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  • Chemistry  (66)
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  • Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics  (66)
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  • 1
    ISSN: 0730-6679
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Chemistry and Pharmacology , Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: One of the basic prerequisites for rational and high quality production of plastic parts is a tool layout tailored to the production process. To date, both design and construction have generally been based on values acquired by experience. This first, necessitates highly qualified personnel and second, involves what is frequently time consuming and costly finishing work. Experience acquired so far with computer-aided layout of injection molds shows that even a designer with little experience reaches the target more quickly and more reliably. At the same time he is able to draw on the results of intricate calculation and simulation methods which he was unable to apply in the past for reasons of time alone. This paper thus sets out the possibilities currently open and the experience available for computer-aided mold layout. The chief point of focus here is a system for the layout of injection molds. Working on from this system, however, the potentials for computer application are presented for blow mold- and foaming mold-design. After finding the mold principle, mold layout essentially divides up into two major areas, namely dimensioning calculations (CAE) and compilation of production documents (CAD). In dimensioning, the different functional elements of the mold are calculated. The aids that have been developed and the potentials of computer-aided dimensioning are presented with examples from the fields of rheological, thermal, and mechanical mold layout. Computer-aided rheological layout divides up into two steps. The first gives information on qualitative filling behavior (filling picture, flow paths) and the second provides quantitative results (pressures, shear stresses, temperatures). Computer-aided thermal layout similarly divides up into part steps. These are a rough overall energy balance, a rough layout of the tempering system, a segmented layout, and a homogeneity check, which involves simulating the temperature conditions in the mold by means of difference methods. When it comes to mechanical layout of the mold, programs are available for deformation calculations on basic cases and these will frequently be sufficient. For more complex cases of loading and deformation, a finite element program is used. Graphic data processing units can be used to supply extra facilities - first, to provide an aid for the simulation programs in dimensioning and second, to rationalize the compilation of the production documents. An illustration of a CAD workplace is given, incorporating the necessary computer configuration and peripherals. Compiling production documents is essentially a problem of variant design. The variants in this case are the individual components of the mold and a number of standardized accessories that can be called up as “standardized components.” The mold cavity, however, always has to be a free design. All programs are dialogue driven and are in a standardized manner so that even designers with no data processing experience can use the computer as an aid. The CAD/CAE system presented duly fulfils all these requirements. It allows the designer, at a single computer work station, to carry out both simulation and dimensioning calculations, to obtain information on material data, and to compile production documents on the basis of variant and free design. This provides the designer with a readily manageable aid and makes a considerable contribution towards improving the design result. Finally, the capacity of different computer concepts and the CAE/CAD/CAM systems on the market are discussed. For the future it will be possible to establish a computer-aided link between the different areas of design, from development of the molded part, via mold design and production, through setting the processing parameters of the injection molding machine.
    Additional Material: 43 Ill.
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  • 2
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 23 (1972), S. 993-1002 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Experience gained with protective coating systems on steel underwater structures managed by Wasser- und Schifffahrtsverwaltung in the North Sea and Baltic Sea regionsIn order to develop protection systems for steel underwater structures in the coastal regions long-term exposure tests have been carried out at Kiel-Holtenau, Büsum and Brunsbüttelkoog (Germany); the tests included exposure to seawater and brackish water. On the basis of the results obtained it was possible to design coating systems having relatively long useful life. The behaviour ob these systems under practical application conditions is in agreement with the results obtained during the tests. On this basis it is possible to define requirements concerning in efficient coating: derusting to the blank metal;Zn dust primer; coating of tar modified epoxy resins having a minimum coating thickness of 500 μm; (multicoat systems on tar-epoxy basis are not satisfactory); thick coatings on polyurethane basis are promising for the future.
    Notes: Um Schutzmaßnahmen für Stahlwasserbauten im Küstenbereich zu entwickeln, wurden Langzeitversuche in Kiel-Holtenau und Büsum sowie Brunsbüttelkoog durchgeführt, wobei sowohl die Einwirkung von Meerwasser als auch die von Brackwasser untersucht wurde. Aufgrund der dabei erhaltenen Ergebnisse konnten neue Beschichtungssysteme mit verhältnismäßig langer Lebensdauer entwickelt werden. Das Verhalten der Systeme unter Praxisbedingungen entspricht den bei den Versuchen erhaltenen Ergebnissen. Auf dieser Grundlage lassen sich die an eine Beschichtung zu stellenden Anforderungen wie folgt definieren: Metallblanke Entrostung; evtl. Zn-Staubbeschichtung als Grundierung; Überzug auf Teerepoxidbasis mit mindestens 500 μm Schichtdicke (Mehrschichtenanstriche auf Teerepoxidbasis haben sich nicht bewährt); Dickschichtüberzüge auf Polyurethanbasis dürften sich in Zukunft durchsetzen.
    Additional Material: 12 Ill.
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  • 3
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 19 (1968), S. 837-844 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Thermogravimetric method for investigating the solid/gas and melt/gas equilibria in sulphate systems of corrosion-chemical importanceThe authors describe a micro-thermogravimetric method which permits the determination of the phase zones of sulphate systems as a function of temperature and of the SO3-partial pressure. At the Me2SO4—SO3 (Me = Na, K) system, the existence limits of the bi-variant melt and the mono-variant equilibria Me2SO4(solid)-melt and Me2SO4(solid)-Me2S2O7(solid) are determined. Water vapour is dissolved in the melt phases investigated because the existence limits of the latter are modified by the vapour.
    Notes: Es wird eine mikro-thermogravimetrische Methode beschrieben, welche gestattet, die Phasenfelder von Sulfatsystemen als Funktion der Temperatur und des SO3-Partialdrucks zu ermitteln. Am System Me2SO4—SO3 (Me = Na, K) werden die Existenzgrenzen der bivarianten Schmelze und die monovarianten Gleichgewichte Me 2SO4 (fest)-Schmelze und Me2SO4 (fest)-Me2S2O7 (fest) bestimmt. Wasserdampf löst sich in den untersuchten Schmelzphasen, denn ihre Existenzgrenzen werden durch ihn verändert.
    Additional Material: 9 Ill.
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  • 4
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 30 (1979), S. 89-89 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 31 (1980), S. 866-869 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Wear-resistance of anti-corrosion coatings in hydraulic steel constructionsDIN 55 928 gives rules for the protection of steel structures from corrosion by organic and metallic coatings. The durability against abrasion of such coatings is classified in part 5, table 8, columns 9-11, of this DIN. A notice to these columns gives indication of an abrasion-machine developed by the Bundesanstalt für Wasserbau in Karlsruhe.Giving the best results, this machine for testing the mechanic durability was chosen out of a number of testing systems. The result is an abrasion value (Abriebwert).This value enables us to classify the coatings in accordance with their durability.The abrasion machine, its main dimensions and its working are described.
    Notes: In der Tabelle 8 des Teils 5 der DIN 55 928 - Korrosionsschutz von Stahlbauten durch Beschichtungen und Überzüge - wird in Spalte 9-11 die mechanische Beanspruchung der Beschichtungen klassifiziert und in einer Bemerkung dazu auf ein Prüfgerät hingewiesen, das bei der Bundesanstalt für Wasserbau in Karlsruhe entwickelt wurde.Das Prüfgerät ist das Ergebnis einer längeren Entwicklung; es ermöglicht die Angabe eines „Abriebwertes“ als Abstufung der Belastbarkeit von Beschichtungssystemen.Die Entwicklung des Prüfgerätes wird dargelegt und das Prüfgerät sowie der Prüfvorgang beschrieben.
    Additional Material: 5 Ill.
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  • 6
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 33 (1982), S. 647-653 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Corrosion fatigue of plasmanitrided steelThe effect of plasma-nitriding of steel 34 CrAlMo 5 on corrosion fatigue has been investigated in cyclic torsion. The tests were conducted in air, tap water and artifical sea water. Crack initiation and propagation have been studied by means of metallographic and fractographic methods to identify the fatigue mechanisms.Main results may be summarized as follows: The fatigue strength increases by about 40% due to plasma-nitriding over that of nonnitrided steel when tested in air. Even in corrosion environment plasma-nitriding improves remarkably the fatigue strength. The torsional fatigue strength of plasmanitrided specimen is not affected by the presence of tap water. In artifical sea water the distinct fatigue limit disappears. However, the fatigue life of the plasmanitrided specimen increases by factor of 10 compared with that of non-nitrided specimen. The reasons for this improvement were discussed by considering the mechanical and metallurgical aspects of the problems.
    Notes: Das Schwingungsrißkorrosionsverhalten von plasmanitriertem Stahl 34 CrAlMo 5 wurde in Torsionswechselversuchen an Luft, in Leitungswasser und in künstlichem Meerwasser untersucht. Rißbildung und Rißausbreitung wurden mittels metallographischer und fraktographischer Untersuchungsmethoden analysiert. Die Ergebnisse lassen sich folgendermaßen zusammenfassen: Durch das Plasmanitrieren wird an Luft eine Steigerung der Dauerfestigkeit um 40% gegenüber dem unbehandelten Zustand erreicht. Auch bei Einwirkung eines korrosiven Mediums bewirkt die Plasmanitrierschicht eine wesentliche Verbesserung des Dauerschwingverhaltens. Die Torsionswechselfestigkeit des plasmanitrierten Werkstoffes wird von einer Leitungswasserumgebung nicht beeinträchtigt. Im künstlichen Meerwasser existiert sowohl im unbehandelten als auch im plasmanitrierten Werkstoffzustand keine Dauerfestigkeit. Die Lebensdauer des plasmanitrierten Werkstoffes ist jedoch um eine Zehnerpotenz größer als die des unbehandelten Werkstoffes. Für die dargestellten Versuchsergebnisse werden verschiedene Deutungsmöglichkeiten diskutiert.
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  • 7
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 16 (1965), S. 952-958 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Observations on corroded parts of a stationary 10 MW gas turbineThe present contribution to the problem of high-temperature corrosion deals with the observations made on parts of the combustion chamber of a gas turbine driven by heavy oil. The corrosion phenomena encountered are mainly due to the hot combustion gases. Temporarily reducing conditions and the effects of sulphur lead, mainly to a reduction of the Cr content of the base material through the formation of sulphides and carbides and thus to a higher corrosion rate under oxidising condition.By way of experiment, the behaviour of six different heat-resistant materials of high strength at high temperatures was tested under normal working condition. The nickel-based alloy NiCr20Ti was found to show a lower corrosion rate than the materials with fe contents.
    Notes: Der vorliegende Beitrag zum Problem der Hochtemperaturkorrosion beschreibt die an Brennkammerteilen einer mit Schweröl betriebenen Gasturbine gemachten Beobachtungen. Es handelt sich vor wiegend um einen Angriff durch die heißen Brenngase. Zeitweise reduzierende Bedingungen und die Einwirkung von Schwefel führen vor allem zu einer Cr-Verarmung der Grundmasse durch Sulfid- und Carbidbildung und damit zu einem beschleunigten Angriff unter oxydierenden Bedingungen.Versuchsweise wurde das Verhalten von 6 verschiedenen hitzebeständigen und warmfesten Werkstoffen unter Betriebsbedingungen geprüft. Dabei zeigte die Ni-Basis Legierung NiCr20Ti einen schwächeren Angriff als die Fe- haltigen Materialien.
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  • 8
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Investigations of the corrosion fatigue behaviour at a super pure martensitic stainless steel X5CrNiCuNb 17 4 PH in comparison to the soft martensitic stainless steel X4CrNiMo 16 5 1 ESR in chloride containing aqueous media  -  Part 2: Corrosion fatigue tests and crack initiation mechanismsThe following report concerns the study of the corrosion fatigue behaviour of the soft martensitic steel X4CrNiMo 16 5 1 ESR and the precipitation hardened X5CrNiCuNb 17 4 PH in sodium solution in the temperature range between 20° and 150 °C and the determination of their general corrosion properties and the mechanism of crack propagation. Their corrosion fatigue limits were compared with each other. A comparision was also made between an electro-slag-remelted soft martensitic steel and a charge without an ESR aftertreatment. Microfractographical fracture and crack path investigation were carried out for interpretation of the experimental results.It was observed that in both super pure steels (soft martensitic and precipitation hardened) the oxidic inclusions are not responsible for the crack intiation, as it was found in the non ESR treated steels. In the 17-4 PH steel copper containing inclusions in the crack initiation areas were observed. In concentrated sodium solution pitting corrosion was found at both steels.
    Notes: Untersuchungen zum Schwingungsrißkorrosionsverhalten des weichmartensitischen Stahles X4CrNiMo 16 5 1 ESU und des Martensitaushärters X5CrNiCuNb 17 4 PH in NaCl-haltigen Lösungen im Temperaturbereich zwischen 20° und 150 °C. Bestimmung der Korrosionseigenschaften und der Rißeinleitungsmechanismen. Vergleich zwischen einem Elektro-Schlacke-umgeschmolzenen Weichmartensiten und einer Charge, die nicht ESU-behandelt worden ist. Mikrofraktographische Bruch- und Rißverlaufsbeurteilung zur Deutung der Versuchsergebnisse.Die fraktographischen Untersuchungen ergaben, daß bei dem hochreinen weichmartensitischen und dem martensitaushärtenden Stahl oxidische Einschlüsse bei der Rißeinleitung keine Rolle spielen. Beim martensitaushärtenden Stahl wurden Cu-haltige Einschlüsse im Rißausgangsbereich nachgewiesen. In konzentrierter Salzlösung trat bei beiden Stählen Lochfraß auf, der rißinitiierend wirkte.
    Additional Material: 17 Ill.
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  • 9
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim [u.a.] : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materials and Corrosion/Werkstoffe und Korrosion 46 (1995), S. 405-409 
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Corrosion inspection in aircraft constructionThe inspections required on an aircraft during its operational phase are determined largely by the materials and constructions used. Practical experience has shown that corrosion can generally not be prevented on metallic aircraft structures, even if the surface protection systems have been chosen with great care. Constructions and materials used on aircraft and the result types of corrosion are described and the inspection concept is explained on the basis of this. Finally, typical inspection tasks are presented and the measurement results obtained with different NDT methods are presented and discussed.
    Notes: Die erforderlichen Inspektionen an einem Flugzeug in der Nutzungsphase werden wesentlich durch die verwendeten Werkstoffe und Bauweisen bestimmt. Die praktischen Erfahrungen zeigen, daß an metallischen Leichtbaustrukturen Korrosion generell nicht zu verhindern ist, auch bei sorgfältigster Auswahl der Oberflächenschutzsysteme, Luftfahrtspezifische Bauweisen und Werkstoffe und daraus resultierende Korrosionsarten werden vorgestellt. Darauf aufbauend wird das Inspektionskonzept erläutert. Anschließend werden typische Inspektionsaufgaben gezeigt und die Meßergebnisse mit verschiedenen zerstörungsfreien Prüfverfahren dargestellt und diskutiert.
    Additional Material: 8 Ill.
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  • 10
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Pack aluminizing of low alloyed steel: Metallurgical aspects of the coating procedure and coating reliability in high temperature serviceThis study concentrates on metallurgical aspects of the pack aluminizing coating procedure of a low alloyed 1% Cr½% Mo steel (13 CrMo 44) as well as on the coating reliability in high temperature service.It is reported, how the coating procedure can be optimized by controlling coating temperature and time as well as the composition of the powder mixture.In high temperature service a protective coating has to withstand diffusion and corrosion reactions. Creep and low cycle fatigue of a component also can result in coating failure.Optimized coatings on low alloyed steels withstand high temperature sulfidation up to 600°C, where no increase in layer thickness or decrease of aluminium concentration in the specimen surface occurs. Even after creep strains of six percent no cracks are found in the coating.Thermal cycling of coated specimens results in nucleation and growth of cracks in the coating and thus represents the life limiting damage process of aluminized low alloyed steel.
    Notes: In einer Fallstudie am Beispielk des niedriglegierten Stahles 13 CrMo 44 wird in der vorliegenden Arbeit aufgezeigt, wie Schutzschichten auf Hochtemperaturwerkstoffen zunächst durch gezielte Einstellung der Beschichtungsparameter Pulvermischung, Beschichtungstemperatur und Beschichturgsdauer optimiert werden, wobei der metallographischen Analyse der Schutzschichten eine besondere Bedeutung zukommt (Abb. 11a).Die Schutzschicht muß im Hochtemperatureinsatz einem Beanspruchungskollektiv aus Diffusions- und Korrosionsreaktionen mit überlagerten mechanischen Beanspruchungen, wie Kriechen und thermische Ermüdung, standhalten (Abb. 11b). In der vorliegenden Untersuchung wurde das Beanspruchungskollektiv in seine Einzelkomponenten zerlegt. Es zeigte sich, daß Abdiffusion, Hochtemperatursulfidierung und Kriechen von einer optimierten Alitierschicht gut ertragen werden.Temperaturwechselbeanspruchungen führen zu Ermüdungsrißbildung in Pulveraluminierschutzschichten und stellen daher einen sehr wichtigen, die Lebensdauer bestimmenden Bestandteil des Beanspruchungskollektivs im Hochtemperatureinsatz dar.
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