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  • 1
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    Limestone in the Built Environment: Present-Day Challenges for the Preservation of the Past (2010)
    London : The Geological Society
    Details
    Description / Table of Contents: Limestone is a highly successful and widely used building material, found in many important historic buildings and new monuments around the world. Whilst its success reflects its durability under a wide range of environmental conditions, there are still important questions surrounding the selection, use and conservation of building limestones. In order to make best use of new limestone today, and to conserve old limestone most effectively, we need to bring modern research methods to bear on understanding the characteristics of different limestones, what mortars to use, and how key limestones have responded to polluted atmospheres. This volume brings together recent inter-disciplinary research on these issues, illustrating the diversity of innovative techniques that are now being applied to furthering our understanding of building limestones.
    Pages: Online-Ressource (VII, 257 Seiten)
    ISBN: 9781862392946
    URL: http://sp.lyellcollection.org/content/vol331/issue1/
    Language: English
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  • 2
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    Photo-based decay mapping of replaced stone blocks on the boundary wall of Worcester College, Oxford (2007)
    In:  Geological Society Special Publication 271: 69-75.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-10-08
    Description: In this study on the boundary wall of Worcester College, Oxford, the decay mapping in Adobe Photoshop (DMAP) approach is introduced to test the use of simple daylight photographs in the long-term monitoring of stone decay. This is conducted primarily through measured changes in surface brightness and roughness based on close-up photographic images of walls. The Magic Wand Tool was applied to greyscale images in Lab Color Mode to select proportions of pixels with a lightness (L) value of 77%. This paper shows the effectiveness of the calibration procedure used to validate lightness between surveys so that cross-temporal comparisons have a greater validity. It also outlines and discusses errors associated with the method as well as its limitations. The DMAP approach proves to be particularly useful when applied to long-term monitoring exceeding 5 years of survey.
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  • 3
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    Green walls?: integrated laboratory and field testing of the effectiveness of soft wall capping in conserving ruins (2007)
    In:  Geological Society Special Publication 271: 309-322.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2007-10-08
    Description: Soft wall capping, which involves placing a cap of soil and turf (or other vegetation) on the top of ruined walls, is a potentially low cost, easy to maintain, ecologically sensitive and effective method of conserving ruined monuments. An integrated programme of laboratory and field testing has been designed to test the performance of soft capping in comparison with hard capping at a range of sites in England. A sample of ruined walls has been soft capped and monitored using repeat photography, with more detailed wooden dowel monitoring of wall moisture and electronic monitoring of temperatures and moisture levels at the base of soft caps at some sites. Experiments designed to test the thermal blanketing capability of the soft caps have been run in an environmental cabinet on scaled-down versions of soft and hard caps, and similar set-ups have also been monitored outdoors in Oxford. Short-term data from both field trials and laboratory tests illustrate the success of soft wall capping under a wide range of environmental conditions, but longer-term monitoring is needed to evaluate more fully the conservation benefits of soft capping.
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  • 4
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    Modelling cockpit karst landforms (2008)
    In:  Geological Society Special Publication 296: 47-62.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2008-02-29
    Description: The purpose of this article is to present a model of the formation processes of cockpit karst landscapes. The CHILD software was used to simulate landscape evolution including dissolution processes of carbonate rocks. After examining briefly how the CHILD model operates, two applications of this model involving dissolution of carbonate rocks are presented. The simulated landscapes are compared with real landscapes of the Cockpit Country, Jamaica, using morphometric criteria. The first application is based on the hypothesis that dissolution of carbonate rocks is isotropic over time and space. In this case, dissolution is constant throughout the whole area studied and for each time step. The simulated landscapes based on this hypothesis have morphometric features which are quite different from those of real landscapes. The second application considers that dissolution of carbonate rocks is anisotropic over time and space. In this case, it is necessary to take into account subsurface and underground processes, by coupling surface runoff and water infiltration into the fractured carbonates.
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  • 5
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    Two-dimensional resistivity surveys of the moisture content of historic limestone walls in Oxford, UK: implications for understanding catastrophic stone deterioration (2010)
    In:  Geological Society Special Publication 331: 237-249.
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-03-29
    Description: Catastrophic deterioration of limestone facades occurs where areas of stonework become rapidly hollowed out. It affects many historic buildings in Oxford, especially where soot-rich gypsum crusts have accumulated. In order to understand the processes of catastrophic deterioration we need to understand the microenvironmental conditions, especially the moisture distributions in the deteriorating walls. Geoelectric methods, in the form of two-dimensional (2D) resistivity surveys, have been used to study the distribution and amount of water stored in deteriorating limestone walls within the historic centre of Oxford. Fifteen vertical profiles, each 2-2.5 m in length, have been monitored at five sites using 50 medical electrodes and GeoTom equipment. Calculated moisture contents and distributions are presented for those profiles that extend up to 40 cm into the wall. The data indicate the diversity and complexity of moisture distributions within these often heterogeneous walls, which have also had long histories of decay and conservation. Replacement stone patches show consistently higher moisture conditions than the surrounding stone. Most profiles indicate the presence of wetter patches 5-10 cm behind the wall face under blackened crusts. Catastrophically decayed sections of profiles often exhibit wetter near-surface conditions than surrounding stonework, whilst areas with shallow but active decay are often much drier than surrounding crusted stone. In conclusion, the results give preliminary confirmation of a simple model of catastrophic decay and illustrate the complexity of moisture regimes in historic walls.
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  • 6
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    Blue-green algae and terrestrial limestone weathering on Aldabra Atoll: An S.E.M. and light microscope study (1987)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 1987-05-01
    Print ISSN: 0197-9337
    Electronic ISSN: 1096-9837
    Topics: Geography , Geosciences
    Published by Wiley on behalf of British Society for Geomorphology.
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  • 7
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    Durability and conservation of stone: coping with complexity (2013)
    Geological Society of London
    Details
    Publication Date: 2013-11-26
    Description: Natural stone of many types is used in a wide range of monuments and buildings dating from many periods and located in widely differing environmental conditions around the world. Thus, there is a great need for better understanding of the durability of stone, in terms of its resilience in the face of a wide range of deteriorative processes. Such knowledge will allow better conservation and management of both historic stonework and new build. This paper reviews the current challenges facing attempts to link studies of durability to conservation, and proposes a way forward. First, it outlines the current complexity of factors surrounding the use, deterioration and conservation of natural stone today, in the light of climatic change, globalization and sustainability. Second, it reviews three important issues surrounding durability; that is, the meaning of durability, how we measure durability, and the challenges for modelling and predicting durability. Third, it proposes a new approach to conceptualizing and assessing durability to make it more relevant and useful for practical conservation.
    Print ISSN: 1470-9236
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Geological Society of London
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  • 8
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    Valley-floor aeolianite in an equatorial pit crater on Mars (2016)
    Wiley
    Details
    Publication Date: 2016-11-25
    Description: High and low albedo lineations in a valley entering a pit in Lucaya crater are overlain by a currently immobile dunefield. We propose that they are an aeolianite that formed as the overlying dunes migrated. Implicit in this is the suggestion that available porewater promoted early cementation of evaporitic minerals. We propose that the deposit likely resulted from a combination of locally sourced carbonate minerals and transient groundwater both of which were made available after the formation of the pit crater. We do not exclude other aerial or subsurface sources of soluble minerals. We report on a pilot regional reconnaissance of images that finds the alternating albedo of dune sediments in Lucaya crater is found elsewhere on Mars. This suggests a regional sediment source at the time of dune activity. We examine a coastal interdune site in Namibia as an analogue for early geochemical cementation and interdune micro-topography similar to the features observed on Mars. We find that the curvilinear interdune strata at the field site in Namibia are the preserved lee slope facies deposited by the dune as it migrated. Early cementation occurs in the interdune vadose zone due to precipitation of salts from groundwater. The formation of aeolianite in Lucaya crater supports suggestions by others that moisture is available for a significant period following crater formation. Moreover it suggests that groundwater flow is sustained near the surface as well as in the deeper subsurface.
    Print ISSN: 0094-8276
    Electronic ISSN: 1944-8007
    Topics: Geosciences , Physics
    Published by Wiley on behalf of American Geophysical Union (AGU).
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  • 9
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    A commentary on climate change, stone decay dynamics and the ‘greening’ of natural stone buildings: new perspectives on ‘deep wetting’ (2010)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2010-10-10
    Print ISSN: 1866-6280
    Electronic ISSN: 1866-6299
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Springer
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  • 10
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    A simulation study of capillary transport, preferential retention and distribution of salts in historic sandstone buildings (2017)
    Springer
    Details
    Publication Date: 2017-06-01
    Print ISSN: 1866-6280
    Electronic ISSN: 1866-6299
    Topics: Geosciences
    Published by Springer
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