ALBERT

Description / Table of Contents: Oxygen and silicon are the two most common elements in the earth's crust, together constituting an estimated 74.32 weight % and 83.77 atom % of crustal rocks (Mason and Moore, 1982). Thus, it is not surprising that SiO2 or silica, is the most abundant oxide on the earth's surface. In his widely cited survey, Clarke (1904) calculated that quartz alone comprises 12.0% of the crust by volume, ranking behind the mineral groups that include feldspar (59.5%) and amphibole/pyroxene (16.8%). Consequently, research into the silica system is motivated foremost by the prevalence of silica in man's immediate environment. The ubiquity of silica in igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary rocks has led earth scientists to seek its uses as an indicator of large-scale geological processes, ranging from mountain-building to meteorite impacts. In industry, quartz has long played a prosaic but essential role as an inexpensive and relatively inert constituent of concrete aggregates, and modern electronics technology still relies on quartz oscillators. Silica phases also have played a prominent role in our understanding of the solid state. Physicists first discovered optical activity in crystals and the existence of soft modes during their investigations of quartz. Many scientists have written substantial reviews documenting the importance of silica in the earth, materials, and physical sciences. Notable among these are Robert Sosman, who followed his Properties of Silica (1927) with The Phases of Silica (1965), and Clifford Frondel, who devoted the third volume of Dana's System of Mineralogy (1962) exclusively to the silica minerals. These treatises continue to serve as encyclopedic resources for those interested in silica, and their historical analyses and descriptions of mineral varieties, morphologies, and localities will remain forever useful. Nevertheless, the past three decades have witnessed a first-order expansion of our knowledge of the silica system, and it is time to provide an updated silica review. The present volume focuses on the most recent developments, and it is intended to supplement rather than replace the earlier works of Sosman and Frondel. The contributions to this volume cover silica chemistry in the following fashion: Chapters 1 through 3 describe the crystal structures and phase transitions of silica and its stuffed derivatives. Recent studies of the low-pressure polymorphs quartz, tridymite, and cristobalite have demonstrated unusual superperiodic phases and other anomalies associated with structural transformations (Chapter 1). Spectacular progress in multianvil and diamond cell technologies has made the high-pressure regime accessible, revealing new transitions in the coesite and stishovite systems as well as the phenomenon of pressureinduced amorphization (Chapter 2). Stoichiometric substitution of cations within the frameworks of both low- and high-pressure polymorphs produces a dizzying variety of derivative compounds that are of geological and industrial importance (Chapter 3). Chapters 4 through 9 bridge the relationship between the microstructural character of real silica minerals and the behavior of silica in the geological environment. Incorporation of small amounts of H dramatically weakens quartz exposed to stress (Chapter 4). Consequently, tectonic pressures may lead not to brittle fracture but to the production of high densities of dislocations and preferred orientation in polycrystalline quartz (Chapter 5). The low pressures and temperatures in sedimentary settings may promote the crystallization of highly defective silica phases that are frequently metastable (Chapter 6); through diagenetic processes, these minerals anneal to macrocrystalline quartz (Chapter 7). The nature of the surface structure of quartz strongly influences the mechanisms and kinetics of silica dissolution in aqueous fluids (Chapter 8). Chapters 9 through 13 treat the basic physical properties of the phases of silica. Recent calorimetric studies of some of the more unusual silica compounds have added insight into the stability of the silica framework (Chapter 9). Quantum mechanical considerations of the Si-O bond have yielded a fundamental understanding of the bond lengths and angles within the polymorphous silica system (Chapter 10). Calculations based upon first-principles theory have achieved significant success in explaining and predicting silica transitions at high temperatures and pressures (Chapter 11). Spectroscopic analyses of silica (Chapters 12 and 13) have revealed vibrational behaviors in response to variations in temperature, pressure, and composition that have deepened our understanding of the dynamic interactions within the silica structure. Chapters 14 through 16 detail the uses of silica for industrial purposes. For instance, doping silica with other cations produces ceramics with low expansion on heating (Chapter 14), and high-silica zeolites are being explored for their properties as catalysts and molecular sieves (Chapter 15). High concentrations of silica dust in the workplace long have been linked with the incidence of respiratory diseases, such as silicosis, and recent evidence suggests that crystalline silica may be carcinogenic (Chapter 16).

Description / Table of Contents: Phase transformations occur in most types of materials, including ceramics, metals, polymers, diverse organic and inorganic compounds, minerals, and even crystalline viruses. They have been studied in almost all branches of science, but particularly in physics, chemistry, engineering, materials science and earth sciences. In some cases the objective has been to produce materials in which phase transformations are suppressed, to preserve the structural integrity of some engineering product, for example, while in other cases the objective is to maximise the effects of a transformation, so as to enhance properties such as superconductivity, for example. A long tradition of studying transformation processes in minerals has evolved from the need to understand the physical and thermodynamic properties of minerals in the bulk earth and in the natural environment at its surface. The processes of interest have included magnetism, ferroelasticity, ferroelectricity, atomic ordering, radiation damage, polymorphism, amorphisation and many others-in fact there are very few minerals which show no influence of transformation processes in the critical range of pressures and temperatures relevant to the earth. As in all other areas of science, an intense effort has been made to tum qualitative understanding into quantitative description and prediction via the simultaneous development of theory, experiments and simulations. In the last few years rather fast progress has been made in this context, largely through an interdisciplinary effort, and it seemed to us to be timely to produce a review volume for the benefit of the wider scientific community which summarises the current state of the art. The selection of transformation processes covered here is by no means comprehensive, but represents a coherent view of some of the most important processes which occur specifically in minerals.

Description / Table of Contents: Contents:Crystal Structure - Species - Crystallisation.- Crystal Chemistry of Clay Minerals.- Energy Balances.- Isotopic Composition of Clay Minerals.- Surface Properties.- Clays in Soils and Weathered Rocks.- Clays in Sedimentary Environments.- Diagenesis and Very Low-Grade Metamorphism.- Hydrothermal Process- Thermal Metamorphism.- Clays Under Extreme Conditions

Description / Table of Contents: Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) is of major interest to radar professionals because it allows them to obtain high-resolution images with unsurpassed clarity from satellites that take pictures of the earth's surface in all weather conditions. This cutting-edge resource offers complete "how to" guidance on digital processing of synthetic aperture radar (SAR) data. Professionals discover precisely how this radar system works and gain an in-depth understanding of the properties of SAR data. The book explains how digital computers are used to form the focused image and provides practitioners with state-of-the-art processing algorithms that they can use for their projects. Written from a signal processing point of view, this authoritative volume can be fully understood by professionals and students with a general electrical engineering background.

Description / Table of Contents: Inhalt: 1 Tone und Tongesteine. - 2 Aufbau und Strukturprinzipien der silicatischen Tonminerale. - 3 Systematik der Tonmineralstrukturen. - 4 Tonmineralneubildung und ihre Voraussetzungen. - 5 Spezielle Tonmineralogie. - 6 Spezielle Eigenschaften der silicatischen Tonkomponenten. - 7 Tonminerale in einer anthropogen veränderten Umwelt. - 8 Hinweise zur mineralogischen Untersuchung von Tongesteinen. - Anhang: Zusammensetzung und Eigenschaften wichtiger Tonminerale. - Anmerkungen. - Literatur. - Sachregister

Description / Table of Contents: Die Tonminerale gehören u. a. wegen ihrer hohen Reaktionsempfindlichkeit gegenüber Milieuveränderungen zu den eigentümlichsten Erscheinungen unserer anorganischen Welt. Sie nehmen in einigen Bereichen der gegenwärtigen Umweltproblematik geradezu (nicht immer klar erkannte) Schlüsselpositionen ein - so z. B. bei den Waldschäden. So wurde in diesem Buch versucht, nach einleitenden Betrachtungen zur Verbreitung und Genese von Tongesteinen und neben einer zusammenfassenden Darstellung der heutigen Tonmineralogie, vor allem das Verhalten der Tone und Tonminerale durch Ableitung von ihren Struktureigenschaften auch einem breiteren Interessentenkreis verständlich zu machen.

Description / Table of Contents: When Van't Hoff calculated the effect of solution composition on the gypsum-anhydrite transition a century ago, he solved a significant geochemical problem (Hardie, 1967). Other well known examples of the early use of chemical thermodynamics in geology are Bowen's calculations of the plagioclase melting loop and the diopside-anorthite eutectic (Bowen, 1913, 1928). Except for a few specialists, however, these techniques were largely ignored by earth scientists during the first half of the 20th century. The situation changed dramatically by the 1950's when more and better thermodynamic data on geologic materials became available, and when thermodynamic arguments of increasing sophistication began to permeate the petrologic and geochemical literature. This rejuvenation was spearheaded by D.S. Korzhinskii, H. Ramberg, J.B. Thompson, J. Verhoogen and others. Today a graduating petrologist or geochemist can be expected to have a thorough grounding in geological thermodynamics. Rapid intellectual growth in a field brings with it the difficulty of keeping abreast of parallel and diverging specialties. In order to alleviate this problem, we asked a group of active researchers to contribute up-to-date summaries relating to their specialties in the thermodynamic modeling of geological materials, in particular minerals, fluids and melts. Whereas each of these topics could fill a book, by covering the whole range we hope to emphasize similarities as much as differences in the treatment of various materials. For instance, there are useful parallels to be noted between Margules parameters and Pitzer coefficients. The emphasis here is on modeling, after the required data have been collected, and the approach ranges form theoretical to empirical. We deliberately imposed few restrictions on the authors. Some chose to interpret modeling in the rigorous thermodynamic sense, while others approached their topics from more general geochemical viewpoints. We hope that any lack of unity and balance is compensated for by a collection of lively and idiosyncratic essays in which students and professionals will find new ideas and helpful hints. If the selection appears tilted towards fluids, it is because other recent summaries have emphasized minerals and melts. The editors and authors of this volume presented a short course, entitled "Thermodynamic Modeling of Geological Materials: Minerals, Fluids amd Melts," October 22-25, 1987, at the Wickenburg Inn near Phoenix, Arizona.

Description / Table of Contents: The review chapters in this volume were the basis for a short course on molecular modeling theory jointly sponsored by the Geochemical Society (GS) and the Mineralogical Society of America (MSA) May 18-20, 2001 in Roanoke, Virginia which was held prior to the 2001 Goldschmidt Conference in nearby Hot Springs, Virginia. Dr. William C. Luth has had a long and distinguished career in research, education and in the government. He was a leader in experimental petrology and in training graduate students at Stanford University. His efforts at Sandia National Laboratory and at the Department of Energy's headquarters resulted in the initiation and long-term support of many of the cutting edge research projects whose results form the foundations of these short courses. Bill's broad interest in understanding fundamental geochemical processes and their applications to national problems is a continuous thread through both his university and government career. He retired in 1996, but his efforts to foster excellent basic research, and to promote the development of advanced analytical capabilities gave a unique focus to the basic research portfolio in Geosciences at the Department of Energy. He has been, and continues to be, a friend and mentor to many of us. It is appropriate to celebrate his career in education and government service with this series of courses in cutting-edge geochemistry that have particular focus on Department of Energy-related science, at a time when he can still enjoy the recognition of his contributions. Molecular modeling methods have become important tools in many areas of geochemical and mineralogical research. Theoretical methods describing atomistic and molecular-based processes are now commonplace in the geosciences literature and have helped in the interpretation of numerous experimental, spectroscopic, and field observations. Dramatic increases in computer power-involving personal computers, workstations, and massively parallel supercomputers-have helped to increase our knowledge of the fundamental processes in geochemistry and mineralogy. All researchers can now have access to the basic computer hardware and molecular modeling codes needed to evaluate these processes. The purpose of this volume of Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry is to provide the student and professional with a general introduction to molecular modeling methods and a review of various applications of the theory to problems in the geosciences. Molecular mechanics methods that are reviewed include energy minimization, lattice dynamics, Monte Carlo methods, and molecular dynamics. Important concepts of quantum mechanics and electronic structure calculations, including both molecular orbital and density functional theories, are also presented. Applications cover a broad range of mineralogy and geochemistry topics-from atmospheric reactions to fluid-rock interactions to properties of mantle and core phases. Emphasis is placed on the comparison of molecular simulations with experimental data and the synergy that can be generated by using both approaches in tandem. We hope the content of this review volume will help the interested reader to quickly develop an appreciation for the fundamental theories behind the molecular modeling tools and to become aware of the limits in applying these state-of-the-art methods to solve geosciences problems.

Description / Table of Contents: Mineralogy and Geology of Natural Zeolites was published in 1977. Dr. Fred Mumpton, a leader of the natural zeolite community for more than three decades, edited the original volume. Since the time of the original MSA zeolite short course in November 1977, there have been major developments concerning almost all aspects of natural zeolites. There has been an explosion in our knowledge of the crystal chemistry and structures of natural zeolites (Chapters 1 and 2), due in part to the now-common Rietveld method that allows treatment of powder diffraction data. Studies on the geochemistry of natural zeolites have also greatly increased, partly as a result of the interests related to the disposal of radioactive wastes, and Chapters 3, 4, 5, 13, and 14 detail the latest results in this important area. Until the latter part of the 20th century, zeolites were often looked upon as a geological curiosity, but they are now known to be widespread throughout the world in sedimentary and igneous deposits and in soils (Chapters 6-12). Likewise, borrowing from new knowledge gained from studies of synthetic zeolites and properties of natural zeolites, the application of natural zeolites has greatly expanded since the first zeolite volume. Chapter 15 details the use of natural zeolites for removal of ammonium ions, heavy metals, radioactive cations, and organic molecules from natural waters, wastewaters, and soils. Similarly, Chapter 16 describes the use of natural zeolites as building blocks and cements in the building industry, Chapter 17 outlines their use in solar energy storage, heating, and cooling applications, and Chapter 18 describes their use in a variety of agricultural applications, including as soil conditioners, slow-release fertilizers, soil-less substrates, carriers for insecticides and pesticides, and remediation agents in contaminated soils. Most of the material in this volume is entirely new, and Natural Zeolites: Occurrence, Properties, Applications presents a fresh and expanded look at many of the subjects contained in Volume 4. It is our hope that this new, expanded volume will rekindle interest in this fascinating and technologically important group of minerals, in part through the 'Suggestions for Further Research' section in each chapter.

Description / Table of Contents: The first half-century of X-ray crystallography, beginning with the elucidation of the sodium chloride structure in 1914, was devoted principally to the determination of increasingly complex atomic topologies at ambient conditions. The pioneering work of the Braggs, Pauling, Wyckoff, Zachariasen and many other investigators revealed the structural details and underlying crystal chemical principles for most rock-forming minerals (see, for example, Crystallography in North America, edited by D. McLachlan and J. P. Glusker, NY, American Crystallographic Association, 1983). These studies laid the crystallographic foundation for modem mineralogy. The past three decades have seen a dramatic expansion of this traditional crystallographic role to the study of the relatively subtle variations of crystal structure as a function of temperature, pressure, or composition. Special sessions on "High temperature crystal chemistry" were first held at the Spring Meeting of the American Geophysical Union (April 19, 1972) and the Ninth International Congress of Crystallography (August 30, 1972). The Mineralogical Society of America subsequently published a special 11-paper section of American Mineralogist entitled "High Temperature Crystal Chemistry," which appeared as Volume 58, Numbers 5 and 6, Part I in July-August, 1973. The first complete three-dimensional structure refinements of minerals at high pressure were completed in the same year on calcite (Merrill and Bassett, Acta Crystallographica B31, 343-349, 1975) and on gillespite (Hazen and Burnham, American Mineralogist 59, 1166-1176, 1974). Rapid advances in the field of non-ambient crystallography prompted Hazen and Finger to prepare the monograph Comparative Crystal Chemistry: Temperature, Pressure, Composition and the Variation of Crystal Structure (New York: Wiley, 1982). At the time, only about 50 publications documenting the three-dimensional variation of crystal structures at high temperature or pressure had been published, though general crystal chemical trends were beginning to emerge. That work, though increasingly out of date, remained in print until recently as the only comprehensive overview of experimental techniques, data analysis, and results for this crystallographic sub-discipline. This Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry volume was conceived as an updated version of Comparative Crystal Chemistry. A preliminary chapter outline was drafted at the Fall 1998 American Geophysical Union meeting in San Francisco by Ross Angel, Robert Downs, Larry Finger, Robert Hazen, Charles Prewitt and Nancy Ross. In a sense, this volume was seen as a "changing of the guard" in the study of crystal structures at high temperature and pressure. Larry Finger retired from the Geophysical Laboratory in July, 1999, at which time Robert Hazen had shifted his research focus to mineral-mediated organic synthesis. Many other scientists, including most of the authors in this volume, are now advancing the field by expanding the available range of temperature and pressure, increasing the precision and accuracy of structural refinements at non-ambient conditions, and studying ever more complex structures. The principal objective of this volume is to serve as a comprehensive introduction to the field of high-temperature and high-pressure crystal chemistry, both as a guide to the dramatically improved techniques and as a summary of the voluminous crystal chemical literature on minerals at high temperature and pressure. The book is largely tutorial in style and presentation, though a basic knowledge of X-ray crystallographic techniques and crystal chemical principles is assumed. The book is divided into three parts. Part I introduces crystal chemical considerations of special relevance to non-ambient crystallographic studies. Chapter 1 treats systematic trends in the variation of structural parameters, including bond distances, cation coordination, and order-disorder with temperature and pressure, while Chapter 2 considers P-V-T equation-of-state formulations relevant to x-ray structure data. Chapter 3 reviews the variation of thermal displacement parameters with temperature and pressure. Chapter 4 describes a method for producing revealing movies of structural variations with pressure, temperature or composition, and features a series of "flip-book" animations. These animations and other structural movies are also available as a supplement to this volume on the Mineralogical Society of America web site at RiMG041 Programs. Part II reviews the temperature- and pressure-variation of structures in major mineral groups. Chapter 5 presents crystal chemical systematics of high-pressure silicate structures with six-coordinated silicon. Subsequent chapters highlight temperature- and pressure variations of dense oxides (Chapter 6), orthosilicates (Chapter 7), pyroxenes and other chain silicates (Chapter 8), framework and other rigid-mode structures (Chapter 9), and carbonates (Chapter 10). Finally, the variation of hydrous phases and hydrogen bonding are reviewed in Chapter 11, while molecular solids are summarized in Chapter 12. Part III presents experimental techniques for high-temperature and high-pressure studies of single crystals (Chapters 13 and 14, respectively) and polycrystalline samples (Chapter 15). Special considerations relating to diffractometry on samples at non-ambient conditions are treated in Chapter 16. Tables in these chapters list sources for relevant hardware, including commercially available furnaces and diamond-anvil cells. Crystallographic software packages, including diffractometer operating systems, have been placed on the Mineralogical Society web site for this volume. This volume is not exhaustive and opportunities exist for additional publications that review and summarize research on other mineral groups. A significant literature on the high-temperature and high-pressure structural variation of sulfides, for example, is not covered here. Also missing from this compilation are references to a variety of studies of halides, layered oxide superconductors, metal alloys, and a number of unusual silicate structures.

Description / Table of Contents: This volume represents the proceedings of a course by the same title held at Harbor House Resort and Conference Center on Nantucket Island off the coast of Massachusetts, October 22-24, 1993. Numerous minerals are known to induce pulmonary diseases. The asbestos minerals (chrysotile and asbestiform amphiboles) are by far the most infamous. However, a number of silica polymorphs, clays, and zeolites have also been studied in great detail, as have several titania polymorphs, hematite, and magnetite (which are often used as negative controls in biological experiments). In fact, the relatively recent attention received by erionite (a fibrous zeolite) has arguably made it the most notorious of the minerals studied thus far. The processes that lead to the development of disease (or pathogenesis) by minerals very likely occur at or near the mineral-fluid interface (as do many geochemical processes!). Thus the field of "mineral-induced pathogenesis" is a prime candidate for interdisciplinary research, involving mineral scientists, health scientists, petrologists, pathologists, geochemists, biochemists, and surface scientists, to name a few. The success of such an interdisciplinary approach rests on the ability of scientists in very different fields to communicate, and this is hampered by vocabulary barriers and an unfamiliarity with concepts, approaches, and problems. It can be difficult enough for a geoscientist or bioscientist to maintain fluency in the many fields tangential to his or her own field, and this problem is only exacerbated when one investigates problems that are crossdisciplinary. Nevertheless, important advances can be facilitated if these barriers are overcome. This review volume and the short course upon which it was based are intended to provide some of the necessary tools for the researcher interested in this area of interdisciplinary research. The chapters present several of the important problems, concepts, and approaches from both the geological and biological ends of the spectrum. These two extremes are partially integrated throughout the book by cross-referencing between chapters. Chapter 1 also presents a general introduction into the ways in which these two areas overlap. However, many of the areas ripe for the interdisciplinarian will become obvious after reading the various chapters. The final chapter of this book discusses some of the regulatory aspects of minerals. Ultimately, the regulatory arena is where this type of interdisciplinary approach can make an impact, and hopefully better communication between all parties will accomplish this goal. A glossary is included at the end of this book, because the complexity of scientific terms in the two fields can thwart even the most enthusiastic of individuals.

Description / Table of Contents: Für die Beantwortung verschiedener Fragestellungen im Siedlungsraum werden kleinräumige Informationen zur Siedlungsstruktur (funktional, morphologisch und sozio-ökonomisch) benötigt. Der Gebäudebestand spielt eine besondere Rolle, da dieser die physische Struktur prägt und sich durch dessen Nutzung Verteilungsmuster von Wohnungen, Arbeitsstätten und Infrastrukturen ergeben. In amtlichen Geodaten, Karten und Diensten des Liegenschaftskatasters und der Landesvermessung sind die Gebäude in ihrem Grundriss modelliert. Diese besitzen allerdings nur selten explizite semantische Informationen zum Gebäudetyp. Es stellt sich die Frage, ob und wie genau eine automatische Erkennung von Gebäudetypen unter Nutzung von Methoden der Geoinformatik, der Mustererkennung und des maschinellen Lernens möglich ist.In diesem Buch werden methodische Bausteine zur automatischen Klassifizierung von Gebäudegrundrissen vorgestellt. Im Kern werden Fragen beantwortet zu den Datenanforderungen, der Gebäudetypologie, der Merkmalsgewinnung sowie zu geeigneten Klassifikationsverfahren und den Klassifikationsgenauigkeiten, die abhängig von Eingangsdaten, Siedlungstyp und Trainingsdatenmenge erzielt werden können. Der Random-Forest-Algorithmus zeigte die höchste Flexibilität, Generalisierungsfähigkeit und Effizienz und wurde als bestes Klassifikationsverfahren identifiziert.Die Arbeit leistet einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Gewinnung kleinräumiger Informationen zur Siedlungsstruktur. Die entwickelte Methodik ermöglicht ein breites Anwendungsspektrum in der Wissenschaft, Planung, Politik und Wirtschaft (u. a. Stadt- und Regionalplanung, Infrastrukturplanung, Risikomanagement, Energiebedarfsplanung oder dem Geomarketing).

Description / Table of Contents: 1. Remote Sensing and the Science, Monitoring, and Management of Aquatic Coastal Ecosystems / Richardson, LeDrew.- Section I. Science Applications.- 2. Extreme Events and Perturbations of Coastal Ecosystems / Skirving, Strong, Liu, Arzayus, Liu Sapper.- 3. Optical Remote Sensing Techniques to Estimate Phytoplankton Chlorophyll A Concentrations in Coastal Waters with Varying Suspended Matter and Cdom Concentrations / Schalles.- 4. A Tool for Inverse Modeling of Spectral Measurements in Deep and Shallow Waters / Gege, Albert.- 5. Integration of Coral Reef Ecosystem Process Studies and Remote Sensing / Brock, Yates, Halley.- Section II. Monitoring Applications.- 6. Infrastructure and Capabilities of a Near Real-Time Meteorological and Oceanographic in Situ Instrumented Array, and its Role in Marine Environmental Decision Support / Hendee, Stabenau, Florit, Manzello, Jeffris.- 7. Airborne Laser Altimetry for Predictive Modeling of Coastal Storm-Surge Flooding / Webster, Forbes.- 8. Integration of New Data Types with Historical Archives to Provide Insight into Coastal Change and Variability / Gebelein.- Section III. Management Applications.- 9. Observing Coastal Waters with Spaceborne Sensors / Whitehouse, Hutt.- 10. The Role of Integrated Information Acquisition and Management in the Analysis of Coastal Ecosystem Change / Phinn, Joyce, Scarth, Roelfsema.- 11. Mapping of Coral Reefs for Management of Marine Protected Areas in Developing Nations Using Remote Sensing / Newman, LeDrew, Lim.- 12. Data Synthesis for Coastal and Coral Reef Ecosystem Management at Regional and Global Scales / Robinson, Andréfouët, Burke.- 13. Recommendations for Scientists and Managers for Application of Remote Sensing to Coastal Waters / LeDrew, Richardson.

Description / Table of Contents: At the time of the first printing (1996), interest in the element boron was growing rapidly. We felt that it was an opportune moment to ask investigators active in research on boron to review developments in their respective fields so that readers could learn what was-and wasn't-known about boron and its minerals, geochemistry and petrology. Since 1996, interest in boron has, if anything, increased, and continued demand for the Reviews in Mineralogy "boron bible" has motivated the Mineralogical Society of America to reprint the volume. Demand is reflected in citations, and according to ISI's Science Citation Index, the number of citations since publication to the volume is about 380, with some individual chapters having been cited as many as 44 times. In preparation for this printing, authors of 15 of the 19 original chapters have updated, corrected or added to their chapters within the constraints that no pages be added. Most addenda are bibliographies of literature published since 1996; a few also include summaries of significant findings. Addenda for each chapter follow the chapter, except for those for Chapters 1 and 2, which are merged onto pages 115-116 and 385. A table of new B-minerals since 1996 is given on p. 28, and many modifications were made to the table (p. 7-27) of B-minerals known prior to 1996 (corrections to formulae, mineral names, localities, etc.). Similar up-datings of Table 1 (p. 223) in Chapter 5 and numerous tables in Chapter 9 (p. 387) were undertaken, and Figure 15 in Chapter 11 (p. 619), which-embarrassingly-was missing from the first printing, has been supplied. Addenda to Chapter 13 are introduced on p. 744 and completed on p. 863 and 864. The following salient developments in research related to B are mentioned in the addenda: New minerals. Twenty-two boron minerals have been or are about to be described, and four more have been approved by the International Mineralogical Association, representing an increase of 10%, comparable to the increase in the number of all new minerals described during the same period (Anovitz and Grew, Chapter 1) Tourmaline group. In addition to four new tourmaline species, a new classification has been proposed. Another tourmaline, olenite, has been shown to contain substantial amounts of excess B in tetrahedral coordination, a finding that has revolutionized our view of tourmaline crystal chemistry (Werding and Schreyer, Chapter 3; references in addendum to Henry and Dutrow, Chapter 10). Boron isotopes. New techniques for measuring isotope ratios using secondary ion mass spectroscopy (SIMS) with the ion microprobe open up new opportunities for in situ analyses of individual grains and fluid inclusions (Hervig, Chapter 16). Boron isotopes have found applications in paleoceanography and thus add to the tools available for the study of past climates (Palmer and Swihart, Chapter 13). One of the major questions facing the use of hydrogeochemical models is whether or not they can be used with confidence to predict future evolution of groundwater systems. There is much controversy concerning the validity and uncertainties of non-reactive fluid flow systems. Adding chemical interaction to these flow models only confounds the problem. Although such models may accurately integrate the governing physical and chemical equations, many uncertainties are inherent in characterizing the natural system itself. These systems are inherently heterogeneous on a variety of scales rendering it impossible to know precisely the many details of the flow system and chemical composition of the host rock. Other properties of natural systems such as permeability and mineral surface area, to name just two, may never be known with any great precision, and in fact may be unknowable. Because of these uncertainties, it remains an open question as to what extent numerical models of groundwater flow and reactive transport wilI be useful in making accurate quantitative predictions. Nevertheless, reactive transport models should be able to predict the outcome for the particular representation of the porous medium used in the model. Finally, it should be mentioned that numerical models are often our only recourse to analyze such environmental problems as safe disposal of nuclear waste where predictions must be carried out over geologic time spans. Without such models it would be impossible to analyze such systems, because they involve times too long to perform laboratory experiments. The results of model calculations may affect important political decisions that must be made. Therefore, it is all the more important that models be applied and tested in diverse environments so that confidence and understanding of the limitations and strengths of model predictions are understood before irreversible decisions are made that could adversely affect generations to come.

Description / Table of Contents: In Materials Science, investigations aiming to prepare new types of molecular sieves (porous materials) have opened a productive field of research inspired by the crystal structures of minerals. These new molecular sieves are distinct from zeolites in that they have different kinds of polyhedra that build up their structures. Of particular interest are the new molecular sieves characterized by a mixed "octahedral"-tetrahedral framework (heteropolyhedral frameworks), instead of a purely tetrahedral framework as in zeolites. Heteropolyhedral compounds have been extensively studied since the early 1990's, with particular attention having been focused on titanosilicates, such as ETS-4 (synthetic analog of the mineral zorite) and ETS-10. However, titanosilicates are not the only representatives of novel microporous mineral phases. The search for "octahedral"-tetrahedral silicates was extended to metals other than titanium, for instance, the zirconosilicates with the preparation of synthetic counterparts of the minerals gaidonnayite, petarasite and umbite. Many microporous heteropolyhedral compounds containing metals such as Nb, V, Sn, Ca and lanthanides, have been reported and a wide number of distinct structural types (e.g., rhodesite-delhayelite and tobermorite) have been synthesized and structurally characterized. Moreover, the potential applications of these novel materials have been evaluated, particularly in the areas of catalysis, separation of molecular species, ion exchange and optical and magnetic properties. A comprehensive review of the mineralogical, structural, chemical and crystal-chemical studies carried on natural phases may be extremely useful to inspire and favor investigations on analogs or related synthetic materials. A similar synergy between mineralogists and materials scientists already occurred in the "classical" case of zeolites, in which the wide and deep structural and crystal-chemical knowledge accumulated in the study of the natural phases was extraordinarily useful to the chemists who are active in the field of molecular sieves. In particular, the structural investigation of the natural phases may be extremely rewarding and helpful in orienting the work of synthesis and in understanding the nature of the synthetic products, for the following reasons: Whereas rarely the crystalline synthetic products are suitable for single-crystal structural investigations, the natural counterparts are often well crystallized. Crystallization in nature occurs from chemical systems characterized by a wide compositional range, thus producing compounds with a very rich and variable crystal chemistry, which may provide precious information, suggesting possible substituting elements and addressing the synthetic work in a very productive way. The present volume follows a meeting on "Micro- and mesoporous mineral phases" (Rome, December 6-7, 2004) that was jointly organized by the Accademia Nazionale dei Lincei (ANL) and the International Union of Crystallography (IUCr) via its Commission on Inorganic and Mineral Structures (CIMS). The meeting was convened by Fausto Calderazzo, Giovanni Ferraris, Stefano Merlino and Annibale Mottana and financially supported by several other organizations representing both Mineralogy (e.g., the International Mineralogical Association and the European Mineralogical Union) and Crystallography (e.g., the European Crystallographic Association and the Italian Association of Crystallography). To participants, ANL staff, organizations, and, in general, all involved persons, our sincere acknowledgments; in particular, we are grateful to Annibale Mottana who was able to convince the ANL Academicians to schedule and support the meeting. This volume of the RiMG series highlights the present knowledge on micro- and mesoporous mineral phases, with focus on their crystal-chemical aspects, occurrence and porous activity in nature and experiments. As zeolites are the matter of numerous ad hoc meetings and books - including two volumes in this series - they do not specifically appear in the present volume. The phases of the sodalite and cancrinite-davyne groups, which mineralogists consider distinct from zeolites, are instead considered (in the order, chapter 7 by W. Depmeier and part of chapter 8 by E. Bonaccorsi and S. Merlino, respectively). The first two chapters of the volume cover general aspects of porous materials. This includes the application of the IUPAC nomenclature developed for ordered porous materials to non-zeolite mineral phases (L.B. McCusker, chapter 1) and the extension to heteropolyhedral structures of a topological description by using nodes representing the coordination polyhedra (S.V. Krivovichev, chapter 2). Chapters from 3 to 7 are dedicated to various groups of heteropolyhedral porous structures for which the authors emphasize some of the more general aspects according to their research specialization. G. Ferraris and A. Gula (chapter 3) put the emphasis on the modular aspects of well-known porous phases (such as sepiolite, palygorskite and rhodesite-related structures) as well as on heterophyllosilicates that may be not strictly porous phases (according to the definition given in chapter 1) but could be the starting basis for pillared materials. The porous mineral phases typical of hyperalkaline rocks (such as eudialytes and labuntsovites) are discussed by N.V. Chukanov and I.V. Pekov under their crystal-chemical (chapter 4) and minerogenetic (chapter 5) aspects showing the role of ion exchange during the geological evolution from primary to later phases, with experimental cation exchange data also being reported. J. Rocha and Z. Lin (chapter 6) emphasize how research on the synthesis of octahedral-pentahedral-tetrahedral framework silicates has been inspired and motivated by the many examples of such materials provided by nature; synthesis, structure and possible technological applications of a wide number of these materials are also described. Following chapters 7 and 8 - which besides the cancrinite-davyne group, presents the crystallographic features of the minerals in the tobermorite and gyrolite groups - M. Pasero (chapter 9) illustrates the topological and polysomatic aspects of the "tunnel oxides," a historical name applied to porous oxides related to MnO2, and reviews their main technological applications. The next two chapters (10 and 11) draw attention to "unexpected" porous materials like apatite and sulfides. T.J. White and his team (chapter 10) convincingly show that the apatite structure type displays porous properties, some of which are already exploited. Chapter 10 also contains two appendices that report crystal and synthesis data for hundreds of synthetic apatites, a number that demonstrates how wide the interest is for this class of compounds. E. Makovicky (chapter 11) analyzes the structures of natural and synthetic sulfides and selenides showing that, even if experimental work proving porous activity is practically still missing, several structure types display promising channels. Chapter 12, by M. Mellini, is the only one dedicated to mesoporous mineral phases - which are crystalline compounds with pores wider than 2 nm. Examples discussed are carbon nanotubes, fullerenes - which occur also in nature - chrysotile, opal and, moving from channels to cages, clathrates.