ALBERT

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: During the last decades, the monitoring and modelling of various geodynamic processes have gained ever increasing importance. In particular, temporal variations of the deformation and gravity fields recorded by new types of geodetic measuring techniques and reflecting isostatic, tectonic or volcanic processes in the earth's interior as well as climatologically induced changes on its surface have opened new avenues. The present volume succeeds a similar topical volume published in 2007 and reflects the most recent developments in these fields of research. Part of the papers in this book were presented at the second workshop on 'Deformation and Gravity Change: Indicators of Isostasy, Tectonics, Volcanism and Climate Change' that took place at the Casa de los Volcanes on Lanzarote, Spain, during March 27-30, 2007. It was jointly organized and supported by the International Association of Geodesy (IAG), the Spanish Ministry of Education and Science, the Spanish Council for Scientific Research and the Cabildo Insular de Lanzarote. The workshop also served as the second meeting of the members of the IAG Working Group ICCT2 on 'Dynamic Theories of Deformation and Gravity Fields'.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Stress re-distribution as a result of exploitation of mineral, hydrocarbon, geothermal, and water resources cannot be eliminated. The effort must be directed to a better understanding of the underlying processes for the management of the hazard and risk associated with these operations. The study of induced seismicity has continually evolved over the past couple of decades, as underlined by both the number and complexity of applied studies required to satisfy the increased economic demands, assure the safety of the workforce and equipment, and protect the environment. A considerable effort has been put into the development of passive monitoring technology, specialized products and services being available for a wide range of applications. The recording of substantial high quality seismic data has stimulated the work on theoretical and practical aspects related to these applications, involving not only seismological knowledge, but also elements of rock mechanics, and an understanding of mining, geotechnical, and petroleum engineering. Pure and Applied Geophysics has largely contributed to raising the profile of induced seismicity research and its credibility. The range of specific analyses included in the present collection of studies expresses how powerful and resourceful passive seismic monitoring has become to so many applications. Seismic data are routinely evaluated for a series of development activities specific to each application. Engineering practice is continually improved based on trials and analyses of the ground response and stress levels, confirmed through the monitoring of seismicity. We are better equipped than ever to provide management decisions based on formalized, quantitative, and thus objective assessment.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: The discovery of dinosaurs and other large extinct ‘saurians’ - a term under which the Victorians commonly lumped ichthyosaurs, plesiosaurs, pterosaurs and their kin - makes exciting reading and has caught the attention of palaeontologists, historians of science and the general public alike. The papers in this collection go beyond the familiar tales about famous ‘fossil hunters’ and focus on relatively little-known episodes in the discovery and interpretation (from both a scientific and an artistic point of view) of dinosaurs and other inhabitants of the Mesozoic world. They cover a long time span, from the beginnings of ‘modern’ scientific palaeontology in the 1700s to the present, and deal with many parts of the world, from the Yorkshire coast to Central India, from Bavaria to the Sahara. The characters in these stories include professional palaeontologists and geologists (some of them well-known, others quite obscure), explorers, amateur fossil collectors, and artists, linked together by their interest in Mesozoic creatures.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: The Mesozoic Era begins with the approximately 50-million-year-long Triassic Period, a major juncture in Earth history when the vast Pangaean supercontinent completed its assembly and began its fragmentation, and the global biota diversified and modernized after the end-Permian mass extinction, the most extensive biotic decimation of the Phanerozoic. The temporal ordering of geological and biotic events during Triassic time thus is critical to the interpretation of some unique and pivotal events in Earth history. This temporal ordering is mostly based on the Triassic timescale, which has been developed and refined for nearly two centuries. This book reviews the state of the art of the Triassic timescale and includes comprehensive analyses of Triassic radio-isotopic ages, magnetostratigraphy, isotope-based and cyclostratigraphic correlations and timescale -relevant marine and non-marine biostratigraphy.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: This volume honours the career of Brian F. Windley, who has been hugely influential in helping to achieve our current understanding of the evolution of the continental crust, and who has inspired many students and scientists to pursue studies on the evolution of the continents. Brian has studied processes of continental formation and evolution on most continents and of all ages, and has educated and inspired two generations of geologists to undertake careers in studies of continental evolution. The volume is organized into six sections, including: oceanic and island arc systems and continental growth; tectonics of accretionary orogens and continental growth; growth and stabilization of continental crust; collisions and intraplate processes; Precambrian tectonics and the birth of continents; and active tectonics and geomorphology of continental collision and growth zones.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Limestone is a highly successful and widely used building material, found in many important historic buildings and new monuments around the world. Whilst its success reflects its durability under a wide range of environmental conditions, there are still important questions surrounding the selection, use and conservation of building limestones. In order to make best use of new limestone today, and to conserve old limestone most effectively, we need to bring modern research methods to bear on understanding the characteristics of different limestones, what mortars to use, and how key limestones have responded to polluted atmospheres. This volume brings together recent inter-disciplinary research on these issues, illustrating the diversity of innovative techniques that are now being applied to furthering our understanding of building limestones.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: The Zagros fold-thrust belt (ZFTB) extends from Turkey to the Hormuz Strait, resulting from the collision of the Arabian and Eurasian plates during Cenozoic times, and separates the Arabian platform from the large plateaux of central Iran. To the east a pronounced syntaxis marks the transition between the Zagros collision belt and the Makran accretionary wedge. In the ZFTB, the Proterozoic to Recent stratigraphic succession pile is involved in huge folds, and offers the opportunity to study the stratigraphic and tectonic evolution of the Palaeo-Tethyan margin. Few recent data were widely available on the southern Tethys margin preserved in the Zagros Mountains. The Middle East Basins Evolution (MEBE) program was an excellent opportunity to go back to the field and to collect new data to better constrain the evolution of this margin. In this volume the structure of the Zagros Mountains is explored through different scales and using different methodologies.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Onshore fold–thrust belts are commonly perceived as ‘difficult’ places to explore for hydrocarbons and are therefore often avoided. However, these belts host large oil and gas fields and so these barriers to effective exploration mean that substantial unexploited resources may remain. Over time, evaluation techniques have improved. It is possible in certain circumstances to achieve good 3D seismic data. Structural restoration techniques have moved into the 3D domain and increasingly sophisticated palaeo-thermal indicators allow better modelling of burial and uplift evolution of source and reservoirs. Awareness of the influence of pre-thrust structure and stratigraphy and of hybrid thick and thin-skinned deformation styles is augmenting the simplistic geometric models employed in earlier exploration. But progress is a slow, expensive and iterative process. Industry and academia need to collaborate in order to develop and continually improve the necessary understanding of subsurface geometries, reservoir and charge evolution and timing; this publication offers papers on specific techniques, outcrop and field case studies.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Fold-and-thrust belts occur worldwide, have formed in all eras of geological time, and are widely recognized as the most common mode in which the crust accommodates shortening. Much current research on the structure of fold-and-thrust belts is focused on structural studies of regions or individual structures and on the geometry and evolution of these regions employing kinematic, mechanical and experimental modelling. In keeping with the main trends of current research, this title is devoted to the kinematic evolution and structural styles of a number of fold-and-thrust belts formed from Palaeozoic to Recent times. The papers included in this book cover a broad range of different topics, from modelling approaches to predict internal deformation of single structures, 3D reconstructions to decipher the structural evolution of groups of structures, palaeomagnetic studies of portions of fold-and-thrust belts, geometrical and kinematical aspects of Coulomb thrust wedges and structural analyses of fold-and-thrust belts to unravel their sequence of deformations.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: The African continent preserves a long geological record that covers almost 75% of Earth's history. The Pan-Africanorogeny (c.600–500 Ma) brought together old continental kernels (West Africa, Congo, Kalahari and Tanzania) to form Gondwana and subsequently the supercontinent Pangaea by the late Palaeozoic. The break-up of Pangaea since the Jurassic and Cretaceous, primarily through opening of the Central Atlantic, Indian, and South Atlantic oceans, in combination with the complicated subduction history to the north, gradually shaped the African continent. This volume contains 18 contributions that discuss the geology of Africa from the Archaean to the present day. It celebrates African geology in two ways: first, it highlights multidisciplinary Earth science research by viewing the formation and evolution of Africa from 18 different angles; second, it celebrates the work of Kevin Burke and Lewis Ashwal and portrays the wide range of interests and research angles that have characterized these two scientists throughout their careers, working in Africa, and studying African geology.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Der vorliegende Band enthält eine Sammlung von Arbeiten, die sich mit unterschiedlichen Aspekten der geologischen Entwicklung des Leinetalgrabens und seines strukturellen Rahmens befassen. Grundlage stellen neue und ältere, bislang nicht veröffentlichte Ergebnisse dar, die teilweise im Rahmen von geowissenschaftlichen Examensarbeiten erbracht wurden. Diese häufig in Archiven „versteckten“ Daten sollen hiermit interessierten Fachleuten aber auch geologisch interessierten Laien zugänglich gemacht werden. Herausgeber ist die GeothermieGruppeGöttingen (GGG), in der GeowissenschaftlerInnen aus verschiedenen Abteilungen des Geowissenschaftlichen Zentrums der Georg-August-Universität Göttingen (GZG) tätig sind. Aktuelles Forschungsziel der GGG ist, ein dreidimensionales Strukturmodell für die Region Göttingen mit dem Leinetalgraben als zentrale Struktur zu erstellen, das als Grundlage für eine anwendungsbezogene Bewertung geothermischer Potentiale dienen soll.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: The purpose of this book is to put together recent developments on sediment transport and morphological processes. There are twelve chapters in this book contributed by different authors who are currently involved in relevant research. First three chapters provide information on basic and advanced flow mechanisms including turbulence and movement of particles in water. Examples of computational procedures for sediment transport and morphological changes are given in the next five chapters. These include empirical predictions and numerical computations. Chapters nine and ten present some insights on environmental concerns with sediment transport. Last two contributions deal with two large-scale case studies related to changes in the transport and provenance of glacial marine sediments, and processes involving land slides.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Living with natural hazards in the Asia–Pacific region / James R. Goff and James P. Terry / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 361, 1-2, 1 January 2012, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP361.1 --- The special vulnerability of Asia–Pacific islands to natural hazards / James P. Terry and James R. Goff / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 361, 3-5, 1 January 2012, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP361.2 --- Flood generation during the SW monsoon season in northern Thailand / Han She Lim and Kanokporn Boochabun / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 361, 7-20, 1 January 2012, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP361.3 --- Marine inundation hazards in French Polynesia: geomorphic impacts of Tropical Cyclone Oli in February 2010 / Samuel Etienne / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 361, 21-39, 1 January 2012, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP361.4 --- Records of submarine natural hazards off SW Taiwan / Chih-Chieh Su, Jing-Yi Tseng, Ho-Han Hsu, Cheng-Shing Chiang, Ho-Shing Yu, Saulwood Lin and James T. Liu / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 361, 41-60, 1 January 2012, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP361.5 --- Bedding structures in Indian tsunami deposits that provide clues to the dynamics of tsunami inundation / Adam D. Switzer, S. Srinivasalu, N. Thangadurai and V. Ram Mohan / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 361, 61-77, 1 January 2012, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP361.6 --- Tsunami hazard related to a flank collapse of Anak Krakatau Volcano, Sunda Strait, Indonesia / T. Giachetti, R. Paris, K. Kelfoun and B. Ontowirjo / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 361, 79-90, 1 January 2012, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP361.7 --- An examination of hazard communication logs and public response during the 1946 and 1960 tsunamis that impacted Hilo, Hawaii / Jeanne B. Johnston, Deanne K. Bird, James R. Goff and Walter C. Dudley / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 361, 91-105, 1 January 2012, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP361.8 --- Towards better design and management of tsunami evacuation routes: a case study of Ao Jak Beach Road / Alan D. Ziegler, Roy C. Sidle, Mandy S. Song, Zuo Jin Ang and Decha Duangnamon / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 361, 107-114, 1 January 2012, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP361.9 --- GIS-based techniques for assessing the vulnerability of buildings to tsunami: current approaches and future steps / C. Tarbotton, D. Dominey-Howes, J. R. Goff, M. Papathoma-Kohle, F. Dall'Osso and I. L. Turner / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 361, 115-125, 1 January 2012, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP361.10 --- Impacts, recovery and resilience of Thai tourist coasts to the 2004 Indian Ocean Tsunami / Poh Poh Wong / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 361, 127-138, 1 January 2012, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP361.11 --- Earthquake catastrophe models in disaster response planning, risk mitigation and financing in developing countries in Asia / Nigel Winspear, Rade Musulin and Mohan Sharma / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 361, 139-150, 1 January 2012, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP361.12 --- Geological hazards of SW Natib Volcano, site of the Bataan Nuclear Power Plant, the Philippines / A. M. F. Lagmay, R. Rodolfo, H. Cabria, J. Soria, P. Zamora, C. Abon, C. Lit, M. R. T. Lapus, E. Paguican, M. G. Bato, G. Tiu, E. Obille, N. E. Pellejera, P. C. Francisco, R. N. Eco and J. Aviso / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 361, 151-169, 1 January 2012, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP361.13 --- Influence of the institutional and socio-economic context for responding to disasters: case study of the 1994 and 2006 eruptions of the Merapi Volcano, Indonesia / Estuning Tyas Wulan Mei and Franck Lavigne / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 361, 171-186, 1 January 2012, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP361.14 --- Exploratory spatial analysis of typhoon characteristics in the North Pacific basin / Chen-Chieh Feng and James P. Terry / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 361, 187-194, 1 January 2012, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP361.15 --- Geovisualization of tropical cyclone behaviour in the South Pacific / Gennady A. Gienko and James P. Terry / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 361, 195-208, 1 January 2012, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP361.16 --- The value of a Pacific-wide tsunami database to risk reduction: putting theory into practice / James R. Goff, Catherine Chagué-Goff and James P. Terry / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 361, 209-220, 1 January 2012, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP361.17

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: PRELIMINARY PREFACE TO NMSOP-2 Ten years have passed since the first printed edition of the IASPEI New Manual of Seismological Observatory Practice (NMSOP 2002). Some 2,000 hard copies are currently in use in more than 100 countries at seismological observatories, data and analysis centers, in teaching, research, and field applications, national and international seismology training courses, or by private enterprises and individual scientists. In 2006, Seismological Press Beijing published a two-volume hard cover edition in Chinese. In 2010 the Badan Meteorologi Klimatologi dan Geofisika (BMKG) in Jakarta, with support of the Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), published the first 3 Chapters of NMSOP in (Bahasa) Indonesian language. Three more Chapters are currently being translated and scheduled for publication in 2012. The first four Chapters have been translated into Turkish, with more being in preparation, and Russian translations of several NMSOP Chapters are used at seismological observatories and analysis centers in Russia and other countries of the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) already since 2006. Such global adaptation and use signals a growing demand for the kind of information provided by the NMSOP and time for a rigorous update. NMSOP-2 will be published as a pure electronic edition. It is again the result of a great cooperative international effort: 73 authors from 18 countries have contributed to (or are still working on) it. More than 70 experts from 20 countries provided peer reviews, and Dr. Siegfried Wendt, himself author and co-author of several contributions to this Manual, has compiled a long-period filtered teleseismic broadband record section of the Collm (CLL) observatory in Germany, which now embellishes the front cover page of NMSOP-2. In this spirit, with this aim, the NMSOP needs to be maintained and further developed under the auspices of IASPEI and its Commission on Seismological Observation and Interpretation (CoSOI). Only then is it assured that the seismological community can always refer to an up-to-date and IASPEI-authorized guidance in observatory practice in the widest sense of modern applications [...]

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: This book brings together the knowledge from a variety of topics within the field of geochemistry. The audience for this book consists of a multitude of scientists such as physicists, geologists, technologists, petroleum engineers, volcanologists, geochemists and government agencies. The topics represented facilitate as establishing a starting point for new ideas and further contributions. An effective management of geological and environmental issues requires the understanding of recent research in minerals, soil, ores, rocks, water, sediments. The use of geostatistical and geochemical methods relies heavily on the extraction of this book. The research presented was carried out by experts and is therefore highly recommended to scientists, under- and post-graduate students who want to gain knowledge about the recent developments in geochemistry and benefit from an enhanced understanding of the dynamics of the earth's system processes.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: This special issue of Pure and Applied Geophysics is one of two volumes containing an augmented collection of papers originating from the Evison Symposium on Seismogenesis and Earthquake Forecasting held in Wellington, New Zealand, in February 2008. The volumes honor Frank Evison's interest in earthquake generation and forecasting. A biography of Frank Evison and a list of his publications is included, as well as review papers and new research papers in the field. The volume includes papers related to Frank's most abiding interest of precursory earthquake swarms. The research contributions cover a range of current forecasting methods such as the Epidemic-Type Aftershock model, the Every Earthquake a precursor According to Scale model, Pattern Informatics, Reverse Tracing of Precursors, stochastic models of elastic rebound, and methods for handling multiple precursors. The methods considered employ a variety of statistical approaches to using previous seismicity to forecast future earthquakes, including regional and global earthquake likelihood models and alarm-type forecasts. The forecast time-frames of interest range from the short time-frame associated with clustering of aftershocks to the long time-frame associated with recurrence of major earthquakes. A recurring theme is the assessment of forecasting performance, whether by likelihood scores, skill scores, error diagrams, or relative operating characteristic tests. The volume will be useful to students and professional researchers who are interested in the earthquake preparation process and in converting that understanding into forecasts of earthquake occurrence.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Glaciogenic reservoirs and hydrocarbon systems occur intermittently throughout the stratigraphic record, with particular prominence in Neoproterozoic, Late Ordovician, Permo-Carboniferous and Late Cenozoic strata. Recent interest in glaciogenic successions has been fuelled by hydrocarbon discoveries in ancient glaciogenic reservoirs in North Africa, the Middle East, Australia and South America. Glaciogenic deposits of Pleistocene age are noteworthy for their content of groundwater onshore and potentially prospective and/or hazardous gas accumulations offshore. The abundant imprints of Pleistocene glaciations in both hemispheres can be used to reconstruct complex histories of repeated ice cover and retreat, and glacier-bed interactions, thus informing our view on the dynamics of older ice caps and predictions of future glaciations. This volume aims to provide a better understanding of glaciogenic processes, their stratigraphic record and reservoir characteristics of glaciogenic deposits. The book comprises 3 overview papers and 16 original case studies of Neoproterozoic to Pleistocene successions on 6 continents and will be of interest to sedimentologists, glaciologists, geophysicists, hydrologists and petroleum geologists alike.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: This volume addresses the challenges facing explorers and developers alike in a region that is becoming a major focus of the petroleum industry in the United Kingdom, Faroes and North Norway. Several West of Shetland fields are still in the appraisal phase almost a decade after discovery. Sub-volcanic exploration risks remain high: sub-volcanic structural traps are imaged poorly, and so the geophysical community is responding with the application of latest technology. The more simple reservoirs might not be large enough to prompt informed and speedy development decisions; larger fields might have a combination of complexities, requiring a phased approach to the development. Infrastructure has been slow to arrive and planned developments have been subject to dramatic swings in fiscal regime ranging from special allowances to unexpected tax increases. Environmental challenges are significant when moving into more remote, deeper water. The perception of these challenges by the third parties has become much more acute. To sustain its right to operate, the industry has to demonstrate safe drilling operations and appropriate response capability with government agencies.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Few subjects have caught the attention of the entire world as much as those dealing with natural hazards. The first decade of this new millennium provides a litany of tragic examples of various hazards that turned into disasters affecting millions of individuals around the globe. The human losses (some 225,000 people) associated with the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, the economic costs (approximately 200 billion USD) of the 2011 Tohoku Japan earthquake, tsunami and reactor event, and the collective social impacts of human tragedies experienced during Hurricane Katrina in 2005 all provide repetitive reminders that we humans are temporary guests occupying a very active and angry planet. Any examples may have been cited here to stress the point that natural events on Earth may, and often do, lead to disasters and catastrophes when humans place themselves into situations of high risk. Few subjects share the true interdisciplinary dependency that characterizes the field of natural hazards. From geology and geophysics to engineering and emergency response to social psychology and economics, the study of natural hazards draws input from an impressive suite of unique and previously independent specializations. Natural hazards provide a common platform to reduce disciplinary boundaries and facilitate a beneficial synergy in the provision of timely and useful information and action on this critical subject matter. As social norms change regarding the concept of acceptable risk and human migration leads to an explosion in the number of megacities, coastal over-crowding and unmanaged habitation in precarious environments such as mountainous slopes, the vulnerability of people and their susceptibility to natural hazards increases dramatically. Coupled with the concerns of changing climates, escalating recovery costs, a growing divergence between more developed and less developed countries, the subject of natural hazards remains on the forefront of issues that affect all people, nations, and environments all the time. This treatise provides a compendium of critical, timely and very detailed information and essential facts regarding the basic attributes of natural hazards and concomitant disasters. The Encyclopedia of Natural Hazards effectively captures and integrates contributions from an international portfolio of almost 300 specialists whose range of expertise addresses over 330 topics pertinent to the field of natural hazards. Disciplinary barriers are overcome in this comprehensive treatment of the subject matter. Clear illustrations and numerous color images enhance the primary aim to communicate and educate. The inclusion of a series of unique “classic case study” events interspersed throughout the volume provides tangible examples linking concepts, issues, outcomes and solutions. These case studies illustrate different but notable recent, historic and prehistoric events that have shaped the world as we now know it. They provide excellent focal points linking the remaining terms in the volume to the primary field of study. This Encyclopedia of Natural Hazards will remain a standard reference of choice for many years.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Fundamentally concerned with place and our ability to understand human relationships with environment over time, Historical Geographic Information Systems (HGIS) as a tool and a subject has direct bearing on the study of contemporary social and environmental issues and realities. To date, HGIS projects in Canada are few and publications that discuss these projects directly even fewer. This book brings together case studies of HGIS projects in historical geography, social and cultural history, and environmental history from Canada’s diverse regions. Topics explored include religion and ethnicity, migration, indigenous land practices, rebuilding a nineteenth-century neighborhood, and working with Google Earth.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: 1 “Diffusive Demand” and “Creative Demand” --- 2 The 21st Century Paradigm and the Role of Information Technology --- 3 “Vision 2050” as the Rescue of a “Limited Earth” --- 4 Finding a Way Out Through Creative Demand, I --- 5 Finding a Way Out Through Creative Demand, II --- 6 Toward the Realization of a “Platinum Society”

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: The Oman Mountains contain one of the world's best- exposed and best-understood fold–thrust belts and the largest, best-exposed and most intensively studied ophiolite complex on Earth. This volume presents new international research from authors currently active in the field focusing on the geology of the Oman Mountains, the foreland region, the carbonate platforms of Northern and Central Oman and the underlying basement complex. In addition there is a particular focus on geoconservation in the region. The volume is divided into three main sections that discuss the tectonics of the Arabian plate using insights from geophysics, petrology, structural geology, geochronology and palaeontology; the petrology and geochemistry of the Oman Ophiolite and the sedimentary and hydrocarbon systems of Oman, drawing on the geophysics, structure and sedimentology of these systems. The volume is enhanced by numerous colour images provided courtesy of Petroleum Development Oman.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Part 1 Introduction --- 1 Outline of the Environmental Monitoring of TEPCO's Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident (Tomoyuki TAKAHASHI) --- 2 Outline of the Radiation Dose Estimation of Residents After the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident (Sentaro TAKAHASHI) --- Part 2 Overview --- 3 Accident of Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant: Sequences, FP Released, Lessons Learned (Jun SUGIMOTO) --- 4 Some Comments on Dose Assessment for Members of the Public After the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident (Jiro INABA) --- Part 3 Radiation Survey of the Environment --- 5 Environmental Radiation Status in and Around Tokyo Immediately After the TEPCO Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Disaster (Takeshi IIMOTO) --- 6 Radiation Survey Along Two Trails in Mt. Fuji to Investigate the Radioactive Contamination Due to TEPCO's Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Plant Accident (Kazuaki YAJIMA) --- 7 Development of a Carborne Survey System, KURAMA (Minoru TANIGAKI) --- 8 Radiation Measurement in East Japan in 2011 After the Fukushima Nuclear Accident (Takumi KUBOTA) --- Part 4 Environmental Radioactivity --- 9 Distribution of Plutonium Isotopes in Marine Sediments Off Japan Before and After the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident: A Review (Jian ZHENG) --- 10 Time Trend Change of Air Dose Rate on Paved Area in Fukushima City After the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident (Shin-ya HOHARA) --- 11 Observation of Radionuclides in Marine Biota off the Coast of Fukushima Prefecture After TEPCO's Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident (Tatsuo AONO) --- Part 5 Transfer Models and/or Parameters --- 12 Evaluating Removal of Radionuclides from Landfill Leachate Using Generally Practiced Wastewater Treatment Processes (Nao ISHIKAWA) --- 13 Studies on Radiocesium Transfer in Agricultural Plants in Fukushima Prefecture (Takashi SAITO) --- Part 6 Source Estimation --- 14 Investigation of Uncertainty in the Release Rates of I 131 and Cs 137 from Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station Estimated from Environmental Data (Shigekazu HIRAO) --- 15 Source Term Estimation of 131I and 137Cs Discharged from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant into the Atmosphere (Haruyasu NAGAI) --- Part 7 Dose Assessment --- 16 NIRS's Activities for the Reconstruction of Early Internal Exposure in the TEPCO Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station Accident (Osamu KURIHARA) --- 17 Internal Radiation Dose of KURRI Volunteers Working at Evacuation Shelters After TEPCO's Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident (Yuko KINASHI) --- 18 Probabilistic Assessment of Doses to the Public Living in Areas Contaminated by the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident (Shogo TAKAHARA) --- 19 Reduction of External Exposure for Residents Owing to the Fukushima Nuclear Accident by Weathering and Decontamination (Hiroko YOSHIDA)

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Preface --- Foreword by Keith Solomon and John Giesy --- Foreword by Coordinating Board of Editors --- Ecological Risk Assessment for Chlorpyrifos in Terrestrial and Aquatic Systems in The United States – Overview and Conclusions --- Properties and Uses of Chlorpyrifos in the United States --- Fate in the Environment and Long-Range Atmospheric Transport of the Organophosphorus Insecticide, Chlorpyrifos and its Oxon in the United States --- Exposures of Aquatic Organisms to the Organophosphorus Insecticide, Chlorpyrifos Resulting from Use in the United States --- Risks to Aquatic Organisms from Use of Chlorpyrifos in the United States --- Refined Avian Risk Assessment for Chlorpyrifos in the United States --- Risk to Pollinators from the Use of Chlorpyrifos in the United States --- Index

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Climate events, storms, damage. Dans le monde d'aujourd'hui, presque tous les événements naturels extrêmes pourraient être qualifiés de désastre. Sur les 25 catastrophes les plus couteuses depuis 1970, toutes sont survenues après 1987 et 23 d'entre elles sont liées aux conditions climatiques. Et cela n'arrive pas qu'aux autres. La France, elle non plus, n'est pas épargnée : 88 morts et 9 milliards d'euros de dégats pour les tempêtes de décembre 1999, près de 15000 décès pour la canicule du 1er au 20 aout 2003. La récente tempête Xynthia, avec ses ruptures de digues, a provoqué 53 morts, s'ajoutant à tant d'autres tragédies survenues dans des zones inondables, et nous interrogeant. Sommes-nous prêts par exemple à affronter une crue comparable à celle de 1910 dans le Paris de demain? Dans le contexte actuel de changement climatique, nous savons que nous devons nous préparer à des événements extrêmes plus dangereux, quelquefois inédits. Ces événements voient leurs effets amplifiés par le développement urbain, le surpeuplement des zones littorales et l'anthropisation des milieux naturels. Ils représentent de véritables « trappes à pauvreté » pour les pays les plus pauvres de la Planète. C'est l'objet de ce rapport de l'Académie des Sciences qui analyse la question de ces événements climatiques extrêmes et de leurs conséquences prévisibles sur les systèmes économiques, sociaux, sanitaires et de sécurité.Un réel besoin d'anticipation existe donc : notre pays est-il prêt à y répondre? Participe-t-il suffi samment aux actions internationales visant à réduire les risques? Dispose-t-il d'une information scientifique appropriée?

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: This volume is a follow-up of PAGEOPH Topical Volume 167 (2010) and again reports on the latest advances in science and technology that have been achieved to monitor compliance with the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT). This progress in the development and testing of new sensor technologies and analysis methodologies in all relevant scientific disciplines improves the detection, location and characterization of CTBT-relevant events. In particular the latter poses a challenge for smaller events, where natural or manmade but CTBT-irrelevant sources can generate false positive events. Being able to effectively identify these events while maintaining a minimum risk of missing a nuclear explosion is the overall challenge. The 29 papers in this volume can be structured into 16 waveform studies, eight contributions in the field of radionuclide monitoring and related atmospheric backtracking, and five papers related to on-site inspection or overhead detection of relevant events, with many of these originally presented at a special session on “Research and Development in Nuclear Explosion Monitoring” at the most recent annual General Assemblies of the European Geosciences Union (EGU). The volume addresses the interests of scientists and practitioners whose work is related to the CTBT relevant applications and technologies in the fields of seismology, hydro-acoustics, infra-sound, meteorology and nuclear physics.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: The aim of this book is to demonstrate the use of SAR data in three application domains, i.e. land cover (Part II), topography (Part III), and land motion (Part IV). These are preceded by Part I, where an extensive and complete review on speckle and adaptive filtering is provided, essential for the understanding of SAR images. Part II is dedicated to land cover mapping. Part III is devoted to the generation of Digital Elevation Models based on radargrammetry and on a wise fusion (by considering sensor characteristic and acquisition geometry) of interferometric and photogrammetric elevation data. Part IV provides a contribution to three applications related to land motion.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Chronology is the backbone of history, and there is a wise saying stating there is no history without a chronology. Earths evolutionary history is built up by geochronology, i.e. time benchmarks upon which the geological history is built up step by step over its total time period of about 4.5 billion years. The first marker in this history is the Jack Hills zircon from Australia dated at about 4.4 GA. The most detailed records come from seasonal changes within annual varves. Stratigraphy provides the basic chronological ordering of layers by layers, units by units, fossil assemblage by assemblage, varves by varves, growth zone by growth zone, etc. The radiometric techniques implied the introduction of absolute age determinations. This book includes a combination of methodological presentations and related case studies, from where we learn about practical problems and achievements. Therefore, the book should be of basic interest both for scientists in their practical in field and laboratory, as well as for general educational purpose.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: The chapters in this volume represent a compilation of the material presented by the invited speakers at a short course on August 21-23, 2011 called “Sulfur in Magmas and Melts and its Importance for Natural and Technical Processes.” This Mineralogical Society of America and the Geochemical Society sponsored short course was held at the Hotel der Achtermann, in Goslar, Germany following the 2011 Goldschmidt Conference in Prague, Czech Republic. Following a nice overview in chapter 1 by the organizers Harald Behrens and James Webster, this volume is divided into 4 parts. 1. Analytical and Spectroscopic Methods -- chapters 2 and 3 2. Physical and Chemical Properties of S-Bearing Silicate Melts -- chapters 4-7 3. Constraints from Natural and Experimental Systems -- chapters 8-11 4. Natural and Technical Applications -- chapters 12-16

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Spectroscopy is the study of the interaction between matter and radiation and spectroscopic methods measure this interaction by measuring the radiative energy of the interaction in terms of frequency or wavelength or their changes. A variety of spectroscopic methods saw their first applications in mineralogical studies in the early 1960s and 1970s and since then have flourished where today they are routinely employed to probe both the general nature of mineralogical and geochemical processes as well as more atom specific interactions. In 1988, a Reviews in Mineralogy volume (Volume 18) was published on Spectroscopic Methods in Mineralogy and Geology by Frank Hawthorne (ed). The volume introduced the reader to a variety of spectroscopic techniques that, up to that time, were relatively unknown to most of the mineralogical and geochemical community. The volume was a great success and resulted in many of these techniques becoming main stream research tools. Since 1988, there have been many significant advances in both the technological aspects of these techniques and their applications to problems in Earth Sciences in general while the range and breadth of the techniques currently employed have greatly expanded since those formative years. The current volume compliments the original volume and updates many of the techniques. In addition, new methods such as X-ray Raman and Brillouin spectroscopy have been added, as well as non-spectroscopic chapters such as Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) for completeness. The first chapter by Lavina et al. introduces the reader to current X-ray diffraction methods, while those of Newville and Henderson et al. separately cover the widely used techniques of EXAFS and XANES. The new in situ high-pressure technique of X-ray Raman is covered in the chapter by Lee et al. There is an emphasis in all these chapters on synchrotron based methods which continues in the Luminescence chapter by Waychunas. Chapters on high resolution TEM and its associated spectroscopies, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy are covered by Brydson et al., and Nesbitt and Bancroft, respectively. The study of mineral surfaces by Atomic Force Microscopy has been covered by Jupille. UV/Vis and IR spectroscopies are described in the chapters by Rossman, Clark et al., Della Ventura et al., and Hofmeister. Rossman’s chapter covers the basics of UV/Vis while Clark et al. describes the detection of materials in the Solar system utilizing UV and IR methods. Synchrotron-based IR imaging is covered by Della Ventura et al. and errors and uncertainties associated with IR and UV/Vis data are covered in the chapter by Hofmeister. Photon/phonon interactions such as Raman and Brillouin are outlined by Neuville et al. and Speziale et al. The latter technique is relatively new outside the fields of condensed matter and minerals physics but is gaining increasing use as interest in elastic properties and anomalous behaviors at high pressure continues to grow. The chapters by Stebbins and Xue, and Pan and Nilges outline the current status of magnetic resonance methods such as NMR and EPR, respectively. Finally the last three chapters have been included for completeness and cover the basics of the theoretical simulations that are carried out to investigate phases beyond accessible experimental pressure-temperature ranges, as well as aiding in the interpretation of experimental spectra (Jahn and Kowalski), the high pressure methods that are now commonly employed for many spectroscopic studies (Shen and Wang) and finally a chapter on methods used in high-temperature melt and crystallization studies (Neuville et al.).

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Arsenic is perhaps history’s favorite poison, often termed the "King of Poisons" and the "Poison of Kings" and thought to be the demise of fiction’s most famous ill-fated lovers. The toxic nature of arsenic has been known for millennia with the mineral realgar (AsS), originally named “arsenikon” by Theophrastus in 300 B.C.E. meaning literally "potent." For centuries it has been used as rat poison and as an important component of bactericides and wood preservatives. Arsenic is believed to be the cause of death to Napoleon Bonaparte who was exposed to wallpaper colored green from aceto-arsenite of copper (Aldersey-Williams 2011). The use of arsenic as a poison has been featured widely in literature, film, theatre, and television. Its use as a pesticide made it well known in the nineteenth century and it was exploited by Sir Arthur Conan Doyle in the Sherlock Holmes novel The Golden Pince-Nez (Conan-Doyle 1903). The dark comedy Arsenic and Old Lace is a prime example of arsenic in popular culture, being first a play but becoming famous as a movie. Arsenic has figured prominently not only in fiction but in historical crimes as well (Kumar 2010). A high profile case of the mid-nineteenth century involved a hydrotherapist, Dr. Thomas Smethurst, who was accused of using arsenic to poison a woman he had befriended (Wharton 2010). Based on analytical evidence from a renowned toxicologist, Alfred Swaine Taylor, a death sentence was imposed, however Taylor had to confess that his apparatus was contaminated. The verdict was overturned after public opinion was voiced against it and a plea for clemency was made to Queen Victoria. In recent years, arsenic has been recognized as a widespread, low-level, natural groundwater contaminant in many parts of the world, particularly in places such as West Bengal and Bangladesh, where it has given rise to chronic human-health issues. Long-term exposure to arsenic has been shown to cause skin lesions, blackfoot disease, and cancer of the skin, bladder, and lungs, and is also associated with developmental effects, cardiovascular disease, neurotoxicity, and diabetes (WHO 2012). Arsenate’s toxicity is caused by its close chemical similarities to phosphate; it uses a phosphate transport system to enter cells. Arsenic occurs in many geological environments including sedimentary basins, and is particularly associated with geothermal waters and hydrothermal ore deposits. It is often a useful indicator of proximity to economic concentrations of metals such as gold, copper, and tin, where it occurs in hydrothermally altered wall rocks surrounding the zones of economic mineralization. Arsenic is commonly a persistent problem in metal mining and there has been significant effort to manage and treat mine waste to mitigate its environmental impacts. This volume compiles and reviews current information on arsenic from a variety of perspectives, including mineralogy, geochemistry, microbiology, toxicology, and environmental engineering. The first chapter (Bowell et al. 2014) presents an overview of arsenic geochemical cycles and is followed by a chapter on the paragenesis and crystal chemistry of arsenic minerals (chapter 2; Majzlan et al. 2014). The next chapters deal with an assessment of arsenic in natural waters (chapter 3; Campbell and Nordstrom 2014) and a review of thermodynamics of arsenic species (chapter 4; Nordstrom et al. 2014). The next two chapters deal with analytical measurement and assessment starting with measuring arsenic speciation in solids using x-ray absorption spectroscopy (chapter 5; Foster and Kim 2014). Chapter 6 (Leybourne and Johannesson 2014) presents a review on the measurement of arsenic speciation in environmental media: sampling, preservation, and analysis. In chapter 7 (Amend et al. 2014) there is a review of microbial arsenic metabolism and reaction energetics. This is followed by an overview of arsenic toxicity and human health issues (chapter 8; Mitchell 2014) and an assessment of methods used to characterize arsenic bioavailability and bioaccessibility (chapter 9; Basta and Jurasz 2014). This leads into chapter 10 (Craw and Bowell 2014), which describes the characterization of arsenic in mine waste with some examples from New Zealand, followed by a chapter on the management and treatment of arsenic in mining environments (chapter 11; Bowell and Craw 2014). The final three chapters are in-depth case studies of the geochemistry and mineralogy of legacy arsenic contamination in different historical mining environments: the Giant gold mine in Canada (chapter 12; Jamieson 2014), the Sierra Nevada Foothills gold belt of California (chapter 13; Alpers et al. 2014), and finally, the hydrogeochemistry of arsenic in the Tsumeb polymetallic mine in Namibia (chapter 14; Bowell 2014).

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: 'Building materials' as a generic term encompasses steel, aluminum, copper and a range of metal alloys, glass and glaze, particulate materials like sand, gravel, or crushed rock, and natural stone of sedimentary, igneous or metamorphic origin. Each of these materials sees a wide range of applications, from structural/bearing via functional to merely ornamental and decorative. The wide range of 'building materials' application is achieved through an equally wide range of processing, from use 'as is' (e.g., stacking boulders to make a retaining wall), through simple re-dimensioning and fitting (e.g., splitting and sizing of roofing slate) to purification and complex treatment in multi-stage processing (e.g., glass, Portland cement clinker, concreting). The use of building materials, their applications and processing has changed considerably with the development of civilization and technology. Consequently, comprehensive coverage of building materials, applications, processing and history would require multiple volumes. This volume contains a selection of papers on the applied mineralogy of cement and concrete, by far the most popular modern building material by volume, with an annual production exceeding 9 billion cubic meters, and steadily growing. Not even all 'concrete' topics can be covered by a single volume, but an interesting assortment was finally obtained. The seven chapters deal with mineralogy and chemistry of (alumina) clinker production and hydration (Pöllmann), alternative raw clinkering materials to reduce CO2 emission (Justnes), assessment of clinker constituents by optical and electron microscopy (Stutzman), industrial assessment of raw materials, cement and concrete using X-ray methods in different applications (Meier et al.), in situ investigation of clinker and cement hydration based on quantitative crystallographic phase analysis (Aranda et al.), characterization and properties of supplementary cementitious materials (SCMs) to improve cement and concrete properties (Snellings et al.), and deleterious alkali-aggregate reaction (AAR) in concrete (Broekmans).

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Carbon in Earth is an outgrowth of the Deep Carbon Observatory (DCO), a 10-year international research effort dedicated to achieving transformational understanding of the chemical and biological roles of carbon in Earth (http://dco.ciw.edu). Hundreds of researchers from 6 continents, including all 51 coauthors of this volume, are now engaged in the DCO effort. This volume serves as a benchmark for our present understanding of Earth's carbon - both what we know and what we have yet to learn. Ultimately, the goal is to produce a second, companion volume to mark the progress of this decadal initiative. This volume addresses a range of questions that were articulated in May 2008 at the First Deep Carbon Cycle Workshop in Washington, DC. At that meeting 110 scientists from a dozen countries set forth the state of knowledge about Earth's carbon. They also debated the key opportunities and top objectives facing the community. Subsequent deep carbon meetings in Bejing, China (2010), Novosibirsk, Russia (2011), and Washington, DC (2012), as well as more than a dozen smaller workshops, expanded and refined the DCO's decadal goals. The 20 chapters that follow elaborate on those opportunities and objectives. A striking characteristic of Carbon in Earth is the multidisciplinary scientific approach necessary to encompass this topic. The following chapters address such diverse aspects as the fundamental physics and chemistry of carbon at extreme conditions, the possible character of deep-Earth carbon-bearing minerals, the geodynamics of Earth's large-scale fluid fluxes, tectonic implications of diamond inclusions, geosynthesis of organic molecules and the origins of life, the changing carbon cycle through deep time, and the vast subsurface microbial biosphere (including the hidden deep viriosphere). Accordingly, the collective authorship of Carbon in Earth represents laboratory, field, and theoretical researchers from the full range of physical and biological sciences.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: The chapters in this volume represent an extensive review of the material presented by the invited speakers at a short course on Theoretical and Computational Methods in Mineral Physics held prior (December 10-12, 2009) to the Annual fall meeting of the American Geophysical Union in San Francisco, California. The meeting was held at the Doubletree Hotel & Executive Meeting Center in Berkeley, California. Mineral physics is one of the three pillars of geophysics, the other two being geodynamics and seismology. Geophysics advances by close cooperation between these fields. As such, mineral physicists investigate properties of minerals that are needed to interpret seismic data or that are essential for geodynamic simulations. To be useful, mineral properties must be investigated in a wide range of pressures, temperatures, and chemical compositions. The materials and conditions in the interior of Earth and other terrestrial planets present several challenges. The chemical composition of their mantles is complex with at least five major oxide components and tens of solid phases. Today, these challenges are being addressed by a combination of experimental and computational methods, with experiments offering precise information at lower pressures and temperatures, and computations offering more complete and detailed information at conditions more challenging to experiments. While bulk properties of materials are fundamental to understanding a planet’s state, atomistic inspection of these complex materials are fundamental to understanding their properties. A connection is then established between atomic and planetary scale phenomena, which mineral physicists are in a unique position to appreciate. This book presents a set of review articles offering an overview of contemporary research in computational mineral physics. Fundamental methods are discussed and important applications are illustrated. The opening chapter by John Perdew and Adrienn Ruzhinszky discusses the motivation, history, and expressions of Kohn-Sham Density Functional Theory (DFT) and approximations for exchange and correlation. This is the established framework for investigation of a condensed matter system’s ground state electronic density and energy. It also discusses the recent trend to design higher-level semi-local functionals, with solid state applications in mind. It presents arguments in favor of semi-local approximations for condensed matter and discusses problematic cases where fully non-local approximations are needed. The following article by Yan Zhao and Donald Truhlar, demonstrates current research in search of appropriate exchange and correlation energy functionals. It reviews the performance of families of local, semi-local, and fully non-local exchange and correlation functionals: the so-called “Minnesota” functionals. These new functionals have been designed to give broad accuracy in chemistry and perform very well in difficult cases where popular functionals fail badly. The prospects for their successful applications are encouraging. Stefano Baroni, Paolo Gianozzi, and Eyvaz Isaev, introduce Density Functional Perturbation Theory, a suitable technique to calculate vibrational properties of extended materials using a combination of density functional theory and linear response techniques. This method gives very accurate phonon frequencies which, in combination with the quasi-harmonic approximation, allow one to study thermal properties of materials. The next chapter by Renata Wentzcovitch, Yonggang Yu, and Zhongqing Wu review the applications of density functional perturbation theory to the investigation thermodynamic properties and phase relations in mantle minerals. The series of studies summarized in this review have explored the accuracy of DFT within its most popular approximations for exchange and correlation energy in combination with the quasiharmonic approximation to offer results with useful accuracy for geophysical studies. The following article by Renata Wentzcovitch, Zhongqing Wu, and Pierre Carrier, summarizes the combination of the quasiharmonic approximation with elasticity theory to investigate thermoelastic properties of minerals at conditions of the Earth interior. Some unfamiliar but essential aspects of the quasiharmonic approximation are discussed. Thermoelastic properties of minerals are essential to interpret seismic observations. Therefore, some examples of interpretation of seismic structures are reviewed. The article by David Ceperley, returns to the fundamental theme of calculations of ground state energy in condensed matter and introduces Quantum Monte Carlo methods. These methods treat exactly the quantum many-body problem presented by a system of electrons and ions. They treat electrons as particles rather than a scalar charge-density field, as done by DFT. These are computationally intensive methods but the only exact ones. The following article by Lubos Mitas and Jindrich Kolorenc, reviews applications of these methods to transition metals oxides, materials that have some aspects in common with mantle minerals. One of the examined systems, FeO, is a most important component of mineral solid solutions. Matteo Cococcioni continues exploring the same theme. He discusses a modified density functional useful for addressing cases like FeO, which are untreatable by standard DFT. The DFT + Hubbard U method (DFT+U) is a practical approximate method that enables investigations of electronically and structurally complex systems, like minerals. The application of this method to a contemporary and central problem in mineral physics, pressure and temperature induced spin-crossovers in mantle minerals, is reviewed in the next chapter by Han Shu, Koichiro Umemoto, and Renata Wentzcovitch. The geophysical implications of the spin-crossover phenomenon, an electronic transition, are still unclear but some possibilities are suggested. Michael Ammann, John Brodholt, and David Dobson discuss simulations of bulk ionic diffusion. This property plays an important role in chemical exchange between and within crystalline and melt phases. It plays an important role in the kinetics of phase transitions, compositional zoning, mineral growth, and other important geochemical processes. It can also control rheological properties, especially in the diffusion creep regime, and thus the time scale of mantle convection. This is a very difficult property to investigate at combined pressures and temperature conditions of the mantle, therefore, calculations play a very important role in this area. Phillip Carrez and Patrick Cordier discuss modeling of dislocations and plasticity in deep Earth materials. This article focuses on recent developments in dislocation modeling and applications to our understanding of how the direction of mantle flow is recorded in polycrystalline texture. Next, the article by Stephen Stackhouse and Lars Stixrude, discusses theoretical methods for calculating lattice thermal conductivity in minerals, which controls the cooling of Earth’s core. Measurements of thermal conductivity at lower mantle conditions are very challenging to experiments and calculations are a valuable alternative to learning about this property. This article describes the most common methods to calculate this property and presents a review of studies of the lattice thermal conductivity of periclase. Artem Oganov discusses the prediction of high pressure crystal structures. A genetic algorithm for structural prediction is described and numerous applications predicting new phases with novel properties and phases that can explain experimental data so far not understood is presented. This is a most recent development on the subject of structural predictions, a subject that has been pursued by simulations for several decades now. The possibility of predicting structure and composition by this method is also pointed out. Koichiro Umemoto and Renata Wentzcovitch continue on the same theme of structural prediction by a different approach: combination of phonon calculations and variable cell shape molecular dynamics. The former indicates unstable displacement modes in compressed structures; the latter searches for structures resulting from the superposition of these unstable modes to the compressed lattice. This approach is illustrated with the search of mineral structures at multi-Mbar pressures that are still challenging to static or dynamic compression experiments, but have great interest in view of the discovery of terrestrial exoplanets with several Earth masses. The following chapter by Koichiro Umemoto is on simulations of phase transitions on a different class of planet forming material: H2O-ice. Ice has a rich phase diagram but many of its phase relations are unknown: large hysteresis precludes their direct measurements in manageable time scales. Therefore, calculations acquire special significance but they are also challenging, the main reasons being the description of hydrogen bond by DFT and hydrogen disorder. Dario Alfè presents a review of first principles calculations of properties of iron at Earth’s core conditions. This chapter includes examples of applications of multiple techniques used in studies of high temperature properties, structure, and melting lines. Results from Quantum Monte Carlo are compared with those from DFT, and results from molecular dynamics simulations are contrasted with predictions of quasiharmonic theory. These comparisons are instructive and illustrate the breadth of research in computational mineral physics. The following chapter by Bijaya Karki turns to DFT based simulations of another type of melt: ionic silicates and oxides. The article discusses the methodology used in these simulations and specially developed methods to analyze the results. The properties of interest are high temperature equations of state, thermodynamics properties, atomic and electronic structure, and self-diffusion and viscosity. Visualization of atomic motion is one of the valuable approaches discussed to gain insight into changes in melt structure with pressure and temperature. These studies are illustrated for 3 melts along the MgO-SiO2 join. The following three articles are devoted primarily to the introduction of inter-atomic potentials of broad applicability and relatively high accuracy, and applications to large scale simulations. The first article by Julian Gale and Kate Wright describes the current status of the derivation of force-fields and their applications to static and lattice dynamic calculations in mineral physics. This is done in the context of the General Utility Lattice Program (GULP), which has become quite popular. A selection of applications illustrating the possibilities of this code is then presented. Victor Vinograd and Bjoern Winkler illustrate another important type of application of force-field models: an efficient cluster expansion method to investigate binary mineral solid solutions. The article focuses on a rock-salt system but the technique is general. This type of problem is central to mineral physics and ingenious combinations of first principles methods, force-field models, and purely parameterized free energy expressions, combined with molecular dynamics and Monte Carlo techniques are necessary to address this problem. The predictive treatment of properties of ionic solid solutions is a major challenge in mineral physics. Mark Ghiorso and Frank Spera discuss long duration large scale molecular dynamics simulations using empirical pair-potentials. This article illustrates the concrete requirements on the number of atoms and time scales necessary to obtain information on transport properties such as shear viscosity and lattice thermal conductivity using Green-Kubo theory. These more than 1000-atom and pico-second simulations also improve the statistics in the estimation of equilibrium properties. Finally, the article by Lars Stixrude and Carolina Lithgow-Bertelloni on the thermodynamics of Earth’s mantle, gives an overview of how the elucidation of materials behavior governs planetary processes. It explains how the complexity of the Earth’s mantle demands methods that are complementary to first principles calculations and experiments. These methods must allow one to interpolate among and extrapolate from results on minerals with limited compositions to the full chemical richness of the silicate mantle. It then illustrates how the derived properties of multi-phase multi-component systems are used to address mantle heterogeneity on multiple length scales, ranging from that of the subducting slab to the possibility of mantle-wide radial variations in bulk composition.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: The chapters in this volume represent an extensive compilation of the material presented by the invited speakers at a short course on Diffusion in Minerals and Melts held prior (December 11-12, 2010) to the Annual fall meeting of the American Geophysical Union in San Francisco, California. The short course was held at the Napa Valley Marriott Hotel and Spa in Napa, California and was sponsored by the Mineralogical Society of America and the Geochemical Society. Because diffusion plays a critical role in numerous geological processes, petrologists and geochemists (as well as other geologists and geophysicists) often apply diffusion data and models in a range of problems, including interpretation of the age of rocks and thermal histories, conditions for formation and retention of chemical compositional and isotopic zoning in minerals, controls on bubble sizes in volcanic rocks, and processes influencing volcanic eruptions. A major challenge in the many applications of diffusion data is for researchers to find relevant and reliable data. For example, diffusivities determined in different labs may differ by orders of magnitude. Sometimes the differences are a result of limitations not recognized in certain diffusion studies due to the materials or methodologies used. For example, diffusivities determined through bulk analyses are often orders of magnitude greater than those obtained from directly measured diffusion profiles; the former are often affected by cracks, extended defects and/or other additional diffusion paths whose influence may not be recognized without direct profiling. Differences in depth resolution of analytical techniques may also contribute to discrepancies among measured diffusivities, as can the occurrence of non-diffusional processes (e.g., convection, crystal dissolution or surface reaction) that may compromise or complicate diffusion experiments and interpretations of results. Sometimes the discrepancies among datasets may be due to subtle variations in experimental conditions (such as differing oxygen fugacities, pressures, or variations in H2O content of minerals and melts used in respective experimental studies). Experts in the field may be able to understand and evaluate these differences, but those unfamiliar with the field, and even some experimental practitioners and experienced users of diffusion data, may have difficulty discerning and interpreting dissagreements among diffusion findings. For those who want to investigate diffusion through experiments, it is critical to understand the advantages and limitations of various experimental approaches and analytical methods in order to optimize future studies, and to obtain a clear sense of the "state of the art" to put their own findings in perspective with earlier work. Two early books were important landmarks in diffusion studies in geology. One was a special publication by Carnegie Institution of Washington edited by Hofmann et al. (1974) titled Geochemical Transport and Kinetics. The other was a Reviews of Mineralogy volume edited by Lasaga and Kirkpatrick (1981) titled Kinetics of Geochemical Processes. Various recent tomes are available on diffusion theory in metallurgy, chemical engineering, materials science, and geology (e.g., Kirkaldy and Young 1987; Shewmon 1989; Cussler 1997; Lasaga 1998; Glicksman 2000; Balluffi et al. 2005; Mehrer 2007; Zhang 2008) and the mathematics of solving diffusion problems (e.g., Carslaw and Jaeger 1959; Crank 1975). There have also been summaries of geologically relevant diffusion data (e.g., Freer 1981; Brady 1995), review articles and book chapters presenting diffusion data for specific mineral phases (e.g., Yund 1983; Giletti 1994; Cherniak and Watson 2003) and for specific species in minerals and melts (e.g., Chakraborty 1995; Cole and Chakraborty 2001; Watson 1994) and applications of diffusion in geology (e.g., Ganguly 1991; Watson and Baxter 2007; Chakraborty 2008). However, there is no single resource that reviews and evaluates a comprehensive collection of diffusion data for minerals and melts, and previously published summaries of geologically-relevant diffusion data predate the period in which a large proportion of the existing reliable diffusion data have been generated. This volume of Reviews in Mineralogy and Geochemistry attempts to fill this void. The goal is to compile, compare, evaluate and assess diffusion data from the literature for all elements in minerals and natural melts (including glasses). Summaries of these diffusion data, as well as equations to calculate diffusivities, are provided in the chapters themselves and/or in online supplements. Suggested or assessed equations to evaluate diffusivities under a range of conditions can be found in the individual chapters. The aim of this volume is to help students and practitioners to understand the basics of diffusion and applications to geological problems, and to provide a reference for and guide to available experimental diffusion data in minerals and natural melts. It is hoped that with this volume students and practitioners will engage in the study of diffusion and the application of diffusion findings to geological processes with greater interest, comprehension, insight, and appreciation. This volume begins with three general chapters. One chapter presents the basic theoretical background of diffusion (Zhang 2010), including definitions and concepts encountered in later chapters. This chapter is not meant to be comprehensive, as detailed, book-length treatments of diffusion theory can be found in other sources. Some discussion of advanced topics of diffusion theory and mechanisms can be found in individual chapters throughout the volume, including models for diffusion in melts (Lesher 2010), multi-species diffusion (Zhang and Ni 2010), multicomponent diffusion (Liang 2010; Ganguly 2010), and defect chemistry (Chakraborty 2010; Cherniak and Dimanov 2010; Van Orman and Crispin 2010). Diffusion data for minerals and melts are most commonly obtained through experimental studies which require analyses of the experimental products; these considerations are reflected in the topics of the next two chapters. For readers who are interested in carrying out experimental research or understanding experimental results and diffusion data, the second general chapter (Watson and Dohmen 2010) covers experimental methods in diffusion studies, with focus on nontraditional and emerging methods. Additional discussion of experimental methods in diffusion studies is provided in Ganguly (2010) and Farver (2010). The third general chapter reviews a range of analytical techniques applied in analyses of diffusion experiments (Cherniak et al. 2010). Experimental methods and analytical techniques are also described in other chapters in the context of discussion of specific diffusion studies. The next five chapters are on diffusion in melts (including glasses), focusing on natural melts relevant in geological systems. Zhang and Ni (2010) discuss the diffusion of H, C and O in silicate melts, which involves multi-species diffusion, where one species (such as molecular H2O) may contribute to the diffusion of two elements (such as H and O in this case). They also assess the relative importance of various diffusing species, and extract oxygen diffusion data in hydrous silicate melts from diffusion data for water. Behrens (2010) offers a thorough review and evaluation of noble gas diffusion data for natural silicate melts and industrial glasses. Lesher (2010) elaborates on the various diffusion models for self diffusion, tracer diffusion, isotopic diffusion and trace element diffusion. Zhang et al. (2010) summarize available diffusion data (focusing on effective binary diffusivities) of all elements in silicate melts. Liang (2010) presents a systematic assessment of multicomponent diffusion studies for silicate melts. The next eleven chapters review and evaluate diffusion data for minerals. Farver (2010) reviews H and O diffusion data for a range of mineral phases and examines the effect of oxygen, hydrogen and water fugacities on diffusion. Noble gas diffusion in minerals, notably diffusion of the important radiogenic nuclides 40Ar and 4He for application in closure temperature determinations and thermochronometry, is reviewed by Baxter (2010). Ganguly (2010) assesses cation diffusion data in garnet, with discussion of multicomponent diffusion in garnet and its geological applications. Chakraborty (2010) focuses on diffusion in (Fe,Mg)2SiO4 polymorphs (olivine, wadsleyite and ringwoodite) with a discussion of the role of defects in diffusion and the effects of pressure on diffusion in these phases. Diffusion of major and trace elements in pyroxenes, amphibole, and mica is discussed by Cherniak and Dimanov (2010). Cherniak (2010a) reviews diffusion data for feldspars, examining the effects of feldspar composition on diffusion in this common crustal mineral. Cherniak (2010d) summarizes diffusion data for the silicate phases quartz, melilite, silicate perovskite, and mullite. Van Orman and Crispin (2010) discuss diffusion in oxide minerals including periclase, magnesium aluminate spinel, magnetite, and rutile, and explore the intricacies of defect chemistry and its effects on diffusion in these deceptively simple compounds. Cherniak (2010b) reviews diffusion in the accessory minerals zircon, monazite, apatite, and xenotime, phases important in geochronologic studies. Diffusion in other minerals, including carbonates, sulfide minerals, fluorite and diamond, is reviewed by Cherniak (2010c). Brady and Cherniak (2010) take a broad overview of extant diffusion data for minerals, examining possible relations among diffusivities for various mineral phases and diffusants to assess trends and correlations that may be of value in developing or refining predictive models and empirical relations. The next two chapters discuss the specialized topics of grain-boundary diffusion and computational methods for determining diffusion coefficients. Dohmen and Milke (2010) present existing data for grain boundary diffusion in polycrystalline materials, discuss theoretical underpinnings and the different types of grain-boundary diffusion regimes, and outline mathematical treatments and experimental approaches for quantifying grain-boundary diffusion. Computation of diffusion coefficients using ab initio methods and molecular dynamics simulations are reviewed by De Koker and Stixrude (2010) with focus on recent progress and what the future may bring for these rapidly-developing techniques. The final chapter is devoted to geological applications of diffusion data (Mueller et al. 2010). The applications outlined include not only forward problems of applying diffusion theory and data to infer rates and extents of diffusion-related processes, but also inverse problems of thermochronology and geospeedometry.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Sand, clay and rock have to be excavated for a variety of purposes, such as dredging, trenching, mining (including deep sea mining), drilling, tunnel boring and many other applications. Many excavations take place on dry land, but they are also frequently required in completely saturated conditions, and the methods necessary to accomplish them consequently vary widely. This book provides an overview of cutting theories. It begins with a generic model, valid for all types of soil (sand, clay and rock), and continues with the specifics of dry sand, water-saturated sand, clay, atmospheric rock and hyperbaric rock. Small blade angles and large blade angles are discussed for each soil type, and for each case considered the equations/model for cutting forces, power and specific energy are given. With models verified by laboratory research, principally from the Delft University of Technology, and data from other recognized sources, this book will prove an invaluable reference for anybody whose work involves major excavations of any kind.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Alpine—Himalayan Orogens --- Maurice Mattauer and Jacques Henry: Pyrenees / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 4:3-21, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2005.004.01.01 --- Harmanus Engbertus Rondeel and Otto Jan Simon: Betic Cordilleras / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 4:23-35, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2005.004.01.02 --- Georges Choubert and Anne Faure-Muret: Moroccan Rif / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 4:37-46, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2005.004.01.03 --- André Caire: Eastern Atlas / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 4:47-59, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2005.004.01.04 --- Giuliano Sestini: Northern Apennines / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 4:61-84, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2005.004.01.05 --- Daniel Bernoulli, Hans Peter Laubscher, Rudolf Trümpy, and Eduard Wenk: Central Alps and Jura Mountains / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 4:85-108, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2005.004.01.06 --- Ernest Ronald Oxburgh: Eastern Alps / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 4:109-126, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2005.004.01.07 --- Krzysztof Birkenmajer: Carpathian Mountains / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 4:127-157, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2005.004.01.08 --- Alan Gilbert Smith and Eldridge Morton Moores III: Hellenides / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 4:159-185, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2005.004.01.09 --- Emin Ilhan: Eastern Turkey / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 4:187-197, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2005.004.01.10 --- Norman Leslie Falcon: Southern Iran: Zagros Mountains / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 4:199-211, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2005.004.01.11 --- Jovan Stöcklin: Northern Iran: Alborz Mountains / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 4:213-234, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2005.004.01.12 --- John Bicknell Auden: Afghanistan-West Pakistan / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 4:235-253, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2005.004.01.13 --- Ardito Desio: Karakorum Mountains / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 4:255-266, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2005.004.01.14 --- Augusto Gansser: Himalaya / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 4:267-278, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2005.004.01.15 --- Rudolf Oskar Brunnschweiler: Indoburman Ranges / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 4:279-299, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2005.004.01.16 --- Cedric Keith Burton: Peninsular Thailand / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 4:301-315, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2005.004.01.17 --- John A Katili: Sumatra / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 4:317-331, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2005.004.01.18 --- Neville Seymour Haile: Borneo / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 4:333-347, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2005.004.01.19 --- Michael Geoffrey Audley-Charles: Banda Arcs / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 4:349-363, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2005.004.01.20 --- Michael Geoffrey Audley-Charles: Sulawesi / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 4:365-378, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2005.004.01.21 --- Circum-Pacific and Caribbean Orogens --- Colin Peter Summerhayes: Macquarie-Balleny Ridge / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 4:381-386, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2005.004.01.22 --- George William Grindley: New Zealand / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 4:387-416, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2005.004.01.23 --- M. P. Hochstein, J. C. Schofield, and G. G. Shor, Jr: Tonga-Kermadec-Lau / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 4:417-423, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2005.004.01.24 --- Peter Rodda: Fiji / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 4:425-431, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2005.004.01.25 --- Arthur James Warden and Andrew Harry Gordon Mitchell: New Hebrides / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 4:433-443, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2005.004.01.26 --- J. H. Guillon: New Caledonia / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 4:445-452, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2005.004.01.27 --- Patrick Joseph Coleman and Brian Douglas Hackman: Solomon Islands / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 4:453-461, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2005.004.01.28 --- John Milsom: East New Guinea / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 4:463-474, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2005.004.01.29 --- Jacobus Jan Hermes: West Irian / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 4:475-490, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2005.004.01.30 --- Rupert William Roye Rutland and Malcolm Ross Walter: Philippine Archipelago / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 4:491-500, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2005.004.01.31 --- Chingchang Biq: Taiwan / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 4:501-511, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2005.004.01.32 --- Tatsuro Matsumoto and Toshio Kimura: Southwest Japan / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 4:513-541, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2005.004.01.33 --- Tokihiko Matsuda and Nobu Kitamura: Northeast Japan / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 4:543-552, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2005.004.01.34 --- Ernest Hartwell Lathram: Aleutian Arc / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 4:553-561, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2005.004.01.35 --- Ernest H. Lathram, Arthur Grantz, David F. Barnes, David A. Brew, A. T. Ovenshine, George Plafker, Robert L. Detterman, Helen L. Foster, Michael Churkin, Jr., William W. Patton, Jr., Joseph M. Hoare, Irvin L. Tailleur, William P. Brosgé, Thomas P. Miller, and C. L. Sainsbury: Alaska / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 4:563-589, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2005.004.01.36 --- J. O. Wheeler, H. A. K. Charlesworth, J. W. H. Monger, J. E. Muller, R. A. Price, J. E. Reesor, J. A. Roddick, and P. S. Simony: Western Canada / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 4:591-623, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2005.004.01.37 --- Peter Humphrey Mattson: Cuba / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 4:625-638, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2005.004.01.38 --- Peter Humphrey Mattson: Puerto Rico—Virgin Islands / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 4:639-661, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2005.004.01.39 --- John Frederick Tomblin: Lesser Antilles / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 4:663-670, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2005.004.01.40 --- John Baverstock Saunders: Trinidad / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 4:671-682, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2005.004.01.41 --- John Sebastian Bell: Venezuelan Coast Ranges / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 4:683-703, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2005.004.01.42 --- Colin John Campbell: Colombian Andes / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 4:705-724, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2005.004.01.43 --- Colin John Campbell: Ecuadorian Andes / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 4:725-732, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2005.004.01.44 --- Rupert William Roye Rutland: Andes: Antofagasta Segment (20°–25°S.) / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 4:733-743, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2005.004.01.45 --- Other Orogens --- Walter Brian Harland and William Thornton Horsfield: West Spitsbergen Orogen / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 4:747-755, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2005.004.01.46 --- Analysis of the Data --- Anthony Mansell Spencer: Analysis of the Data / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 4:757-786, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2005.004.01.47 --- Appendix --- Appendix: The Data for Orogenic Studies Questionnaire / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 4:787-802, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2005.004.01.48 --- Erratum --- Erratum: Preface / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 4:ERR, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.2005.004.01.49

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: This book is an outgrowth of a workshop on teaching mineralogy held at Smith College in June 1996 and sponsored by a grant from the Division of Undergraduate Education, National Science Foundation (DUE-9554635). Seventy participants, from diverse institutional settings and from all academic ranks, met to explore common interests in improving instruction in mineralogy. At the workshop, participants took part as both instructors and as students. They had the opportunity to explore a variety of new instructional methods and materials and also to observe their colleagues as instructors. All were encouraged to test these activities in their own classrooms, to evaluate their effectiveness, to suggest changes to the authors, and to develop new and complementary exercises. The sourcebook before you is the product of this group effort. Within this volume you will find numerous exercises that can be applied in the teaching of mineralogy and related courses. There are hands-on, experimental, theoretical, and analytical exercises. All have been written with the hope of optimizing student learning. At the workshop there was little interest in developing a "prescriptive" approach to mineralogy by making recommendations on a specific content that might be universally applied in mineralogy courses and curricula. We recognize that every student population will have different needs, every faculty vi member will have her or his own areas expertise, every department will have its own curricular needs, every institution will have its own resources, and every geographic setting will provide unique educational opportunities. The exercises in this volume provide examples of innovative ways that mineralogy can be taught using a variety of materials and teaching techniques. We encourage you to use these activities in whatever ways will best serve your students. You may freely photocopy the exercises for class use, adopt these materials or adapt them to meet the special needs of your own course, and use these activities as models to help you develop your own new exercises.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: The first ever SOIL ATLAS OF AFRICA uses striking maps, informative texts and stunning photographs to answer and explain these and other questions. Leading soil scientists from Europe and Africa have collaborated to produce this unique document. Using state-of-the-art computer mapping techniques, the Soil Atlas of Africa shows the changing nature of soil across the continent. It explains the origin and functions of soil, describes the different soil types that can be found in Africa and their relevance to both local and global issues. The atlas also discusses the principal threats to soil and the steps being taken to protect soil resources. The Soil Atlas of Africa is more than just a normal atlas. It presents a new and comprehensive interpretation of an often neglected natural resource. The Soil Atlas of Africa is an essential reference to a non-renewable resource that is fundamental for life on this planet.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Katastrophen stellen eine Herausforderung für gesellschaftliches Handeln dar. Der Autor zeigt, auf welche Weise die politischen und wissenschaftlichen Strukturen des Deutschen Kaiserreiches dieser Herausforderung begegneten und sich im Sinne des Fortschrittsdenkens zu Nutze machten. Es wird deutlich, dass Naturkatastrophen wie das Jahrhunderthochwasser am Rhein für den jungen Nationalstaat nicht nur ein bedrohliches Risiko darstellten, sondern auch eine Chance für gesellschaftlichen Wandel. So stärkten sie das Zusammengehörigkeitsgefühl und lieferten einen Anlass für regionale Entwicklungshilfeprogramme sowie wissenschaftliche Forschung.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Alles unterliegt einem Wandel, so auch die klimatischen Bedingungen in den Alpen. Vor allem in den letzten Jahrzehnten war dieser Wandel gut zu beobachten: Das deutliche Abschmelzen der Gletscher ist ein unübersehbares Zeichen für ein Ansteigen der Temperatur. Wissenschaftlerinnen und Wissenschaftler haben über Jahre hinweg im inneren Ötztal Daten gesammelt, um Veränderungen zu dokumentieren. Seit 1953 werden an der Alpinen Forschungsstelle Obergurgl Klimaparameter erhoben. Die Langzeit-Datenreihen umfassen aber auch Gletschermassenbilanzen und -längenänderungen, hydrographische Messungen an der Ötztaler Ache sowie mikroklimatische Untersuchungen von der subalpinen bis zur subnivalen Stufe. Das innere Ötztal ist damit eine Modellregion des Langzeitmonitorings.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: In Coal in Our Veins, Erin Thomas employs historical research, autobiography, and journalism to intertwine the history of coal, her ancestors' lives mining coal, and the societal and environmental impacts of the United States' dependency on coal as an energy source. In the first part of her book, she visits Wales, native ground of British coal mining and of her emigrant ancestors. The Thomases' move to the coal region of Utah—where they witnessed the Winter Quarters and Castle Gate mine explosions, two of the worst mining disasters in American history—and the history of coal development in Utah form the second part. Then Thomas investigates coal mining and communities in West Virginia, near her East Coast home, looking at the Sago Mine collapse and more widespread impacts of mining, including population displacement, mountain top removal, coal dust dispersal, and stream pollution, flooding, and decimation. The book's final part moves from Washington D.C.—and an examination of coal, CO2, and national energy policy—back to Utah, for a tour of a coal mine, and a consideration of the Crandall Canyon mine cave-in, back to Wales and the closing of the oldest operating deep mine in the world and then to a look at energy alternatives, especially wind power, in West Virginia and Pennsylvania.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: A01: Dynamics of Atmospheric Composition --- A Study on the Production and Emission of Marine-Derived Volatile Halocarbons / Y. Yokouchi, A. Ooki, S. Hashimoto and N. Itoh / pp. 1-25. doi:10.5047/w-pass.a01.001 --- Measurements of Gaseous Peroxides in the Oceanic Lower Atmosphere / S. Hatakeyama and T. Akatsuka / pp. 27-31. doi:10.5047/w-pass.a01.002 --- Phase Partitioning of NH3 and Gas to Particle Conversion / K. Osada / pp. 33-36. doi:10.5047/w-pass.a01.003 --- New Particle Formation of Marine Aerosols / K. Miura, H. Furutani, Y. Iwamoto, K. Nagano, H. Kobayashi, M. Mochida, H. Mukai, S. Hashimoto, M. Takami and M. Uematsu / pp. 37-41. doi:10.5047/w-pass.a01.004 --- A Study of the Chemical Processes in Aerosols and Their Impacts on the Environment Using X-ray Absorption Fine Structure Spectroscopy / Y. Takahashi, M. Higashi, T. Furukawa, T. Miyoshi, M. Fujiwara and M. Uematsu / pp. 43-50. doi:10.5047/w-pass.a01.005 --- Variability in Mineral Dust Deposition over the North Pacific and Its Potential Impact on the Ocean Productivity / H. Fukushima / pp. 51-60. doi:10.5047/w-pass.a01.006 --- Atmosphere-Ocean Interaction through Atmospheric Aerosol Particles Observed in a Single Nanoparticle Aspect / H. Furutani, J. Jinyoung and M. Uematsu / pp. 61-69. doi:10.5047/w-pass.a01.007 --- Simultaneous Measurements of Hygroscopic Property and Cloud Condensation Nucleus Activity of Aerosol Particles of Marine Biogenic Origin / M. Mochida / pp. 71-81. doi:10.5047/w-pass.a01.008 --- Eruption of Mt. Kilauea Impacted Cloud Droplet and Radiation Budget over North Pacific / I. Uno, K. Eguchi and K. Yumimoto / pp. 83-87. doi:10.5047/w-pass.a01.009 --- A02: Variability of Gas Exchanges at the Air-Sea Interface --- High-Resolution Measurement of Volatile Organic Compounds Dissolved in Seawater Using Equilibrator Inlet-Proton Transfer Reaction-Mass Spectrometry (EI-PTR-MS) / Hiroshi Tanimoto, Sohiko Kameyama, Yuko Omori, Satoshi Inomata and Urumu Tsunogai / pp. 89-115. doi:10.5047/w-pass.a02.001 --- Study of the Production Processes of Marine Biogenic Methane and Carbonyl Sulfide Using Stable Isotope Analysis / S. Toyoda, K. Yamada, Y. Ueno, K. Koba and O. Yoshida / pp. 117-121. doi:10.5047/w-pass.a02.002 --- Long-Term Changes of Greenhouse Gases in the Ocean and Their Feedback Effects on the Climate / Yutaka W. Watanabe, Ichiro Yasuda and Nobuo Tsurushima / pp. 123-150. doi:10.5047/w-pass.a02.003 --- Temporal and Spatial Variations in Carbonate System and Air-Sea CO2 Flux in the Kuroshio and Kuroshio Extension / H. Yoshikawa-Inoue, T. Midorikawa and T. R. Takamura / pp. 151-161. doi:10.5047/w-pass.a02.004 --- A03: Dynamics of the Marine Ecosystem --- Bioavailability and Biogeochemical Processes of Trace Metals in the Surface Ocean / S. Takeda, H. Obata, A. Okubo, M. Sato and Y. Kondo / pp. 163-176. doi:10.5047/w-pass.a03.001 --- Detailed Variations in Bioactive Elements in the Surface Ocean and Their Interaction with Microbiological Processes / H. Ogawa, K. Kogure, J. Kanda, F. Hashihama and M. Suzumura / pp. 177-197. doi:10.5047/w-pass.a03.002 --- Photoheterotrophic Process in Surface Seawater Environments / K. Hamasaki, Y. Sato-Takabe, A. Taniguchi and Y. Tada / pp. 199-202. doi:10.5047/w-pass.a03.003 --- Ecological Study of Bacterial Populations Related to Biogenic Gas Transformation in Marine Environments / K. Hamasaki, R. Kaneko, A. Mouri, Y. Tada, N. Kasamatsu-Takasawa and I. Nagao / pp. 203-209. doi:10.5047/w-pass.a03.004 --- A04: Modelling of the Interaction between the Ocean and the Atmosphere --- Modeling for Evaluation and Prediction of Effects of Short-Term Atmospheric Disturbance on Air-Sea Material Cycling / M. Fujii and A. Tanaka / pp. 211-222. doi:10.5047/w-pass.a04.001 --- Relating Phytoplankton Pnysiology to North Pacific Biogeochemistry / S. Lan Smith, Maki N. Aita, Masahito Shigemitsu and Yasuhiro Yamanaka / pp. 223-235. doi:10.5047/w-pass.a04.002 --- Coupling of Physical and Bio-Geochemical Process and Monitoring Ocean Circulation Using Data Assimilation System / Y. Ishikawa, T. Awaji, M. Ikeda and T. Toyoda / pp. 237-241. doi:10.5047/w-pass.a04.003

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Part 1 Introduction --- 1 Outline of the Environmental Monitoring of TEPCO's Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident (Tomoyuki TAKAHASHI) --- 2 Outline of the Radiation Dose Estimation of Residents After the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident (Sentaro TAKAHASHI) --- Part 2 Overview --- 3 Accident of Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant: Sequences, FP Released, Lessons Learned (Jun SUGIMOTO) --- 4 Some Comments on Dose Assessment for Members of the Public After the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident (Jiro INABA) --- Part 3 Radiation Survey of the Environment --- 5 Environmental Radiation Status in and Around Tokyo Immediately After the TEPCO Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Disaster (Takeshi IIMOTO) --- 6 Radiation Survey Along Two Trails in Mt. Fuji to Investigate the Radioactive Contamination Due to TEPCO's Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Plant Accident (Kazuaki YAJIMA) --- 7 Development of a Carborne Survey System, KURAMA (Minoru TANIGAKI) --- 8 Radiation Measurement in East Japan in 2011 After the Fukushima Nuclear Accident (Takumi KUBOTA) --- Part 4 Environmental Radioactivity --- 9 Distribution of Plutonium Isotopes in Marine Sediments Off Japan Before and After the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident: A Review (Jian ZHENG) --- 10 Time Trend Change of Air Dose Rate on Paved Area in Fukushima City After the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident (Shin-ya HOHARA) --- 11 Observation of Radionuclides in Marine Biota off the Coast of Fukushima Prefecture After TEPCO's Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident (Tatsuo AONO) --- Part 5 Transfer Models and/or Parameters --- 12 Evaluating Removal of Radionuclides from Landfill Leachate Using Generally Practiced Wastewater Treatment Processes (Nao ISHIKAWA) --- 13 Studies on Radiocesium Transfer in Agricultural Plants in Fukushima Prefecture (Takashi SAITO) --- Part 6 Source Estimation --- 14 Investigation of Uncertainty in the Release Rates of I 131 and Cs 137 from Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station Estimated from Environmental Data (Shigekazu HIRAO) --- 15 Source Term Estimation of 131I and 137Cs Discharged from the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant into the Atmosphere (Haruyasu NAGAI) --- Part 7 Dose Assessment --- 16 NIRS's Activities for the Reconstruction of Early Internal Exposure in the TEPCO Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Station Accident (Osamu KURIHARA) --- 17 Internal Radiation Dose of KURRI Volunteers Working at Evacuation Shelters After TEPCO's Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident (Yuko KINASHI) --- 18 Probabilistic Assessment of Doses to the Public Living in Areas Contaminated by the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident (Shogo TAKAHARA) --- 19 Reduction of External Exposure for Residents Owing to the Fukushima Nuclear Accident by Weathering and Decontamination (Hiroko YOSHIDA)

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Preface --- Acknowledgements --- Chapter 1 – Natural Heritage at Risk by Climate Change --- Chapter 2 – Climate Change in Central and Eastern Europe --- Chapter 3 – Effects of Climate Change on the Hydrological Cycle in Central and Eastern Europe --- Chapter 4 – Potential impacts of climate change on protected habitats --- Chapter 5 – Climate Change impact modelling cascade - Benefits and limitations for --- Chapter 6 – Indicators for Monitoring Climate Change-Induced Effects on Habitats – a --- Chapter 7 – Remote Sensing-based Monitoring of Potential Climate-induced Impacts on Habitats --- Chapter 8 – Assessment of Climate-induced Impacts on Habitats --- Chapter 9 – Legal Aspects of Climate Change Adaptation --- Chapter 10 – A Methodical Framework for Climate Change-Adapted Management in Protected Areas --- Chapter 11 – Monitoring concept of climate-induced impacts on peat bog vegetation in Pokljuka plateau in Triglav National Park, Slovenia --- Chapter 12 – Concept for the monitoring of climate induced impacts on rock ptarmigan (Lagopus muta) in Triglav National Park, Slovenia --- Chapter 13 – Suggested management measures for Natura 2000 Habitats in Körös-Maros National Park, Hungary --- Chapter 14 – Climate-induced challenges for wetlands: revealing the background for the adaptive ecosystem management in the Biebrza Valley, Poland --- Chapter 15 – Habitat changes caused by sea level rise, driven by climate change in the Northern Adriatic coastal wetlands, Slovenia --- Chapter 16 – Potential impacts of climate change on forest habitats in the Biosphere Reserve Vessertal-Thuringian Forest in Germany --- Chapter 17 – Potential Impact of Climate Change on Alpine Habitats from Bucegi Natural Park, Romania --- Chapter 18 – Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Habitats and their Effects on Invasive Plant Species in Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve, Romania --- Chapter 19 - Reproduction biology of an alien invasive plant: a case of drought-tolerant Aster squamatus on the Northern Adriatic seacoast, Slovenia --- Chapter 20 – Conclusions and Recommendations for Adapting Conservation Management in the Face of Climate Change --- Index

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: 1. The overview of our research (Tomoko M. Nakanishi) --- 2. Behavior of radiocesium adsorbed by the leaves and stems of wheat plant during the first year after the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident (K. Tanoi) --- 3. Radiocesium Absorption by Rice in Paddy Field Ecosystems (K. Nemoto and J. Abe) --- 4. Cesium uptake in rice: possible transporter, distribution and variation (T. Fujiwara) --- 5. Time-course Analysis of Radiocesium Uptake and Translocation in Rice by Radioisotope Imaging (N. I. Kobayashi) --- 6. Vertical migration of Radiocesium fallout in soil in Fukushima (S. Shiozawa) --- 7. Radioactive Nuclides in Vegetables and Soil Resulting from Low-Level Radioactive Fallout after the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident: Case Studies in Tokyo and Fukushima (S. Oshita) --- 8. Radioactivity in agricultural products in Fukushima (N. Nihei) --- 9. Changes in the transfer of fallout radiocesium from pasture harvested in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan, to cow milk two months after the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident (N. Manabe, T. Takahashi, J.-Y. Li, K. Tanoi, and T. M. Nakanishi) --- 10. Radiocesium contamination of marine fish muscle and its effective elimination (S. Watabe, H. Ushio, D. Ikeda) --- 11. Excretion of cesium through potassium transport pathway in the gills of a marine teleosts (T. Kaneko, F. Furukawa and S. Watanabe) --- 12. Contamination of wild animals: Effects on wildlife on high radioactivity areas of the agricultural and forest landscape (K. Ishida) --- 13. Remediation of paddy soil contaminated by radiocesium in Iitate Village in Fukushima Prefecture (M. Mizoguchi) --- 14. Distribution of radiocesium from the radioactive fallout in fruit trees (D. Takata) --- 15. Mushrooms¬: Radioactive Contamination of Widespread Mushrooms in Japan (T. Yamada) --- 16. Diffusion and transportation dynamics of 137Cs deposited on the forested area in Fukushima after the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident in March 2011 (N. Ohte, M. Murakami, T. Suzuki, K. Iseda, K. Tanoi, and N. Ishii) --- 17. Developing an information package of radiation risk in beef after Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident (H. Hosono)

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: This topical volume focuses on the most recent advances that have been achieved in relevant fields of research of nuclear test ban monitoring, including seismology, infrasound- and hydro-acoustics, as well as nuclear physics and atmospheric backtracking. This research has been presented during the special sessions on "Research and Development in Nuclear Explosion Monitoring" convened during the 2007 and 2008 General Assemblies of the European Geosciences Union (EGU). The special sessions were introduced after the Preparatory Commission for the Comprehensive Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty Organization (CTBTO Prepcom) had convened a scientific symposium in 2006 on "CTBT: Synergies with Science 1996-2006 and beyond" marking the tenth anniversary of the United Nations General Assembly’s adoption of the CTBT Treaty. With regard to the seismo-acoustic fields several papers provide important updates on advances made in these fields since publication of ‘Monitoring the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty’ (see PAGEOPH topical volumes 158-159, 2001-2002). Moreover, this topical volume expands on these publications by including radionuclide and noble gas monitoring, as well as atmospheric transport modeling. In these two areas, significant progress has been made in recent years. Two papers studying the 2006 North Korean nuclear test elucidate how progress made in the relevant fields has allowed for a good understanding on the characteristics of this underground nuclear test.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: This volume contains a collection of stratigraphic and diagenetic case studies of Mesozoic and Cenozoic carbonate sequences from the Tethyan realm. High levels of industry and academic interest in the region have generated numerous multi-disciplinary studies of these sequences, a selection of which are presented in this volume. The studies presented are based on both comprehensive subsurface datasets from important hydrocarbon-bearing strata of the Middle East and the excellent surface exposures in the region of interest. The studies presented in this volume may serve as suitable starting points in the development of age and architecture specific carbonate reference models. Such models can form the basis of internally consistent models for carbonate deposition, sequence development and reservoir performance. Ideally such models, suitably scaled, will be equally applicable to academic studies, the exploration and development phases of the field life cycle and in the prediction of future reservoir performance.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Several different databases and models have been developed over many years of petrological study carried out by several European and non-European groups on mantle xenoliths, peridotite massifs, ophiolites and mafic magmas spanning in age from Archaean to Recent times. This volume aims to bring together these different approaches and to integrate the geochemical perceptions of the European upper mantle. The papers include regional petrological studies of the European lithospheric mantle, from Spain to the Pannonian Basin, from Corsica and Serbia as far north as Svalbard. Six contributions are based on studies of mantle xenoliths, while the remaining three deal with ophiolitic and peridotitic complexes. A further article provides an update on the textural classification of mantle rocks using a computer-aided approach and there is an introductory overview.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Our understanding of calcium carbonate precipitation within freshwater carbonate systems is being revolutionized by new quantitative approaches at both field and laboratory scale. These systems cover a diverse range of topical research areas including tufas, speleothems, stromatolites and microbial processes. Progress by various international research groups has been impressive, with major contributions to such areas as climate change, absolute dating, carbon sequestration, and biofilm construction and precipitation. A diverse sample of interrelated research is presented that provides a tantalizing glimpse of the interplay between microbial, geochemical and physical processes that control the development of tufas and speleothems. This volume will provide a cross-disciplinary platform that will stimulate further exchanges about new concepts, methodologies and interpretations associated with freshwater carbonates. In particular, it will help reinforce the importance of cross-discipline research: the driving force behind the new field of Geobiology.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: The world's mountain ranges are the clearest manifestations of long-term deformation of the continental crust. As such they have attracted geological investigations for centuries. Throughout this long history of research a few keynote publications stand out. One of the most important is the Geological Survey's 1907 Memoir on The Geological Structure of the North-West Highlands of Scotland. The Memoir summarized some of the Geological Survey's finest work, and outlined many of the principles of field-based structural and tectonic analysis that have subsequently guided generations of geologists working in other mountain belts, both ancient and modern. The thematic set of 32 papers in this Special Publication celebrate the 100th anniversary of the 1907 Memoir by placing the original findings in both historical and modern contexts, and juxtaposing them against present-day studies of deformation processes operating not only in the NW Highlands, but also in other mountain belts.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Introduction: Australian geomorphology into the 21st century / Paul Bishop and Brad Pillans / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 346, 1-6, 1 January 2010, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP346.1 --- A theory (involving tropical cyclones) on the formation of coarse-grained sand beach ridges in NE Australia / Jonathan Nott / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 346, 7-22, 1 January 2010, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP346.2 --- Sheltered sandy beaches of southwestern Australia / A. Travers, M. J. Eliot, I. G. Eliot and M. Jendrzejczak / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 346, 23-42, 1 January 2010, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP346.3 --- Are the Murray Canyons offshore southern Australia still active for sediment transport? / S. Schmidt, P. De Deckker, H. Etcheber and S. Caradec / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 346, 43-55, 1 January 2010, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP346.4 --- East Australian marine abrasion surface / Bruce G. Thom, Jock B. Keene, Peter J. Cowell and Marc Daley / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 346, 57-69, 1 January 2010, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP346.5 --- Geoarchaeology in Australia: understanding human-environment interactions / Simon J. Holdaway and Patricia C. Fanning / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 346, 71-85, 1 January 2010, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP346.6 --- Ecogeomorphology in the Australian drylands and the role of biota in mediating the effects of climate change on landscape processes and evolution / David Dunkerley / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 346, 87-120, 1 January 2010, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP346.7 --- History of Australian aridity: chronology in the evolution of arid landscapes / Toshiyuki Fujioka and John Chappell / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 346, 121-139, 1 January 2010, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP346.8 --- The Australian desert dunefields: formation and evolution in an old, flat, dry continent / Paul P. Hesse / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 346, 141-164, 1 January 2010, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP346.9 --- Advances in Quaternary studies in Tasmania / Eric A. Colhoun, Kevin Kiernan, Timothy T. Barrows and Albert Goede / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 346, 165-183, 1 January 2010, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP346.10 --- ‘Of droughts and flooding rains’: an alluvial loess record from central South Australia spanning the last glacial cycle / David Haberlah, Peter Glasby, Martin A. J. Williams, Steven M. Hill, Frances Williams, Edward J. Rhodes, Victor Gostin, Anthony O'Flaherty and Geraldine E. Jacobsen / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 346, 185-223, 1 January 2010, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP346.11 --- Eroding Australia: rates and processes from Bega Valley to Arnhem Land / Arjun M. Heimsath, John Chappell and Keith Fifield / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 346, 225-241, 1 January 2010, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP346.12 --- Tectonic geomorphology of Australia / Mark C. Quigley, Dan Clark and Mike Sandiford / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 346, 243-265, 1 January 2010, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP346.13 --- Lithology and the evolution of bedrock rivers in post-orogenic settings: constraints from the high-elevation passive continental margin of SE Australia / Paul Bishop and Geoff Goldrick / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 346, 267-287, 1 January 2010, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP346.14 --- Rethinking eastern Australian caves / R. A. L. Osborne / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 346, 289-308, 1 January 2010, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP346.15 --- Oxygen-isotope dating the Yilgarn regolith / Allan. R. Chivas and Julius. R. Atlhopheng / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 346, 309-320, 1 January 2010, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP346.16

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Human impact on our environment is not a new phenomenon. For millennia, humans have been coping with – or provoking – environmental change. We have exploited, extracted, over-used, but also in many cases nurtured, the resources that the geosphere offers. Geoarchaeology studies the traces of human interactions with the geosphere and provides the key to recognizing landscape and environmental change, human impacts and the effects of environmental change on human societies. This collection of papers from around the world includes case studies and broader reviews covering the time period since before modern human beings came into existence up until the present day. To understand ourselves, we need to understand that our world is constantly changing, and that change is dynamic and complex. Geoarchaeology provides an inclusive and long-term view of human–geosphere interactions and serves as a valuable aid to those who try to determine sustainable policies for the future.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Slope tectonics: a short introduction / Michel Jaboyedoff, Giovanni B. Crosta and Doug Stead / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 351, 1-10, 1 January 2011, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP351.1 --- Paraglacial gravitational deformations in the SW Alps: a review of field investigations, 10Be cosmogenic dating and physical modelling / S. El Bedoui, T. Bois, H. Jomard, G. Sanchez, T. Lebourg, E. Trics, Y. Guglielmi, S. Bouissou, A. Chemenda, Y. Rolland, M. Corsini and J. L. Pérez / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 351, 11-25, 1 January 2011, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP351.2 --- Inheritance of ductile and brittle structures in the development of large rock slope instabilities: examples from western Norway / A. Saintot, I. H. C. Henderson and M.-H. Derron / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 351, 27-78, 1 January 2011, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP351.3 --- Regional spatial variations in rockslide distribution from structural geology ranking: an example from Storfjorden, western Norway / Iain H. C. Henderson and Aline Saintot / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 351, 79-95, 1 January 2011, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP351.4 --- Rock slope instabilities in Sogn and Fjordane County, Norway: a detailed structural and geomorphological analysis / Martina Böhme, Aline Saintot, Iain H. C. Henderson, Helge Henriksen and Reginald L. Hermanns / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 351, 97-111, 1 January 2011, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP351.5 --- Controlling factors for deep-seated gravitational slope deformation (DSGSD) in the Aosta Valley (NW Alps, Italy) / G. Martinotti, D. Giordan, M. Giardino and S. Ratto / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 351, 113-131, 1 January 2011, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP351.6 --- Palaeostress analysis of a giant Holocene rockslide near Boaco and Santa Lucia (Nicaragua, Central America) / Ivo Baron̆, Markéta Kernstocková, Roman Novotný, David Buriánek, Petr Hradecký, Pavel Havlic̆ek and Rostislav Melichar / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 351, 133-145, 1 January 2011, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP351.7 --- Complex landslide behaviour and structural control: a three-dimensional conceptual model of Åknes rockslide, Norway / Michel Jaboyedoff, Thierry Oppikofer, Marc-Henri Derron, Lars Harald Blikra, Martina Böhme and Aline Saintot / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 351, 147-161, 1 January 2011, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP351.8 --- Structural analysis of Turtle Mountain: origin and influence of fractures in the development of rock slope failures / Andrea Pedrazzini, Michel Jaboyedoff, Corey R. Froese, C. Willem Langenberg and Francisco Moreno / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 351, 163-183, 1 January 2011, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP351.9 --- A structural, geomorphological and InSAR study of an active rock slope failure development / I. H. C. Henderson, T. R. Lauknes, P. T. Osmundsen, J. Dehls, Y. Larsen and T. F. Redfield / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 351, 185-199, 1 January 2011, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP351.10 --- Numerical modelling of Plio-Quaternary slope evolution based on geological constraints: a case study from the Caramanico Valley (Central Apennines, Italy) / G. Bianchi Fasani, E. Di Luzio, C. Esposito, S. Martino and G. Scarascia-Mugnozza / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 351, 201-214, 1 January 2011, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP351.11 --- Valley shape influence on deformation mechanisms of rock slopes / Christian Ambrosi and Giovanni B. Crosta / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 351, 215-233, 1 January 2011, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP351.12 --- The Celentino deep-seated gravitational slope deformation (DSGSD): structural and geomechanical analyses (Peio Valley, NE Italy) / M. Ghirotti, S. Martin and R. Genevois / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 351, 235-251, 1 January 2011, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP351.13 --- Megafans and outsize fans from catastrophic slope failures in Alpine glacial troughs: the Malser Haide and the Val Venosta cluster, Italy / David Jarman, Federico Agliardi and Giovanni B. Crosta / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 351, 253-277, 1 January 2011, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP351.14

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: The past few decades have witnessed the growth of the Earth Sciences in the pursuit of knowledge and understanding of the planet that we live on. This development addresses the challenging endeavor to enrich human lives with the bounties of Nature as well as to preserve the planet for the generations to come. Solid Earth Geophysics aspires to define and quantify the internal structure and processes of the Earth in terms of the principles of physics and forms the intrinsic framework, which other allied disciplines utilize for more specific investigations. The first edition of the Encyclopedia of Solid Earth Geophysics was published in 1989 by Van Nostrand Reinhold publishing company. More than two decades later, this new volume, edited by Prof. Harsh K. Gupta, represents a thoroughly revised and expanded reference work. It brings together more than 200 articles covering established and new concepts of Geophysics across the various sub-disciplines such as Gravity, Geodesy, Geomagnetism, Seismology, Seismics, Deep Earth Processes, Plate Tectonics, Thermal Domains, Computational Methods, etc. in a systematic and consistent format and standard. It is an authoritative and current reference source with extraordinary width of scope. It draws its unique strength from the expert contributions of editors and authors across the globe. It is designed to serve as a valuable and cherished source of information for current and future generations of professionals.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Collision between Australia and SE Asia began in the Early Miocene and reduced the former wide ocean between them to a complex passage which connects the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Today, the Indonesian Throughflow passes through this gateway and plays an important role in global thermohaline flow. The surrounding region contains the maximum global diversity for many marine and terrestrial organisms. Reconstruction of this geologically complex region is essential for understanding its role in oceanic and atmospheric circulation, climate impacts, and the origin of its biodiversity. The papers in this volume discuss the Palaeozoic to Cenozoic geological background to Australia and SE Asia collision. They provide the background for accounts of the modern Indonesian Throughflow and oceanographic changes since the Neogene, and consider aspects of the region's climate history.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Chapter 1: Plates Amalgamation and Plate Destruction, the Western Gondwana History by Ngako Vincent and Njonfang Emmanuel --- Chapter 2: Lithospheric Structure and Tectonics of the Eastern Alps – Evidence from New Seismic Data by Ewald Brückl --- Chapter 3: Structure and Plate Tectonic Evolution of the Northern Outer Carpathians by Jan Golonka, Kaja Pietsch and Paweł Marzec --- Chapter 4: Tectonic Model of the Sinai Peninsula Based on Geophysical Investigations by Taha Rabeh --- Chapter 5: Siberia - From Rodinia to Eurasia by Dmitry V. Metelkin, Valery A. Vernikovsky and Alexey Yu. Kazansky --- Chapter 6: Proto-Basin Types of North China Craton (NCC) in Late Triassic and Its Implication for Regional Tectonics of Initial Craton Destruction by Yang Minghui, Liu Chiyang, Zeng Peng, Bai Hua and Zhou Jin --- Chapter 7: Tectonic Implications of Stratigraphy Architecture in Distal Part of Foreland Basin, Southwestern Taiwan by Jong-Chang Wu, Kenn-Ming Yang, Yi-Ru Chen and Wen-Rong Chi --- Chapter 8: Seismic Hazard in Tien Shan: Basement Structure Control Over the Deformation Induced by Indo-Eurasia Collision by Buslov, Mikhail M. and De Grave, Johan --- Chapter 9: Lithosphere as a Nonlinear System: Geodynamic Consequences by E. G. Mirlin --- Chapter 10: Layer-Block Tectonics, a New Concept of Plate Tectonics - An Example from Nansha Micro-Plate, Southern South China Sea by Hai-ling Liu, Hong-bo Zheng, Yan-Lin Wang, Chao-Hua Wu, Mei-Song Zhao and Yun-Kong Du --- Chapter 11: The Role of Geoelectrical DC Methods in Determining the Subsurface Tectonics Features. Case Studies from Syria by Jamal Asfahani --- Chapter 12: Salt Tectonics of the Lisan Diapir Revealed by Synthetic Aperture Radar Images by Damien Closson, Najib Abou Karaki, Nada Milisavljević, Frédéric Hallot, and Marc Acheroy --- Chapter 13: Mantle-like Trace Element Composition of Petroleum – Contributions from Serpentinizing Peridotites by Peter Szatmari, Teresa Cristina O. da Fonseca and Norbert F. Miekeley

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: The past decade has witnessed a major revival in attempts to separate biodiversity signals from biases imposed by sampling and the architecture of the rock record. How large a problem this poses to our understanding of biodiversity patterns remains debatable, and new approaches are being developed to investigate this question. Here palaeobiologists with widely differing approaches and interests explore the problems of extracting reliable information on biodiversity change from an imperfect geological record. Topics covered range from the application of information-theoretic approaches that identify directional causal relationships to an in-depth study of how geological biases could influence our understanding of dinosaur evolution. A wide range of new insights into the links between the land, shallow-marine and deep-sea rock and fossil records are presented, making this volume invaluable to anyone in the Earth or life sciences who wishes to remain abreast of this dynamic and rapidly evolving research area.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: The interplay between Geology and Biology has shaped the Earth from the early Precambrian, 4 billion years ago. Moving beyond the borders of the classical core disciplines, Geobiology strives to identify cause-and-effect chains and synergisms between the geo- and the biospheres that have been driving evolution of life in modern and ancient environments. Combining modern methods, geobiological information can be extracted not only from visible remains of organisms, but also from organic molecules, rock fabrics, minerals, isotopes and other tracers. Exploring these processes and their signatures also creates enormous applied potentials with respect to issues of environment protection, public health, energy and resource management. The Encyclopedia of Geobiology is designed as a key reference for students, researchers, teachers, and the informed public to provide basic, but comprehensible knowledge on this rapidly expanding discipline at the interface between modern geo- and biosciences.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: The Indian shield represents a vast repository of the Palaeoproterozoic geological record. Built over the four large amalgamated Archaean nuclei (Dharwar, Bastar, Singhbhum and Aravalli–Bundelkhand) the major and minor Palaeoproterozoic sedimentary basins and supracrustal sequences in India are comparable in scale, and perhaps also in development, to those of North America, Africa, Australia and Brazil. The deformation of these supracrustal sequences, attendant metamorphism and emplacement of plutonic bodies hold important clues to their connection with major orogenies. Research in these areas has led to investigations into global correlation, which in turn has had a direct bearing on refining models of Palaeoproterozoic supercontinent assembly and break-up. This book covers various aspects of regional geology as well as broader issues of the Indian Palaeoproterozoic geology and its global context. It is an outcome of the UNESCO-IGCP 509 Palaeoproterozoic Supercontinents and Global Evolution research project.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: This book includes several geomorphological studies up-to-date, incorporating different disciplines and methodologies, always focused on methods, tools and general issues of environmental and applied geomorphology. In designing the book the integration of multiple methodological fields (geomorphological mapping, remote sensing, meteorological and climate analysis, vegetation and biogeomorphological investigations, geographic information systems GIS, land management methods), study areas, countries and continents (Europe, America, Asia, Africa) are considered.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Vibration is a phenomenon that we can perceive in many systems. Their effects are as diverse as the personal discomfort that can produce the unevenness of a road or the collapse of a building or a bridge during an earthquake. This book is a compendium of research works on vibration analysis and control. It goes through new methodologies that help us understand and mitigate this phenomenon. This book is divided into two sections. The first one is devoted to new advances on vibration analysis while the second part is a series of case studies that illustrate novel techniques on vibration control. The applications are varied and include areas such as vehicle suspension systems, wind turbines and civil engineering structures.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: This book is the third of a series highlighting this topic of major importance for recent developments in geodynamics. Temporal variation of deformation and gravity fields recorded by geodetic measuring techniques (either from ground surface or space) and reflecting isostatic, tectonic or volcanic processes in the earth's interior as well as hydrologic, oceanographic or climatic processes, have made a basic tool for research and monitoring. Part of the papers collected in this topical volume were presented at the 3rd Workshop on “Deformation and Gravity Change: Indicators of Isostasy, Tectonics, Volcanism and Climate Change” which took place at the Casa de los Volcanes on Lanzarote, Spain, during February 23-26, 2009. The book addresses researchers and graduate students in the Earth sciences, who are interested in surface and crustal processes, as well as geotechnical engineers.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Chapter 1: Cyclic Development of Axial Parts of Slow-Spreading Ridges: Evidence from Sierra Leone Area, the Mid-Atlantic Ridge, 5-7°N by E.V. Sharkov --- Chapter 2: Features of Caucasian Segment of the Alpine-Himalayan Convergence Zone: Geological, Volcanological, Neotectonical, and Geophysical Data by E.V. Sharkov, V.A. Lebedev, A.G. Rodnikov, A.V. Chugaev, N.A. Sergeeva and L.P. Zabarinskaya --- Chapter 3: 3D Modelling and Basement Tectonics of the Niger Delta Basin from Aeromagnetic Data by A.A. Okiwelu and I.A. Ude --- Chapter 4: Seismic Paleo-Geomorphic System of the Extensional Province of the Niger Delta: An Example of the Okari Field by Muslim B. Aminu and Moses O. Olorunniwo --- Chapter 5: Geodynamic and Tectonostratigrafic Study of a Continental Rift: The Triassic Cuyana Basin, Argentina by Silvia Patricia Barredo --- Chapter 6: Role of the NE-SW Hercynian Master Fault Systems and Associated Lineaments on the Structuring and Evolution of the Mesozoic and Cenozoic Basins of the Alpine Margin, Northern Tunisia by Fetheddine Melki, Taher Zouaghi, Mohamed Ben Chelbi, Mourad Bédir and Fouad Zargouni --- Chapter 7: An Assessment of the Earthquakes of Ancient Troy, NW Anatolia, Turkey by Akın Kürçer, Alexandros Chatzipetros, Salih Zeki Tutkun, Spyros Pavlides, Süha Özden, George Syrides, Kostas Vouvalidis, Emin Ulugergerli, Özkan Ateş and Yunus Levent Ekinci --- Chapter 8: Paleoseismological Three Dimensional Virtual Photography Method; A Case Study: Bağlarkayası-2010 Trench, Tuz Gölü Fault Zone, Central Anatolia, Turkey by Akın Kürçer and Yaşar Ergun Gökten --- Chapter 9: Structural Geological Analysis of the High Atlas (Morocco): Evidences of a Transpressional Fold-Thrust Belt by Alessandro Ellero, Giuseppe Ottria, Marco G. Malusà and Hassan Ouanaimi --- Chapter 10: Plate Tectonic Evolution of the Southern Margin of Laurussia in the Paleozoic by Jan Golonka and Aleksandra Gawęda --- Chapter 11: Was the Precambrian Basement of Western Troms and Lofoten-Vesterålen in Northern Norway Linked to the Lewisian of Scotland? A Comparison of Crustal Components, Tectonic Evolution and Amalgamation History" by Steffen G. Bergh, Fernando Corfu, Per Inge Myhre, Kåre Kullerud, Paul E.B. Armitage, Klaas B. Zwaan, Erling K. Ravna, Robert E. Holdsworth and Anupam Chattopadhya

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: This topical issue of the Journal of Pure and Applied Geophysics focuses on research related to dew and various types of fog occurring around the globe which was presented on July 25-30, 2010, at the 5th International Conference on Fog, Fog Collection, and Dew in Münster, Germany. The areas of knowledge in this field include surface in-situ and remote sensing observations of fog, dew, fog collection, applications of the various fog models (such as 1D, 2D, and 3D fog and forecasting models), microphysical parameterizations, and climatology. This volume gives a very good review of the existing knowledge and highlights the remaining difficulties in predicting and measuring fog at various scales of time and space. It also represents an important step in the direction of addressing new scientific challenges in fog and dew related research, teaching, and operational applications. Students as well as researchers, who are interested either in fog, in association with cloud physics, physical meteorology, aviation meteorology, climatology, weather forecasting and nowcasting, or in other adjacent disciplines like hydrometeorology, environment, and agriculture, will benefit from consulting and reading this topical issue. This publication was significantly supported by the Canadian National Search And Rescue (SAR) Secretariat by funding the Fog Remote Sensing and Modeling (FRAM) Project led by Dr. Ismail Gultepe since 2005.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Sediment Transport Processes and their Modelling Applications is a book which covers a wide range of topics. The effective management of many aquatic environments, requires a detailed understanding of sediment dynamics. This has both environmental and economic implications, especially where there is any anthropogenic involvement. Numerical models are often the tool used for predicting the transport and fate of sediment movement in these situations, as they can estimate the various spatial and temporal fluxes. However, the physical sedimentary processes can vary quite considerably depending upon whether the local sediments are fully cohesive, non-cohesive, or a mixture of both types. For this reason for more than half a century, scientists, engineers, hydrologists and mathematicians have all been continuing to conduct research into the many aspects which influence sediment transport. These issues range from processes such as scour, erosion and deposition, to how sediment process observations can be applied in sediment transport modelling frameworks. This book reports the findings from recent research in applied sediment transport which has been conducted in a wide range of aquatic environments. The research was carried out by researchers who specialise in the transport of sediments and related issues.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: This book, the third in the InTech Tsunami series, has been published in order to deepen efforts towards the understanding of tsunami dynamics that seems to be never enough. As the previous books in this series, "The Tsunami Threat - Research and Technology" (January 2011) and "Tsunami - A Growing Disaster" (December 2011), this multi-disciplinary volume compiles a collection of scientific papers showing the state-of-the-art of tsunami research at different levels. The various contributions cover an array of themes that span from geological evidence to post-trauma human care, encompassing pre-tsunami analyses and modeling to post-tsunami management and preparedness techniques. As its counterparts, "Tsunami - Analysis of a Hazard: from physical interpretation to human impact" continues to present evidence and case studies from different regions of the World: from the isolated Hawaiian Islands and Northern Indian Ocean, to the edges of the Atlantic and Eastern Mediterranean.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Magnetostratigraphy is best known as a technique that employs correlation among different stratigraphic sections using the magnetic directions defining geomagnetic polarity reversals as marker horizons. The ages of the polarity reversals provide common tie points among the sections, allowing accurate time correlation. Recently, studies of magnetic methods and the timing of geological processes have acquired a broader meaning, now referring to many types of magnetic measurements within a stratigraphic sequence. Many of these measurements provide correlation and age control not only for the older and younger boundaries of a polarity interval, but also within intervals. Thus, magnetostratigraphy no longer represents a dating tool based only on geomagnetic polarity reversals, but comprises a set of techniques that includes measurements of geomagnetic field parameters, environmental magnetism, rock-magnetic properties, radiometric dating and astronomically forced palaeoclimatic change recorded in sedimentary rocks, and key corrections to magnetic directions related to geodynamics, palaeocurrents, tectonics and diagenetic processes.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: This volume presents results of a variety of case studies documenting the Late Palaeozoic climate changes and cyclicity of deposition. The collected papers cover many aspects related to palaeoenvironmental analysis with sedimentological, stratigraphic, palaeobiological, geochemical, and palaeomagnetic studies of the fossil record around the Late Palaeozoic Ice Age and soon after. They span a stratigraphic interval from Carboniferous to Permian–Triassic transition around the world. This book comprising results for a range of disciplines, is a valuable source for not only researchers who are actively working on specific aspects of the Late Palaeozoic and looking for an up-to-date reference on this inhospitable time in the Earth's history. It is also of interest to climate modellers and the wider scientific community with an interest in the latest research on the decline of the Palaeozoic World.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: The mitigation of earthquake-related hazards represents a key role in the modern society. The mitigation of such kind of hazards spans from detailed studies on seismicity, evaluation of site effects, and seismo-induced landslides, tsunamis as well as and the design and analysis of structures to resist such actions. The study of earthquakes ties together science, technology and expertise in infrastructure and engineering in an effort to minimize human and material losses when they inevitably occur. Chapters deal with different topics aiming to mitigate geo-hazards such as: Seismic hazard analysis, Ground investigation for seismic design, Seismic design, assessment and remediation, Earthquake site response analysis and soil-structure interaction analysis.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Sediment provenance studies concern the origin, composition, transportation and deposition of detritus and therefore are an important part of understanding the links between basinal sedimentation, and hinterland tectonics and unroofing. Such studies can add value at many stages of hydrocarbon exploitation, from identifying regional-scale crustal affinities and sediment dispersal patterns during the earliest stages of exploration, to detailed correlation in producing reservoirs and understanding the impact of mineralogy on reservoir diagenesis. The volume showcases the wide variety of techniques available, using examples and applications from all aspects of sediment provenance research. The papers are organized into four sets around the following themes: Overview: applications of provenance information in hydrocarbon reservoir sandstones Provenance, diagenesis and reservoir quality Provenance studies linking sediment to source Looking forward: development of techniques and data handling This book is dedicated to the memory of Maria Mange and Robert A. Scott.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: An introduction to the Anthropocene: case for and against a new epoch --- A stratigraphical basis for the Anthropocene? / Colin N. Waters, Jan A. Zalasiewicz, Mark Williams, Michael A. Ellis and Andrea M. Snelling / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 395, 1-21, 24 March 2014, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP395.18 --- The ‘Anthropocene’ as a ratified unit in the ICS International Chronostratigraphic Chart: fundamental issues that must be addressed by the Task Group / S. C. Finney / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 395, 23-28, 24 October 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP395.9 --- The term ‘Anthropocene’ in the context of formal geological classification / P. L. Gibbard and M. J. C. Walker / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 395, 29-37, 25 October 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP395.1 --- Can an Anthropocene Series be defined and recognized? / Jan Zalasiewicz, Mark Williams and Colin N. Waters / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 395, 39-53, 10 March 2014, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP395.16 --- The nature of anthropogenic deposits and landscape modification --- An assessment of lithostratigraphy for anthropogenic deposits / J. R. Ford, S. J. Price, A. H. Cooper and C. N. Waters / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 395, 55-89, 8 April 2014, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP395.12 --- The relationship between archaeological stratigraphy and artificial ground and its significance in the Anthropocene / M. Edgeworth / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 395, 91-108, 25 October 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP395.3 --- The mineral signature of the Anthropocene in its deep-time context / Jan Zalasiewicz, Ryszard Kryza and Mark Williams / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 395, 109-117, 19 December 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP395.2 --- Geomagnetic and mineral magnetic characterization of the Anthropocene / Ian Snowball, Mark W. Hounslow and Andreas Nilsson / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 395, 119-141, 19 December 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP395.13 --- A biostratigraphical signature for the Anthropocene --- Is the fossil record of complex animal behaviour a stratigraphical analogue for the Anthropocene? / M. Williams, J. A. Zalasiewicz, C. N. Waters and E. Landing / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 395, 143-148, 25 October 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP395.8 --- Palaeontological evidence for defining the Anthropocene / Anthony D. Barnosky / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 395, 149-165, 24 October 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP395.6 --- Coral reefs in the Anthropocene: persistence or the end of the line? / O. Hoegh-Guldberg / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 395, 167-183, 20 March 2014, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP395.17 --- Microbiotic signatures of the Anthropocene in marginal marine and freshwater palaeoenvironments / I. P. Wilkinson, C. Poirier, M. J. Head, C. D. Sayer and J. Tibby / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 395, 185-219, 31 January 2014, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP395.14 --- Geochemical signatures and catastrophic events --- Assessing the Anthropocene with geochemical methods / Agnieszka Gałuszka, Zdzisław M. Migaszewski and Jan Zalasiewicz / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 395, 221-238, 24 October 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP395.5 --- Definition of the Anthropocene: a view from the underworld / Ian J. Fairchild and Silvia Frisia / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 395, 239-254, 24 October 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP395.7 --- Ice Sheets and the Anthropocene / Eric W. Wolff / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 395, 255-263, 25 November 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP395.10 --- The release and persistence of radioactive anthropogenic nuclides / Gary J. Hancock, Stephen G. Tims, L. Keith Fifield and Ian T. Webster / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 395, 265-281, 28 February 2014, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP395.15 --- Volcanic markers for dating the onset of the Anthropocene / Victoria C. Smith / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 395, 283-299, 21 November 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP395.11 --- The technosphere concept --- Technology as a geological phenomenon: implications for human well-being / P. K. Haff / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 395, 301-309, 24 October 2013, https://doi.org/10.1144/SP395.4

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: This book is an overview of the complex and multifaceted topic of natural disasters impact. Several possible approaches can be undertaken to assess economic, psychological, societal or environmental damage caused by natural disasters, aiming to reduce the effects of future events on the whole of these sectors. This book proposes a range of studies realized in different continents, showing various aspects from which natural disasters can be view, thus giving a measure of the complexity and multidisciplinary of the topic. It starts with a paper presenting a possible strategy to either avoid or reduce the vulnerability of concrete buildings during floods. Then, it continues with an insight into the communication during post-disaster emergency phase and with two chapters concerning the assessment of two different kinds of impact on people everyday life. The book ends with an analysis of the role of stakeholder participation in post-disaster reconstruction.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: This book is devoted to the mechanisms of sedimentary basin formation on active plate margins, which show enormous diversity reflecting complex tectonic processes. Multidisciplinary approach pursuing basin-forming mechanism is based on geology, sedimentology, geochronology and geophysics. Some chapters are dedicated to the genetic analysis of sedimentary basins in wrench deformation zones in forearc and intra-arc regions. Another block of chapters deals with basin formation in peripheral regions of Eurasia and intra-arc / foreland basins under the influence of the fluctuation of stress regimes. Finally geophysical approaches to basin analyses are shown in some chapters from microscopic to regional scales. Diverse contents of the chapters provide the audience with the present accomplishments of basin researches on active margins by Earth scientists.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Oceanography is the par excellence interdisciplinary science thanks to its peculiar setting within a fluid environment that makes connections extremely efficient. The oceans connections are well mirrored in the chapters of this book that share a quite explicit multidisciplinary and multi-environmental character. The book provides chapters on very different topics under very different settings, some with a focused angle, others with a broader approach, yet all sharing the idea that we need to understand the small pieces in order to put together the big picture for a much larger mechanism, the functioning of the ocean as a whole.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: 1. The overview of our research (Tomoko M. Nakanishi) --- 2. Behavior of radiocesium adsorbed by the leaves and stems of wheat plant during the first year after the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident (K. Tanoi) --- 3. Radiocesium Absorption by Rice in Paddy Field Ecosystems (K. Nemoto and J. Abe) --- 4. Cesium uptake in rice: possible transporter, distribution and variation (T. Fujiwara) --- 5. Time-course Analysis of Radiocesium Uptake and Translocation in Rice by Radioisotope Imaging (N. I. Kobayashi) --- 6. Vertical migration of Radiocesium fallout in soil in Fukushima (S. Shiozawa) --- 7. Radioactive Nuclides in Vegetables and Soil Resulting from Low-Level Radioactive Fallout after the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant Accident: Case Studies in Tokyo and Fukushima (S. Oshita) --- 8. Radioactivity in agricultural products in Fukushima (N. Nihei) --- 9. Changes in the transfer of fallout radiocesium from pasture harvested in Ibaraki Prefecture, Japan, to cow milk two months after the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident (N. Manabe, T. Takahashi, J.-Y. Li, K. Tanoi, and T. M. Nakanishi) --- 10. Radiocesium contamination of marine fish muscle and its effective elimination (S. Watabe, H. Ushio, D. Ikeda) --- 11. Excretion of cesium through potassium transport pathway in the gills of a marine teleosts (T. Kaneko, F. Furukawa and S. Watanabe) --- 12. Contamination of wild animals: Effects on wildlife on high radioactivity areas of the agricultural and forest landscape (K. Ishida) --- 13. Remediation of paddy soil contaminated by radiocesium in Iitate Village in Fukushima Prefecture (M. Mizoguchi) --- 14. Distribution of radiocesium from the radioactive fallout in fruit trees (D. Takata) --- 15. Mushrooms¬: Radioactive Contamination of Widespread Mushrooms in Japan (T. Yamada) --- 16. Diffusion and transportation dynamics of 137Cs deposited on the forested area in Fukushima after the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident in March 2011 (N. Ohte, M. Murakami, T. Suzuki, K. Iseda, K. Tanoi, and N. Ishii) --- 17. Developing an information package of radiation risk in beef after Fukushima Daiichi nuclear power plant accident (H. Hosono)

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: This volume summarizes the state of the art of Variscan geology from Iberia to the Bohemian Massif. The European Variscan belt consists of two orogens: the older, northern and the younger, southern. The northern Variscan realm was dominated by Late Devonian–Carboniferous rifting, subduction and collisional events as defined by sedimentary records, crustal growth, recycling of continental crust and large-scale deformations. In contrast, the southern European crust was reworked by major Late Carboniferous collision followed by Permian wrenching. The Late Carboniferous–Permian orogeny overprinted the previously accreted system in the north, but with much lower intensity, resulting in magmatic recycling and extensional tectonics. These two main orogenic cycles do not reflect episodic evolution of a single orogenic system but a complete change in orientation of stress field, thermal regime, degree of reworking and recycling of European crust, reflecting a major switch in plate configurations at the Early–Late Carboniferous boundary.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: From Challenges to Sustainable Solutions for Upland Agriculture in Southeast Asia --- Beyond the Horizons - Challenges and Prospects for Soil Science and Soil Care in Southeast Asia --- Water and Matter Flows in Mountainous Watersheds of Southeast Asia: Processes and Implications for Management --- Agricultural Pesticide Use in Mountainous Areas of Thailand and Vietnam: Towards Reducing Exposure and Rationalizing Use --- Linkages between Agriculture, Poverty and Natural Resource Use in Mountainous Regions of Southeast Asia --- Mango and Longan Production in Northern Thailand: the Role of Water Saving Irrigation and Water Stress Monitoring --- Soil Conservation on Sloping Land: Technical Options and Adoption Constraints --- Improved Sustainable Aquaculture Systems for Small-scale Farmers in Northern Vietnam --- Participatory Approaches to Research and Development in the Southeast Asian Uplands: Potential and Challenges --- Integrated Modeling of Agricultural Systems in Mountainous Areas --- Rethinking Knowledge Provision for the Marginalized: Rural Networks and Novel Extension Approaches in Vietnam --- Policies for Sustainable Development: The Commercialization of Smallholder Agriculture

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: The Caledonides are a major orogenic belt that stretches from the Arctic, through Scandinavia, East Greenland, Britain and Ireland into the Atlantic coast of North America. Following the break-up of Rodinia, the Caledonides formed in the Palaeozoic by the drifting of various continents and their eventual aggregation in the Silurian and Devonian. The orogen subsequently fragmented during the opening of the Atlantic Ocean. This volume brings together 25 papers presenting the results of modern research that investigates the orogenic processes and the provenance of specific components of the belt. The contributions reflect different lines of research, linking traditional field studies with modern analytical techniques. In addition three overview papers summarize the main features of the belts in Scandinavia, Svalbard, East Greenland, Britain and Ireland, highlighting the advances made since the last major synthesis of the Scandinavian Caledonides 30 years ago, and discussing important open questions.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: There is considerable academic and practical interest in stone and stone buildings, as exemplified by the wide range of high-quality and innovative work being conducted in the pursuit of the effective preservation and restoration of historic buildings. This is reflected in the numerous publications on stone and stone buildings that regularly find their way into the public domain. Not least amongst these are a number of Geological Society Special Publications, which have appeared in recent years. This current volume seeks to bring to the attention of the various professionals in the field (geologists, architects, engineers, conservators and conservation scientists) recent work centred on the characterization and performance of this important resource and its use in historic buildings. The volume has wider relevance, including to those interested in the heritage of stone.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Managing Environmental Risks and Promoting Sustainability: Science Advancement and Leadership Development --- Biodiversity Agriculture Supports Human Populations --- Conservation and Sustainable Management of Soil Biodiversity for Agricultural Productivity --- Conservation Tillage Assessment For Mitigating Greenhouse Gas Emission In Rainfed Agro-Ecosystem --- Improving Biodiversity in Rice Paddy Fields to Promote Land Sustainability --- Agroforestry Models for Promoting Effective Risk Management and Building Sustainable Communities --- Managing Environmental Risks and Promoting Sustainability: Conservation of Forest Resources in Madagascar --- Community-Based Mangrove Forest Management in Thailand: Key Lesson Learned for Environmental Risk Management --- Necessity of Adaptive Risk Management for Fisheries and Wildlife --- Valuation of Non-Marketed Agricultural Ecosystem Services and Food Security in Southeast Asia --- Emerging Socio-Economic and Environmental Issues Affecting Food Security: A Case Study of Silang-Santa Rosa Subwatershed --- Strengthening the Capacity of Flood-Affected Rural Communities in Padang Terap, State of Kedah, Malaysia --- Mitigating Coastal Erosion in Fort Dauphin, Madagascar --- Risk Management of Chemical Pollution: Principles from the Japanese Experience --- Research on the Sod Between Chlorophyll-a and Organic Matter BOD, COD, Phosphorus and Total Nitrogen in Stagnant Lake Basins --- Managing Construction Development Risks to the Environment --- Ecosystem Restoration Using the Near-Natural Method in Shanghai --- Sustainable Management of Urban Green Environments: Challenges and Opportunities --- Environment and Social Capacity Assessment for Sustainability Promotion and Risk Management --- Rural Landscape Conservation in Japan: Lessons from the Satoyama Conservation Program in Kanagawa Prefecture --- Enhancing Students’ Ecological Thinking to Improve Understanding of Environmental Risk --- Interactive Multimedia Education System (IMES) as a International Education Platform

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: The 2011 Tohoku earthquake generated a tsunami that caused severe damage including 20,000 casualties in Japan. The tsunami also affected other Pacific coasts, including the Kuril Islands, the USA, French Polynesia, the Galapagos Islands, Australia, and New Zealand. This volume contains an introduction and 21papers, mostly presented at the 25th International Tsunami Symposium held 1-4 July 2011, only four months after the tsunami. They report seismological aspects of the event related to the tsunami warning, the tsunami impacts and effects in Japan and around the Pacific, analyses of instrumental tsunami data and modelling.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: The 2010 tsunamis generated in Haiti, Chile, and Indonesia caused various damage on the coasts. In the past, the 1755 Lisbon, 1964 Alaska, and 2003 Algeria earthquakes also generated damaging tsunamis. This volume contains an introduction and 18 papers, mostly presented at the 25th International Tsunami Symposium held 1-4 July 2011. They report the above tsunamis and discuss tsunami DART observations, warning systems, risk management in the Pacific, modelling of earthquake and landslide tsunamis, and probabilistic tsunami hazard assessment.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: This book presents a series of numerical simulation studies of the earthquake generation process and the evaluation of the hazards caused by large earthquakes and tsunamis, drawn from three distinct topical areas. First, recent research results on earthquake source physics are introduced, which can be used as input for hazard evaluation studies. Then, propagation of seismic waves and tsunamis is discussed, connecting what happens at the source with the resulting damage. Finally, earthquake statistics for forecasting are discussed, a practical application of our knowledge for the mitigation of earthquake and tsunami disasters. This book is suitable for graduate students who are interested in the earthquake generation process and its application in the future. It also will serve researchers who want or need to know how to evaluate the damage due to earthquakes and tsunamis.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: PART I: Ester Boserup’s Intellectual Heritage --- 1. Ester Boserup: An Interdisciplinary Visionary Relevant for Sustainability --- 2. “Finding Out Is My Life”: Conversations with Ester Boserup in the 1990s --- 3. Boserup’s Theory on Technological Change as a Point of Departure for the Theory of Sociometabolic Regime Transition --- PART II Land Use, Technology and Agriculture --- 4. The Dwindling Role of Population Pressure in Land Use Change – a Case from the South West Pacific --- 5. Conceptual and Empirical Approaches to Mapping and Quantifying Land-Use Intensity --- 6. Malthusian Assumptions, Boserupian Response in Transition to Agriculture Models --- 7. Reconciling Boserup with Malthus: Agrarian Change and Soil Degradation in Olive Orchards in Spain (1750-2000) --- 8. Beyond Boserup: The Role of Working Time in Agricultural Development --- PART III: Population and Gender --- 9. Following Boserup’s Traces: From Invisibility to Informalisation of Women’s Economy to Engendering Development in Translocal Spaces --- 10. Daughters of the Hills: Gendered Agricultural Production, Modernisation, and Declining Child Sex Ratios in the Indian Central Himalayas --- 11. Revisiting Boserup’s Hypotheses in the Context of Africa --- 12. An Interpretation of Large-Scale Land Deals Using Boserup’s Theories of Agricultural Intensification, Gender and Rural Development --- 13. Labour Migration and Gendered Agricultural Asset Shifts in Southeastern Mexico: Two Stories of Farming Wives and Daughters --- 14. Working Time of Farm Women and Small-Scale Sustainable Farming in Austria --- 15. A Human Ecological Approach to Ester Boserup: Steps Towards Engendering Agriculture and Rural Development --- 16. Conclusions: Re-Evaluating Boserup in the Light of the Contributions to this Volume

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Preface --- 1. The Full-Scale Laboratory: The Practice of Post-Earthquake Reconnaissance Missions and Their Contribution to Earthquake Engineering --- 2. Rapid Earthquake Loss Assessment after Damaging Earthquakes --- 3. Existing Buildings: The New Italian Provisions for Probabilistic Seismic Assessment --- 4. Seismic Response of Precast Industrial Buildings --- 5. The Role of Site Effects at The Boundary Between Seismology and Engineering: Lessons from Recent Earthquakes --- 6. Seismic Analysis and Design of Bridges with an Emphasis to Eurocode Standards --- 7. From Performance- and Displacement-Based Assessment of Existing Buildings per EN1998-3 to Design of New Concrete Structures in Fib MC2010 --- 8. Testing Historic Masonry Structural Elements and/or Building Models --- 9. Earthquake Risk Reduction: From Scenario Simulators Including Systemic Interdependency to Impact Indicators --- 10. Physics-Based Earthquake Ground Shaking Scenarios in Large Urban Areas --- 11. A Seismic Performance Classification Framework to Provide Increased Seismic Resilience --- 12. Towards Displacement-Based Seismic Design of Modern Unreinforced Masonry Structures --- 13. Pushover Analysis for Plan Irregular Building Structures --- 14. Recent Development and Application of Seismic Isolation and Energy Dissipation and Conditions for Their Correct Use --- 15. Conservation Principles and Performance-Based Strengthening of Heritage Buildings in Post-Event Reconstruction --- 16. Earthquake Risk Assessment: Present Shortcomings and Future Directions --- 17. The Role of Pile Diameter on Earthquake-Induced Bending --- 18. Predictive Models for Earthquake Response of Clay and Quick Clay Slopes.- 19. Recent Advances in Seismic Soil Liquefaction Engineering --- 20. Seismic Hazard and Seismic Design and Safety Aspects of Large Dam Projects

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Global climate change with substantial global warming may be the most important environmental challenge facing the world. Geologic carbon sequestration (GCS), in concert with energy conservation, increased efficiency in electric power generation and utilization, increased use of lower carbon intensity fuels, and increased use of nuclear energy and renewable sources, is now considered necessary to stabilize atmospheric levels of greenhouse gases and global temperatures at values that would not severely impact economic growth and the quality of life on Earth. Geological formations, such as depleted oil and gas fields, unmineable coal beds, and brine aquifers, are likely to provide the first large-scale opportunity for concentrated sequestration of CO2. The specific scientific issues that underlie subsurface sequestration technology involve the effects of fluid flow combined with chemical, thermal, mechanical and biological interactions between fluids and surrounding geologic formations. Complex and coupled interactions occur both rapidly as the stored material is emplaced underground, and gradually over hundreds to thousands of years. The long sequestration times needed for effective storage, the large scale of GCS globally necessary to significantly impact atmospheric CO2 levels, and the intrinsic spatial variability of subsurface formations provide challenges to both scientists and engineers. A fundamental understanding of mineralogical and geochemical processes is integral to the success of GCS. Large scale injection experiments will be carried out and monitored in the next decade provides a unique opportunity to test our knowledge of fundamental hydrogeology, geochemistry and geomechanics.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Part 1 Supplementary Papers and Items --- Walter Brian Harland: Introduction / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 5:3-7, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1971.005.01.01 --- Richard St John Lambert: The pre-Pleistocene Phanerozoic time-scale — a review / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 5:9-31, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1971.005.01.02 --- Richard St John Lambert: The pre-Pleistocene Phanerozoic time-scale — further data / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 5:33-34, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1971.005.01.03 --- Nicholas John Shackleton: Notes on Pleistocene radiometric age-determinations itemized in this volume / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 5:35-37, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1971.005.01.04 --- Nicholas Rast: Isotope dating in the U.S.S.R.—an essay-review / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 5:39-49, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1971.005.01.05 --- Edward Howel Francis: Items - Introduction / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 5:51-52, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1971.005.01.06 --- Items - Items 338-404 / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 5:53-111, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1971.005.01.07 --- Part 2 Towards a Pleistocene Time-scale --- Percy Evans: Summary / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 5:123-124, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1971.005.01.08 --- Percy Evans: 1. Introduction / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 5:125-126, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1971.005.01.09 --- Percy Evans: 2. The Pleistocene palaeomagnetic time-scale / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 5:127-151, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1971.005.01.10 --- Percy Evans: 3. Paleomagnetic dating / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 5:152-162, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1971.005.01.11 --- Percy Evans: 4. The 40 000 year cycle / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 5:163-180, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1971.005.01.12 --- Percy Evans: 5. A possible framework for a Pleistocene classification / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 5:181-183, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1971.005.01.13 --- Percy Evans: 6. The climatic sequence in Atlantic and Caribbean deep-sea cores / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 5:184-216, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1971.005.01.14 --- Percy Evans: 7. The deep-sea cores of the Pacific / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 5:217-228, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1971.005.01.15 --- Percy Evans: 8. The climatic sequence in cores from the Mediterranean Sea, Indian Ocean and Antarctic Ocean / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 5:229-232, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1971.005.01.16 --- Percy Evans: 9. Radiometric dates / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 5:233-256, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1971.005.01.17 --- Percy Evans: 10. The climatic sequences in lacustrine boreholes / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 5:257-265, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1971.005.01.18 --- Percy Evans: 11. Dates of high-sea-levels derived by extrapolariation from radiometric ages / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 5:266-270, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1971.005.01.19 --- Percy Evans: 12. Some problems of chronology and classification / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 5:271-281, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1971.005.01.20 --- Percy Evans: 13. River terraces and shore-lines in southern England / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 5:282-300, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1971.005.01.21 --- Percy Evans: 14. East Anglia and Essex / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 5:301-304, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1971.005.01.22 --- Percy Evans: 15. The Oxford area / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 5:305-309, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1971.005.01.23 --- Percy Evans: 16. The Severn and Avon terraces and glaciations / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 5:310-320, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1971.005.01.24 --- Percy Evans: 17. Other regions / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 5:321-325, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1971.005.01.25 --- Percy Evans: 18. Summary and conclusions / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 5:326-333, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1971.005.01.26 --- Percy Evans: 19. Acknowledgements / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 5:334, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1971.005.01.27 --- Percy Evans: Appendix: New evidence from the equatorial Pacific / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 5:335-340, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1971.005.01.28 --- Percy Evans: References / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 5:341-351, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1971.005.01.29 --- Percy Evans: Grid-references and co-ordinates of some places mentioned in sections 13 to 16 / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 5:352, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1971.005.01.30 --- Percy Evans: Plate: A tentative Pleistocene chronology / Geological Society, London, Special Publications, 5:NP, doi:10.1144/GSL.SP.1971.005.01.31

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Preface --- Acknowledgements --- Chapter 1 – Natural Heritage at Risk by Climate Change --- Chapter 2 – Climate Change in Central and Eastern Europe --- Chapter 3 – Effects of Climate Change on the Hydrological Cycle in Central and Eastern Europe --- Chapter 4 – Potential impacts of climate change on protected habitats --- Chapter 5 – Climate Change impact modelling cascade - Benefits and limitations for --- Chapter 6 – Indicators for Monitoring Climate Change-Induced Effects on Habitats – a --- Chapter 7 – Remote Sensing-based Monitoring of Potential Climate-induced Impacts on Habitats --- Chapter 8 – Assessment of Climate-induced Impacts on Habitats --- Chapter 9 – Legal Aspects of Climate Change Adaptation --- Chapter 10 – A Methodical Framework for Climate Change-Adapted Management in Protected Areas --- Chapter 11 – Monitoring concept of climate-induced impacts on peat bog vegetation in Pokljuka plateau in Triglav National Park, Slovenia --- Chapter 12 – Concept for the monitoring of climate induced impacts on rock ptarmigan (Lagopus muta) in Triglav National Park, Slovenia --- Chapter 13 – Suggested management measures for Natura 2000 Habitats in Körös-Maros National Park, Hungary --- Chapter 14 – Climate-induced challenges for wetlands: revealing the background for the adaptive ecosystem management in the Biebrza Valley, Poland --- Chapter 15 – Habitat changes caused by sea level rise, driven by climate change in the Northern Adriatic coastal wetlands, Slovenia --- Chapter 16 – Potential impacts of climate change on forest habitats in the Biosphere Reserve Vessertal-Thuringian Forest in Germany --- Chapter 17 – Potential Impact of Climate Change on Alpine Habitats from Bucegi Natural Park, Romania --- Chapter 18 – Potential Impacts of Climate Change on Habitats and their Effects on Invasive Plant Species in Danube Delta Biosphere Reserve, Romania --- Chapter 19 - Reproduction biology of an alien invasive plant: a case of drought-tolerant Aster squamatus on the Northern Adriatic seacoast, Slovenia --- Chapter 20 – Conclusions and Recommendations for Adapting Conservation Management in the Face of Climate Change --- Index

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Clay is an abundant raw material which has a variety of uses and properties depending on their structure and composition. Clay minerals are inexpensive and environmentally friendly naturally occurring nanomaterials, thanks to their 1 nm thick silicate layers, in all types of sediments and sedimentary rocks. The book chapters have been classified according to their characteristics in topics and applications. Therefore, in the first section five chapters is dedicated to the characterization and utilization of clay minerals in deposits. The second section includes four chapters about the significance of clay minerals in soils. Third section is devoted to different aspects of clay minerals research, especially to the characterization of structure and modifications for their application.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Exceptionally preserved fossils from Fossil Lagerstätten contribute greatly to resolving details on the history of life on Earth. For the first time, the “Paläontologische Gesellschaft” (PalGes) and the “Palaeontological Society of China” (PSC) combined forces to jointly present an international conference aimed to highlight and encourage the study of exceptionally well-preserved fossil sites worldwide. The conference focused on all aspects of palaeontology and geobiology, also incorporating related fields like biogeochemistry, biology, sedimentology and stratigraphy. The present volume contains the abstracts of more than 275 lectures and posters presented during the joint international conference “Palaeobiology & Geobiology of Fossil Lagerstätten through Earth History”. This year’s conference was held at the northern campus of the Georg-August University in Göttingen, Germany, from September 23-27, 2013. More than three hundred palaeontologists, biologists, geologists and other scientists and researchers from sixteen countries, mainly from Germany and the P. R. of China, participated.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: 1 Boden und Böden --- Einleitung --- 1.2 Der Umgang mit Böden --- Veränderungen von Böden durch menschliche Eingriffe --- Prähistorischer Umgang mit den Böden --- Die dunklen Erden Amazoniens --- Der Umgang mit Böden im vormodernen China --- Intensivierte Bodennutzung in der Neuzeit --- Der Umgang mit Böden im Ökologischen Landbau --- 1.3 Die Geschichte der Bodenkunde --- Die Wurzeln der Bodenkunde --- Die geobiowissenschaftliche/forstliche Tradition --- Die agrarwissenschaftliche Tradition --- Die chemische Tradition --- Die kulturtechnische Tradition --- 2 Böden als Naturkörper --- Einleitung --- Gliederung der Bodenlebewesen --- 2.1 Mineralkörper von Böden --- Silicate --- Gesteinsbildende Oxide --- Carbonate, Sulfate, Chloride, Phosphate --- Gesteine als Ausgangsmaterial der Bodenentwicklung --- Gesteinsgemische und Substratabfolgen --- Saprolite --- Anthropogene Gesteine --- Chemische Verwitterungsprozesse --- Tonminerale --- Carbonate, Gips und lösliche Salze --- Schwerminerale --- Tonminerale Methodik --- Pedogene Oxide --- Carbonate und Salze --- Textur der mineralischen Substanz --- 2.2 Humuskörper von Böden --- Humusformen und -typen --- Waldstreu --- Streu landwirtschaftlicher Nutzflächen --- Modellsysteme für Huminstoffe --- Alter der Humusstoffe --- Nährstoffgehalte und -nachlieferung --- 2.4 Bodenlebewesen --- Bodenfauna --- Biodenbiomasse --- Einfluss der Standort- und Bodeneigenschaften auf die Bodenfauna --- Einfluss des Bodenlebens auf Streuabbau und Aggregatbildung --- Bodenenzyme --- 2.5 Potenziale in Böden --- Bodenreaktion --- 2.6 Gefüge und Porengrößenverteilung --- Körnung und Konsistenz --- Mineralischer Feinboden --- Mineralischer Grobboden --- Organische Bodenpartikel --- Gefüge --- Morphologie --- Kräfte und Spannungen in Böden --- Wasserbindung und Porengrößenverteilung --- Wasserbewegung und Wasserleitfähigkeit des Bodens --- Thermisches Verhalten der Böden --- Bodenmechanik --- Makroskopische mechanische Verfahren --- Rheologie --- 2.7 Flüsse in Böden --- Makroporen und präferenzielle Sickerung --- Transportformen --- Wärmefluss und Wärmehaushalt --- Physikochemische Aspekte des Stofftransports in Böden --- Gastransport in Böden --- Transport gelöster Stoffe im Boden --- 3 Böden als Teile von Landschaften --- Einleitung --- 3.2 Klassifikation von Böden --- Geschichte und Prinzipien der Bodenklassifikation --- Systematik der Böden Deutschlands --- Die Österreichische Bodensystematik 2000 (OBS 2000) --- Bezugsgrundlage der Boden-Ressourcen der Erde (WRB) --- Bezugsgrundlage der Boden-Ressourcen der Erde (WRB), 2. Auflage 2006, 1. Update 2007 --- FAO/Unesco, Bodenkarte der Welt --- Systematik der bodenbildenden Substrate --- 3.3 Wichtige Bodeneinheiten --- Podsole --- Terrae calcis --- Reduktosole --- Watten und Strände – Salzwiesen und Mangrovenwälder --- Subhydrische Böden --- Moore --- 3.4 Böden als Landschaftssegmente --- Grundsätze der Bodenvergesellschaftung --- Bodentragende Landschaftsformen --- Klassifikation von Bodengesellschaften --- Watten und Marschen Nordwestdeutschlands --- Norddeutsche Jungmoränenlandschaften --- Norddeutsche Altmoränenlandschaften --- Nord- und mitteldeutsche Lössbörden und Sandlössgebiete --- Böden städtisch-industrieller Verdichtungsräume --- Bodenlandschaften kühlhumider Zonen (Boreale Wälder) --- Bodengeographie der Waldsteppen und Steppen --- Bodenlandschaften subtropischer mediterraner Zonen --- Bodengeografie der wechselfeuchten Tropen am Beispiel Indiens --- 3.5 Kartierungstechnik --- Kartierungstechnik --- 3.6 Bodenkundliche Kartenwerke --- Bodenkundliche Kartenwerke --- 4 Funktionen von Böden --- Einleitung --- 4.2 Standortfunktionen von Böden --- Böden als Waldstandorte --- Böden als Grünlandstandorte --- Deutsche Weinbaustandorte --- Böden als Obstbaustandorte --- Böden als Baugrund und Baustoff --- Die amtliche Bodenschätzung in Deutschland --- 4.4 Böden als Bestandteil des Landschaftshaushaltes --- Boden und Landschaftswasserhaushalt --- Landschaftsstoffhaushalt --- 4.5 Böden als landschafts- und kulturgeschichtliche Urkunden --- Böden als landschafts- und kulturgeschichtliche Urkunden --- Böden und Bodenmerkmale unterschiedlichen Alters --- Datierungsmethoden --- Norddeutsches Vereisungsgebiet --- Süddeutsches Vereisungsgebiet --- Lößgebiete Süddeutschlands --- Paläoböden in periglazialen Lagen der Mittelgebirge --- 5 Bodenkultivierung, Bodenmelioration --- Einleitung --- 5.1 Grundlagen der Bodenkultivierung und Bodenmelioration --- Grundlagen der Bodenkultivierung und Bodenmelioration --- 5.2 Meliorationsverfahren --- Meliorationsverfahren --- 5.3 Kultivierungsverfahren --- Marschkultur --- Einleitung --- Moorkulturen --- Plaggen --- Tiefenbearbeitung --- Bewässerung --- 6 Anthropogene Bodenveränderungen und -belastungen --- Einleitung --- 6.1 Bodenüberformung und -versiegelung --- Bodenüberformung und -versiegelung --- 6.2 Anthropogene Gefügeänderung --- Bewirtschaftungssysteme und ihre Auswirkungen auf das Bodengefüge --- Anthropogene Gefügeänderungen --- Forstliche Bodenbewirtschaftung --- Melioration von tiefreichend schadverdichteten Neu- und Altlandstandorten --- 6.3 Abtrag von Böden --- Physikalische Ursachen der Wassererosion --- Erosionsformen --- Winderosion --- Abtrag von Böden --- Feststofftransport in Fließgewässern --- Quantifizierung des Bodenabtrags anhand von Modellen --- 6.4 Düngung von Böden --- Düngung von Böden --- 6.5 Kontamination von Böden --- Organische Pflanzenschutzmittel --- Antibiotika --- Radionuklide 7 Bodenschutz --- Einleitung --- 7.1 Gesetzliche Grundlagen --- Bundes-Bodenschutzgesetz (Wortlaut) --- Bundes-Bodenschutz- und Altlastenverordnung (Wortlaut) --- Bodenschutzrecht --- 7.2 Bodenschutz in der Landwirtschaft --- Einleitung --- Gesetzliche Instrumente --- Ökonomische Instrumente --- 7.3 Bodenschutzrelevante Planungen --- Planung und Umsetzung im urbanindustriellen und suburbanen Raum --- 7.4 Schutz vor mechanischer Belastung --- Schutz vor mechanischer Belastung --- 7.5 Schutz vor Abtrag und Überflutung --- Schutz vor Abtrag und Überflutung --- 7.6 Schutz vor stofflichen Belastungen --- Schutz landwirtschaftlicher Böden vor Überdüngung --- Schutz vor Säuren --- Schutz vor Salzen und Alkalinität --- Schutz vor Belastung mit Pflanzenschutzmitteln --- Schutz vor Organika --- Schutz vor Kontamination durch Deponien --- Schutz vor Kontamination bei Reststoffverwertung --- 7.7 Erziehung zum Bodenschutz --- Erziehung zum Bodenschutz --- 8 Bodensicherung, -sanierung und -restaurierung --- Einleitung --- 8.1 Rechtsgrundlagen der Bodensanierung --- Rechtsgrundlagen der Bodensanierung --- 8.3 Rekultivierung unterschiedlicher Böden und Substrate --- Rekultivierung unterschiedlicher Böden und Substrate --- 8.4 Rekultivierung fremdgenutzter Standorte --- Rekultivierung aufgegebener Industrie-, Gewerbe und Verkehrsflächen --- 8.5 Rekultivierung und Renaturierung von Abgrabungsflächen --- Rekultivierung und Renaturierung von Abgrabungsflächen --- 8.6 Sanierungsbedürftigkeit und Schutzwürdigkeit von Böden --- Sanierungsbedürftigkeit und Schutzwürdigkeit von Böden

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: This study investigates the ethical aspects of deploying and researching into so-called climate engineering methods, i.e. large-scale technical interventions in the climate system with the objective of offsetting anthropogenic climate change. The moral reasons in favour of and against R&D into and deployment of CE methods are analysed by means of argument maps. These argument maps provide an overview of the CE controversy and help to structure the complex debate.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Global warming has dramatically increased the frequency and severity of flooding events worldwide. As a result, many man-made and natural ecosystems have become flood-prone. For plants, the main consequence of flooding is the drastic reduction of oxygen availability that restricts respiratory energy production and finally affects survival. Flooding can negatively influence crop production and wild plant distributions, since most plants are sensitive to excessively wet conditions. However, plants have evolved a broad spectrum of adaptive responses to oxygen deficiency that eventually leads to tolerance. Many of these morphological and physiological adaptations have been described in some crops and wild plant species and considerable progress has been made in understanding the molecular aspects governing tolerance traits. Moreover, the molecular mechanism of plant oxygen sensing has been recently elucidated. However, many other aspects concerning plant acclimation responses to flooding remain unanswered. With this research topic we seek to build an online collection of articles addressing various aspects relating to “plant responses to flooding’’ which will reflect the exciting new developments and current state of the art in this vibrant and dynamic research field. All kinds of articles, including original research articles, short reviews, methods and opinions are welcome, in the attempt to broadly and freely disseminate research information, tools and protocols.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: The subalpine zone of the inner Oetz Valley (Obergurgl/Vent, Tyrol, Austria) was influenced by human activities since several thousands of years. As a consequence a high diversity of plant communities developed at formerly forested areas by stone pine (Pinus cembra). Book no. 2 of the Alpine Research Centre Obergurgl aims to highlight the ecology of these environments at the edge of human settlement in a comprehensive way. Descriptions of the plant communities as well as an overview on treeline research in Obergurgl and investigations on tree-ring series are among the main chapters of the book. Investigations of toponyms and archeological findings at the edge of human settlement are reported here in an exclusive way. A chapter on lithology concludes the volume. | Jahrtausende alte Kultur- und Naturlandschaft verzahnen sich kleinräumig im Bereich der subalpinen Stufe im inneren Ötztal (Obergurgl/Vent, Tirol, Österreich). Hier fallen Waldgrenze und Dauersiedlungsgrenze zusammen und die menschliche Nutzung gab Anlass zu einer hohen Diversität an Pflanzengesellschaften: der ehemals ausgebildete Lärchen-Zirbenwald musste teilweise den Bergmähdern und -weiden weichen. Im Buch Nr. 2 der Alpinen Forschungsstelle Obergurgl fügen sich Beschreibungen der Pflanzengesellschaften, der Flurnamen, der archaologischen Funde, der Waldgrenz- und Jahrringforschung und der Mineralogie im inneren Ötztal zu einem Mosaik über die Besonderheiten der subalpinen Stufe in den Zentralalpen zusammen.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Dealing with Alps today means to approach a great complexity and variety of themes, given the vastness of territory, the consistence and variety of inhabitants, the diversity and different rapidity of the transformation processes, that are taking place since more than 100 years, differently and in different periods in every part of the mountain chain, some of which still ongoing. | Sich heute mit den Alpen zu befassen bedeutet eine Reihe großer und unterschiedlicher Themen anzugehen, Themen, die von der Vielfalt und Ausdehnung des Territoriums, der Größe und der Vielfalt der Bevölkerung, der Verschiedenheit und der unterschiedlichen Geschwindigkeit der Umwandlungsprozesse abhängen, die seit mehr als einem Jahrhundert und in verschiedenster Weise die große Gebirgskette der Alpen mit ihren diversen Teilen beeinflusst, welche diese Vorgänge zu verschiedenen Zeitpunkten und in unterschiedlicher Weise erlebt und erlitten haben oder noch erleiden. Dieser Band vereinigt die Beiträge maßgeblicher Exponenten aus der Welt der Kultur, der Politik und der Wirtschaft, die ihre Thesen und Ergebnisse anlässlich der Fünften Internationalen Tagung der Rete Montagna in Chiavenna (I) und Castasegna (CH) zum Thema „Die Alpen im Wandel zwischen Risiken und Chancen“ vortrugen.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Dimanche 26 décembre 2004. La terre tremble au large des côtes de Sumatra. C’est l’un des plus puissants séismes jamais enregistrés (magnitude 9.3). S’en suit un tsunami cataclysmique, le plus meurtrier de l’histoire avec près de 230 000 victimes. Les vagues ont ravagé les côtes indonésiennes proches, avant de se propager vers la Thaïlande, le Sri Lanka, l’Inde puis les côtes africaines. La province d’Aceh, au nord-ouest de Sumatra, est de loin la plus touchée. La moitié de la ville de Banda Aceh est rasée par des vagues de plus de 15 m de haut, l’eau ayant même atteint une hauteur de 50 m sur les falaises de la côte ouest de Lhok Nga. De nombreux villages sont rayés de la carte. Durant près de deux ans (2005-2006), les scientifiques du programme de recherche « Tsunarisque » se sont relayés sur le terrain pour essayer de décrypter, reconstituer le tsunami dans ses moindres détails, afin de tirer les enseignements d’une catastrophe hors norme et de proposer des stratégies de prévention plus efficaces. Cet ouvrage retrace tout ce travail en trois volets : tout d’abord la reconstitution et la modélisation du tsunami, de l’extension des vagues à la cartographie des dégâts infligés au bâti, ensuite l’impact du tsunami sur l’environnement, et notamment les formes d’érosion et de dépôts, et enfin les aspects socioculturels, des facteurs ethniques aux enjeux de la reconstruction et de la prévention.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: PART I. INTRODUCTION --- 1. Background and overview of the JSPS Coastal Marine Science Program / Shuhei Nishida, Nobuyuki Miyazaki and Miguel D. Fortes / S. Nishida, M. D. Fortes and N. Miyazaki, eds. / Coastal Marine Science in Southeast Asia—Synthesis Report of the Core University Program of the Japan / pp. 3-10 --- PART II. SCIENTIFIC ACCOMPLISHMENTS --- 2. Water circulation and material transport in the coastal areas and marginal seas of East and Southeast Asia (Project-1) / Tetsuo Yanagi / S. Nishida, M. D. Fortes and N. Miyazaki, eds. / Coastal Marine Science in Southeast Asia—Synthesis Report of the Core University Program of the Japan / pp. 13-22 --- 3. Ecology and oceanography of harmful marine microalgae (Project-2) / Yasuwo Fukuyo, Masaaki Kodama, Takuo Omura, Ken Furuya, Elsa F. Furio, Mirriam Cayme, Lim Po Teen, Dao Viet Ha, Yuichi Kotaki, Kazumi Matsuoka, Mitsunori Iwataki, Rujinard Sriwoon and Thaithaworn Lirdwitayaprasit / S. Nishida, M. D. Fortes and N. Miyazaki, eds. / Coastal Marine Science in Southeast Asia—Synthesis Report of the Core University Program of the Japan / pp. 23-48 --- 4. Biodiversity studies on seaweeds and sea grasses in the coastal waters of Southeast Asia (Project-3: Seaweed/seagrass Group) / Shigeo Kawaguchi and Ken-ichi Hayashizaki / S. Nishida, M. D. Fortes and N. Miyazaki, eds. / Coastal Marine Science in Southeast Asia—Synthesis Report of the Core University Program of the Japan / pp. 49-57 --- 5. Biodiversity of marine zooplankton in Southeast Asia (Project-3: Plankton Group) / Shuhei Nishida and Jun Nishikawa / S. Nishida, M. D. Fortes and N. Miyazaki, eds. / Coastal Marine Science in Southeast Asia—Synthesis Report of the Core University Program of the Japan / pp. 59-71 --- 6. Fish diversity studies in the JSPS Coastal Marine Science Program (Project-3: Fish Group) / Keiichi Matsuura / S. Nishida, M. D. Fortes and N. Miyazaki, eds. / Coastal Marine Science in Southeast Asia—Synthesis Report of the Core University Program of the Japan / pp. 73-79 --- 7. Biodiversity of benthos in the coastal waters of Southeast Asia (Project-3: Benthos Group) / Yoshihisa Shirayama / S. Nishida, M. D. Fortes and N. Miyazaki, eds. / Coastal Marine Science in Southeast Asia—Synthesis Report of the Core University Program of the Japan / pp. 81-85 --- 8. Pollution of hazardous chemicals in the coastal marine environment and their ecological effect (Project-4) / Koji Inoue and Nobuyuki Miyazaki / S. Nishida, M. D. Fortes and N. Miyazaki, eds. / Coastal Marine Science in Southeast Asia—Synthesis Report of the Core University Program of the Japan / pp. 87-101 --- PART III. CAPACITY BUILDING AND OUTREACH --- 9. Material transport: Capacity building in Project-1 / Tetsuo Yanagi / S. Nishida, M. D. Fortes and N. Miyazaki, eds. / Coastal Marine Science in Southeast Asia—Synthesis Report of the Core University Program of the Japan / pp. 105-106 --- 10. Harmful algal blooms: Capacity building in Project-2 / Yasuwo Fukuyo and Masaaki Kodama / S. Nishida, M. D. Fortes and N. Miyazaki, eds. / Coastal Marine Science in Southeast Asia—Synthesis Report of the Core University Program of the Japan / pp. 107-109 --- 11. Biodiversity of seaweeds and sea grasses: Capacity building in Project-3 / Shigeo Kawaguchi / S. Nishida, M. D. Fortes and N. Miyazaki, eds. / Coastal Marine Science in Southeast Asia—Synthesis Report of the Core University Program of the Japan / pp. 111-116 --- 12. Biodiversity of zooplankton: Capacity building in Project-3 / Shuhei Nishida / S. Nishida, M. D. Fortes and N. Miyazaki, eds. / Coastal Marine Science in Southeast Asia—Synthesis Report of the Core University Program of the Japan / pp. 117-123 --- 13. Biodiversity of fishes: Capacity building in Project-3 / Keiichi Matsuura / S. Nishida, M. D. Fortes and N. Miyazaki, eds. / Coastal Marine Science in Southeast Asia—Synthesis Report of the Core University Program of the Japan / pp. 125-128 --- 14. Biodiversity of benthos: Capacity building in Project-3 / Yoshihisa Shirayama / S. Nishida, M. D. Fortes and N. Miyazaki, eds. / Coastal Marine Science in Southeast Asia—Synthesis Report of the Core University Program of the Japan / pp. 129-134 --- 15. Marine pollution: Capacity building in Project-4 / Koji Inoue and Nobuyuki Miyazaki / S. Nishida, M. D. Fortes and N. Miyazaki, eds. / Coastal Marine Science in Southeast Asia—Synthesis Report of the Core University Program of the Japan / pp. 135-141 --- PART IV. COORDINATION IN MEMBER COUNTRIES --- 16. JSPS Coastal Marine Science Program in Indonesia / Suharsono / S. Nishida, M. D. Fortes and N. Miyazaki, eds. / Coastal Marine Science in Southeast Asia—Synthesis Report of the Core University Program of the Japan / pp. 145-161 --- 17. JSPS Coastal Marine Science Program in Malaysia / Mohd Ibrahim Seeni Mohd / S. Nishida, M. D. Fortes and N. Miyazaki, eds. / Coastal Marine Science in Southeast Asia—Synthesis Report of the Core University Program of the Japan / pp. 163-171 --- 18. The Philippine JSPS Coastal Marine Science Program: Status, problems and perspectives / Miguel D. Fortes / S. Nishida, M. D. Fortes and N. Miyazaki, eds. / Coastal Marine Science in Southeast Asia—Synthesis Report of the Core University Program of the Japan / pp. 173-187 --- 19. Research coordination of JSPS Coastal Marine Science Program in Thailand / Charoen Nitithamyong / S. Nishida, M. D. Fortes and N. Miyazaki, eds. / Coastal Marine Science in Southeast Asia—Synthesis Report of the Core University Program of the Japan / pp. 189-199 --- 20. National coordination of the JSPS Coastal Marine Science Program in Vietnam / Tran Duc Thanh / S. Nishida, M. D. Fortes and N. Miyazaki, eds. / Coastal Marine Science in Southeast Asia—Synthesis Report of the Core University Program of the Japan / pp. 201-209 --- PART V. GENERAL SUMMARY --- 21. Synthesis, challenges and future prospects / Shuhei Nishida, Nobuyuki Miyazaki and Miguel D. Fortes / S. Nishida, M. D. Fortes and N. Miyazaki, eds. / Coastal Marine Science in Southeast Asia—Synthesis Report of the Core University Program of the Japan / pp. 213-216 --- Appendix-1. Directory of Project Members / pp. 217-250 --- Appendix-2. Publications / pp. 251-315

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: The profound impact of glaciers on the development of the landscape in Norway has become common knowledge among most geologists during the last centuries. For example, the alpine landscape, the U-formed valleys with deep basins and bedrock thresholds, the fjords, the strandflat, the glacially polished and striated rock surfaces, and the various and numerous glacial deposits all bear clear evidence of strong glacier influence. Glaciers have advanced and retreated in Norway and adjacent areas a number of times during the last 2–3 million years, and therefore it is commonly thought that the present-day landscape was formed mainly during this very young period of the geological time scale. There are, however, several preglacial landscape features that are preserved or only slightly changed during these young glaciations. Both types of landscape, i.e., the glacially formed landscape and the preglacial landscape, are presented in the first chapter of this volume. This chapter deals with both the processes and their products in the history of landscape development. Starting with the preglacial development, it continues through the ice ages, and ends with processes and landscape development in the Holocene time period. The second chapter discusses the glacial history of Norway during the Quaternary time period, and describes the glacier variations with advance and retreat of the glaciers and ice sheets. The third chapter presents the record of deposits from the represented stadials, interstadials and interglacials during the last 300,000 years in Norway and adjacent areas, and the suggested correlations between these deposits. The fourth chapter deals with neotectonics in Norway and adjacent areas, which are also largely a result of ice-sheet advance, erosion, sedimentation and retreat. The pressure variations on the ground surface as a result of variable ice weight, glacier erosion and accumulation have led to many earthquakes and large faults, such as the postglacial Stuoragurra fault on Finnmarksvidda. This compilation of the present knowledge of the Quaternary geology of Norway will be of use to several of our fellow colleagues of geology, students, and other dedicated, non-professional readers.