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  • 1
    Publication Date: 1986-10-01
    Print ISSN: 0022-3735
    Topics: Electrical Engineering, Measurement and Control Technology , Physics
    Published by Institute of Physics
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  • 2
    ISSN: 1573-4889
    Keywords: Reactor helium ; carbon activity ; oxygen activity ; flow conditions ; reactions with Pt, Cr, Cr3C2, Cr2O3
    Source: Springer Online Journal Archives 1860-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Notes: Abstract Helium used as a coolant in high-temperature gas-cooled reactors contains gaseous impurities that cause various corrosion effects. To determine the mechanisms of the reactions that occur in this complex gas phase, a theoretical and experimental characterization of the gas is given in part 1. To obtain estimates of the reactions that are possible in principle and to derive the basis for the interpretation of the experimental results, thermodynamic considerations on gas equilibrium and partial equilibria are presented. Because of the extremely low concentrations of the impurities, diffusion processes within the gas may become rate-controlling. This requires a consideration of the flow conditions. The reactions of Pt, Cr, Cr2O3 and Cr3C2 with helium-based atmospheres containing impurities are investigated by means of a mass spectrometric gas analysis with respect to temperature and flow rate. A set of six reactions is derived from the results and discussed in detail. The application of these equations to describe the high-temperature corrosion phenomena of a technical nickel-base alloy is dealt with in part 2.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 3
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Pack aluminizing of low alloyed steel: Metallurgical aspects of the coating procedure and coating reliability in high temperature serviceThis study concentrates on metallurgical aspects of the pack aluminizing coating procedure of a low alloyed 1% Cr½% Mo steel (13 CrMo 44) as well as on the coating reliability in high temperature service.It is reported, how the coating procedure can be optimized by controlling coating temperature and time as well as the composition of the powder mixture.In high temperature service a protective coating has to withstand diffusion and corrosion reactions. Creep and low cycle fatigue of a component also can result in coating failure.Optimized coatings on low alloyed steels withstand high temperature sulfidation up to 600°C, where no increase in layer thickness or decrease of aluminium concentration in the specimen surface occurs. Even after creep strains of six percent no cracks are found in the coating.Thermal cycling of coated specimens results in nucleation and growth of cracks in the coating and thus represents the life limiting damage process of aluminized low alloyed steel.
    Notes: In einer Fallstudie am Beispielk des niedriglegierten Stahles 13 CrMo 44 wird in der vorliegenden Arbeit aufgezeigt, wie Schutzschichten auf Hochtemperaturwerkstoffen zunächst durch gezielte Einstellung der Beschichtungsparameter Pulvermischung, Beschichtungstemperatur und Beschichturgsdauer optimiert werden, wobei der metallographischen Analyse der Schutzschichten eine besondere Bedeutung zukommt (Abb. 11a).Die Schutzschicht muß im Hochtemperatureinsatz einem Beanspruchungskollektiv aus Diffusions- und Korrosionsreaktionen mit überlagerten mechanischen Beanspruchungen, wie Kriechen und thermische Ermüdung, standhalten (Abb. 11b). In der vorliegenden Untersuchung wurde das Beanspruchungskollektiv in seine Einzelkomponenten zerlegt. Es zeigte sich, daß Abdiffusion, Hochtemperatursulfidierung und Kriechen von einer optimierten Alitierschicht gut ertragen werden.Temperaturwechselbeanspruchungen führen zu Ermüdungsrißbildung in Pulveraluminierschutzschichten und stellen daher einen sehr wichtigen, die Lebensdauer bestimmenden Bestandteil des Beanspruchungskollektivs im Hochtemperatureinsatz dar.
    Additional Material: 11 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 4
    ISSN: 0947-5117
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Aluminizing of steels for protection against high-temperature sulphidation in liquid sulphur and in H2S-containing atmospheresThe aluminizing of a structural steel (Werkst. Nr. 1.7335), a stainless steel (1.4306) and a heat resistant steel (1.4876) has been optimized with respect to the maximal attainable aluminum content, the freedom from porosity and cracks and the homogeneity of phases in the aluminized layer. The nickel was found to be predominantly important, as together with Kirkendall porosity it governs the thermal stability of aluminized layers during corrosion and oxidation.High-temperature corrosion was examined in liquid sulphur, in H2/H2S- and in H2/H2S/H2O-atmospheres. In liquid sulphur the aluminized layer of austenitic steels fails by the occurrence of a periodically alternating sulphidation reaction which destroys the protective layer at 495°C. In gaseous mixtures the stability depends on the quality of an Al2O3-film on the aluminized layer which inturn is governed by the chemical composition of the aluminized layer. Beyond 900°C the transport of sulphur through Al2O3 occurs by simultaneous grain boundary-(“short circuit-”) and volume diffusion.
    Notes: Die Alitierung je eines Baustahles (Werkst. Nr. 1.7335), eines rostfreien Stahles (1.4306) und eines hitzebeständigen Stahles (1.4876) wurde hinsichtlich des maximal erreichbaren Aluminiumgehaltes, der Freiheit von Poren und Rissen und der Homogenität der Schutzschicht optimiert. Als wesentliche Einflußgröße für die Schutzschichtbildung wurde der Nickelgehalt festgestellt, von der, gemeinsam mit der Kirkendallporosität, die thermische Stabilität bei korrosiver und oxidativer Belastung entscheidend abhängt.Die Hochtemperaturkorrosion wurde in flüssigem Schwefel, in H2/H2S- und in H2/H2S/H2O-Gemischen untersucht. In flüssigem Schwefel versagt die Alitierschicht der autenitischen Stähle durch eine periodisch alternierende Sulfidierungsreaktion, die die Schutzschicht bei 495°C zerstört. In den Gasgemischen hängt die Beständigkeit von der Schutzwirkung des Al2O3-Filmes auf der Alitierschicht ab, dessen Qualität durch die chemische Zusammensetzung der Schicht bedingt ist. Oberhalb 900°C wurde im übrigen für den Schwefeltransport im Al2O3 neben der Korngrenzen-(“Kurzschluß-”) Diffusion auch Volumendiffusion nachgewiesen.
    Additional Material: 25 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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  • 5
    Electronic Resource
    Electronic Resource
    Weinheim : Wiley-Blackwell
    Materialwissenschaft und Werkstofftechnik 18 (1987), S. 235-239 
    ISSN: 0933-5137
    Keywords: Chemistry ; Polymer and Materials Science
    Source: Wiley InterScience Backfile Collection 1832-2000
    Topics: Mechanical Engineering, Materials Science, Production Engineering, Mining and Metallurgy, Traffic Engineering, Precision Mechanics
    Description / Table of Contents: Zum Einfluß von Temperaturwechseln auf Pulveraluminierschutzschichten auf niedriglegiertem Stahl (13 CrMo 44)Duch Pulveraluminieren von niedriglegiertem Stahl kann gute Beständigkeit gegen Hochtemperaturkorrosion bis zu 700 °C erreicht werden, ohne daß Diffusionsprozesse schon zu einer Verarmung von Aluminium in der Probenoberfläche führen. Im normalen Hochtemperatureinsatz ist die Schutzschicht auch Temperaturwechseln unterworfen. In dieser Untersuchung wird berichtet, wie Pulveraluminierschutzschichten auf Temperaturwechsel zwischen 700 °C and Raumtemperatur bzw. Temperatur ds flüssigen Stickstoffs reagieren. Neben Rißbildung und -wachstum wird die Abhängigkeit der Mikrorißdichte von Zyklenzahl, Abkühlgeschwindigkeit und Probengeometrie beschrieben.
    Notes: Coated pack aluminized low alloyed steels are known for their good resistance against high temperature corrosion up to 700 °C, where diffusion stability is still sufficient. In typical high temperature applications, coating and substrate are subjected to thermal fatigue. In this study the metallurgical stability of a coated, pack aluminized, low alloyed steel is reported. The specimens were cyclically quenched from 700 °C to room temperature or liquid nitrogen temperature respectively, to assess the importance of thermal shock severity on the kinetic of degradation. In particular, crack initiation and growth were studied. The dependence of microcrack densities upon numbers of cycles, cooling rates and specimen geometry is reported.
    Additional Material: 10 Ill.
    Type of Medium: Electronic Resource
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