ALBERT

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Acoustic remote sensing of the ocean environment has seen a remarkable progress in the last ten-fifteen year as a result of an increasing understanding of the experimental techniques and procedures and of the subtleties of the interaction of sound with complex physical and biological processes. This is particularly true in the shallow water environment, where acoustic methods have the potential to allow for a fast and accurate characterization and assessment of the environment. To review the state of the art and the research progress in the field, a workshop was held in the island of Ischia, Italy, in June 2004. Special emphasis has been placed on the experimental applications, to realistically assess their potential and capabilities of the methods proposed.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Contents: 1. An overview of Well Logging.- 2. Introduction to Well Log Interpretation.- 3. Basic Resistivity and Spontaneous Potential.- 4. Empiricism: The Cornerstone of Interpretation.- 5. Resistivity: Electrode Devices and How They Evolved.- 6. Other Electrode and Toroid Devices.- 7. Resistivity: Induction Devices.- 8. Multi-array and Triaxial Induction Devices.- 9. Propagation Measurements.- 10. Basic Nuclear Physics for Logging Applications.- 11. Gamma Ray Devices.- 12. Gamma Ray Scattering and Absorption Measurements.- 13. Basic Neutron Physics for Logging Applications.- 14. Neutron Porosity Devices.- 15. Pulsed Neutron Devices and Spectroscopy.- 16. Nuclear Magnetic Logging.- 17. Introduction to Acoustic Logging.- 18. Acoustic Waves in Porous Rocks and Boreholes.- 19. Acoustic Logging Methods.- 20. High Angle and Horizontal Wells.- 21. Clay Quantification.- 22. Lithology and Porosity Estimation.- 23. Saturation and Permeability Estimation.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Contents: 1. LITHOFACIES AND TRANSPORT OF CLASTIC SEDIMENTS IN KARSTIC AQUIFERS, Rachel Bosch and William B. White.- 2. SEDIMENT AND SEDIMENT-ASSOCIATED CONTAMINANT TRANSPORT THROUGH KARST, Barbara J. Mahier et al. - 3. PALAEOMAGNETIC ANALYSIS OF SEDIMENTS ON THE BUCHAN CAVES, SOUTHEASTERN AUSTRALIA, PROVIDES A PRE-LATE PLEISTOCENE DATE FOR LANDSCAPE AND CLIMATE EVOLUTION, R. J. Musgrave and J. A. Webb - 4. PALEOMAGNETIC ANALYSIS OF A LONG-TERM SEDIMENT TRAP, KOOKEN CAVE, HUNTINGDON COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA, USA, Ira D. Sasowsky et al. - 5. PROVENANCE O SUSPENDED SEDIMENT DISCHARGED FROM A KARST AQUIFER DETERMINED BY CLAY MINERALOGY F. Leo Lynch et al. - 6. READING VIRGINIA?S PALEOCLIMATE FROM THE GEOCHEMISTRY AND SEDIMENTOLOGY OF CLASTIC CAVE SEDIMENTS, Elizabeth P. Knapp e al. - 7. GLACIALLY-INFLUENCED SEDIMENT CYCLES IN THE LIME CREEK KARST, EAGLE COUNTY, COLORADO Paul A, Burger - 8. CAVE SEDIMENTS AND DENUDED CAVERNS IN THE LAKI RAVNIK, CLASSICAL KARST OF SLOVENIA, France uteri - 9. PALEOCLIMATE RECORDS FROM SPELEOTHEMS IN LIMESTONE CAVES, William B. White - 1O. URANIUM-SERIES DATING OF SPELEOTHEMS: CURRENT TECHNIQUES, LIMITS, & APPLICATIONS, Jeffrey A. Dorale et al. - 11. PALEOCLIMATE INFORMATION FROM SPELEOTHEMS: THE PRESENT AS A GUIDE TO THE PAST, Russell S. Harmon et al. - 12 INFLUENCE OF DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT ON DEVIL?S HOLE CALCITE MORPHOLOGY AND PETROLOGY, Peter T. Kolesar and Alan C. Riggs - 13. SPELEOTHEMS FROM THE HIGH-ALPINE SPANNAGEL CAVE, ZILLERTAL ALPS (AUSTRIA), Christoph Spotl et al. - 14. ISOTOPE STAGE II, THE SUPER-INTERGLACIAL, FROM A NORTH NORWEGIAN SPELEOTHEM, Stein-Erik Lauritzen and Joyce Lundberg. - 15. ESTABLISHING A SPELEOTHEM CHRONOLOGY FOR SOUTHWESTERN OREGON - CLIMATIC CONTROLS AND GROWTH MODELLING, Steven C. Turgeon and Joyce Lundberg. - 6. SILICATES IN CARBONATE SPELEOTHEMS, GUADALUPE MOUNTAINS, NEW MEXICO, U.S.A, Victor J. Polyak and Necip Güven. - 17. RELIQUIAE DILUVIANAE ALTER: LAST INTERGLACIAL FLOOD DEPOSITS IN THE CAVES OF THE WEST INDIES, Donald A. McFarlane and Joyce Lundberg.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Contents: Rethinking Sustainability Editor's Introduction; Marco Keiner.-Sustainability Quo Vadis?.- Reflections on Sustainability, Population Growth, and the Environment 2006; Albert A. Bartlett.- Sustainable Development Definitions, Principles, Policies; Herman E. Daly.- Sustainability is Not Enough; Peter Marcuse.-Challenges to Sustainable Development.- Sustainable Development and Urbanization; Marios Camhis.- Sustainable Economies Local or Global?; Helena Norberg-Hodge.- Business and Human Rights; Klaus M. Leisinger.-New approaches.- A New Glasnost for Global Sustainability; Mikhail Gorbachev.- Tools for the Transition to Sustainability; Dennis L. Meadows.- Factor Four and Sustainable Development in the Age of Globalization; Ernst Ulrich von Weizsäcker.- Ecological Footprint Accounting Comparing Earth's Biological Capacity with an Economy's Resource Demand; Mathis Wackernagel.- Advancing Sustainable Development and its Implementation Through Spatial Planning; Marco Keiner.- Sustainability is Dead Long Live Sustainability; Alan AtKisson.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Scenarios for CO2 Capture and Storage; 3. CO2 Capture Technologies; 4. CO2 Transport and Storage; 5. Financial, Legal, Regulatory and Public Acceptance Issues; 6. CCS Regional and Country Updates; 7. CCS Technology Roadmaps and Recommendations

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Contents: Part I. Fundamentals of Geophysical Fluid Dynamics: 1. Equations of motion; 2 Effects of rotation and stratification; 3. Shallow water systems and isentropic coordinates; 4. Vorticity and potential vorticity; 5. Simplified equations for ocean and atmosphere; Part II. Instabilities, Waves and Turbulence: 6. Barotropic and baroclinic instability; 7. Wave-mean flow interaction; 8. Turbulence: basic theory; 9. Geostrophic turbulence and baroclinic eddies; 10. Turbulent diffusion and eddy transport; Part III. Large-Scale Atmospheric Circulation: 11. The overturning circulation: Hadley and Ferrel cells; 12. Mid-latitude atmospheric circulation; 13. Zonal asymmetries, planetary waves and stratosphere; Part IV. Large-Scale Circulation: 14. Wind-driven gyres; 15. The buoyancy driven circulation; 16. Wind and buoyancy driven circulation; Appendix: miscellaneous relationships in a layered model.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Contens: Preface: H. S. Wheater, S. Sorooshian and K. D. Sharma; 1. Modelling hydrological processes in arid and semi-arid areas - an introduction H. Wheater; 2. Global precipitation estimation from satellite imagery using artificial neural networks S. Sorooshian, K.-L. Hsu, B. Imam and Y. Hong; 3. Modelling semi-arid and arid hydrology and water resources - the southern Africa experience D. A. Hughes; 4. Use of the IHACRES rainfall-runoff model in arid and semi-arid regions B. F. W. Croke and A. J. Jakeman; 5. KINEROS2 and the AGWA modelling framework D. J. Semmens, D. C. Goodrich, C. L. Unkrich, R. E. Smith, D. A. Woolhiser and S. N. Miller; 6. A distributed spatial sediment delivery model for arid regions K. D. Sharma; 7. The Modular Modeling System (MMS): a toolbox for water and environmental resources management G. H. Leavesley, S. L. Markstrom, R. J. Viger and L. E. Hay; 8. Calibration, uncertainty and regional analysis of conceptual rainfall-runoff models H. Wheater, T. Wagener and N. McIntyre; 9. Real-time flow forecasting P. C. Young; 10. Real-time flood forecasting - Indian experience R. D. Singh; 11. Groundwater modeling in hard-rock terrain in semi-arid areas: experience from India S. Ahmed, J.-C. Maréchal, E. Ledoux and G. de Marsily;

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Contents: Part I. Defining Historical Seismology: 1. What is historical seismology?; 2. The importance of historical earthquake and tsunami data; Part II. Issues Concerning the Interpretation of Historical Earthquake and Ttsunami Data: 3. Written historical sources and their use; 4. Types of scientific sources; 5. Other types of sources; 6. Potential problems in historical records; 7. Determination of historical earthquakes: dates and times; Part III. Practical Guidelines for the Analysis of Historical Earthquake Data: 8. Planning the goals of the analysis of historical earthquakes; 9. Processing historical records; 10. From interpretation of historical records to historical seismic scenarios; 11. Traces of earthquakes in archaeological sites and in monuments; 12. Deriving earthquake source and shaking parameters from historical data; 13. Cooperation in historical seismology research

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Contents: Part 1: Introduction. - Part 2: Analysis Of Initial Rock Slope Failure.- Part 3: Monitoring Of Rock Slope Movement. .- Part 4: Analysis Of Post-Failure Behaviour..- Part 5: Case Studies Of Massive Rock Slope Failure.- Part 6: Volcanic Landslides. - Part 7: Regional Studies Of Massive Rock Slope Failure. - Part 8: Influences On Geomorphological Evolution. - Part 9: State-Of-The-Art.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Contents: 1. Regional frequency analysis; 2. L-moments; 3. Screening the data; 4. Identification of homogeneous regions; 5. Choice of a frequency distribution; 6. Estimation of the frequency distribution; 7. Performance of the regional L-moment algorithm

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Contents: 1 UNIVARIATE EXTREME VALUE THEORY 1.1 Order Statistics 1.2 Extreme value theory 1.3 Hazard, return period, and risk 1.4 Natural Hazards 2 MULTIVARIATE EXTREME VALUE THEORY 2.1 Multivariate Extreme Value Distributions 2.2 Characterizations of the domain of attraction 2.3 Multivariate dependence 2.4 Multivariate return periods 3 BIVARIATE ANALYSIS VIA COPULAS 3.1 2-Copulas 3.2 Archimedean copulas 3.3 Return periods via copulas 3.4 Tail dependence 4 MULTIVARIATE ANALYSIS VIA COPULAS 4.1 Multivariate copulas 4.2 Archimedean copulas 4.3 Conditional mixtures 5 EXTREME VALUE ANALYSIS VIA COPULAS 5.1 Extreme Value copulas 5.2 Dependence function 5.3 Tail dependence.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Contents: Section I: Flood Risk Management Practice . - Decision-making for flood-threatened properties / I. Kelman . - The influence of floodplain compartmentalization on flood risk within the Rhine-Meuse delta / D. Alkema and H. Middelkoop . - OSIRIS : an example of citizen-oriented technology development in the area of dissemination of information on flood risk management / M. Erlich . - Evolving concepts in flood risk management: searching for a common language / K. de Bruijn, C. Green, C. Johnson and L. McFadden . - COMRISK : a transnational project of public authorities on coastal risk management / J.L.A. Hofstede . - Dike investigations using geophysical methods : Techniques for the future? / R. Morawetz, J. Schön, C. Wohlfart and M. Röck . - Section II: Flood Events and Impacts . - The environmental impact of flooding of the Dutch Delta-Metropole / L.C.P.M. Stuyt, J.E.A. Reinders, E.E. van der Hoek, E.G.M. Hermans, M. de Muinck Keizer and J. Icke . - Structural economic effects of large-scale inundation: A simulation of the Krimpen Dike breakage / M. Bockarjova, A.E. Steenge, A. Van der Veen . - A method to estimate loss of life caused by large-scale floods in the Netherlands / N.E.M. Asselman and S.N. Jonkman . - Automation of flood contingency plans: benefits and implementation experiences / J.-J.Flikweert, C. Coremans, K. de Gooijer, L. Wentholt . - Section III: Flood Analysis and Modelling . - The IMPACT European research project on flood propagation in urban areas: experimental and numerical modelling of the influence of buildings on the flow / S. Soares Frazao, F. Alcrudo, J. Mulet, B. Noël, G. Testa and Y. Zech . - Sustainable development and flood risk :Reducing uncertainty (Bristol city re-development case study) / M. Pinnell . - Flood risk mapping at the local scale: Concepts and challenges / B. Merz, A.H. Thieken and M. Gocht . - Flood modelling and the August 2002 flood in the Czech Republic / P. Sklenár, E. Zeman, J. Špatka and P. Tachecí . - Seasonal rainfall and flow trends within three catchments in South-West England / D. Han . - Propagation of discharge uncertainty in a flood damage model for the Meuse River / Y. Xu, M.J. Booij and A.E. Mynett . - A stochastic model for simulating long time series of river-mouth discharge and sediment load / R. Hoogendoorn and G.J. Weltje.- Section IV: Flood Forecasting . - Forecasting flash floods with an operational model: application in the south-east of France (Gard) / P.A. Ayral, S. Sauvagnargues-Lesage, S. Gay and F. Bressand . - Flood forecasting for the Upper and Middle Odra river basin / M. Butts, A. Dubicki, K. Stronska, G. Jørgensen, A. Nalberczynski, A. Lewandowski and T. van Kalken . - Flood forecasting in the Anglian Region: User-driven development towards forecasting flood risk / D.E. Cadman, D.A. Price and M.B. Butts . - Flood forecasting model selection: A structured approach / K.A. Tilford, K.J. Sene and R. Khatibi . - Numerical modelling in coastal flood forecasting and warning in England and Wales / K. Hu, and C. Wotherspoon . - Section V: Flood Risk Management Policy . - Reflections on the challenges of EU policy-making with view to flood risk management: actors, processes and the acquis communautaire / A.L. Vetere Arellano, A. de Roo and J.-P. Nordvik . - On the flood risk in the Netherlands / L.M. Bouwer and P. Vellinga . - Planning for river induced floods in urban areas: experiences and key issues for Sweden / D. Thorsteinsson, A. Semadeni-Davies and R. Larsson . - Interregional and transnational co-operation in river basins : chances to improve flood risk management? / B. Haupter, P. Heiland and J. Neumüller.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Much of the recent progress in the solid Earth sciences is based on interpretation of a range of geophysical and geological observations in terms of the properties and deformation of Earth materials. This graduate textbook presents a comprehensive, unified treatment of the materials science of deformation as applied to solid Earth geophysics and geology. The deformation of Earth materials is presented in a systematic way that covers elastic, anelastic and viscous deformation. Advanced discussions on current debates are also included to bring readers to the cutting-edge of science in this interdisciplinary area. This textbook is ideal for graduate courses on the rheology and dynamics of solid Earth, and includes review questions with solutions so readers can monitor their understanding of the material presented. It is also a much-needed reference for geoscientists in many fields including geology, geophysics, geochemistry, materials science, mineralogy and ceramics.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Abstracts: Describes ocean models for graduate students and researchers in oceanography, geophysics, climatology and atmospheric science.Table of contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Some basic results from numerical analysis; 3. Shallow-water models: the simplest ocean models; 4. Primitive equation models; 5. Quasigeostrophic models; 6. Models of the coastal ocean; 7. Models of the tropical ocean; References; Index.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Contents: 1. Concepts of scale and scaling. 2. Perspectives, methods of scaling. 3. Uncertainty analysis in ecological studies. 4. Multilevel statistical models, ecological scaling. 5. Downscaling abundance from species distribution. 6. Scaling terrestrial biogeochemical processes. 7. A framework, methods for simplifying landscapes. 8. Building up with top-down approach. 9. Carbon fluxes across regions. 10. Landscape and regional scale studies of nitrogen gas fluxes. 11. Multiscale relationships of landscape characteristics and nitrogen concentrations in streams. 12. Uncertainty in scaling nutrient export coefficients. 13. Causes, consequences of land use change in North Carolina Piedmont. 14. Assessing spatial scale influence on relationship between avian nesting success and forest fragmentation. 15. Scaling issues in mapping riparian zones. 16. Scale issues in lake-watershed interaction. 17. Scaling, uncertainty in region-wide water quality decision-making. 18. Scaling with known uncertainty.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Contents: 1. Landscape ecological applications in man-influenced areas for linking man and nature systems.- 2. Spatial pattern analysis as a focus of landscape ecology to support evaluation of human impact on landscapes and diversity.- 3. Application of landscape ecology in long term ecological research.- 4. Ecological networks, from concept to implementation.- 5. Landscape changes in Japan based on national grid maps.- 6. Challenges faced when creating an evaluation method of biodiversity on an ecosystem level.- 7. Identification of the potential habitat for giant panda in the Wolong Nature Reserve by using landscape ecology methodology.- 8. Land use change from traditional to modern eras.- 9. Evaluation and planning of wildlife habitat in urban landscape.- 10. Landscape ecology for biodiversity.- 11. A higher-taxon approach with soil invertebrates to assessing habitat diversity in East Asian rural landscapes.- 12. Landscape ecological approach in oil palm land use planning and management for forest conservation in Malaysia.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Contents: The environmental landscape of Lochnagar. - The environmental landscape of Lochnagar. - Anthropogenic impacts from atmospheric pollutant deposition. - Future impacts.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Contents: Part I. Planetary Perspective: 1. Origin and early history; 2. Comparative planetology; 3. Building blocks of planets; Part II. Earth: The Dynamic Planet: 4. Outer shells of Earth; 5. Eclogite engine; 6. Shape of the Earth; 7. Convection and complexity; Part III. Radial and Lateral Structure: 8. Lets take it from the top; crust and upper mantle; 9. A laminated lumpy mantle; 10. The bowels of the Earth; 11. Geotomography; heterogeneity of the mantle; Part IV. Sampling Earth: 12. Statistics and other damned lies; 13. Making an Earth; 14. Magmas - windows into the mantle; 15. The hard rock cafe; 16. Noble gas isotopes; 17. The other isotopes; Part V. Mineral Physics: 18. Elasticity and solid state geophysics; 19. Dissipation; 20. Anisotropy; fabric of the mantle; 21. Nonelastic and transport properties; 22. Squeezing; phase changes and mantle mineralogy; Part VI. Origin and Evolution of Layers and Blobs: 23. The upper mantle; 24. The nature and cause of mantle heterogeneity; 25. Crystallization of the mantle; Part VII. Energetics: 26. Terrestrial heat flow; 27. Thermal history.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Currently, a first generation of dedicated satellite missions for the precise mapping of the Earth's gravity field is in orbit (CHAMP, GRACE, and soon GOCE). The gravity data from these satellite missions provide us with very new information on the dynamics of planet Earth. In particular, on the mass distribution in the Earths interior, the entire water cycle (ocean circulation, ice mass balance, continental water masses, and atmosphere), and on changes in the mass distribution.The results are fascinating, but still rough with respect to spatial and temporal resolution. Technical progress in satellite-to-satellite tracking and in gravity gradiometry will allow more detailed results in the future. In this special issue, Earth scientists develop visions of future applications based on follow-on high-precision satellite gravimetry missions.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Oscillations and teleconnections; 3. Tropical climates; 4. Middle latitude climates; 5. Climate of the polar realms; 6. Post-glacial climatic change and variability; 7. Urban climates; 8. Human response to climate change; 9. Model interpretation of climate signals; 10. Conclusions and the future of climate research

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: An entry point to the rapidly expanding field of paleoclimatology - the study of climates of the past. Highly interdisciplinary in nature, paleoclimatology integrates information from a broad array of disciplines in the geosciences.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Contents: Part I. The Building Blocks of Soil: 1. Introduction; 2. Basic concepts: soil morphology; 3. Basic concepts: soil horizonation; 4. Basic concepts: soil mineralogy; 5. Basic concepts: soil physics; 6. Basic concepts: soil organisms; 7. Soil classification, mapping and maps; Part II. Soil Genesis: From Parent Material to Soil: 8. Soil parent materials; 9. Weathering; 10. Pedoturbation; 11. Models and concepts of soil formation; 12. Soil genesis and profile differentiation; Part III. Soil Geomorphology: 13. Soil geomorphology and hydrology; 14. Soil development and surface exposure dating; 15. Soils, paleosols and paleoenvironmental reconstruction; 16. Conclusions and perspectives

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Contents: 1. Introduction, fundamental definitions and motivation; 2. Concepts and elementary theory; 3. Reference systems and frames 4. Observational techniques: ephemerides; 5. Rigid Earth precession and nutation; 6. Deformable Earth and Love numbers; 7. Nutations of a non-rigid Earth; 8. Anelasticity; 9. Ocean and atmospheric corrections; 10. Refinements of nonrigid nutation; 11. Comparison observation-theory; 12. Conventions; 13. Mars nutations; Appendix A. Rotation representation; Appendix B. Clairaut theory; Appendix C. Definitions of equinoxes; Bibliography; Index.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Covering both astronomical and geophysical perspectives, this book describes changes in the Earth's orientation, specifically precession and nutation, and how they are observed and computed in terms of tidal forcing and models of the Earth's interior. Following an introduction to key concepts and elementary geodetic theory, the book describes how precise measurements of the Earth's orientation are made using observations of extra-galactic radio-sources by Very Long Baseline Interferometry techniques. It demonstrates how models are used to accurately pinpoint the location and orientation of the Earth with reference to the stars and how to determine variations in its rotation speed. A theoretical framework is also presented that describes the role played by the structure and properties of the Earth's deep interior. Incorporating suggestions for future developments in nutation theory for the next generation models, this book is ideal for advanced-level students and researchers in solid Earth geophysics, planetary science and astronomy.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Contents: Preface to Volume 2. - Foreword by Micael Metcalf. - License information. - 21 Introduction to Fortran 90 language features. - 22 Introduction to parallel programming. - 23 Numerical recipes utility functions for Fortran 90. - Fortran 90 code chapters. - B1 Preliminaries. - B2 Solution of linear algebraic equations. - B3 Interpolation and extrapolation. - B4 Integration of functions. - B5 Evaluation of functions. - B6 Special functions. - B7 Random numbers. - B8 Sorting. - B9 Root finding and nonlinear sets of equations. - B10 Minimization or maximization of functions. - B11 Eigensystems. - B12 Fast Fourier Transform. - B13 Fourier and spectral applications. - B14 Statistical description of data. - B15 Modeling of data. - B16 Integration of ordinary differential equations. - B17 Two point boundary value problems. - B18 Integral equations and inverse theory. - B19 Partial differential equtations. - B20 Less-numerical algorithms. - References. - Appendices

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: This textbook aims to be a one stop shop for those interested in aerosols and their impact on the climate system. It starts with some fundamentals on atmospheric aerosols, atmospheric radiation and cloud physics, then goes into techniques used for in-situ and remote sensing measurements of aerosols, data assimilation, and discusses aerosol-radiation interactions, aersol-cloud interactions and the multiple impacts of aerosols on the climate system. The book aims to engage those interested in aerosols and their impacts on the climate system: graduate and PhD students, but also post-doctorate fellows who are new to the field or would like to broaden their knowledge. The book includes exercises at the end of most chapters. Atmospheric aerosols are small (microscopic) particles in suspension in the atmosphere, which play multiple roles in the climate system. They interact with the energy budget through scattering and absorption of solar and terrestrial radiation. They also serve as cloud condensation and ice nuclei with impacts on the formation, evolution and properties of clouds. Finally aerosols also interact with some biogeochemical cycles. Anthropogenic emissions of aerosols are responsible for a cooling effect that has masked part of the warming due to the increased greenhouse effect since pre-industrial time. Natural aerosols also respond to climate changes as shown by observations of past climates and modelling of the future climate.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: The aim of this edited volume is to introduce the scientific community to paleoenvironmental studies of estuaries, to highlight the types of information that can be obtained from such studies, and to promote the use of paleoenvironmental studies in estuarine management. Readers will learn about the the application of different paleoecological approaches used in estuaries that develop our understanding of their response to natural and human influences. Particular attention is given to the essential steps required for undertaking a paleoecological study, in particular with regard to site selection, core extraction and chronological techniques, followed by the range of indicators that can be used. A series of case studies are discussed in the book to demonstrate how paleoecological studies can be used to address key questions, and to sustainably manage these important coastal environments in the future. This book will appeal to professional scientists interested in estuarine studies and/or paleoenvironmental research, as well as estuarine managers who are interested in the incorporation of paleoenvironmental research into their management programs.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: This book provides a compact self-contained introduction to the theory and application of Bayesian statistical methods. The book is accessible to readers having a basic familiarity with probability, yet allows more advanced readers to quickly grasp the principles underlying Bayesian theory and methods. The examples and computer code allow the reader to understand and implement basic Bayesian data analyses using standard statistical models and to extend the standard models to specialized data analysis situations. The book begins with fundamental notions such as probability, exchangeability and Bayes' rule, and ends with modern topics such as variable selection in regression, generalized linear mixed effects models, and semiparametric copula estimation. Numerous examples from the social, biological and physical sciences show how to implement these methodologies in practice. Monte Carlo summaries of posterior distributions play an important role in Bayesian data analysis. The open-source R statistical computing environment provides sufficient functionality to make Monte Carlo estimation very easy for a large number of statistical models and example R-code is provided throughout the text. Much of the example code can be run ``as is'' in R, and essentially all of it can be run after downloading the relevant datasets from the companion website for this book. Peter Hoff is an Associate Professor of Statistics and Biostatistics at the University of Washington. He has developed a variety of Bayesian methods for multivariate data, including covariance and copula estimation, cluster analysis, mixture modeling and social network analysis. He is on the editorial board of the Annals of Applied Statistics.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Contents: Preface. - 1 Introduction. - 2 Atmospheric structure, composition, and thermodynamics. - 3 The continuity and thermodynamic energy equations. - 4 The momentum equation in cartesian and spherical coordinates. - 5 Vertical-coordinate conversions. - 6 Numerical solutions to partial differential equations. - 7 Finite-differencing the equations of atmospheric dynamics. - 8 Boundary-layer processes. - 9 Cloud thermodynamics and dynamics. - 10 Radiative energy transfer. - 11 Gas-phase species, chemical reactions, and reaction rates. - 12 Urban, free-tropospheric, and stratospheric chemistry. - 13 Methods of solving chemical ordinary differential equations. - 14 Particle components, size distributions, and size structures. - 15 Aerosol emissions and nucleation. - 16 Coagulation. - 17 Condensation, evaporation, deposition, and sublimation. - 18 Chemical equilibrium and dissolution processes. - 19 Aqueous chemistry. - 20 Sedimentation and dry deposition. - 21 Model design, application, and testing. - Appendix A: Conversions, constants, and symbols. - Appendix B: Tables. - References. - Index

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: This comprehensive text describes the atmospheric processes, numerical methods, and computational techniques required for a scientist to successfully study air pollution and meteorology. Computer modeling has become a powerful tool in modern atmospheric sciences, combining the disciplines of meteorology, physics, mathematics, chemistry, computer sciences, and , to a lesser extent, geology, biology, microbiology, and oceanographic sciences. This text presents fundamental equations that describe physical, chemical, and dynamical processes in the atmosphere, and it provides numerical methods to solve these equations. Along with classic methods for simulating gas and aerosol processes not available in any other text. The book has been developed from the author's graduate courses and research at Standford University and contains homework and computer programming assignments. It is a valuable textbook for graduate and upper-level undergraduate courses in atmospheric sciences and meteorology. It will also be useful for courses in earth sciences, environmental sciences, and applied mathematics.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Dr Houghton has revised the acclaimed first edition of The Physics of Atmospheres in order to bring this important textbook completely up-to-date. Several factors have led to vigorous growth in the atmospheric sciences, particularly the availability of powerful computers for detailed modelling, the investigation of the atmospheres of other planets, and techniques of remote sensing. The author describes the physical processes governing the structure and circulation of the atmosphere. Simple physical models are constructed by applying the principles of classical thermodynamics, radiative transfer and fluid mechanics, together with analytic and numerical techniques. These models are applied to real planetary atmospheres. This new edition is essential for undergraduates or graduate students studying atmospheric physics, climatology or meteorology, as well as planetary scientists with an interest in atmospheres.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Engineers and applied geophsicists routinely encounter interpolation and estimation problems when analyzing data from field observations. Introduction to Geostatistics presents practical techniques for the estimation of spatial functions from sparse data. The author's unique approach is a synthesis of classic and geostatistical methods, with a focus on the most practical linear minimum-variance estimation methods, and includes suggestions on how to test and extend the applicability of such methods. The author includes many useful methods often not covered in other geostatistics books, such as estimating variogram parameters, evaluating the need for a variable mean, parameter estimation and model testing in complex cases (e.g., anisotropy, variable mean, and multiple variables), and using information from deterministic mathematical models. Well illustrated with exercises and worked examples taken from hydrogeology, Introduction to Geostatistics assumes no background in statistics and is suitable for graduate-level courses in earth sciences, hydrology, and environmental engineering and also for self-study.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Contents: Uncertainty and decision-making. The concept of probability. Distributions and expectation. The concept of utility. Games and optimization. Entropy. Mathematical aspects. Exchangeability and inference. Extremes. Risk, safety and reliability. Data and simulation

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Contents: Stress and strain. Elasticity. Tensile testing. Other tests of plastic behavior. Strain hardening of metals. Plasticity theory. Strain-rate and temperature dependence of flow stress. Slip. Dislocation geometry and energy. Dislocation mechanics. Mechanical twinning. Hardening mechanisms in metals. Ductility and fracture. Fracture mechanics. Viscoelasticity. Creep and stress rupture. Fatigue. Residual stress. Ceramics and glasses. Polymers. Composites. Mechanical working.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Motivations and Opportunities. - Structural Mapping Techniques and Tools. - Characterizing Structures Using Differential Geometry. - Physical Quantities, Fields, Dimensions, and Scaling. - Deformation and Flow. - Force, Traction, and Stress. - Conservation of Mass and Momentum. - Elastic Deformation. - Brittle Behavior. - Viscous Flow. - Rheological Behavior. - Model Development and Methodology.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Contents: Isotopes in Water. - Isotopes in tree rings. Isotopes in bones and teeth. Isotopes in lake sediments. Isotopes in speleothems. Isotopes in marine sediments.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Contents: 1. Introduction; 2. Constructing time series in cyclostratigraphy; 3. Spectral estimation; 4. Additional methods of time-series analysis; 5. Practical considerations; 6. Environmental cycles recorded stratigraphically; Appendix. Published algorithms for time-series analysis.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: This book provides an overview of the current state of knowledge of Arctic ice shelves, ice islands and related features. Ice shelves are permanent areas of ice which float on the ocean surface while attached to the coast, and typically occur in very cold environments where perennial sea ice builds up to great thickness, and/or where glaciers flow off the land and are preserved on the ocean surface. These landscape features are relatively poorly studied in the Arctic, yet they are potentially highly sensitive indicators of climate change because they respond to changes in atmospheric, oceanic and glaciological conditions. Recent fracturing and breakup events of ice shelves in the Canadian High Arctic have attracted significant scientific and public attention, and produced large ice islands which may pose a risk to Arctic shipping and offshore infrastructure. Much has been published about Antarctic ice shelves, but to date there has not been a dedicated book about Arctic ice shelves or ice islands. This book fills that gap.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Ostracods, small aquatic Crustacea, occur in almost every marine, brackish and freshwater habitat. Their calcified bivalved carapaces readily fossilize and their record in earth history is long, dense and diverse. Ostracod species are particularly useful as tools in marine and limnic (palaeo-) ecology, in (palaeo-) biogeography, and biostratigraphy. Their reproductive morphology is as extraordinary as their reproductive modes, and many of their physiological peculiarities remain mysterious. Ostracod taxonomy and phylogeny contribute to general studies of crustacean evolution. The diversity of ostracod applications in both biology and palaeontology is clearly illustrated by the eighteen papers of the 15th International Symposium on Ostracoda (Berlin, Germany) in 2005, which are grouped in the present proceedings, one of three volumes resulting from this meeting.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: This volume provides a comprehensive view on the different sources of the geomagnetic field both in the Earth’s interior and from the field’s interaction with the terrestrial atmosphere and the solar wind. It combines expertise from various relevant areas of geomagnetic and near Earth space research with the aim to better characterise the state and dynamics of Earth’s magnetic field. Advances in the exploitation of geomagnetic observations hold a huge potential not only for an improved quantitative description of the field source but also for a better understanding of the underlying processes and physics. Key is the separation of the field sources in the observations, especially, but not solely, during times of quiet geomagnetic conditions, when the most subtle geomagnetic effects can be identified and become significant. The collected articles are based on the current constellation of ground and space observations, and on state-of-the-art empirical models and physics-based simulations. Thus, it provides an in-depth overview over recent achievements, current limitations and challenges, and future opportunities in the field of geomagnetism and space sciences.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: This is the first comprehensive science-based textbook on the biology and ecology of the Baltic Sea, one of the world’s largest brackish water bodies. The aim of this book is to provide students and other readers with knowledge about the conditions for life in brackish water, the functioning of the Baltic Sea ecosystem and its environmental problems and management. It highlights biological variation along the unique environmental gradients of the brackish Baltic Sea Area (the Baltic Sea, Belt Sea and Kattegat), especially those in salinity and climate. The first part of the book presents the challenges for life processes and ecosystem dynamics that result from the Baltic Sea’s highly variable recent geological history and geographical isolation. The second part explains interactions between organisms and their environment, including biogeochemical cycles, patterns of biodiversity, genetic diversity and evolution, biological invasions and physiological adaptations. In the third part, the subsystems of the Baltic Sea ecosystem - the pelagic zone, the sea ice, the deep soft sea beds, the phytobenthic zone, the sandy coasts, and estuaries and coastal lagoons - are treated in detail with respect to the structure and function of communities and habitats and consequences of natural and anthropogenic constraints, such as climate change, discharges of nutrients and hazardous substances. Finally, the fourth part of the book discusses monitoring and ecosystem-based management to deal with contemporary and emerging threats to the ecosystem’s health.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Contents: 1.Introduction D. Fettes and J. Desmons; 2. Classification and nomenclature scheme R. Schmid, D. Fettes, B. Harte, E. Davis, J. Desmons, W. Smulikowski, F. Sassi, K. Brodie, P. Arkai, W. Wimmenauer, I. Bryhni, O. Rosen, J. Coutinho, H. Krautner, S. Sen, V. Zharikov, N. Pertsev, V. Rusinov, E. Callegari, D. Stoffler, R. Grieve and J. Siivola; 3. Glossary

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: "This is a hands-on guide for graduate students and other young researchers wishing to perfect the practical skills that are needed for a successful career in research. By teaching junior scientists to develop effective research habits, the book helps make the experience of graduate study a more efficient, effective and rewarding one. Many graduate students learn these skills "on the job", often by doing them poorly at first, with the result that much valuable time can be lost; this book will help prevent that. The authors have taught a graduate course on the topics covered in this book for many years, and provide a sample curriculum for instructors in graduate schools who wish to teach a similar course. ... The wealth of advice offered in this book is invaluable to students, junior researchers and their mentors in all fields of science, engineering and the humanities."

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Contents: Preface; 1. Basic tools; 2. Elasticity and Hooke's law; 3. Seismic wave propagation; 4. Effective elastic media: bounds and mixing laws; 5. Granular media; 6. Fluid effects on wave propagation; 7. Empirical relations; 8. Flow and diffusion; 9. Electrical properties; 10. Appendices; References; Index.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: The Rock Physics Handbook addresses the relationships between geophysical observations and the underlying physical properties of rocks. It distills a vast quantity of background theory and laboratory results into a series of concise chapters that provide practical solutions to problems in geophysical data interpretation. This expanded second edition presents major new chapters on statistical rock physics and velocity-porosity-clay models for clastic sediments. Other new and expanded topics include anisotropic seismic signatures, borehole waves, models for fractured media, poroelastic models, and attenuation models. This new edition also provides an enhanced set of appendices with key empirical results, data tables, and an atlas of reservoir rock properties - extended to include carbonates, clays, gas hydrates, and heavy oils. Supported by a website hosting MATLAB routines for implementing the various rock physics formulas, this book is a vital resource for advanced students and university faculty, as well as petroleum industry geophysicists and engineers. A significantly expanded new edition of this practical guide to rock physics and geophysical interpretation for reservoir geophysicists and engineers.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: This textbook describes some of the most effective and straightforward quantitative techniques for modeling Earth surface processes. By emphasizing a core set of equations and solution techniques, the book presents state-of-the-art models currently employed in Earth surface process research, as well as a set of simple but practical research tools. Detailed case studies demonstrate application of the methods to a wide variety of processes including hillslope, fluvial, aeolian, glacial, tectonic, and climatic systems. Exercises at the end of each chapter begin with simple calculations and then progress to more sophisticated problems that require computer programming. All the necessary computer codes are available online at www.cambridge.org/9780521855976. Assuming some knowledge of calculus and basic programming experience, this quantitative textbook is designed for advanced geomorphology courses and as a reference book for professional researchers in Earth and planetary science looking for a quantitative approach to Earth surface processes.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Carbon stored in soils represents the largest terrestrial carbon pool and factors affecting this will be vital in the understanding of future atmospheric CO2 concentrations. This book provides an integrated view on measuring and modelling soil carbon dynamics

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Contents: List of Illustrations. - Preface. - Acknowledgments. - 1 Basic Properties of Radiation, Atmospheres, and Oceans. - 1.1 lntroduction. - 1.2 Parts of the Spectrum. - 1.2.1 Extraterrestrial Solar Flux. - 1.2.2 Terrestrial lnfrared Flux. - 1.3 Radiative Interaction with Planetary Media. - 1.3.1 Feedback Processes. - 1.3.2 Types of Matter that Affect Radiation. - 1.4 Vertical Structure of Planetary Atmospheres. - 1.4.1 Hydrostatic and Ideal Gas Laws. - 1.4.2 Minor Species in the Atmosphere. - 1.4.3 Optical Line-of-Sight Paths. - 1.4.4 Radiative Equilibrium and the Thermal Structure of Atmospheres. - 1.4.5 Climate Change: Radiative Forcing and Feedbacks. - 1.5 Density Structure of the Ocean. - 1.6 Vertical Structure of the Ocean. - 1.6.1 The Mixed Layer and the Deep Ocean. - 1 .6.2 Seasonal Variations of Ocean Properties. - 1.6.3 Sea-Surface Temperature. - 1.6.4 Ocean Spectral Reflectance and Opacity. - 1.7 Remarks on Nomenclature, Notation, and Units. - 1.8 Summary. - 2 Basic State Variables and the Radiative Transfer Equation. - 2.1 Introduction.- 2.2 Geometrical Optics. - 2.3 Radiative Flux or Irradiance. - 2.4 Spectral Intensity and Its Angular Moments. - 2.4.1 Relationship between Flux and Intensity. - 2.4.2 Average Intensity and Energy Density. - 2.5 Some Theorems on Intensity. - 2.5.1 lntensity and Flux from an Extended Source. - 2.6 Perception of Brightness: Analogy with Radiance. - 2.7 The Extinction Law. - 2.7.1 Extinction = Scattering + Absorption. - 2.8 The Differential Equation of Radiative Transfer. - 2.9 Summary. - 3 Basic Scattering Processes. - 3.1 Introduction. - 3.2 Lorentz Theory for Radiation- Matter Interactions. - 3.2.1 Scattering and Collective Effects in a Uniform Medium. - 3.2.2 Scattering from Density Irregularities. - 3.2.3 Scattering in Random Media. - 3.2.4 First-Order and Multiple Scattering. - 3.3 Scattering from a Damped Simple Harmonic Oscillator. - 3.3.1 Case ( 1 ): Resonance Scattering and the Lorentz Profile. - 3.3.2 Conservative and Nonconservative Scattering. - 3.3.3 Natural Broadening. - 3.3.4 Pressure Broadening. - 3.3.5 Doppler Broadening. - 3.3.6 Realistic Line-Broadening Processes. - 3.3.7 Case (2): Rayleigh Scattering. - 3.4 The Scattering Phase Function. - 3.4.1 Rayleigh-Scattering Phase Function. - 3.5 Mie-Debye Scattering. - 3.6 Summary. - 4 Absorption by Solid, Aqueous, and Gaseous Media. - 4.1 Introduction. - 4.2 Absorption on Surfaces, on Aerosols, and within Aqueous Media. - 4.2.1 Solids. - 4.2.2 Aerosols. - 4.2.3 Liquids. - 4.3 Molecular Absorption in Gases. - 4.3.1 Thermal Emission and Radiation Laws. - 4.3.2 Planck's Spectral Distribution Law. - 4.3.3 Radiative Excitation Processes in Molecules. - 4.3.4 Inelastic Collisional Processes. - 4.3.5 Maintenance of Thermal Equilibrium Distributions. - 4.4 The Two-Level Atom. - 4.4.1 Microscopic Radiative Transfer Equation. - 4.4.2 Effects of Collisions on State Populations. - 4.5 Absorption in Molecular Lines and Bands. - 4.5.1 Molecular Rotation: The Rigid Rotator. - 4.5.2 Molecular Vibration and Rotation: The Vibrating Rotator. - 4.5.3 Line Strengths. - 4.6 Absorption Processes in the UV/Visible. - 4.7 Summary. - 5 Principles of Radiative Transfer. - 5.1 Introduction. - 5.2 Boundary Properties of Planetary Media. - 5.2.1 Thermal Emission from a Surface. - 5.2.2 Absorption by a Surface. - 5.2.3 Kirchhoff's Law for Surfaces. - 5.2.4 Surface Reflection: The BRDF. - 5.2.5 Albedo for Collimated lncidence. - 5.2.6 The Flux Reflectance, or Albedo: Diffuse Incidence. - 5.2.7 Analytic Reflectance Expressions. - 5.2.8 The Opposition Effect. - 5.2.9 Specular Reflection from the Sea Surface. - 5.2.10 Transmission through a Slab Medium. - 5.2.11 Spherical, or Bond Albedo. - 5.3 Absorption and Scattering in Planetary Media. - 5.3.1 Kirchhoff's Law for Volume Absorption and Emission. - 5.3.2 Differential Equation of Radiative Transfer. - 5.4 Solution of the Radiative Transfer Equation for Zero Scattering. - 5.4.1 Solution with Zero Scattering in Slab Geometry. - 5.4.2 Half-Range Quantities in a Slab Geometry. - 5.4.3 Formal Solution in a Slab Geometry. - 5.5 Gray Slab Medium in Local Thermodynamic Equilibrium. - 5.6 Formal Solution Including Scattering and Emission. - 5.7 Radiative Heating Rate. - 5.7.1 Generalized Gershun's Law. - 5.7.2 Warming Rate, or the Temperature Tendency. - 5.7.3 Actinic Radiation, Photolysis Rate, and Dose Rate. - 5.8 Summary. - 6 Formulation of Radiative Transfer Problems. - 6.1 Introduction. - 6.2 Separation into Diffuse and Direct (Solar) Components. - 6.2.1 Lower Boundary Conditions. - 6.2.2 Multiple Scattering. - 6.2.3 Azimuth lndependence of Flux and Mean Intensity. - 6.3 Azimuthal Dependence of the Radiation Field. - 6.4 Spherical Shell Geometry. - 6.5 Nonstratified Media. - 6.6 Radiative Transfer in the Atmosphere-Ocean System. - 6.6.1 Two Stratified Media with Different Indices of Refraction. - 6.7 Examples of Phase Functions. - 6.7.1 Rayleigh Phase Function. - 6.7.2 The Mie-Debye Phase Function. - 6.8 Scaling Transformations Useful for Anisotropic Scattering. - 6.8.1The [Delta]-Isotropic Approximation. - 6.8.2 The [Delta]- Two-Term Approximation. - 6.8.3 Remarks on Low-Order Scaling Approximations. - 6.8.4 The [Delta]-N Approximation: Arbitrary N. - 6.8.5 Mathematical and Physical Meaning of the Scaling. - 6.9 Prototype Problems in Radiative Transfer Theory. - 6.9.1 Prototype Problem 1: Uniform Illumination. - 6.9.2 Prototype Problem 2: Constant lmbedded Source. - 6.9.3 Prototype Problem 3: Diffuse Reflection Problem. - 6.9.4 Boundary Conditions: Reflecting and Emitting Surface. - 6.10 Reciprocity, Duality, and Inhomogeneaus Media. - 6.11 Effects of Surface Reflection on the Radiation Field. - 6.12 Integral Equation Formulation of Radiative Transfer. - 6.13 Probabilistic Aspects of Radiative Transfer. - 6.13.1 The Escape Probability. - 6.14 Summary. - 7 Approximate Salutions of Prototype Problems. - 7.1 Introduction. - 7.2 Separation of the Radiation Field into Orders of Scattering. - 7.2.1 Lambda Iteration: The Multiple-Scaltering Series. - 7.2.2 Single-Scattered Contribution from Ground Reflection: The Planetary Problem. - 7.3 The Two-Stream Approximation: Isotropic Scattering. - 7.3.1 Approximate Differential Equations. - 7.3.2 The Mean lnclination: Possible Choices for [My]. - 7.3.3 Prototype Problem 1: Differential-Equation Approach. - 7.3.4 Prototype Problem 2: lmbedded Source. - 7.3.5 Prototype Problem 3: Beam Incidence. - 7.4 Conservative Scattering in a Finite Slab. - 7.5 Anisotropic Scattering. - 7.5.1 Two-Stream Versus Eddington Approximations. - 7.5.2 The Backscattering Coefficients. - 7.5.3 Two-Stream Salutions for Anisotropic Scattering. - 7.5.4 Scaling Approximations for Anisotropic Scattering. - 7.5.5 Generalized Two-Stream Equations. - 7.6 Accuracy of the Two-Stream Method. - 7.7 Final Comments on the Two-Stream Method. - 7.8 Summary. - 8 Accurate Numerical Salutions of Prototype Problems. - 8.1 Introduction. - 8.2 Discrete-Ordinate Method - Isotropic Scattering. - 8.2.1 Quadrature Formulas. - 8.2.2 The Double-Gauss Method. - 8.3 Anisotropic Scattering. - 8.3.1 General Considerations. - 8.3.2 Quadrature Rule. - 8.4 Matrix Formulation of the Discrete-Ordinate Method. - 8.4.1 Two- and Four-Stream Approximations. - 8.4.2 Multistream Approximation ( N Arbitrary). - 8.5 Matrix Eigensolutions. - 8.5.1 Two-Stream Salutions ( N = 1). - 8.5.2 Multistream Solutions ( N Arbitrary). - 8.5.3 Inhomogeneous Solution. - 8.5.4 General Solution. - 8.6 Source Function and Angular Distributions. - 8.7 Boundary Conditions - Removal of Ill-Conditioning. - 8.7.1 Boundary Conditions. - 8.7.2 Removal of Numerical lll-Conditioning. - 8.8 Inhomogeneous Multilayered Media. - 8.8.1 General Solution - Boundary and Layer Interface Conditions. - 8.8.2 Source Functions and Angular Distributions. - 8.8.3 Numerical lmplementation of the Discrete-Ordinate Method. - 8.9 Correction of the Truncated Intensity Field. - 8.9.1 The Nakajima-Tanaka Correction Procedure. - 8.9.2 Computed lntensity Distributions for the Standard Problem. - 8.10 The Coupled Atmosphere-Ocean Problem. - 8.10.1 Discretized Equations for the Atmosphere-Ocean System. - 8.10.2 Quadrature and General Solution. - 8.10.3 Boundary, Continuity, and Atmosphere-Ocean Interface Conditions. - 8.11 The Doubling-Adding and the Matrix Operator Methods. - 8.11.1 Matrix-Exponential Solution - Formal Derivation of Doubling Rules. - 8.11.2 Connection between Doubling and Discrete-Ordinate Methods. - 8.11.3 Intuitive Derivation of the Doubling Rules - Adding of Dissimilar Layers. - 8.12 Other Accurate Methods. - 8.12.1 The Spherical-Harmonics Method. - 8.12.2 Invariant lmbedding. - 8.12.3 Iteration Methods. - 8.12.4 The Feautrier Method. - 8.12.5 Integral Equation Approach. - 8.12.6 Monte Carlo Methods. - 8.13 Summary. - 9 Shortwave Radiative Transfer. - 9.1 Introduction. - 9.2 Solar Radiation. - 9.3 Optical Properties of the Earth-Atmosphere System. - 9.3.1 Gaseaus Absorption and Penetration Depth. - 9.3.2 Optical Properlies of Atmospheric Aerosols. - 9.3.3 Optical Properties of Warm (Liquid Water) Clouds. - 9.3.4 Optical Properties of Ice Clouds. - 9.3.5 Optical Properties of the Ocean. - 9.3.6 Optical Properties of Snow and Ice. - 9.4 Modeling of Shortwave Radiative Effects in the Atmosphere. - 9.4.1 Spectral Averaging Procedure: The Chandrasekhar Mean. - 9.4.2 Solar Warming Rates Due to Ozone, Aerosols, and Clouds. - 9.4.3 Computation of Photolysis Rates. - 9.4.4 UV Transmission: Relation to Ozone Abundance. - 9.4.5 UV Transmission and Dose Rates at the Earth 's Surface. - 9.4.6 Comparisan of Measured and Computed UV Irradiance at the Surface. - 9.5 Modeling of Shortwave Radiation in the Ocean. - 9.5.1 Diffuse Radiation: Attenuation in the Ocean. - 9.5.2 Two-Stream Model Appropriate for Deep Water. - 9.5.3 Backscattering by Ocean Particles: The Role of Shape Factars. - 9.5.4 Approximate Expressions for the Remotely Sensed Reflectance. - 9.5.5 Modefing the UV Transmission into the Ocean. - 9.5.6 Measured and Computed UV Irradiance in the Ocean. - 9.6 Interaction of Solar Radiation with Snow and Ice. - 9.7 Summary. - 1 0 Transmission in Spectrally Complex Media. - 10.1 Introduction. - 10.2 Transmission in an Isolated Line. - 10.2.1 Isolated Lorentz Line. - 10.3 Band Models. - 10.3.1 The Elsasser Band Model. - 10.3.2 Distributed Line lntensities. - 10.3.3 Random Band Model. - 10.3.4 MODTRAN: A Moderate-Resolution Band Model. - 10.4 Spectral Mapping Transformations for Homogeneous Media. - 10.4.1 Method of the k-Distribution. - 10.4.2 k-Distribution for the Malkmus Band Model. - 10.5 Transmission in Nongray Inhomogeneaus Media. - 10.5.1 The H- C-G Scaling Approximation. - 10.5.2 LBL Transmission Computation: Inhomogeneaus Paths. - 10.5.3 Inclusion of Multiple Scattering in LBL Computations. - 10.5.4 The Correlated-k Method. - 10.5.5 Inclusion of Multiple Scattering in the Correlated-k Method. - 10.6 Summary. - 11 Radiative Transfer in Nongray Media. - 11.1 lntroduction. - 11.2 Radiative Flux and Heating Rate: Clear-Sky Conditions. - 11.2.1 Monochromatic Flux Equations. - 11.2.2 Wide-Band Emittance Models. - 11.2.3 Narrow-Band Absorption Model. - 11.2.4 Band Overlap. - 11.2.5 The Diffusivity Approximation. - 11.2.6 Equationsfor the Heating Rate. - 11.2.7 Clear-Sky Radiative Cooling: Nonisothermal Medium. - 11.2.8 Computations of Terrestrial Cooling Rates. - 11.3 The IR Radiative Impact of Clouds and Aerosols. - 11.3.1Heating Rate in an Idealized Cloud. - 11.3.2 Detailed Longwave Radiative Effects of Clouds. - 11.3.3 Accurate Treatment Including Scattering. - 11.4 Summary. - 12 The Role of Radiation in Climate. - 12.1 Introduction. - 12.2 Radiative Equilibrium with Zero Visible Opacity. - 12.3 Radiative Equilibrium with Finite Visible Opacity. - 12.4 Radiative-Convective Equilibrium. - 12.5 The Concept of the Emission Height. - 12.6 Effects of spectral window. - 12.7 Radiative forcing. - 12.8 Climate impact of clouds. - 12.8.1 Longwave Effects of water clouds. - 12.8.2 Shortwave effects of water clouds. - 12.8.3 Combined shortwave and longewave effects of clouds. - 12.9 Climate impact of cloud height. - 12.10 Cloud and aerosol forcing. - 12.10.1 Aerosol forcing. - 12.11 Water-Vapor Feedback. - 12.12 Effects of carbon dioxide changes. - 12.13 Greenhouse effect from individual gas species. - 12.14 Summary. - Appendices. - A Nomenclature: Glossary of symbols. - B Physical constants. - C Model atmospheres. - D Ocean optics nomenclature. - E Reflectance and transmittance at an interface. - Index.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Radiative transfer is important to a range of disciplines, from the study of greenhause warming to stellar atmospheres and ocean optics. This text provides a foundation of the theoretical and practical aspects of radiative transfer for senior undergraduate and graduate students of atmospheric, oceanic, and environmental sciences. With an emphasis on formulation, judicial approximations and numerical solutions of the radiative transfer equation, Radiative Transfer in the Atmosphere and Ocean fills a gap between descriptive texts covering the physical processes and the practical numerical approaches needed in research. Designed to convey physical insight into the transfer process, it can also be used as a self-contained manual for practitioners who require accurate modeling of the effects of solar and infrared radiation on natural systems. Radiative Transfer in the Atmosphere and Ocean includes a unified treatment of radiation within both the atmosphere and ocean, boundary properties (such as reflectionand absorptance of solid surfaces), heuristic models (Lorentzatom, two-level atom, rotating vibrator), and extensive use of two-stream and approximate methods. State of the-art computational methods are illustrated by a thorough treatment of the discrete-ordinates technique and the correlated-k band absorption method. Exercises and problem sets provide practice in both formulation and solution techniques. Applications to the subjects of solar UV penetration of the atmosphere / ocean system and the greenhause effect serve to illustrate the use of such techniques in modern research. This self-contained, systematic treatment will prepare the student in solving radiative transfer problems across a broad range of subjects.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Electromagnetic wave propagation. The absorption of light. Specular reflection. Scattering by a single particle. Propagation in a non-uniform medium: the equation of radiative transfer. The bidirectional reflectance of a semi-infinite medium. The bidirectional reflectance in other geometries. Other quantities related to reflectance, integrated reflectances, planetary photometry, reflectances of mixtures. Reflectance spectroscopy. Photometric effects of large scale roughness. Thermal emission. Polarization.

Beschreibung / Inhaltsverzeichnis: Contents: Introduction to MATLAB. Systems of linear algebraic equations. Interpolation and curve fitting. Roots of equations. Numerical differentiation. Numerical Integration. Initial value problems. two-point boundary value problems. Symmetric matrix eigenvalue problems. Introduction to optimization.