most dangerous types of volcanoes in the world.
    Description: Published
    Description: 25-45
    Description: open
    Keywords: NONE ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
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    Type: article
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  • 96
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Compositional, textural and experimental data on products from explosive and effusive eruptions of Neapolitan volcanoes (Campi Flegrei and Somma-Vesuvio) allow us to constrain degassing and fragmentation conditions during eruptions of alkaline magmas. Significant differences in compositional and textural features have been recognized between lavas, scoria and pumice resulting respectively from effusive, moderately and extremely explosive eruptions. Pumice samples have highly-vesicular glassy matrix, low microlite number density and moderate to high water content. Crystal Size Distributions (CSD) are steep with high intercept values; the narrow microlite size range indicates single nucleation event. Scoria products are characterized by moderate vesicularity and water content. They have high number density of microlites which are bimodal in size. CSD show distinct inflections that are explained as two crystal populations growing in distinct time. Lava samples generally have low vesicularities, moderate to high microcrystalline groundmass and low glass water content. The comparison between textural and compositional features of natural rocks with samples obtained by decompression experiments allows us to conclude that degassing processes during magma ascent occurs in near-equilibrium conditions even at high decompression rate. Moderate to long magma rise times, calculated in the order of a few days, produce opendegassing responsible formoderately explosive to effusive activity. Shortmagma rise times, calculated in the order of a fewhours, result in closed-system degassing that allow explosive fragmentation when the volume of growing bubble reaches a fixed threshold. Vesicularity and water content measured on matrix glass of pumice indicate that this process occurs at pressure of 10–30 MPa. In these conditions, degassing, fragmentation and in turn the eruptive style is strongly influenced by initial conditions in themagma chamber (volatile content, temperature, pressure) instead of decompression rate, in contrast with that observed for rhyolitic melts. These differences have important consequences in terms of volcanic hazards and risk. The low-viscosity alkaline magma is able tomaintain efficient degassing even during the final stage of magma ascent, favoring, in the case of closed-system, fragmentation and explosive activity.
    Description: Published
    Description: 164-181
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Campi Flegrei and Somma-Vesuvio ; explosive eruptions ; vesiculation ; crystallization ; degassing ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
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    Type: article
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  • 97
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: IN THE FILE
    Description: Published
    Description: 89-107
    Description: open
    Keywords: NONE ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: book chapter
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  • 98
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    NCGT group - New Concepts in Global Tectonics group
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Short commentary sent to the APRE commission for the Latin American - Europe scientific cooperation
    Description: Analysis of a relocated hypocentres database and of a global volcanic eruptions catalogue has made clear that the South American Pacific margin is a site of peculiar phenomena and related geophysical events. The already known maximum rate of deep earthquakes, the expected mean recurrence time of extreme magnitude earthquakes of a few tens of years, and the closeness of the region to the Nazca triple point – i.e. the region with the maximum rate of sea floor expansion – mean that the Andean margin deserves priority in preparing stable geophysical instrument arrays in anticipation of the next great earthquake, with the aim of increasing our understanding of the real nature of earthquakes, of the real geodynamics of active margins, and of global geodynamics and tectonics
    Description: Published
    Description: 60-68
    Description: 1.2. TTC - Sorveglianza geochimica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: 1.3. TTC - Sorveglianza geodetica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: 1.4. TTC - Sorveglianza sismologica delle aree vulcaniche attive
    Description: 1.5. TTC - Sorveglianza dell'attività eruttiva dei vulcani
    Description: 3.1. Fisica dei terremoti
    Description: 3.2. Tettonica attiva
    Description: 3.3. Geodinamica e struttura dell'interno della Terra
    Description: 3.6. Fisica del vulcanismo
    Description: 4.3. TTC - Scenari di pericolosità vulcanica
    Description: 5.2. TTC - Banche dati di sismologia strumentale
    Description: 5.6. Consulenze nell'ambito di trattati internazionali
    Description: N/A or not JCR
    Description: open
    Keywords: Pacific active margins ; Great earthquakes ; Eruptions rate ; Active margins interpretations ; Global geodynamics ; Expanding Earth ; 04. Solid Earth::04.01. Earth Interior::04.01.04. Mineral physics and properties of rocks ; 04. Solid Earth::04.02. Exploration geophysics::04.02.06. Seismic methods ; 04. Solid Earth::04.02. Exploration geophysics::04.02.07. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.03. Earthquake source and dynamics ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.06. Surveys, measurements, and monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.10. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.06. Seismology::04.06.11. Seismic risk ; 04. Solid Earth::04.07. Tectonophysics::04.07.02. Geodynamics
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 99
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: Knowledge of past precursor patterns is crucial for the correct interpretation of monitoring data and reliable volcano forecasting. In the case of Vesuvius, one of the world’s riskiest volcanoes, very little information is available about unrest signals following long periods of quiescence. The translation and analysis of three Latin treatises written from eye-witnesses immediately after the A.D. 1631 subplinian eruption allowed us to reconstruct the sequence of precursors. The progression in the signals was remarkably clear starting at least two to three weeks before the event. Widespread gas emission from the ground coupled with deformation was followed by an increase in seismic activity in the eight days before the eruption. Seismicity escalated both in frequency and intensity in the night before the eruption, heralding the opening of fissures on the volcanic cone. The details of phenomena occurring in the medium-term (months before the eruption) are difficult to evaluate, though it is worth noticing that no major tectonic earthquakes were felt in the area of the volcano. Civil protection preparedness plans should be organized in order to complete the evacuation of people in a time span significantly shorter than the duration of expected short-term precursors.
    Description: Published
    Description: L18317
    Description: JCR Journal
    Description: reserved
    Keywords: Vesuvius ; A. D. 1631 ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.99. General or miscellaneous ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
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  • 100
    Publication Date: 2017-04-04
    Description: One of the main objectives of the project “Development and application of remote sensing methods for the monitoring of active Italian volcanoes” is directed to an operational use of differential interferometry as a tool for volcano monitoring. A first step to achieve this goal is to test commercial software in order to evaluate the most suitable for the project purposes. For testing software, SAR images collected by ERS2 from May 98 to August 98, before and after the strong eruptive event occurred on 22 July 98 at Voragine crater of Etna, have been selected. The explosive event was classified sub-plinian producing a 12 km high eruptive column and lapilli fell on land as far as 70 km south-eastward along the dispersal axis. Pre, post and across event image pairs have been processed. In particular the pair 13 May 98-22 July 98, 22 July 98-26 August 98, 13 May 98-26 August 98 are used for testing respectively pre, post and across event. In first analysis, the fringes in the differential products show a positive elevation trend in the summit area of the volcano. In particular, an increased of about 1,5 fringes in the period pre-event, and a decrement of 1 fringe in the period post-event is observed. This result is agreement whit field of deformation expected in such kind of event, confirming that the interferometric processing tool used id suitable for the purpose of the project.
    Description: Published
    Description: 15-20
    Description: open
    Keywords: SAR interferometry ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.06. Volcano monitoring ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.07. Instruments and techniques ; 04. Solid Earth::04.08. Volcanology::04.08.08. Volcanic risk
    Repository Name: Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV)
    Type: article
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